现代语言学(1)

现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics:Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.5 Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For example,”John like linguistics.”6Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.”The seal could not be found,The king became worried.”Here the word seal means different things.7Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do”The word do means different context. 8Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation inlanguage.9 Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二音系学1Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.4Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.7Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is pronounced with great force than the other or others.9tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegmental feature.10intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English.三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation. 3 derivational morphology: derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.3 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.4 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.5bound morpheme: bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.6 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.7affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. 9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.8 suffix:Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.9derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form new words.10 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.四句法学1 linguistic competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.2transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformation rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.3D-structure: A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.4Move α: Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move α(59页)五语义学1semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguisticform. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis: Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of thelanguage.(73)11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12predication: In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.六语用学1pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.3utterance meaning: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.5illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in saying something.6perlocutionary act: A illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.。