introduction现代语言学.ppt
语言学概论第四章语法PPT课件
的语法规则又有着自己的系统，各种具体的规则之间是
互相联系的。
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语法单位
（一）语素
具体语言中特定语音与语义相结合的最小的结构单位 1.特点：（1）音义结合体。
（2）最小的结构单位。 （3）构词的备用单位→不能独立进入句子 2.语素与词的区别： （1）音义结合体→最小，不可再分 （2）结构单位→构词单位/造句单位
语法的构成（语法单位）
语法手段和语法范畴 语法的发展演变
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语法的性质
一、语法的定义 （一）语法是一套规则系统， 语言单位的组合结构和制约关系。语法就是词的 构成、变化的规则和用词造句的规则，是语言在 其长期发展过程中形成的，这种规则是客观存在 于一种语言之中，说这种语言的全体成员必须共 同遵守。语法规则主要是指组合规则和聚合规则。 聚合规则是指语法单位的归类和变化的规则—— 潜存的。 组合规则包括词法和句法——现实的
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二、语法的性质
1.抽象性： 规律规则隐含在句子中→无数句子模式的
抽象概括 2.生成性
大的复杂的结构是由小的简单的结构逐层组合而成的→有限 的规则生成无限句子。如：花…牡丹花……院子里的牡丹花…老 王院子里的牡丹花+开……已经开了……已经开了几天了
3.稳固性：千百年沿用，很少改变。主+谓+宾
4.系统性： 不同的语言有不同的语法规则，同一语言
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2、语言学与外语的关系密切
借助语言理论知识→比较学习→提高学习技巧和外语水平
如：woman eats→women eat
语法关系的一致性
it/he/she is；I am；you are think、looked、an actor
语流音变
英语“think”——舌尖中音[n]的发音是[ŋ]
IntroductionPPT课件
Introduction-2. Matching
busiendeitsosr joucrenlaelbisrtity econpohmoytogreadpihteorr
fasbhuisoinness celebrity inetceornnoamtyionfaaslhion politics sport
2. Which sections of newspaper do different people look at first?
3. How important are pictures in newspaper?
4. How many types of newspaper
写在最后
成功的基础在于好的学习习惯
politics
finance economy
everyday life
English sut
Sports
entertainment
Which section do you like most? And why?
The foundation of success lies in good habits
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谢谢大家
荣幸这一路，与你同行
It'S An Honor To Walk With You All The Way
讲师：XXXXXX XX年XX月XX日
Introduction
How do you get news in your daily life?
Internet , mobile phones, TV set , radio, newspaper magazines …
Can you give me some examples of magazines and newspapers?
第一章语言与语言学介绍PPT课件
• 语言学家研究语言，可以在两个地方找 到它的踪影。（p16页）
• 一是在说出的话(作品)里——语言的客观 存在形式首先表现为有声的口头语言即 口语，而当出现了文字以后，又表现为 有形的书面语言即书面语。
• 二是存在于说话人的脑子里。
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第二节 语言是符号系统
• 三、言语和语言
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第四节 语言学的任务
• （三）希腊-罗马 • 1.希腊 • 狄俄尼修斯·特拉克斯《语法术》
（前1世纪）——第一部系统的希腊 语法。 • 阿波洛尼·狄斯科勒斯《论句法》 （前2世纪）——西方第一部句法著 作。
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第四节 语言学的任务
• 2.古罗马 • 全盘继承了希腊人的文化，照搬希腊语
法体系，硬套在拉丁语上。 • 多纳图斯《语法学》（4世纪）——西
• 五百罗汉渡江，岸畔波心千佛子； • 一位美人映月，人间天上两婵娟。
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第四节 语言学的任务
• 一、语言学的三大发源地
• 中国、印度、希腊-罗马
• （一）古代中国
• “小学”：音韵学、训诂学和文字学
• （二）古代印度（吠陀时期起，约前 1200-前1000）
❖ 语法学：巴尼尼语法
❖（三）希腊-罗马
• （一）功能
• 1.人类语言功能开放
• 是个开放的系统，能够传递的信息无限 的丰富多样。能够造出无穷的句子，能 传递无限多的信息。
• 2.动物“语言”封闭
• 是现场的刺激引起的，所能传递的信息
种类有限，可以列举。
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第一节 语言是人类特有的财富 一、为什么语言是人类特有的
• a.想说什么说什么 b.想啥时说啥时说 c.一种话多样说 d.想说多少说多少 e.话里有话（正话反说，反话正说） f.有的说，没的也说
当代语言学导论课件
There is a biological, physiological entity inside our brain which decides what we speak.
Our brain was blank when we were born. Language is a social, empirical entity.
Language phenomena
Language has been existing everywhere and all time. The human baby learns at least one language spontaneously and effortlessly. No one knows how the mind operates to organize one’s experience and thoughts.
What are the functions of language?
informative; interpersonal; performative; emotive; phatic; recreational; metalingual.
Universal Grammar
The generally endowed information of principles and parameters that enables the child to develop a grammar from his primary linguistic data. Every speaker knows a set of principles which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that vary from one language to another within certain limits.
现代语言学
一、语言和语言学1.语言学的核心: 语音学Phonetics, 音位学Phonology, 形态学Morphology, 句法学Syntax, 语义学Semantics, 语用学Pragmatics.2.瑞士语言学家索绪尔Saussure提出的langue语言vs parole言语.他是现在语言学之父3.语言的功能: the instrumental function,the regulatoryfunction,the heuristic function,the interactional function,the personal function,the imaginative function,the imformative function4.美国生成语法的创始人乔姆斯chomsky提出的competence语言能力vs performance语言运用5.语言的普遍特征: arbitrariness任意性,productivity多产性,duality双层结构,displacement移位性,cultural transmission文化传播性6.语用学研究的是上下文context中语言运用的情况7.Crash 拟声词onomatopoeic word8.现代语言学和传统语言学的不同点是: 描写性/规定性descriptive vs prescriptive, 口语/书面, 非拉丁语框架/拉丁语框架non-Latin-based framework vs Latin-based framework9.把语言学原理principle和理论theories应用到语言教学和学习的语言学是应用语言学applied linguistics10.语言文体学linguistic stylistics是介于语言学和文学之间的研究领域11.数学语言学mathematical linguistics, 人类语言学anthropological linguistics, 神经语言学neurolinguisitics12.孩子先学会说话再学会写字, 表明语言是发声的基础13.心理语言学研究儿童如何习得母语, 运用语言是大脑如何工作, 交流时如何处理接收到的信息14.语言的随意性说明语言在意义和声音方面没有逻辑关系15.语言的双层结构包含两种: 声音结构和语法结构16.形态学和句法学主要研究语法层面上的意义studythe units at the grammatical level17.Johnson 的大辞典为英语的用法和拼写制定了统一的标准二、语音学和音位学语音学三大分支: articulatory phonetics发音语音学,auditory phonetics听觉语音学,acoustic phonetics声学语音学辅音consonants的分类:根据发音方式: 爆破音stops, 摩擦音fricatives, 破擦音affricates, 鼻音nasals, 滑音glides根据发音部位：bilabials双唇音, labiodentals唇齿音, dentals齿间音, alveolars齿龈音, palatals上颚音, velars 软腭音, glottal声门音超音段音位suprasegmental phonology: stress重音,tone 音调,intonation语调三、形态学形态学主要研究单词的内部构造以及构成规则封闭性词汇closed class words: 连词conjunction, 介词preposition, 冠词article, 代词pronoun开放性词汇open class words: 名词noun, 动词verb, 形容词adjective, 副词adverb词素morpheme是语言中音义结合的最小单位, 也是语法分析的最小单位自由词素free morphemes, 粘着词素bound morphemes, 词干stem, 词根root, 外来词a borrowed one构词法包括：合成compound和派生derivation, 指的是自由词素屈折变化inflection指的是粘着词素,主要用于语法方面四、句法学句法学研究句子结构, 揭示构成某一语言句子的内在规则深层结构deep structure: 指抽象的句法结构表层结构surface structure: 是深层结构通过一系列转换规则之后得到的最后的结果, 就是人实际说出的句子英国语言学家韩礼德M.A.K.Halliday发展的系统功能语法, 主要关注语言和社会之间的关系简单句a simple sentence, 并列句a coordinate sentence, 复杂句a complex sentence一个词组主要包含: head中心语,specifier标志语,compliement补足语决定词类范畴category的有意义meaning, 屈折变化inflection, 分布distribution句法成分syntax component给句子提供了结构五、语义学语义学指语言产生意义的方法的系统研究, 主要研究对象是词义和句义同义词synonymy, 反义词antonymy, 多义词polysemy, （同音异义(一语双关)homophones, 同形异义homographs, 同音同形异义complete homonyms）都是homonymy, 上下义hynonymy,同义词包括: 方言性同义词dialectal synonyms, 风格性同义词stylistic synonyms指的是适用场合不同, 感情色彩不同的同义词emotive synonyms, 搭配不同的同义词collocational synonymsX entailing Y包含关系, X presupposing Y前提关系语义变化的四种模式: extension,narrowing,elevation,degradation成分分析componential analysis用于语义学的研究领域六、语用学英国哲学家John.Austin发明了言语行为理论speech act theory区分语义学和语用学的最本质因素是是否考虑了语言使用过程中的语境言语行为的三种次行为: 言内行为locutionary, 言外行为illocutionary, 言后行为perlocutionary act美国哲学语言学家john searle约翰舍尔把言外行为分为五大类: representative描述性功能, directive指示性功能（包括invitng,suggesting,requesting,advising,warning,threatening ,ordering）, commissive承担性功能, expressive表达性功能, declarative宣告性功能美国哲学家格莱斯Grice认为言语交际要包含以下四条准则：数量准则quantity maxim, 质量准则quality maxim, 关联准则relation maxim, 方式准则manner maxim情境因素contextual features包括时间, 地点和参与人, 不包括目的。
Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论(现代语言学).
Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论1. What is linguistics? 什么是语言学?1.1 definition 定义Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.语言学是对语言进行科学研究的学科。
Languages in general 针对所有语言而言A scientific study of language is based on the systematic investigation of data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.语言进行科学地研究最根本的是要对语言材料进行系统的调查研究,并在语言结构的一般理论指导下进行。
The linguist has to do first is to study language facts, i.e. to see how language is actually used; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure.语言学家首先必须研究语言材料,即要观察一般情况下语言的使用方法,继而对语言的结构具体地提出一些假设。
A linguistic theory is constructed about what language is and how it works.一套语言学理论是说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
1.2 The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.把语言学作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。
语言学概论(完整版)ppt课件
跨语言比较
通过对不同类型语言之 间的比较，揭示语言之 间的共性和差异，以及 语言类型与文化、社会 等因素的关系。
类型学视角
从类型学的角度出发， 分析语言的结构和功能 ，探讨语言的本质和演 变规律。
语言起源和演变过程探讨
语音、词汇、语法三要素
01
02
03
语音
语音是语言的声音形式， 包括音素、音节、声调等 要素，具有区别意义的作 用。
词汇
词汇是语言的建筑材料， 包括词和固定短语，体现 语言的文化特色和时代特 征。
语法
语法是语言的组织规则， 包括词法、句法等，使语 言具有生成和理解的能力 。
语言与社会文化关系
语言与社会
语音实验方法
通过仪器分析和实验验证，探究语 音的生理、物理和心理特性。
发音器官与发音过程分析
发音器官
01
包括呼吸器官、喉头、声带、口腔、鼻腔等，以及它们的结构
和功能。
发音过程
02
分析发音时气流的通道、声带的振动、口腔和鼻腔的共鸣等作
用，揭示语音产生的机制。
发音差异与语音变化
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探讨不同发音器官和发音过程对语音的影响，以及语音在历史
语音学定义
研究人类语言声音的科学，包括语音 的产生、传播、感知和变化等方面。
语音四要素
音质、音高、音强和音长，它们在语 音中的表现和作用。
语音单位
音素、音节、音步等，以及它们之间 的关系和组合规律。
音系学理论与方法
音系学定义
研究语言声音系统的科学，探讨 语音单位的分类、组合和变化规
则。
音位理论
语言学概论ppt课件英文
Through language, children learn the values, norms, and beliefs of the culture in which they are raised, becoming socialized into that culture's ways of thinking and living
Language reflections cultural values
The language we speak codes cultural norms, beliefs, and values It reflects how people in a culture view of the world and interact with each other
Language is the primary tool for organizing and expressing thought, which in turn shapes the way people view the world and contact with it
Language services as a repository for cultural knowledge, conditions, and practices, passing them down through generations
延时符
Summary
THANKS
Semantics refer to the study of meaning in language, including the meanings of words, phrases, and senses as well as the relationships between them It is one of the fundamental components of language and is essential for effective communication
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Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, airconditioner, photocopy…
Pragmatics— language in use
Applied linguistics----linguisticsபைடு நூலகம்and language teaching
Sociolinguistics---- social factors (e.g. class, education) affect language use
Arbitrariness • Productivity/Creativity • Duality • Displacement • Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.
Productivity/creativity
----Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “ A redeyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.
A Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. That is, it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.
Cultural transmission
----Language is culturally transmitted (through teaching and learning; rather than by instinct).
Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats, gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats, gibbons and bees.
Displacement
----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.
A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year.
There is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries
2. What is language?
Language can be generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for
human communication.
The design/defining features of human language
The story of a wolf child, a pig child shows that a human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language.
Functions of language
translation)
1.3 Some important distinctions in Linguistics
Prescriptive and Descriptive Synchronic and Diachronic Speech and writing Language and Parole Competence and Performance
Psycholinguistics----linguistic behavior and psychological process
Some other applications Anthropological linguistics Neurolinguistics Computational linguistics (e.g. machine
Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
Applied linguistics
Sociolinguistics
Psycholinguistics
……
General Linguistics: language as a whole
A gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw all their calls from a fixed repertoire which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible.
Duality (double articulation)
Lower level----sounds (meaningless) Higher level----meaning (larger units of meaning) A communication system with duality is
Morphology----the form of words
Syntax----the rules governing the combination of words into sentence.
Semantics----the meaning of language (when the meaning of language is conducted in the context of language use----Pragmatics)
Chapter 1. Introduction
Joanna
1. What is linguistics?
1.1 Definition -Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
1.2 The scope of linguistics
General linguistics
considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.
The bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction. But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance; bees do not “talk” about themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, animals, hopes or desires