现代语言学词汇表

abbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻

Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀

Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afroasiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音

alveolus齿龈

angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词

apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症

aphasic失语症患者

applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元

articulatory phonetics

发音语音学

articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系

Babbling咿呀学语

back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音

Behaviorism行为主义

Behaviorist learning theory

行为主义学习理论

Behaviorist Psychology行为主义

心理学

Bilabial双唇音

Bilingualism双语现象

Black English黑人英语

Blending混合法

Borrowing借用

bound morpheme黏着语素

brain lateralization

大脑左右半球侧化

branching node分叉点

broad transcription宽式音标

Broca’s area布罗卡区

caretaker speech保姆语

case格

Case Condition格条件

case marking格标志

causative verb使役动词

central vowel中元音

cerebral cortex大脑皮层

cerebral plasticity大脑弹性

channel渠道

classical language古典语言

clipping略写法

closed class word封闭类词

code代码

code-switching代码切换

cognate同源词

co-hyponyms并列下义词

coinage创新词

color word色彩词

combinational rule组合规则

commissives承诺类

communicative competence

交际能力

comparative reconstruction

比较重建法

competence语言能力

complement补语

complement construction补足语

complementarity互补性反义现象

complementary distribution

互补分布

complex sentence复合句

componential analysis

成分分析法

components of meaning

意义成分

compound word复合词

compounding复合法

computational linguistics

计算语言学

concept概念

conceptualist view意念观

consonant辅音

constituent成分

constituent structure成分结构

constraint制约

construction结构

content word实词

context语境;上下文

contextualism语境论

Contrastive Analysis对比分析法

conversational implicature

会话含义

co-operative principle合作原则

coordinate sentence并列句

creativity创造性

critical period关键期;临界期

cultural transmission文化传播

declaration宣告类

deep structure深层结构

dental齿音

derivation派生法

derivational morpheme派生语素

derivative派生词

descriptive linguistics描写语言学design feature识别特征determiner限定词diachronic linguistics历时语言学diacritics变音符号

dialect方言

dialectal synonym方言同义词dichotic listening test

两耳分听测试

diglossia双言现象

diphthong复合元音Directionalilty Parameter

方位参数

Directives指令类Displacement不受时空限制的特性

distinctive feature区别性特征

D-structure深层结构

duality of structur结构二重性e double articulation结构二重性E

embedded clause子句emotive meaning表情意义entailment含义

entity实体

epenthesis插入音

Error Analysis错误分析法euphemism委婉语evaluative meaning评价意义expressives表达类

factive predicate叙述性谓词family tree谱系树

feature symbol特征标记features of meaning意义特征finite clause定式字句

finite verb定式动词

formalize形式化fossilization语言僵化framework框架

free morpheme自由语素

fricative擦音

front vowel前元音

function word虚词

functional shift功能性转换

functor element起功能作用成分

gender性

Generative Grammar生成语法

Generative Semantics生成语义学

genetic predispotion

基因先天条件

genetic relationship亲缘关系

glide滑音

glottal喉音

glottis声门

graddabl opposites可分等级的反

义词

grammaticality语法性

grammatical meaning语法意义

Great Vowel Shift元音大变位

hard palate硬腭

head核心词

hemispheric dominance for

language大脑半球的语言优势

hierarchical structure层次结构

high variety高层次变体

historical comparative linguistics

历史比较语言学

historical linguistics历史语言学

holophrastic sentence独词句

homography同形

homonymy同音异义；同形异义

homophony同音异义

hyponymy下义关系

hyponym下义词

idiolect个人语言特点

illocutionary act言外形为

inconsistency自相矛盾

Indo-European印欧语系

infinitive marker不定式标记

inflection曲折变化

inflectional morpheme曲折语素

input输入

instrumental motivation工具性学

习动机

intake接受

integrativ emotivation介入性学习

动机

interference干扰

interlanguage语际语

internalize内在化

International Phonetic Alphabet

国际音标

interpersonmal communication

人际交际

intuition语调

labeled (unlabeled) tree diagram

加标记树形图

labial唇音

LAD语言习得机制

language acquisition语言习得

language behavior语言行为

language center语言中枢

language faculty语言机制

language family语系

language perception语言感知

language planning语言规划

language variation语言变异

larynx喉

lax vowel松元音

level层；平面

level of language语言层次

lexical category词类

lexical structure词汇结构

lexicology词汇学

lexicon词汇

linear structure线性结构

linguistic competence语言能力linguistic determinism语言决定论linguistic lateralization语言侧化linguistic performance语言运用linguistic relativism语言相对论linguistic repertoire全部语言变体linguistic taboo禁忌语linguistics语言学

liquid流音

loan word外来词localization定位

locutionary act言内行为

low variety低层次变体

manner of articulation发音方法matrix clause主句

maxim of manner方式准则maxim of quality质量准则maxim of quantity数量准则maxim of relation关联准则meaning意义meaningfulness有意义meaning relation意义关系mentalism心理主义mentalistic theory精神论message信息

metathesis语音变位

Middle English中世纪英语minimal pair最小对立对Modern English现代英语Monophthong单元音Morpheme词素morphlogical rule形态学规则morphology形态学

mother tongue母语

Moveα移动α规则movement rule移位规则

naming theory命名论

narrow transcription严式音标narrowing of meaning词义缩小

nasal cavity鼻腔

nasality鼻音化

nasalize鼻音化

natural route of development自

然发展轨道

negator否定词

neurolinguist神经语言学家

neuron神经元

no-place predication空位述谓结

构

object宾语

Old English古英语

one-place predication一位述谓结

构

optimum age最佳学习年龄

oral cavity口腔

overextension扩展过度

overgeneralization概括过度

overt thought有声思维

palatal腭音

paralinguistic副语言学的

parameter参数

performance语言运用

performance error语言运用错误

perlocutionary act言后行为

pharyngeal cavity咽腔

phone音素

phoneme音位

phonemic contrast音位对立

phonetic feature语音特征

phonetics语音学

phonological rule音位规则

phonology音位学

phrasal category词组类

phrase structure rule

短语结构规则

pidgin洋泾浜语

place of articulation发音部位

plosive爆破音

polysemy多义性

postpone后移

prepose前移

postvocalic元音后的

pragmatics语用学

predicate谓语

predication述谓结构

predication analysis

述谓结构分析

prefix前缀

presprictive (grammar)规定语法

presupposition前提

proposition命题

prepositional content命题内容

protolanguage原始语

psycholinguistics心理语言学

puberty青春期

qualifying predication修饰性述谓

结构

Received Pronunciation标准发音

Recursiveness循环性

Reference所指语义

referring expression所指名词

register语域

relational opposites关系反义词

representation表达；呈现

representatives阐述类

response反应

retroflex卷舌音

rewrite rule重写规则

rounded vowel圆唇元音

SAE标准美国英语

sapir-Whorf hypothesis…假设

second language acquisition

第二语言习得

segment切分成分

semantic anomaly语义异体semantic deviation语义变异semantic broadening语义广义化semantic narrowing语义狭义化semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学

semantic structure语义结构semantic triangle语义三角sense意义

sequential rule序列规则setting背景；环境

sexist language性别歧视语sibilant咝音

simple sentence简单句

Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系situational dialect语域方言sociolect社会方言sociolinguistics社会语言学

soft palate软腭

species-specific capacity

物种特有能力

specifier指示语spectrograph频谱仪

speech act言语行为

speech community言语社区speech variety言语变体

S-structure表层结构standard language标准语stem词干

stimulus刺激

stop爆破音

stress重音

structural constituency

结构成分性

structural linguistics结构主义语言学

subject主语

subordinate predication主从述谓性结构subscript下标

subvocal predication无声言语

suffix后缀

superordinate上坐标词

suprasegmental feature超切分特

征

surface structure表层结构

synchronic linguistics共时语言

synonymy同义词

syntactic ambiguity句法歧义

syntactic category句法类型

syntactic rule句法规则

syntax句法

taboo word禁忌词

target language目标语

tautology同义反复

teeth ridge齿龈隆骨

telegraphic speech电报式言语

tense and aspect时和体

tense vowel紧元音

tone音调；声调

tone language声调语言

topic话题；主题

transfer转移

Transformational-Generative

Grammar转换生成语法

transformational rule转换规则

tree diagram树形图

two-place predication双位述谓结

构

unaspirated不送气

underextension扩展不足

Universal Grammar普遍语法

Utterance话语

utterance meaning话语意义

uvula小舌

validity有效性

variable变项

velar软腭音

velum软腭

vernacular本地话；本国语

vocal cord声带

voiced浊音化的

voiceless不带音的，清音的

voicing带音化，浊音化

vowel元音

Wernicke’s area韦尼克区

widening of meaning词义扩大

X-bar theory X标杆理论

课本答案网址大全——免费

不用买参考书了！大学课本答案网址大全！留着绝对有用，赶紧转吧！ ?分享 ?复制地址转载自郑静 2010年10月13日 00:13 阅读(1) 评论(0) 分类：为人处世权限: 公开 ?字体：大▼ o小 o中 o大 ?更多▼ o设置置顶 o权限设置 o推荐日志 o转为私密日志?删除 ?编辑不用买参考书了！大学课本答案大全！--爱死你了！（为什么大四才发现啊）2008-12-18 16:50 |(分类:默认分类)注册可用公共课程 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0711847492.html,/forum-6-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第四册答案 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0711847492.html,/thread-7-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第三册答案 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0711847492.html,/thread-6-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第二册答案 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0711847492.html,/thread-5-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第一册答案 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0711847492.html,/thread-4-1-1.html 新视野大学英语视听说答案3-2 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0711847492.html,/thread-175-1-1.html 新视野大学英语视听说答案3-1 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0711847492.html,/thread-174-1-1.html 《马克思主义基本原理概论》习题答案参考 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0711847492.html,/thread-13-1-1.html 全新版大学英语听说教程mp3下载 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0711847492.html,/thread-11-1-1.html 《马克思主义基本原理概论》复习思考题参考答案

英语语言学名词解释(2)

现代语言学一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.

中国语言学必读必备书目400种

中国语言学必读必备书目400种北京大学语言学院推荐（英）The Categories(范畴)：亚里士多德（英）THE DEVIL’S DICTIONARY(魔鬼词典)-- AMBROSE BIERCE(阿姆布诺斯·比尔斯) （英）The Foolish Dictionary(愚蠢的词典)-- Gideon Wurdz(吉顿·伍兹) （英）表述和意义：言语行为研究[美]塞尔[Searle,J.R.] （英）词汇、语义学和语言教育[英]哈切（Hatch,E （英）从语言学的角度看语言习得（英）当代句法理论通览（英）当代语义理论指南--[美]拉宾（Lappin,S.）著（英）德里达--诺利斯（英）汉语方言的连续变化变调模式--陈渊泉（英）话语分析入门：理论与方法[美]吉（Gee,J.P.）著（英）会说话的哺乳动物：心理语言学入门（英）剑桥语言百科词典（英）交际语言教学论（英）句法：结构、意义与功能（英）跨文化交际：语篇分析法[美]斯科隆（Scbllon,R.）等著（英）历史语言学（英）普通语言学教程--索绪尔（英）乔姆司基的普通语言学教程（英）人类语言学入门（英）认知语言学入门（英）社会语言学教程（英）言语的萌发：语言的起源和进化（英）言语行为：语言哲学论[美]塞尔（Searle,J.R.）著（英）应用语言学研究方法与论文写作（英）英诗学习指南：语言学的分析方法[英]利奇（Leech,G.N.）著（英）语法化学说（英）语料库语言学（英）语料库语言学入门[新]肯尼迪（Kennedy,G.）著（英）语言和人（英）语言类型学与普通语法特征--Croft （英）语言论：言语研究导论--Sapir （英）语言迁移：语言学习的语际影响[美]奥德林（Odlin，T.）著（英）语言心理学[美]卡罗尔（Carroll,D.W.）著（英）语言学和第二语言习得（英）语言学教程--Radford （英）语言学课题：语言研究实用指南（英）语言学理论：对基要原著的语篇研究（英）语言学入门[英]普尔（Poole,S.C.）著（英）语言学习和语言使用中的错误：错误分析探讨

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平。区分度（性）：指测试区分受试者知识和能力差别的性能，是试题的质量标准。泛化：当某一反应与某种刺激形成条件联系后，这一反应也会与其它类似的刺激形成某种程度的条件联系，这一过程称为泛化。对比分析:是将两种语言的系统进行共时比较，以揭示其相同点和不同点的一种语言分析法。偏误分析：是对学习者在

第二语言习得过程中所产生的偏误进行系统的分析，研究其来源，揭示学习者的中介语体系，从而了解第二语言习得的过程和规律。语法翻译法的知识要点：概念：又称传统法，是使用学生的母语来教授第二语言/外语，并以系统地教授语法知识为教学基础的一种第二语言/外语教学法。语法——翻译法主张在L2教学过程中学生的

母语语目的语并用，通过翻译和系统那个的语法知识的讲授学习L2。语法——翻译法是最古老的教学法，最初用来学习古希腊文和拉丁文这类死的语言。盛行于18世纪末。代表人物：德国语言学家奥伦多夫语言学理论基础：机械语言或历史比较语言学心理学理论基础：联想心理学基本原则和特点：语法是教授L2、外语的基础。

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

现代语言学简答整理

3.What are the branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? (语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？) Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: 1)General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study 2)Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication 3)Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication 4)Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words 5)Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences 6)Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. 7)Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in the context of use 8)Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society 9)Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. 10)Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 11)Other related branches are anthropological linguistics(人类语言学), neurological linguistics（神经语言学）, mathematical linguistics （数学语言学）, and computational linguistics（计算机语言学）. 4.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? (现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？) Traditional grammar is prescriptive（规定性）; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive（描述性）; its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is "correct" or not. 5.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic（共时性）or diachronic（历时性）? Why? (The description of language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.) Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. Unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 6.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?在现代语言学里说话或写作哪一个有优先权？为什么呢？ Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken language for the following reasons: First, speech precedes writing. The writing system is always a later invention used to record the speech. There are still some languages that only have the spoken form. Then, a larger amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. Third, speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 7.Saussure 是如何区分语言langue和言语parole的？ (The distinction between langue and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue and parole are French words.) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用performance各指什么？ (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance.) Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc… Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的). 9.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? And what is their difference?索绪尔是如何区分语言和言语类似乔姆斯基的区分能力和表现？和它们的区别是什么？ Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study. They differ in that Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 10.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?你认为应该怎样用一个良好的，全面的定义来总结语言的特征？Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it refers to. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages. The term “human” is meant to specify that language is human-specific. 11.What features of human language have been specified by Charles Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？ 1.Arbitrariness（任意性）: (课本答案：a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of) It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2.Productivity（创造性）: （课本答案：creativity: animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send）Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con?struction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those they have never said or heard before. 3.Duality（二重性）: （课本答案：a feature totally lacking in any animal communication）It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of structure or dou?ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. 4.Displacement（移位性）: （课本答案：no animal can “talk” about things removed from the immediate situation）Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

2018南京师范大学外国语言学及应用语言学(外应)考研初试经验

2018南京师范大学外国语言学及应用语言学（外应）考研初试经验本科国际政治专业，跨考南师大外国语学院外国语学院外国语言学及应用语言学专业，初试总分410，复习那么久有了收获，感谢一直帮助我的那位上一届学姐，这里我也分享一些复习准备的经验，希望对19级考外应或者英语语言文学的学弟学妹们一点帮助。这个专业对我来说相当于一张白纸，尤其是语言学，所以我开始得比较早，大三寒假确定了考研的学校和专业，上学期开学的时候买好了参考书以及一些复习资料，然后就着手慢慢复习了。前期的进度比较慢，基本上是以看书和做笔记为主，下半学期才进入完全的背记阶段。这里我分科说一下。 1/政治政治考了68，比我预期的高。虽然我是学政治的，但是真的一点优势也没有（因为我对自己的专业真的一点兴趣也没有，学得也不好），政治可以说是复习得比较不上心的一门。我全程是跟着肖秀荣走的，但是我开始得比较晚，舍友七月份就开始看了，我九月份才开始看精讲精练，中途也断断续续的，最后可以说是赶进度才看完。所以学弟学妹们一定要把握好进度，不要过快也不要过慢。所有的资料都是肖秀荣教授的，从七八月份到十二月份，每个阶段都有每个阶段要看的内容。前期精讲精练一定要看仔细，但不需要完全背诵下来，主要练的是选择题，大题前面不用担心，到十一二月直接背肖四肖八就好。精讲精练配套的1000题是要做好几遍的，我是看完大概两三章做一次题的，第一遍可以用铅笔写，然后把错题勾出来，再做一遍，最后一个月再把那些错题拿出来反复看。错题的价值是很高的，有些多选题我看了两三遍都还是会错。大题最后直接背肖四肖八就好啦，肖四是必须要背的，不背写不出来，然后大题的平均分都差不多，所以选择题的正确率决定了最后的分。 2/二外我的二外是日语，考了92分。日语可以说是救了我，考完专业课的时候真的崩溃，所以总分其实也就是日语捞了我一把。我本科是外国语大学，然后专业课也没什么兴趣，大一下学期就修了日语双学位并且坚持上完了，三年级上学期准备了N2考试，所以这一门基本上没怎么操心，也没花太多时间。

现代语言学名词解释

现代语言学名词解释现代语言学一绪论 1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : T he study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means d ifferent context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are

现代语言学 词汇表