2008研究生试题(1)
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试西医综合试题一、A型题：1～90小题，每小题1.5分；91～120小题，每小题2分：共195分。
在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的答案。
1．从控制论的观点看，对维持内环境的稳态具有重要作用的调控机制是A．非自动控制B．负反馈控制C．正反馈控制D．前馈控制2．神经细胞在兴奋过程中，Na 内流和K 外流的量取决于A．各自平衡电位B．细胞的阈电位C．钠泵活动程度D．所给刺激强度3．能使骨骼肌发生完全强直收缩的刺激条件是A．足够强度的单个阈刺激B．足够持续时间的单个阈刺激C．间隔小于收缩期的一串阈刺激D．间隔大于收缩期的一串阈刺激4．调节红细胞生成的特异性体液因子是A．CSFB．GHC．IGFD．EPO5．实验中常用枸橼酸钠抗凝血，其机制是A．抑制凝血酶的活性B．加强抗凝血酶Ⅲ的作用C．防止血小板激活D．螯合血浆中的Ca26．高血压患者较正常人明显增高的心泵功能指标是A．心输出量B．射血分数C．心指数D．心脏做功量7．在微循环中，主要受局部代谢产物调节的结构是A．微动脉B．直捷通路C．毛细血管前括约肌D．真毛细血管8．下列选项中，能使肺的静态顺应性降低的因素是A．肺气肿B．肺表面活性物质缺乏C．气道阻力增加D．惯性阻力增加9．可缓冲呼吸过程中肺泡气PO2和PCO2变化幅度的肺容量是A．深吸气量B．功能残气量C．肺活量D．用力呼气量10．动脉血中H 浓度升高引起呼吸运动加强的感受器是A．中枢化学敏感区B．包钦格复合体C．颈动脉窦和主动脉弓D．颈动脉体和主动脉体11．能促使胃蛋白酶原转变为胃蛋白酶的物质是A．盐酸B．前列腺素E2C．丙谷胺D．内因子12．当胰液缺乏而其他消化液分泌正常时，可引起A．血糖降低B．脂肪泻C．胰腺炎D．恶性贫血13．当小肠被食糜充盈时，小肠反复进行分节运动，其主要作用是A．充分混合食糜和消化液B．将食糜不断向前推进C．刺激胃肠激素的释放D．促进消化液继续分泌14．特殊动力效应最为显著的食物是A．糖类B．脂肪C．蛋白质D．无机盐15．在肾小球滤过中阻碍带电荷的蛋白质通过滤过膜最主要的结构是A．肾小球毛细血管内皮B．毛细血管内皮下基膜C．肾小囊脏层足细胞D．足细胞足突间裂隙膜16．肾脏近端小管对小管液中有用成分重吸收的特点是A．重吸收的物质种类少B．各种物质的重吸收量少C．受神经和体液因素调节D．小管液与上皮细胞内液保持等渗17．饮大量清水后尿量增多的最主要原因是A．肾血流量增加B．肾小球滤过率增加C．血浆胶体渗透压降低D．抗利尿激素分泌减少18．与视锥细胞相比，视杆细胞的特点是A．数量少B．对光敏感度高C．能产生色觉D．分辨能力强19．下列选项中，符合非特异性感觉投射系统功能的是A．产生某种特定的感觉B．维持和改变大脑皮质的兴奋状态C．激发大脑皮质发出传出冲动D．参与形成躯体平衡感觉20．切除动物前庭小脑后，动物将表现为A．站立不稳B．四肢乏力C．运动不协调D．静止性震颤21．寒冷刺激可引起下丘脑促垂体区释放A．CRHB．TRHC．GnRHD．GHIH22．影响甲状旁腺分泌最重要的因素是A．血钙浓度B．血磷浓度C．血碘浓度D．血钾浓度23．机体受到刺激而发生应激反应的系统是A．下丘脑-腺垂体-肾上腺皮质系统．B．下丘脑-神经垂体系统C．交感-肾上腺髓质系统D．迷走-胰岛素系统24．下列关于雌激素生理作用的叙述，正确的是A．抑制输卵管运动B．促进子宫内膜腺体增生和分泌C．促进阴道上皮细胞增生和角化D．促进乳腺发育并引起泌乳25．下列氨基酸中，属于酸性氨基酸的是A．精氨酸B．甘氨酸C．亮氨酸D．天冬氨酸26．下列RNA中，参与形成原核生物50S大亚基的是A．28SrRNAB．23SrRNAC．16SrRNAD．hnRNA27．下列关于酶的Km值的叙述，正确的是A．是反应速度达到最大速度时的底物浓度B．不能反映酶对底物的亲和力C．对有多个底物的酶，其Km值相同D．对同一底物，不同的酶有不同的Km值28．三羧酸循环中发生底物水平磷酸化的反应是A．柠檬酸→异柠檬酸B．异柠檬酸→α-酮戊二酸C．α-酮戊二酸→琥珀酰辅酶AD．琥珀酰辅酶A→琥珀酸29．下列酶中，与丙酮酸生成糖无关的是A．丙酮酸激酶B．丙酮酸羧化酶C．果糖双磷酸酶-1D．葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶30．如果食物中长期缺乏植物油，将导致人体内减少的物质是A．软油酸B．油酸C．花生四烯酸D．胆固醇31．下列脂蛋白形成障碍与脂肪肝的形成密切相关的是A．CMB．VLDLC．LDLD．HDL32．胞质NADH经α-磷酸甘油穿梭后氧化磷酸化产生的ATP数是A．1B．2C．3D．433．脑中氨的主要解毒方式是生成A．尿素B．丙氨酸C．谷氨酰胺D．天冬酰胺34．下列核苷酸可直接转变成dTMP的是A．dUMPB．dUDPC．dCMPD．dCDP35．下列复制起始相关蛋白质中，具有合成RNA引物作用的是A．DnaAB．DnaBC．DnaCD．DnaG36．下列RNA中，参与形成小分子核糖核蛋白体的是A．hnRNAB．mRNAC．snRNAD．tRNA37．下列氨基酸中，无相应遗传密码的是A．异亮氨酸B．天冬酰胺C．脯氨酸D．羟赖氨酸38．下列关于真核基因结构特点的叙述，错误的是A．基因不连续B．基因组结构庞大C．含大量重复序列D．转录产物为多顺反子39．变构调节和化学修饰调节的共同特点是A．引起酶蛋白构象变化B．酶蛋白发生共价修饰C．属于快速调节方式D．有放大效应40．下列血浆蛋白中，具有运输胆红素的是A．白蛋白B．α1球蛋白C．以球蛋白D．β球蛋白41．下列肝细胞的病理改变中，属于凋亡的是A．脂肪空泡形成B．嗜酸性小体形成C．Mallory小体形成D．病毒包涵体形成42．下列子宫内膜癌的病理类型中，与化生密切相关的是A．子宫内膜样腺癌B．浆液性腺癌C．透明细胞癌D．鳞状细胞癌43．透明血栓的主要成分是A．纤维蛋白B．血小板C．红细胞D．中性粒细胞44．下列病变中，属于非感染性肉芽肿的是A．树胶样肿B．伤寒小结C．风湿小结D．结核结节45．下列病变中，属于真性肿瘤的是A．动脉瘤B．Bowen病C．迷离瘤D．错构瘤46．超急性排斥反应时，血管病变的特点是A．血管壁纤维素样坏死B．血管周围纤维组织增生C．血管壁玻璃样变性D．血管内膜纤维化47．Libman-Sacks血栓性心内膜炎常发生于A．休克B．败血症C．癌症晚期D．系统性红斑狼疮48．肉眼类型多为弥漫型的肺癌是A．鳞状细胞癌B．小细胞癌C．中分化腺癌D．细支气管-肺泡细胞癌49．下列病变中，与大肠癌的发生关系不密切的是A．增生性息肉B．腺瘤性息肉C．家族性腺瘤性息肉病D．溃疡性结肠炎50．膜性肾小球肾炎电镜下的特征性病变是A．系膜区低密度电子致密物沉积B．基膜外侧驼峰样电子致密物沉积C．上皮下电子致密物与基膜样物质形成钉突结构D．基膜内皮侧、致密层和系膜区电子致密物沉积51．下列关于绒毛膜癌病理变化的叙述，错误的是A．大片出血B．滋养层细胞增生C．可见胎盘绒毛D．组织坏死52．起源于T细胞的淋巴瘤是A．套细胞淋巴瘤B．Burkitt淋巴瘤C．蕈样霉菌病D．滤泡性淋巴瘤53．下列选项中，属于开放型肺结核病的是A．局灶性肺结核病B．慢性纤维空洞性肺结核病C．浸润性肺结核病D．结核球54．以肉芽肿病变为特点的心肌炎是A．特发性巨细胞性心肌炎B．细菌性心肌炎C．病毒性心肌炎D．弓形虫性心肌炎55．乳腺髓样癌的病理组织学特点是A．癌组织中大量腺体形成B．癌巢小而少，大量纤维组织增生C．大片癌细胞巢伴淋巴细胞浸润D．大量黏液形成，其中漂浮癌细胞团56．恶性程度最高的甲状腺肿瘤是A．滤泡癌B．乳头状癌C．未分化癌D．髓样癌57．患者，男，45岁。
研究生学位英语2008年1月真题(附答案)
2008-1Part I Listening ComprehensionSection A (1 Point each)1. A. His paper has been published with the help of his adviser.B. His paper has won an award with the help of his adviser.C. His paper has been revised by his adviser.D. His paper has got the approval from his adviser.2. A. Tom is terribly ill. B. Tom is in low spirits.C. Tom is bad-tempered.D. Tom is nervous at the moment3. A. He saw his boss in person for the first time.B. He is now complaining in a different way.C. He has made his boss change his attitude.D. He has changed his opinion of his boss.4. A. He was not fond of the concert.B. He didn't like the tea offered at the concert.C. He left early to have some tea with somebody else.D. He doesn't want to tell the woman why he was not there.5. A. He always looks down upon others.B. He always lowers the value of others.C. He always judges people by their appearanceD. He is always reluctant to take newcomers.6. A. She is always stupid. B. She is always concentrated.C. She is always careless.D. She is always absent-minded.7. A. She wants to leave a way out. B. She doesn't trust her boss.C. She wants to repay her boss.D. She wants to stay with her boss as long as possible8. A. She should let her daughter decide.B. She should choose what the teacher is interested in.C. She should make the same choice as the other parents.D. She should choose what she is interested in.9. A. She felt very cold because of the weather. B. She was frightened by the scene.C. She sent the two boys to the hospital.D. She went to help the injured immediately. Mini-talk one10. A. He went mountain climbing. B. He went camping.C. He went to a party:D. He went to a concert.11. A. He was lost in the forest. B. He was caught in a natural disaster.C. He was woken up in the middle of the night.D. He burned his dinner.12. A. Because it was too noisy. B. Because he wanted to join the party.C. Because he was too tired.D. Because he turned on some music.Mini-talk Two13. A. They may be overweight. B. They may earn less money.C. The may suffer from serious diseases.D. They may have lasting damage in their brain.14. A. Improving children's nutrition in their country.B. Providing their people with cleaner conditions.C. Improving health care for their people.D. Providing their people with better education.15. A. Preschool period. B. Teenage period.C. Between birth and 15 years old.D. Between pregnancy and two years old.Section C (1 point each)16. "Facebook" and "MySpace" are some of the most popular blog sites for_______________.17. Blogs offer young people a place to show their writings and ______________.18. Personal information puts teenagers at risk of being sought out by dangerous people who ______.19. When teenagers include information on their blogs that can be seen as a threat to others they can ___________________.20. Parents are advised to read their children's blogs to make sure they are not giving out__________.PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)21. The city was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.A. subjectivelyB. imaginablyC. positivelyD. practically22. In spite of the taxing business schedule, he managed to take some time off for exercise.A. imposingB. demandingC. compulsoryD. temporary23. The court held the parents accountable for the minor child's acts of violence.A. responsible forB. indifferent toC. desperate forD. involved in24.The visitors were impressed by the facilities planned and programmed in terms of their interrelationships.A. in units ofB. with reference toC. in aspects ofD. on condition of25. "There is a weird power in a spoken word," Joseph Conrad once said.A. mightyB. prospectiveC. oddD. formidable26. Poverty and inadequate health care take their toll on the quality of a community's health.A. destructionB. contributionC. chargeD. origin27. This old man had trouble expressing the attachment he felt when arriving at his native town.A. hospitalityB. affection C: appeal D. frustration28. If you become reconciled to your lot, you will never get a new start in life.A. submissiveB. resistantC. tolerableD. committed29. The little girl felt increasingly uneasy while waiting for her mother at the bus-stop.A. difficultB. excitedC. relievedD. restless30. A high official is likely to win respect and trust if he can stick to his principles.A. turn toB. add toC. keep toD. lead toSection B (0.5 point each)31. To achieve sustainable development, the of resources is assuming new importance.A. conservationB. reservationC. exhaustionD. devastation32. The sale of alcoholic beverages is ________ to those above 21 in some regions.A. confinedB. inhibitedC. obligedD. restricted33. The importance of protecting rainforests from human invasion is increasingly realized by developing and developedcountries_______.A. bothB. eitherC. alikeD. apart34. Before the 1980s, the idea of health insurance was quite _______ to those living in the mainland of China.A. overseasB. abroadC. foreignD. offshore35. The government is expected to make new legislations to ______ foreign investment in real estate.A. manipulateB. regulateC. dominateD. prevail36. Despite the suspect's ________to be innocent, there is compelling evidence that he was involved.A. convictionB. assertionC. accusationD. speculation37. For many countries, being part of a global supply chain is like striking oil -- oil that may never ____.A. run outB. work outC. turn outD. call out38. Having been an office secretary for some years, she always _______chores in a responsible way.A. goes onB. goes forC. goes withoutD. goes about39. Without clear guidelines ______, executives of hospitals are sometimes at a loss about what to do.A. in orderB. in placeC. in needD. in trouble40. The age of other trees is variously estimated as ______ from two hundred to eight hundred years.A. changingB. differingC. varyingD. rangingPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Every year, as the price of goods rises, the inflation refuses to (41) even from the high educational institutions.In the US, according to a 2005 survey by the College Board, (42) at state universities rose by an average of 7.1 percent annually, after a year when inflation grew much less. At private schools it was up 5.9 percent. The survey which (43) more than 3,000 colleges and universities did not provide clear reasons for the continued increases. It did say that the price of goods and services at universities have risen rapidly. Some of the fastest growth has been in employee health (44), and professional salaries.Living expenses on campus have also (45). At the university of Southern California student dining hall, a buffet meal cost $5.50 in 2004. But now it's $9. The US government often provides (46) assistance to students' lunch in primary and high schools, but these favorable policies usually don't (47) universities.Some students said the food on campus is sometimes even more expensive than that at restaurants (48) campus.To compensate the rise in tuition and living expenses, the federal and state governments (49) universities and private sources have provided (50) for students. Of all the full time undergraduates about 62 percent have a grant covering 30-50 percent of their tuition, according to the College Board.41. A. stay away B. stand out C. step down D. set off42. A. fares B. payment C. charges D. tuition43. A. attended B. covered C. included D. composed44. A. welfares B. advantages C. benefits D. goods45. A. rolled up B. gone up C. sat up D. taken up46. A. management B. economic C. policy D. financial47. A. apply to B. suit for C. adjust to D. gear for48. A. in B. to C. off D. over49. A. as well as B. the same as C. as far as D. such as50. A. grasps B. grains C. grounds D. grantsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneDid your mum and dad go to university, or did they leave school and go straight to the Job Centre? The educational experience of parents is still important when it comes to how today's students choose an area of study and what to do after graduation, according to The Future-track research in the UK.The research was done by the Higher Education Careers Service Unit. It plans to follow university applicants for six years from 2006 through their early careers.The first year's findings come from a study of 130,000 university applicants. They show significant differences in prospective students' approach to higher education, depending on whether their parents got degrees (second-generation applicants) or didn't (first-generation applicants).First-generation applicants were more likely to say that their career and employment prospects were uppermost in their minds in deciding to go to university. About one-fifth of this group gave "to enable me to get a good job" as their main reason for choosing HE. And 37 percent said that a degree was "part of my career plan".A young person coming from a non-professional household where finances are stretched may find the idea of learning for its own sake to be a luxury. This explains the explosion in vocational courses.At Portsmouth University, first-year student Kim Burnett, 19, says that she specifically chose her degree in health research management and psychology to get a secure, well-paid job. Harriet Edge, 20, studying medicine at Manchester University, also wanted job security. Her parents lacked college degrees, though the fact that her uncle is a doctor appears to have influenced her choice."Medicine is one of those fields where it's pretty likely you'll get a job at the end. That's a big plus, as the debt levels after five years of study are going to be frightening," she says. Many experts believe that this situation affects those with no family tradition of higher education far more keenly. The fact that 26 percent of respondents said that they needed more advice implies that some students may end up feeling that their higher education investment was not worthwhile.For those with graduate parents, this lack of guidance may, the researchers suggest, be less of a problem. " But, for those without the advantages, lack of access to career guidance before applying for higher education leaves them exposed to making poorer choices," the survey concludes.51. The main idea of the passage is that_________.A. parents' experiences are more important for their children's educationB. parents' careers are vitally important for their children's degreesC. students' approach to higher education correlates with their parents' educational experienceD. students' career and employment prospects are decided by their parents52. "HE" in the 4th paragraph probably refers to __________.A. health educationB. higher employmentC. Harriet EdgeD. higher education53. A young person coming from a non-professional household ____________.A. is less likely to get financial aid to go to universityB. is more likely to choose vocational educationC. may think learning for pleasure is a good ideaD. may choose to study for a professional degree54. In which of the following aspects do Kim Burnett and Harriet Edge have in common?A. They both chose their majors because of their family influence.B. They are both the first-year students in university.C. Both of their parents lack college degrees.D. Both of them chose degrees for job security.55. It is implied that ____________.A. the cost of a degree in medicine is very highB. higher education investment in medicine is not worthwhileC. a student without family medical tradition is less likely to choose medicineD. medicine is a field where every degree-holder can get a job56.Those with graduate parents may _________.A. make poorer choices when choosing their majorsB. make better choices when applying for higher educationC. not need career guidance before graduationD. have no problems in applying for a collegePassage TwoLast month, the public address system at Earl's Court subway station in London was ordered to get the noise down. Passengers, it seems, had had enough of being told the blindingly obvious: "Stand back or the train will run you over." "Don't lean on the doors." "Stand back from the opening doors." "Do this." "Don't do that."Bossiness is not just aural. It is also written. As a commuter, I'm continually bombarded by notices on car walls. "Please take your feet off the seat." "Please turn down your personal stereo." And when I drive past the local primary, a sign flashes: "School. Slow down!"The presumption behind these signs is that Britons must have everything spelled out because we are tow, uncivilized people who were raised by wolves.Britain didn't use to be so bossy. When I was a boy, for instance, the local cinema put a warning on screen before we settled down to watch. "Don't," it said, "make noises." In those days, long before mobile phones, it was the only bossiness we saw in the cinema. Since then, bossiness has become more commonplace. Television, that strongest guide to public morals and lifestyles in this country, is alive with dominant people. On screen, we see health experts holding some poor woman's breasts and demanding that she get in shape. Cooking programs tell us not to think of leaving toast crumbs on the kitchen table.There is no point in blaming TV for this new bossiness. We want to be bossed. We have behaved badly and now we yearn to feel the whip to correct us. On July 1, smoking will be banned in public places in England. My local government told churches in the area last week that no-smoking posters must be prominently displayed by church entrances.I love this: the governments are bossing people to make them more bossy. They are insisting that priests tell their congregations (教区的教民) what to do.My local government isn't the only source of bossiness. I find it everywhere. But the rise in bossiness does not seem to have been accompanied by a rise in socially well-adjusted behavior. In fact, the opposite. Perhaps this is because, if you feel as though you are treated with contempt, you will respond with the same.57. The case at Earl's Court subway station shows that _________.A. it is very noisy in public placesB. it is necessary to warn the passengers of their safetyC. people have realized the importance of public orderD. people have been tired of being bossed58. It is presumed that bossiness is everywhere because Britons__________.A. need to be bossed to behave themselvesB. want to be reminded of how to behave wellC. must have everything spelled outD. are raised in uncivilized society59. It is suggested in the passage that____________.A. now Britons behave much better than they did in the pastB. in the past Britons behaved much better than they do nowC. the dominant people on screen should be blamed for the new bossinessD. television has misguided the public morals and lifestyles in Britain60. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. Television should play a role in enhancing public morals.B. The local government has got involved in the church activities.C. The governments want to make themselves more authoritative by bossing people.D. The rise in bossiness has helped the improvement of people's behavior.61. The author writes this passage in a _________.A. funny toneB. criticizing toneC. friendly toneD. radical tone62. What is the appropriate title of this passage?A. British People Have Had Enough Bossiness AroundB. British People Want to Be BossedC. Bossiness in Great Britain: Its Past and PresentD. Bossiness in Great Britain Should Be IgnoredPassage ThreeIt began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston's McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence? Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn't think so. She mentioned the patients' striking mood shifts to her boss and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean's president and psychiatrist in chief: “I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."It's a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it's an example of new research on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.63. The first paragraph describes a project aimed at finding ____________.A. who has bipolar disorderB. what improves people's moodsC. whether magnetic scanning is a treatmentD. how some patients respond to some drugs64. What does the passage say about bipolar disorder?A.It mainly affects males.B. It may cause drug addiction.C. It is a mental problem.D. It is hard to detect.65. The word "ebullient" in Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by________.A. considerateB. quietC. excitedD. sorrowful66. The researchers' attitude toward the new finding can be described as_________.A. confusedB. amusedC. carefulD. skeptical67. The new finding is significant because it shows that electromagnetic fields mayA. treat mental disordersB. cause mental disordersC. increase the effectiveness of some drugsD. reduce the effectiveness of some drugs68. The passage mainly_________.A. reports a discoveryB. challenges a discoveryC. explains the problems with a discoveryD. describes the background of a discoveryPassage FourMy kids tell me that I am "so 20th century", which troubles me. A person likes to feel that he is "with it", as we used to say in the 20th century.So I have been thinking how I might change myself into a true 21st-century man. Clearly, in my advanced state of age I would be foolish to attempt some wild leap into the contemporary fashion. And anyway, my distinctive taste attracts much favourable comment.But if my clothing is too characteristic to change, perhaps I should do something about my lifestyle. So last week I took myself to the NEC for the Smart Home Show which is "the exhibition dedicated to all the latest trends in smart home technology".It was a shock. How could I have lived for half a century without a fingerprint-operated front door? ("Never lock yourself out of your home again!") Or vacuum cleaners that suck dust straight into a dustbin, via a system of pipes in your house walls? (All you have to do is rebuild your entire home.) Or automatic garden sprinklers which are so smart that they turn themselves off when it starts to rain? Of course, you could just look out of the window, observe that it's raining and turn them off yourself, but that would be so 20th century.Besides, those were just the simpler things. For the true smart-home owner, a plasma (等离子) TV fireplace is a must. At first glance it's just an electric fire with a mantelpiece，but press your remote and a giant TV screen rises from the mantelpiece. "Thieves won't even know it's there," a spokesman claimed. Just as well. At £5,280，it would be a pity to have it broken. But the real revolution has happened in the bathroom. Never again need you feel cut off from world events as you go about your washing. Forget the mirrors that turn into TV screens. They're old hat. The buzz in bathrooms now is all about heated towel-racks that turn into TVs.Enough! I was convinced: I want a smart home. There's only one problem: The cost. You are looking at £18,000 to £25,000 for an average home. Hmm. I won't be entering the 21st century just yet, then.69. To be "21st century", the author decided to___________.A. move to a new houseB. change the way he livedC. improve his dressing styleD. talk in the most trendy fashion70. The author's comment on the vacuum cleaner implies that___________.A. he believed that it was uselessB. he wanted to purchase one himselfC. he hated to cause inconvenienceD. he thought that it was not worth the effort71. What is the most revolutionary smart home technology according to the author?A. The plasma TV fireplace.B. The automatic garden sprinkler.C. Mirrors that turn into TV screens.D. Heated towel-racks that turn into TVs.72. The Smart Home Show__________.A. seemed too good to be trueB. was a true eye-opener for the authorC. left a negative impression on the authorD. appealed less to the middle- and old-aged73. What does the author think of buying the smart home products?A. He was interested, but found them too expensive.B. He was fascinated, and determined to buy them.C. He wasn't attracted, and wouldn't buy them.D. He wasn't sure, so he would rather wait and see.74. Which of the following words could best describe the author's tone?A. Overstated.B. Objective.C. Ironic.D. Passionate.Passage FiveNever before has flying been so controversial. In the space of two years, the environmental damage done by planes has gone from being something quietly discussed by scientists and committed environmentalists, to a headline-grabbing issue no one can ignore.Even those who fly once or twice a year on holiday can't help but feel a growing sense of guilt, while those opting for trips by car, train or ferry have a self-righteous spring in their steps.Now, however, the backlash is beginning. The tourism and aviation industries are mobilizing, and pointing out some awkward facts. Did you know that some ferries emit far more carbon dioxide than some planes'? That driving can release twice as much carbon as flying? A new report from Balpa, the pilot's union, even claims that planes can be better than train.While there are the campaigners who plot their camp at Heathrow to protest the air travel, in Kenya plans are being drawn up for a very different camp. Looking out from a cliff over the deserts of Samburuland is a stunning hotel, the O1 Malo Eco-Lodge. Revenue from the small number of visiting tourists has allowed the 5,000 acres around it to be transformed from over-grazed cattle ranch to a conservation site. More impressive still is the O1 Malo eye project. Up to 80 per cent of adults in the area suffer sight loss, so the O1 Malo Trust runs regular surgical camps, bringing doctors from the UK to treat them. In January, the camp gave 102 people back their sight. "It's very simple--all of our visitors fly here," said Julia Francombe, the founder. "If they stopped coming, it would kill us."One thing on which all sides agree is that aviation is booming, so it becomes crucial to develop new and less polluting aircraft. Airbus's claim that it can save the world with the A380 may be far-fetched, but its "gentle giant" plane is far more efficient and quieter than those of 20 years ago.Some environmentalists, however, scorn these advances, saying such measures are a "delusion." "The aviation industry is likely to vastly overstate the gains that can be made from technological improvements but sadly a climate friendly plane isn't on the horizon," says Emily Armistead of Greenpeace.So the question is: who do you believe?75. Pollution caused by planes used to _____________.A. be heatedly debated in the scientific communityB. be a controversial issue no one could ignoreC. draw little attention among the general publicD. divert people's attention from more important issues76. Compared with people who fly, those who choose cars or trains for travel_________.A. feel equally guilty of causing environmental damagesB. seem to care more about the environment than about timeC. believe that they are doing the right thing for the environmentD. are more troubled by the latest facts on environmental pollution77. The camps in Kenya are mentioned to_________.A. demonstrate the necessity of flyingB. emphasize the problems of flyingC. persuade people to turn to flyingD. present the two sides of flying78. Emily Armistead suggests that the aviation industry___________.A. has not made great efforts to develop environmentally friendly planesB. cannot come up with environmentally friendly planes in the near futureC. should not use environmentally friendly planes to solve their problemsD. will not save the world even with environmentally friendly planes79. What is the author's position on air travel?A. Air travel should be avoided if possible.B. Air travel is not as problematic as people believe.C. It is too early to say that air travel has caused damages.D. It is hard to decide whether we should continue air travel80. The best title for the passage is “___________”.A. Should We Stop Flying?B. When Can We Stop Flying?C. What Will Happen If We Stop Flying?D. Will Stopping Flying Make a Difference?PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)British previous colonial policies led to the spread of English across the world. This wide use of English has been reinforced by the sweeping influence of the U.S.. However, the dominance of English as an international language is considered both a blessing and a curse. For one thing, it has accelerated the extinction of some languages. People have been wondering about the possibility of creating a global language which might hold promises for an end to language-caused troubles and conflicts. Unfortunately, attempts to harmonize world languages have met with little success as a result of the reluctance of native speakers of a particular language to adopt another language as their mother tongue. To discard one's native language is to have the distinct features of his nation erased.Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)根据最新统计，67％的美国人能上网，该比例是中国的6倍。
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试心理学专业基础综合
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试心理学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题1、强调心理学不应该以意识为主要研究对象的学派是（）A构造主义B机能主义C人本主义 D 行为主义2、现代心理学诞生和发展的重要的两个历史渊源是哲学和( )A 生理学社会学人类学物理学3、颜色视觉的三个基本属性是( )色调、波长、照亮色调、明度、照度波长、明度、饱和度色调、明度、饱和度4、视觉感受野位于（）外侧膝状体额叶视网膜视觉皮层5、频率理论在解释听觉现象时，使用的声音频率范围是（）500赫兹以下1000—5000赫兹5000—10000赫兹10000赫兹以上6、观众把篮球比赛中穿着不同服装的运动员相应的归为不同的球队，这体现了知觉组织的（）对称性原则临近性原则连续性原则相似性原则7、小张去车站接一位陌生客人，他的预期会影响对这位客人的辨认。
这种只觉得加工方式主要是（）“全或无”加工颉頏加工自上而下的加工自下而上的加工8、检验注意过滤器理论经常使用的实验范式是（）双耳分析语义启动双任务操作视觉搜索9、随着年龄增长，个体的快速眼动睡眠量（）越来越多越来越少呈现U型变化呈现倒U型变化10、长时间记忆最主要的编码方式是（）视觉编码听觉编码语义编码形象编码11、在对系列呈现的学习资料进行自由回忆时，最后呈现的材料遗忘少，这种现象称为（）首因效应启动效应词优效应近因效应12、谢帕德和库柏的心理旋转实验范式是（）概括性可变通性可操作性稳定性13、音乐家必须去创造音乐，画家必须作画，诗人必须写诗。
一个人要想成为他想成为的那个人就必须真实的面对自己。
根据马斯洛的观点，这段话体现了人具有（）归属于爱的需要尊重的需要自我实现的需要安全的需要14、鱼我所欲也，熊掌亦我所欲也，二者不可兼得。
所反映的动机冲突是（）双趋冲突双避冲突趋避冲突多重趋避冲突15、强调丘脑在情绪中有重要作用的理论是（）詹姆斯-兰格情绪理论坎农-巴德情绪理论沙赫特的情绪理论阿诺德的情绪理论16、卡特尔将基于先天禀赋，主要与神经系统的生理机能有关，较少受到后天文化教育影响的智力称为（）情绪智力晶体智力空间智力流体智力17、诚实或虚伪，勇敢或怯懦，谦虚或骄傲，勤劳或懒惰等描述的个体的（）性格特征能力特征气质特征认知特征18、根据弗洛伊德的发展理论，“恋母情结”出现的阶段是（）口唇期肛门期潜伏期性器期二、多选题1、情绪和情感的功能有（）适应功能动机功能组织功能信号功能2、鲁里亚提出。
2008年全国考研数学一真题
y
）ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
(A)
i
(B) i .
(C)
j.
(D) j .
【答案】 应选(A).
1 x y2 x ． y 【详解】因为 f y ． f x 1 x2 x 2 y 2 y 1 x2 x 2 y2 y2 y2
所以
f x (0,1)
1，
f y
0 ，于是gradf (x, y)
(B) E A 不可逆，则 E A 可逆. (D) E A 可逆，则 E A 不可逆.
(E A)(E A A 2 ) E A3 E ， (E A)(E A A2 ) E A3 E ．
故 E A ， E A 均可逆．故应选(C).
X N (0,1) ， Y N (1, 4) ，得
EX 0, EY 1, E(aX b) aEX b ． 1 a 0 b ， b 1 ．从而排除(B).故应选 (D)．
( 1)( 2i)( 2i) ( 1)(2 4) 3 4 2 4 3 2 4 4
所以所求微分方程为 y y 4 y 4 y 0 ．应选(D).
4
设函数 f ( x) 在 (, ) 内单调有界，{xn } 为数列，下列命题正确的是（ (A) 若 {xn } 收敛，则 { f ( xn )} 收敛 (C) 若 { f ( xn )} 收敛，则 {xn } 收敛. (B) 若 {xn } 单调，则 { f ( xn )} 收敛 (D) 若 { f ( xn )} 单调，则 {xn } 收敛.
又 f (x) 2 ln(2 x )
2
4x2 0 ，恒大于零，所以 f (x) 在 ( , ) 上是单调递增的．又 2 x2
2008年考研英语真题详细解析(1)
2008年考研英语真题详细解析(1)2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
" selected" 意为 "挑选"; "prepared"意为 "准备"； "obliged"意为"迫使，责成"；"pleased"意为"高兴地，满足地"，前一句"人们不敢说"，本句中由"but "一词可推出意思与上句相反，即"Cochran 准备说"，所以选B.2、答案：D解析：本题测试词义辨析。
"unique"意为"的，独特的"；"particular"意为"特殊的，独特的"；"special"意为"特别的，特殊的"；"rare"意为"稀罕的，珍贵的"，rare bird 意为"稀有的人"，空格相关意思是"只有Cochra准备说"，而且 "rare bird" 是固定搭配,所以选D3、答案：A解析：本题测试介词的语意搭配, independently of 意为"不依赖于，独立"，所以选A4、答案：C解析：本题测试词义辨析。
由"actually"推出本句是对现在和以前对疾病看法的对比，所以选C5、答案：C解析：本题测试副词的用法及语段的连贯性。
Even 做程度副词，表示递进关系，意为"即使他自己也...".所以选C6、答案：A解析：本题测试词义搭配。
空格相关意思是"一想到他即将要做的，即使他自己也...." "At thought of "意为"一看到..."； at sight of意为年"一看见"；at cost of 意为"以...的代价"；at risk of意为"冒着....的危险"，所以选A7、答案：B解析：本题测试动词辨析。
福州大学2008年高等代数考研试题A卷及解答 (1)
福州大学2008年招收硕士研究生入学考试试卷招生学院_______________招生专业________________考试科目________________科目编号________________本卷共十题，每题15分一、填空题（每小题4分，满分20分）1、多项式32()61514f x x x x =-+-的有理根是_________；【答案解析】：22、矩阵012114210A ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭的逆矩阵1A -=_________；【答案解析】：124211221232⎛⎫- ⎪⎪ ⎪- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-- ⎪⎝⎭3、设P 为数域，在线性空间[]n P x 中，多项式()f x 在基1{1,(),...,()}n x a x a ---下的坐标是_________；【答案解析】：(1)()()((),(),,...,)2!(1)!n f a f a f a f a n -'''-4、在欧式空间4R 中，向量1(1,2,2,3)α=，2(3,1,5,1)α=的夹角为________；【答案解析】：455、已知1101A ⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭，则nA =________；【答案解析】：101n ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭二、简答题（每小题5分，满分25分）6、求非齐次线性方程组1231234123412344212357375822268x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x -+=-⎧⎪-+++=⎪⎨-+-=-⎪⎪---=-⎩的通解；【考察重点】：求非齐次线性方程组的通解，属于简单计算题，掌握知识点即可。
【答案解析】：解：142011420110245231570555501111371580555500000222680666600000A -------⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪---⎪ ⎪ ⎪=== ⎪ ⎪ ⎪------ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪-------⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭可知原方程组与下面方程组同解1342342451x x x x x x --=-⎧⎨-++=⎩令340x x ==，得原方程组的一个特解()5100--且原方程组的两个基础解系为()()123010,1001αα=-=-所以原方程组的通解为()()()12510030101001x k k =--+-+-其中1k ，2k 为任意常数。
2008心理学统考试题及答案(1)
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试心理学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：1～65小题，每小题2分，共130分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1．强调心理学不应该以意识为主要研究对象的学派是（）A．构造主义B．机能主义C．人本主义D．行为主义2．现代心理学诞生和发展的两个重要历史渊源是哲学和（）A．生理学B．社会学C．人类学D．物理学3．通过裂脑人研究来揭示大脑两半球功能单侧化的科学家是（）A．布洛卡（P．Broca）B．拉什利（K．S．Lashley）C．斯佩里（R．Sperry）D．威尔尼克（C．Wernicke）4．颜色视觉的三个基本属性是（）A．色调、波长、照度B．色调、明度、照度C．波长、明度、饱和度D．色调、明度、饱和度5．视觉感受野位于（）A．外侧膝状体B．额叶C．视网膜D．视觉皮层6．频率理论在解释听觉现象时，使用的声音频率范围是（）A．500HZ以下B．1000～5000HZC．5000～10000Hz D．10000Hz以上7．观众把篮球比赛中穿着不同服装的运动员相应地归为不同的球队，这体现了知觉组织的（）A．对称性原则B．邻近性原则C．连续性原则D．相似性原则8．小张去车站接一位陌生客人，他的预期会影响对这位客人的辨认。
这种知觉的加工方式主要是（）A．“全或无”加工B．颉颃加工C．自上而下的加工D．自下而上的加工9．检验注意过滤器理论经常使用的实验范式是（）A．双耳分析B．语义启动C．双任务操作D．视觉搜索10．随年龄增长，个体的快速眼动睡眠量（）A．越来越多B．越来越少C．呈U型变化D．呈倒U型变化11．长时记忆最主要的编码方式是（）A．视觉编码B．听觉编码C．语义编码D．形象编码12．在对系列呈现的学习材料进行自由回忆时，最后呈现的材料遗忘少。
这种现象称为（）A．首因效应B．启动效应C．词优效应D．近因效应13．谢帕德（R．N．Shepard）和库柏（L．A．Cooper）的“心理旋转”实验主要说明了表象具有（）A．概括性B．可变通性C．可操作性D．稳定性14．“音乐家必须去创造音乐，画家必须作画，诗人必须写诗……一个人要成为他能够成为的那个人，就必须真实地面对自己。
2008考研数学一真题及答案解析
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学试题参考答案和评分参考数 学（一）一．选择题 ( 1 ～ 8小题，每小题4分，共32分.) （1）设函数2()ln(2)x f x t dt =+⎰，则()f x '的零点个数为 （B ）（A ）0 （B ）1 （C ）2 （D ）3 （2）函数(,)arctanxf x y y=在点（0，1）处的梯度等于 （A ） （A ）i （B ）i - （C ）j （D ）j -（3）在下列微分方程中，以123cos2sin 2x y C e C x C x =++（123,,C C C 为任意常数）为通解的是 （D ） （A ）044=-'-''+'''y y y y . （B ）044=+'+''+'''y y y y （C ）044=+'-''-'''y y y y . （D ）044=-'+''-'''y y y y（4）设函数()f x 在(,)-∞+∞内单调有界，{}n x 为数列，下列命题正确的是 （B ）（A ）若{}n x 收敛，则{()}n f x 收敛. (B) 若{}n x 单调，则{()}n f x 收敛. (C) 若{()}n f x 收敛，则{}n x 收敛. (D) 若{()}n f x 单调，则{}n x 收敛. （5） 设A 为n 阶非零矩阵，E 为n 阶单位矩阵，若03=A ，则 （C ）（A ）E A -不可逆，E A +不可逆. （B ）E A -不可逆，E A +可逆.（C ）E A -可逆，E A +可逆. （D ）E A -可逆，E A +不可逆 （6）设A 为3阶非零矩阵，如果二次曲面方程(,,)1x x y z A y z ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭在正交变换下的标准方程的图形如图，则A 的正特征值个数为 （B ） （A ）0 （B ）1 （C ）2 （D ）3（7） 随机变量X ，Y 独立同分布，且X 的分布函数为F(x)，则Z=max{X, Y}分布函数为 （A ）（A ）)(2x F ；（B ）)()(y F x F ；（C ）2)](1[1x F --；（D ）)](1)][(1[y F x F -- （8）随机变量~(0,1),~(1,4)X N Y N ，且相关系数1XY ρ=，则 （D ）（A ）{21}1P Y X =--= （B ）{21}1P Y X =-= （C ）{21}1P Y X =-+= （D ）{21}1P Y X =+=二、填空题：（9～14小题，每小题4分，共24分.）(9) 微分方程'0xy y +=满足条件(1)1y =的解是=y x/1(10) 曲线sin()ln()xy y x x +-=在点（0，1）处的切线方程是1+=x y .(11) 已知幂级数(2)nnn a x ∞=+∑在0x =处收敛，在4x =-处发散，则幂级数(3)nn n a x ∞=-∑的收敛域为(]5,1(12) 设曲面∑是z =⎰⎰∑++dxdy x xdzdx xydydz 2=π4(13) 设A 为2阶矩阵，21,αα为线性无关的2维列向量，12120,2Aa Aa a a ==+则A 的非零特征值为__1___(14) 设随机变量X 服从参数为1的泊松分布，则{}2EX X P ==e21三、解答题 ( 15 ～ 23小题，共94分. ) (15)（本题满分9分）求极限40[sin sin(sin )]sin limx x x xx →-解： ()[]()3040sin sin sin lim sin sin sin sin limx x x x x x x x x -=-→→ ……2分＝()()20203sin cos 1lim 3cos sin cos cos lim xx x x x x x x -=-→→ ……6分 613sin lim 22210==→x x x ……9分 (16)（本题满分9分） 计算曲线积分2sin 22(1)Lxdx x ydy +-⎰，其中L 是曲线sin y x =上从点（0，0）到点(,0)π的一段.解法1：()()[]⎰⎰⋅-+=-+π22cos sin 122sin 122sin dx x x x x ydy x xdx Ldx x x⎰=π22sin ……4分⎰+-=ππ0022c o s 2c o s 2x d x x x x ……6分 22s i n 212s i n 222002ππππ-=-+-=⎰x d x x x ……9分解法2：取1L 为x 轴上从点()0,π到点()0,0的一段，D 是由L 与1L 围成的区域()⎰⎰⎰-+--+=-++11)1(22sin )1(22sin 122sin 222L L L Lydy x xdx ydy x xdx ydy xxdx ……2分⎰⎰⎰--=02sin 4πxdx xydxdy D……5分⎰⎰⎰⎰--=-=--=ππππ0020sin 00)2cos 1(sin 22cos 214dx x x xdx x x xydy dx x22sin 212sin 2220002ππππ-=-+-=⎰xdx x x x ……9分 (17)（本题满分11分）已知曲线22220:35x y z C x y z ⎧+-=⎨++=⎩，求C 上距离xOy 面最远的点和最近的点.解：点),,(z y x 到xOy 面的距离为z ，故求C 上距离xOy 面最远点和最近点的坐标，等价于求函数2z H =在条件02222=-+z y x 与53=++z y x 下的最大值点和最小值点. ……3分 令)53()2(),,,,(2222-+++-++=z y x z y x z z y x L μλμλ ……5分由⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧=++=-+=+-==+==+=530203*********'''z y x z y x z z L y L x L z y x μλμλμλ ……7分 得y x =，从而⎩⎨⎧=+=-53202222z x z x ，解得⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-=-=555z y x 或⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===111z y x ……10分根据几何意义，曲线C 上存在距离xOy 面最远的点和最近的点，故所求点依次为)5,5,5(--和)1,1,1( ……11分(18)（本题满分10分） 设()f x 是连续函数， (I) 利用定义证明函数⎰=x dt t f x F 0)()(可导，且()()F x f x '=；(II) 当()f x 是以2为周期的周期函数时，证明函数⎰⎰-=2)()(2)(dt t f x dt t f x G x 也是以2为周期的周期函数.(I) 证：对任意的x ，由于()f x 是连续函数，所以xdt t f x dtt f dt t f x x F x x F xx xx x xx x x ∆=∆-=∆-∆+⎰⎰⎰∆+→∆∆+→∆→∆)(lim )()(lim )()(lim 00000 ……2分 )(lim )(lim 00ξξf xx f x x →∆→∆=∆∆= （其中ξ介于x 与x x ∆+之间） 由)()(lim 0x f f x =→∆ξ，可知函数)(x F 在x 处可导，且)()('x f x F = ……5分(II) 证法1：要证明)(x G 以2为周期，即要证明对任意的x ，都有)()2(x G x G =+，记)()2()(x G x G x H -+=，则()()222()2()(2)()2()()x x H x f t dt x f t dt f t dt x f t dt +'''=-+--⎰⎰⎰⎰0)()(2)()2(222=+--+=⎰⎰dt t f x f dt t f x f ……8分又因为00)(2)(2)0()2()0(2020=-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=-=⎰⎰dt t f dt t f G G H 所以0)(=x H ，即)()2(x G x G =+ ……10分证法2：由于()f x 是以2为周期的连续函数，所以对任意的x ，有⎰⎰⎰⎰++-+-=-+220)()(2)()2()(2)()2(x xx dt t f x dt t f dt t f x dt t f x G x G⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-+=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡--+=⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰+x xx x dt t f du u f dt t f dt t f dt t f dt t f 002002022)()2(2)()()()(2……8分[]0)()2(20=-+=⎰x dt t f t f即)(x G 是以2为周期的周期函数. ……10分(19)（本题满分11分）将函数21)(x x f -=，)0(π≤≤x 展开成余弦级数，并求级数121(1)n n n +∞=-∑的和.解：由于⎰-=-=πππ220322)1(2dx x a ……2分,2,1,)1(4cos )1(21202=-=-=+⎰n nnxdx x a n n ππ……5分 所以nx n nx a a x f n n n n cos )1(431cos 2)(121210∑∑∞=+∞=-+-=+=π，π≤≤x 0， ……7分 令0=x ，有∑∞=+-+-=1212)1(431)0(n n n f π， 又1)0(=f ，所以12)1(2121π=-∑∞=-n n n ……11分(20)（本题满分10分）设βα,为3维列向量，矩阵,T T A ααββ=+其中Tα，Tβ为α，β的转置. 证明： (I) 秩()2r A ≤；(II) 若,αβ线性相关，则秩() 2.r A < 证：(I) ()()T T r A r ααββ=+()()T T r r ααββ≤+ ……3分2)()(≤+≤βαr r ……6分(II) 由于βα,线性相关，不妨设βαk =，于是21)())1(()()(2<≤≤+=+=βββββααr k r r A r T T T ……10分(21)（本题满分12分）设n 元线性方程b Ax =，其中A =2222212121212n na a a a a a a a a ⨯⎛⎫⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ ,12n x x x x ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ ，100b ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ (I) 证明行列式na n A )1(+=；(II) 当a 为何值时，该方程组有唯一解，并求1x ； (Ⅲ) 当a 为何值时，该方程组有无穷多解，并求通解.(I) 证法1：记n D A ==2222212121212na a a a aa a a a当1=n 时，a D 21=，结论成立， 当2=n 时，2223212a aa a D ==，结论成立 ……2分假设结论对小于n 的情况成立，将n D 按第1行展开得2122n n n D aD a D --=-n n n a n a n a ana )1()1(2221+=--=--，即na n A )1(+= ……6分证法2：2222122222121321012211212212122nna a a a a a aa aA r ar a a a a aa a a =-……2分3222221301240123321212na a a r ar a a a a a a -=……4分nnn n a n a n n a n n a a a ar nn r )1(111013412301211+=+----……6分(Ⅱ) 解：当0≠a 时，方程组系数行列式0≠n D ，故方程组有唯一解. 由克莱姆法则，将n D 第1列换成b ，得行列式为22112222111210212121212122n n n na a a aaaD na a a aa a a aa ---===所以，an nD D x n n )1(11+==- ……9分(Ⅲ) 解：当0=a 时，方程组为 12101101001000n n x x x x -⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪=⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭此时方程组系数矩阵的秩和增广矩阵的秩均为1-n ，所以方程组有无穷多解，其通解为()()01001000TTx k =+ ,其中k 为任意常数 ……12分(22)（本题满分11分）设随机变量X 与Y 相互独立，X 概率分布为1{}(1,0,1)3P X i i ===-，Y 的概率密度为101()0Y y f y ≤≤⎧=⎨⎩，其它记 Y X Z += (I) 求1{0}2P Z X ≤=； (II) 求Z 的概率密度)(z f z . 解：(I) ⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧=≤+=⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧=≤021021X Y X P X Z P 2121=⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧≤=Y P ……4分(II) {}{}z Y X P z Z P z F Z ≤+=≤=)({}{}{}1,0,1,=≤++=≤++-=≤+=X z Y X P X z Y X P X z Y X P {}{}{}1,10,1,1=-≤+=≤+-=+≤=X z Y P X z Y P X z Y P {}{}{}{}{}{}11011=-≤+=≤+-=+≤=X P z Y P X P z Y P X P z Y P{}{}{}[]1131-≤+≤++≤=z Y P z Y P z Y P [])1()()1(31-+++=z F z F z FY Y Y ……7分 []13()()(1)()(1)Z Z Y Y Y f z F z f z f z f z '==+++- ……9分 ⎩⎨⎧<≤-=其他,021,31z ……11分 (23)（本题满分11分）设12,,,n X X X 是总体为2(,)N μσ的简单随机样本，记∑==n i i X n X 11，212)(11∑=--=n i iX X n S ，221S nX T -= (I) 证明T 是2μ的无偏估计量； (II) 当0,1μσ==时，求DT.(I) 证：因2222221)(1)1(ES nX D X E ES n X E S n X E ET -+=-=-= ……4分2222μσσμ=-+=nn所以T 是2μ的无偏估计量 ……7分(II) 解：当0=μ，1=σ时，由于X 与2S 独立 ，有)1(22S n X D DT -=2221DS nX D += ……9分 []22222)1()1(11)(1S n D n n X n D n --⋅+= )1(21112)1(2)1(11212222-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+=-⋅-⋅+⋅=n n n n n n n n ……11分数 学（二）一．选择题 ( 1 ～ 8小题，每小题4分，共32分.)（1）设函数2()(1)(2)f x x x x =--，则()f x '的零点个数为 （D ）（A ）0 （B ）1 （C ）2 （D ）3（2）如图，曲线段的方程为()y f x =，函数在区间[0,]a 上有连续导数， 则定积分()axf x dx '⎰等于 （C ）（A ）曲边梯形ABCD 面积. （B ）梯形ABCD 面积.（C ）曲边三角形ACD 面积. （D ）三角形ACD 面积. （3）【 同数学一（3）题 】 （4）判断函数x x x x f sin 1ln )(-=，则)(x f 有 （A ）（A ）1个可去间断点，1个跳跃间断点； （B ）1个跳跃间断点，1个无穷间断点.（C ）2个跳跃间断点； （D ）2个无穷间断点（5）【 同数学一（4）题 】 （6）设函数f 连续，若dxdy yx y x f v u F vu D ⎰⎰++=2222)(),(，其中区域uv D 为图中阴影部分，则Fu∂=∂ （A ） （A ）)(2u vf （B ）)(2u f u v （C ） )(u vf （D ）)(u f uv（7）【 同数学一（5）题 】（8）设1221A ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭，则在实数域上与A 合同的矩阵为 （D ）（A ）⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--2112 （B ）⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--2112 （C ） ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2112 （D ）⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--1221二、填空题：（9～14小题，每小题4分，共24分.） (9) 已知函数()f x 连续，且1)()1()](cos[1lim2=--→x f ex xf x x ，则=)0(f 2. (10) 微分方程0)(2=-+-xdy dx e x y x 的通解是=y )(x e C x --.(11) 【 同数学一（10）题 】 (12) 曲线32)5(x x y -=的拐点坐标为)6,1(--.(13) 已知xyy z x ⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭，则=∂∂)2,1(xz)12(ln 22-.(14) 设3阶矩阵A 的特征值是λ,3,2，若行列式482-=A ，则=λ1-.三、解答题 ( 15 ～ 23小题，共94分. ) (15)（本题满分9分） 【 同数学一（15）题 】 (16)（本题满分10分）设函数)(x y y =由参数方程⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+==⎰20)1ln()(t du u y t x x 确定，其中)(t x 是初值问题⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧==-=-020t xx te dt dx 的解，求22dx y d . 解：由02=--x te dtdx得tdt dx e x 2=，积分并由条件00==t x ，得21t e x +=， 即)1ln(2t x += ……4分)1ln()1(122)1ln(2222t t t t t t dt dxdt dydx dy ++=+⋅+== ……7分[][]1)1ln()1(122)1ln(2)1ln()1()(22222222+++=+++=++==t t t t t t t dt dx t t dt ddx dy dx d dxy d ……10分(17)（本题满分9分） 计算21⎰.解：由于+∞=--→2211arcsin lim x xx x ，故dx xx x ⎰-10221arcsin 是反常积分 令t x =arcsin ，有t x sin =，[0,)2t π∈⎰⎰⎰==-120202222sin cos cos sin 1arcsin ππtdt t tdt ttt dx xx x ……3分⎰+-=202022sin 4142sin 16πππtdt t t ……7分 41162cos 81162202+=-=πππt ……9分 (18)（本题满分11分） 计算{}⎰⎰Ddxdy xy 1,max ，其中{}20,20),(≤≤≤≤=y x y x D .解：曲线1=xy 将区域D 分成如图所示的两个区域1D 和2D ……3分{}⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰+=211,m ax D D Ddxdy xydxdy dxdy xy ……5分⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰++=x xdy dx dy dx xydy dx 102212021021221 ……8分2ln 4192ln 212ln 415+=++-=……11分 (19)（本题满分11分）设)(x f 是区间[)+∞,0上具有连续导数的单调增加函数，且1)0(=f ，对任意的[)+∞∈,0t ，直线t x x ==,0，曲线)(x f y =以及x 轴围成的曲边梯形绕x 轴旋转一周生成一旋转体，若该旋转体的侧面面积在数值上等于其体积的2倍，求函数)(x f 的表达式.解：旋转体的体积⎰=t dx x f V 02)(π，侧面积⎰+=tdx x f x f S 02')(1)(2π，由题设条件知⎰⎰+=t t dx x f x f dx x f 02;02)(1)()( ……4分上式两端对t 求导得：)(1)()(2'2t f t f t f +=， 即y '=……6分由分离变量法解得12)1ln(C t y y +=-+，即 t Ce y y =-+12 ……9分将1)0(=y 代入知1=C ，故t e y y =-+12，)(21t t e e y -+=于是所求函数为)(21)(x x e e x f y -+== ……11分(20)（本题满分11分）(I) 证明积分中值定理：若函数)(x f 在闭区间[]b a ,上连续，则至少存在一点[]b a ,∈η，使得)()()(a b f dx x f ba-=⎰η；(II) 若函数)(x ϕ具有二阶导数，且满足)1()2(ϕϕ>，⎰>32)()2(dx x ϕϕ，则至少存在一点)3,1(∈ξ，使得()0ϕξ''<证：(I) 设M 与m 是连续函数)(x f 在[]b a ,上的最大值与最小值，即M x f m ≤≤)(，[]b a x ,∈由积分性质，有⎰-≤≤-ba ab M dx x f a b m )()()(，即M dx x f a b m ba ≤-≤⎰)(1……2分 由连续函数介值定理，至少存在一点[]b a ,∈η，使得⎰-=badx x f a b f )(1)(η，即))(()(a b f dx x f ba-=⎰η ……4分(II) 由 (I) 知至少存在一点[]3,2∈η，使)()23)(()(32ηϕηϕϕ=-=⎰dx x ……6分又由)()()2(32ηϕϕϕ=>⎰dx x 知，32≤<η，对)(x ϕ在]2,1[和],2[η上分别应用拉格朗日中值定理，并注意到)1()2(ϕϕ>，)()2(ηϕϕ>，得21,012)1()2()('11<<>--=ξϕϕξϕ，32,02)2()()('22≤<<<--=ηξηϕηϕξϕ ……9分在],[21ξξ上对导函数()x ϕ'应用拉格朗日中值定理，有211221()()()0,(,)(1,3)ϕξϕξϕξξξξξξ''-''=<∈⊂- ……11分(21)（本题满分11分）求函数222z y x u ++=在约束条件22y x z +=和4=++z y x 下的最大值与最小值.解：作拉格朗日函数)4()(),,,,(22222-+++-++++=z y x z y x z y x z y x F μλμλ……3分令⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧=-++==-+==+-==++==++=04002022022'22''''z y x F z y x F z F y y F x x F z y x μλμλμλμλ ……6分解方程组得)2,1,1(),,(111=z y x ，)8,2,2(),,(222--=z y x ……9分 故所求的最大值为72，最小值为6. ……11分(22)（本题满分12分） 【 同数学一（21）题 】 (23)（本题满分10分）设A 为3阶矩阵，12,αα为A 的分别属于特征值-1，1的特征向量，向量3α满足323A ααα=+，(I) 证明123,,ααα线性无关； （Ⅱ）令123{,,}P ααα=，求1P AP -.证明: (I) 设存在数321,,k k k ，使得0332211=++αααk k k ○1 用A 左乘○1的两边，并由11αα-=A ，22αα=A ，得：0)(3323211=+++-αααk k k k ○2 ……3分 ○1－○2得：022311=-ααk k ○3 因为21,αα是A 的属于不同特征值的特征向量，所以21,αα线性无关，从而031==k k 代入○1得，022=αk ，又由于02≠α，所以02=k ，故123,,ααα线性无关. ……7分 （Ⅱ）由题设，可得),,(),,(321321ααααααA A A A AP ==⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=100110001100110001),,(321P ααα由(I)知，P 为可逆矩阵，从而⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=-1001100011AP P ……10分数 学（三）一．选择题 ( 1 ～ 8小题，每小题4分，共32分.)（1）设函数()f x 在区间]1,1[-上连续，则x=0是函数0()()xf t dtg x x=⎰的 （B ）（A ）跳跃间断点. （B ）可去间断点. （C ）无穷间断点. （D ）振荡间断点.（2）【 同数学二（2）题 】 （3）已知(,)f x y =则 （B ）（A ）)0,0(x f '，)0,0(y f '都存在 （B ）)0,0(x f '不存在，)0,0(y f '存在（C ）)0,0(x f '存在，)0,0(y f '不存在 （D ）)0,0(x f ' )0,0(y f '都不存在 （4）【 同数学二（6）题 】 （5）【 同数学一（5）题 】 （6）【 同数学二（8）题 】 （7）【 同数学一（7）题 】 （8）【 同数学一（8）题 】二、填空题：（9～14小题，每小题4分，共24分.）(9) 设函数21,()2,x x c f x x cx ⎧+≤⎪=⎨>⎪⎩在(,)-∞+∞内连续，则=c 1.(10) 函数3411x x f x x x +⎛⎫+= ⎪+⎝⎭，求积分⎰=222)(dx x f 3ln 21. (11) 设{}1),(22≤+=y x y x D ，则⎰⎰=-Ddxdy y x )(24/π.(12) 【 同数学一（9）题 】(13) 设3阶矩阵A 的特征值是1, 2, 2，E 为3阶单位矩阵，则E A --14= _3___ . (14) 【 同数学一（14）题 】三、解答题 ( 15 ～ 23小题，共94分. ) (15)（本题满分9分） 计算201sin limlnx xx x→. 解：原式＝20lnsin ln lim x x x x →-=xx xx x x sin 2sin cos lim 20-→ ……4分 302sin cos lim x x x x x -=→206sin limx xx x -=→ ……7分 61-= ……9分 (16)（本题满分10分）设(,)z z x y =是由方程22()x y z x y z ϕ+-=++所确定的函数，其中ϕ具有二阶导数且1ϕ'≠-，(I) 求 dz ； (II) 记 1(,)()z z u x y x y x y ∂∂=--∂∂，求ux∂∂. 解法1：(I) 设)(),,(22z y x z y x z y x F ++--+=ϕ则2x F x ϕ'=-，2y F y ϕ''=-，1z F ϕ''=-- ……3分由公式x z F z x F '∂=-∂'，y zF z y F '∂=-∂'，得 21z x x ϕϕ'∂-='∂+，21z y y ϕϕ'∂-='∂+ 所以[]1(2)(2)1z z dz dx dy x dx y dy x y ϕϕϕ∂∂''=+=-+-'∂∂+ ……7分 (II) 由于2(,)1u x y ϕ='+， 所以 2322(21)(1)(1)(1)u z x x x ϕϕϕϕ'∂-∂+''=+=-''∂+∂+ ……10分 解法2：(I) 对等式)(22z y x z y x ++=-+ϕ两端求微分,得22()xdx ydy dz dx dy dz ϕ'+-=⋅++ ……5分解出dz 得 2211x y dz dx dy ϕϕϕϕ''--=+''++ ……7分(II) 同解法1 ……10分 (17)（本题满分11分） 【 同数学二（18）题 】 (18)（本题满分10分） ()f x 是周期为2的连续函数， (I) 证明对任意实数t ，有⎰⎰=+22)()(dx x f dx x f t t；(II) 证明⎰⎰+-=xt tdt ds s f t f x G 02])()(2[)(是周期为2的周期函数.证法1：(I) 由积分的性质知对任意的实数t ，⎰⎰⎰⎰++++=022202)()()()(tt t tdx x f dx x f dx x f dx x f ……2分令2-=x s ，则有⎰⎰⎰⎰-==+=+0022)()()2()(tttt dx x f ds s f ds s f dx x f所以⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰=-+=+222)()()()()(dx x f dx x f dx x f dx x f dx x f ttt t……5分(II) 由 (I) 知对任意的t 有⎰⎰=+22)()(ds s f ds s f t t记a ds s f =⎰20)(，则ax dt t f x G x-=⎰0)(2)(因为对任意的x ，ax dt t f x a dt t f x G x G xx +-+-=-+⎰⎰+020)(2)2()(2)()2(a dt t f x x 2)(22-=⎰+ ……8分02)(22=-=⎰a dt t f所以)(x G 是周期为2的周期函数. ……10分证法2：(I) 设 ⎰+=2)()(t tdx x f t F ，由于0)()2()('=-+=t f t f t F ， ……2分所以)(t F 为常数，从而有)0()(F t F = 而⎰=20)()0(dx x f F ，所以⎰=20)()(dx x f t F ，即⎰⎰=+22)()(dx x f dx x f t t……5分(II) 由 (I) 知对任意的t 有⎰⎰=+22)()(ds s f ds s f t t记a ds s f =⎰2)(，则ax dt t f x G x -=⎰0)(2)(，⎰++-=+20)2()(2)2(x x a dt t f x G ……7分由于对任意x ，((2))2(2)2()G x f x a f x a '+=+-=-，(())2()G x f x a '=- 所以((2)())0G x G x '+-=，从而)()2(x G x G -+是常数，即有0)0()2()()2(=-=-+G G x G x G ，所以)(x G 是周期为2的周期函数. ……10分(19)（本题满分10分）设银行存款的年利率为05.0=r ，并依年复利计算，某基金会希望通过存款A 万元实 现第一年提取19万元，第二年提取28万元，…，第n 年提取)910(n +万元，并能按此规 律一直提取下去，问A 至少应为多少万元？解：设n A 为用于第n 年提取)910(n +万元的贴现值，则)910()1(n r A n n ++=-故∑∑∞=∞=++==11)1(910n nn n r nA A ……3分 ∑∑∑∞=∞=∞=++=+++=111)1(9200)1(9)1(110n nn n n n r nr n r ……6分 设∑∞==1)(n nnxx S ，)1,1(-∈x因为21()()()1(1)n n x x S x x x x x x ∞=''===--∑，)1,1(-∈x ……9分 所以42005.1111=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+S r S （万元）故39804209200=⨯+=A （万元），即至少应存入3980万元. ……10分(20) ( 本题满分12分 ) 【 同数学一（21）题 】 (21) ( 本题满分10分 ) 【 同数学二（23）题 】 (22) ( 本题满分11分 ) 【 同数学一（22）题 】 (23) ( 本题满分11分 ) 【 同数学一（23）题 】数 学（四）一．选择题 ( 1 ～ 8小题，每小题4分，共32分.) （1）设0a b <<，则=+--∞→nnn n b a1)(lim （B ）（A ）a . （B ）1-a . （C ）b . （D ）1-b . （2）【 同数学三（1）题 】（3）设()f x 是连续的奇函数，()g x 是连续的偶函数，区域},10),{(x y x x y x D ≤≤-≤≤=则以下结论正确的是 （A ） （A ）()()0.Df yg x dxdy =⎰⎰ （B ）()()0.Df xg y dxdy =⎰⎰（C ）[()()]0.Df xg y dxdy +=⎰⎰ （D ）[()()]0Df yg x dxdy +=⎰⎰（4）【 同数学二（2）题 】 （5）【 同数学一（5）题 】 （6）【 同数学二（8）题 】 （7）【 同数学一（7）题 】 （8）【 同数学一（8）题 】二、填空题：（9～14小题，每小题4分，共24分.） (9) 【 同数学三（9）题 】 (10) 已知函数()f x 连续且0()lim2x f x x→=，则曲线()y f x =上对应0x =处切线方程是xy 2= .(11)=⎰⎰121ln xdy x dx y2/1.(12) 【 同数学二（10）题 】(13) 设3阶矩阵A 的特征值互不相同，且行列式0A =，则A 的秩为___2___. (14) 【 同数学一（14）题 】三、解答题 ( 15 ～ 23小题，共94分. ) (15)（本题满分9分） 【 同数学三（15）题 】 (16)（本题满分10分）设函数dt x t t x f ⎰-=10)()()10(<<x ，求()f x 的极值、单调区间及曲线)(x f y =的凹凸区间.解：31231)()()(310+-=-+-=⎰⎰x x dt x t t dt t x t x f xx……4分 令21()02f x x '=-=，得22,22-==x x （舍去） 因()20f x x ''=>（10<<x ） ……5分故22=x 为()f x 的极小值点，极小值)221(31)22(-=f ，且曲线)(x f y =在)1,0(内是凹的. ……8分 由21()2f x x '=-知，()f x 在)22,0(内单调递减，在)1,22(内单调递增. ……10分(17)（本题满分11分） 【 同数学二（21）题 】 (18)（本题满分10分） 【 同数学三（16）题 】 (19)（本题满分10分） 【 同数学三（18）题 】 (20)（本题满分12分） 【 同数学一（21）题 】 (21)（本题满分10分） 【 同数学二（23）题 】 (22)（本题满分11分） 【 同数学一（22）题 】 (23)（本题满分11分）设某企业生产线上产品合格率为0.96，不合格产品中只有34产品可进行再加工，且再加工合格率为0.8，其余均为废品，每件合格品获利80元，每件废品亏损20元，为保证该 企业每天平均利润不低于2万元，问企业每天至少应生产多少件产品？解：进行再加工后，产品的合格率984.08.075.004.096.0=⨯⨯+=p ……4分 记X 为n 件产品中的合格产品数，)(n T 为n 件产品的利润，则n np EX p n B X 984.0),,(~== ……8分 )(2080)(X n X n T --=，()1002078.4ET n EX n n =-= ……10分要20000)(≥n ET ，则256≥n ，即该企业每天至少应生产256件产品. ……11分。
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（答题一律答在答题纸上，答在试卷和草稿纸上一律无效）
[三]计算题(20分) j01b10029
如图所示,水通过倾斜变径管段(A-B), D A=100mm，D B =240mm,水流量为2m3/min,在截面A与B处接一U形水银压差计，其读数R=20mm，A、B两点间的垂直距离为h=0.3m试求:(1) 试求A、B两点的压差等于多少Pa？(2)A、B管段阻力损失为多少mmHg？(3)若管路水平放置，而流量不变，U形水银压差计读数及A、B两点压差有何变化?
[四]计算题(20分) j04c2012614
有一套管换热器，由内管为φ54×2ｍｍ，套管为φ116×4ｍｍ的钢管组成。
内管中苯自５０℃被加热至８０℃，流量为４０００kg/h。
环隙中为２at（绝）的饱和水蒸汽冷凝。
蒸汽冷凝传热系数为10000W/m2.℃。
已知：苯在５０～８０℃之间的物性数据平均值为：
ρ＝８８０kg/m，ＣP＝1.86.86kJ/kg.℃
λ＝０．１３４W/m.℃，μ＝０．３９cP
管内侧污垢热阻Ｒ1＝0.0004m2.℃/W
管壁及管外侧污垢热阻不计。
蒸汽温度与压强关系如下表所示
压强 at(绝) 1.0 2.0 3.0
温度℃ 99.1 120 133
试求：A)管壁对苯的对流传热系数；
B)套管的有效长度；
C)若加热蒸汽压力降为１at（绝），问苯出口温度有何变化？应为多少？
[五] 计算题(20分) j08b20057
设计一台常压操作的填料吸收塔，用清水吸收焦炉气中的氨，设计条件下的平衡关系为y = 1.2x，气体流率为4480m3/(m2⋅h)（标准状态），入塔气体浓度为10g/m3（标准状态），要求回收率为95%，取吸收剂用量为最小用量的1.5倍，气相体积总传质系数K y a＝200kmol/(m3⋅h)。
试求：
①用水量，kmol/(m2⋅h)；
②出塔溶液中氨的摩尔分率；
考试科目：化工原理总 4 页第 4 页
考试科目：化工原理总 4 页第1 页
[一] 单选择题(共40分，每题5分)
1．x01b05404
答案： C
2．x02a0509310
答案：１）．（Ｂ）２）．（Ｂ）
3．x03a050988
答案：１)．（Ｃ）２)．（Ｂ）
4．x04b050129
答案：①A) ②C)
5．x06b050667
答案：①A系统的物质属性 B 减少 B 减少②D 不定
6．x07b050967
答案：（Ａ）
7．x10a050197
答案：(1) C
8．x09a050597
答案: ①Ｃ②Ｂ
[二] 填空题(共30分，每题6分)
1．t01b050183
答案：①减小；增大；不变②牛顿型流体符合牛顿粘性定律
2．t02b050917
答案１)．０．９０２５Ｈ（或：０．９０３Ｈ）
２)．Ｈ＝（ｎ2／ｎ1）ｆ（Ｑｎ2／ｎ1）
３)．不变，不变，增大２０％
3．t04a050294
答案：①R1>R2>R3 Q1=Q2=Q3②降低
4．t06a050164
答案：大于上方增大远离增大
5．t07b050533
答案：增加，减小，不变，增加。
考试科目：化工原理总4 页第 2 页
[三]计算题j01b10029 (题分：20)
(1) u A=(2/60)/[(π/4)×(0.10)2]=4.244 m/s，
u
=4.244×(1/2.4)2=0.7368 m/s
B
p
/ρ＋u A2/2= gh＋p B/ρ＋u B2/2＋∑h f
A
∵p A/ρ－(gh＋p B/ρ)=(ρi－ρ)gR/ρ
∴p A－p B=(ρi－ρ)gR＋ρgh
=(13.6-1)×103×9.81×0.020+103×9.81×0.3
=5415 Pa
(2) ∑h f=(p A/ρ－gh－p B/ρ)＋u A2/2－u B2/2
=(ρi－ρ)gR/ρ＋u A2/2－u B2/2
=(13.6－1)×9.81×0.020＋(4.244)2/2－(0.7368)2/2
=11.2 J/kg
即∆p f=ρ∑h f=103×11.2=11.2×103 Pa
换成mmHg: ∑H
=∆p f/(ρHg⋅g)= 11.2×103/(13.6×103×9.81)
f
=0.0839 mHg=83.9 mmHg
(3) p A/ρ＋u A2/2=p B/ρ＋u B2/2＋∑h f
∵u A、u B、∑h f均不变，故 (ρi－ρ)gR’/ρ之值不变
即R’不变，R’=R=20 mm
水平放置时p A-p B = (13.6-1)⨯103⨯9.81⨯0.020 =2472Pa比倾斜放置时的压差值小。
[四]计算题(20分) j04c2012614
解: （1）Re=d1.G/μ=[0.05×4000/(3600×π/4×0.052)]/(0.39×10-3)
=7.2586×104
Ｐr =ＣPμ/λ=1.86×１０3×0.39×１０-3/0.134= 5.4
α1=0.023λ/ｄ（Ｒe ）0.8（Ｐr ）0.4
=(0.023×0.134/0.05)×（7.2586×１０4）0.8×5.40.4=936.4 W/m2 .℃（２）Ｑ＝4000/3600×1.86×１０3(80-50)=6.2×１０4 W
１／Ｋ1＝1/936.4 +1/10000+0.0004 ∴Ｋ1＝637.8 W/m2.℃Δｔm =（(120-50)-(120-80)）／ｌｎ(120-50)/(120-80)=53.6℃
Ａ1＝Ｑ／（Ｋ1Δｔm）＝6.2×１０4/(637.8×53.6)= 1.814m2
ｌ＝Ａ1／（πｄ内）＝1.814/(π×0.05)=11.55 m
（３）Ｋ不变，Ａ不变，Ｔ变为99.1℃，苯的流量及比热均不变。
设出口温度为ｔ2′，在新条件下，传热速率方程变为Q=GCp(t2′-t1)=KA△t m
4000/3600×1.86×１０3 (ｔ2′ -50)
=637.8×1.814（(99.1-50)-(99.1-ｔ2′ )）／ｌｎ(99.1-50)/(99.1-ｔ2′)
解得ｌｎ(99.1-50)/(99.1-ｔ2′ )=0.5598
∴ｔ2′ = 71℃
考试科目：化工原理总 4 页第3 页
考试科目：化工原理总 4 页第4 页。