翻译辅导摘要翻译
毕业论文摘要英文翻译
毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。
摘要英文翻译兴华译
AbstractThe rapid development of new media is changing our lives, it is not only the innovation of technology, it is a revolution in market structure, pattern of interests and business model.By the end of 2013 6 month, the number of Internet users in China has reached 591 million. With the rapid development of new media today, many scholars have pointed out, if we ignore the spread of new media, then the loss will be an era of opportunity. Enterprises to actively promote the use of new media, brands, enhance the image, has become a new topic for enterprises in the implementation of marketing strategy, enhance corporate image. Therefore, research on new media innovation essence, to study the propagation mode and characteristics of new media, the enterprise how to use new media to enhance the image of the discussion, it is necessary to.However, as the new form of communication media is still in its early stage, no matter is the definition, motivation, influence of phenomena, research thinking, or trend, have yet to be verified by practice, theoretical research and applied research of new media is still in the exploratory stage, cross research theory on new media behavior lacks system in the light of its general trend, how to play a role in the spread of new media, in the combination of theory and practice, the system research is not deep enough.In this paper, using the enterprise strategic management theory and marketing management theory, knowledge related with communication studies, sociology, public administration, starting from the new media classification of common sense, sums up the general characteristics of new media, will be summed up as two aspects of the traditional elements of communication continuously strengthen and changes in the mode of communication, innovation, and then combining the communication theory and the theory of communication, discusses the characteristics and laws of new media, the application of new media in marketing communications is analyzed, the new media to enhance the corporate image may impact, will face the opportunities and challenges of. This paper adopts the inductive method and deductive method, the combination of the two, theoretical research and case analysis method of combining two complementary, exploration and practice, Hainan farming cultivate enterprise in recent years, the use of new media to enhance corporate image to sum up experience, analyze problems, anatomical reasons, put forward Hainan farming cultivate enterprise use new media, promotion strategy and brand method of image. Its purpose is to strive for in the new media era, as the research on the theory and practice of some system to enhance the corporate image, put forward personal views and ideas, provide a reference for the Hainan farmingcultivate enterprise image promotion.The main structure of this thesis: first, the new media era law and characteristics analysis, put forward the concept, the emergence and development of new media, the propagation law and the characteristics of new media; second, the age of new media opportunities and challenges; third, the exploration and practice of Hainan state farms in New media era, problems and reasons; the fourth, ideas and Countermeasures of the new media era Hainan farming cultivate to enhance corporate image.The innovation of this paper: in the area of communication, the essence of innovation of new media communication is enhanced and process innovation factors. The managers of the enterprise must renew the idea, pay more attention to new media, more use of new media, grasp the new media law, improve strategies and skills .in the use of new media, make full use of network platform promotion of enterprise. In marketing, the new media's communication research in marketing activities, according to the characteristics of new media information and network, to put the new media marketing communication activities to influence and guide control, implementation of network, enterprises "marriage", close net enterprise cooperation, realize win-win enterprise network. Integrated farming communication resources, the implementation of traditional media and new media fusion, expand communication channels.Keywords:New media State Farms corporation Enhance the corporate image Network Marketing。
论文摘要翻译(detailed)
3）×××的实验研究 An Experimental Study on / Experimental Investigation for … 4）×××的最新/初步研究 New Researches on / A preliminary Study of … 5）×××的研制及其应用 The Research and Application of the … 6）×××的新进展 Recent Advances in / Recent Progress in … 7）×××的简化计算方法 A Simplified Method of Calculation of …
3）题目中所用的第一个词，必须考虑到有助于 编制题录、索引和关键词。 4）题目一般不必用完整的句子，大多数应该用 名词短语力求简、明、短。 2、英文写、译的常用结构 为了使科技论文题目的英译工作做得更符合习惯 表达法，现列出最常见的几种固定表达格式，以 供参考。 1）×××的研究 A Study on / Studies on / The Study of / A Study of the … 2）×××的理论和实践研究 A Theoretical and Experimental Study on …
[例1] 下面是《高血压杂志》（Chinese Journal of Hypertension）在1996年第四卷第二期刊登的 “饮茶与血压关系的流行病学调查”一文的结构 式摘要。 An Epidemiological Survey on Relationship Between Drinking Tea and Blood Pressure Shen Hongbing, Niu Juying, Yao Cailiang, et al Department of Epidemiology Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing ABSTRACT Aim Analyze the relationship between drinking tea and blood pressure.
英文摘要翻译_英文摘要
英文摘要翻译_英文摘要Interntionliztion of the Open University of Chin nd its Strtegic Rodmp Wng YibingThis study nlyzes the interntionliztion chrcteristics of trditionl universities nd interntionliztion of the Open University of Chin (OUC) nd its strtegic rodmp. It posits tht interntionliztion of universities hs lredy become n indispensible choice n importnt field for reforms nd innovtions, must strtegy for rpid development for higher eduction in developing countries. Interntionliztion is systems engineering, clling for reforms nd innovtions, involving university leders, fculties nd deprtments, nd ll stff members. The uthor puts forwrd the following strtegic rodmp for OUC: enhncing cpcity building through globlizing eduction concepts nd ides, teching stff nd courses; building interntionl reputtion by mximizing its strengths nd influences; developing interntionl eduction coopertion nd exchnge progrms with provincil brnches nd regionl colleges of OUC mking use of the regionl dvntges to suit the locl needs; brodening strtegic development, opportunities nd pltforms for joint eduction projectsthrough developing prtnerships with interntionl institutes; nd developing courses bout neighboring countries, their lnguges, culture nd generl bckground, etc.Keywords: eduction interntionliztion; interntionliztion of universities; Open UniversityComprtive Study on Distnce Eduction Reserch Developmentnd Current Focus in Chin nd the US:From Reserch Journl PerspectiveHo DnBeing pltform for issuing cdemic reserch fruits, the ppers on scientific journls reflect the development context nd hotspots of current reserch. This reserch selects 2141 ppers (from 2000 to 2022) of two scientific journls, Distnce Eduction in Chin nd the mericn journl of distnce eduction. These ppers re divided into six reserch fields. In the comprtive study, the points of common concern by the two journls re discovered in seven yers, nd the chrcteristics in prctices nd reserches in Distnce Eduction re reflected in the chnges in concerning res. Reserchers hope tht thisreserch cn help to forecst the topics tht needed to be focused on, which will contribute to selecting topics in scientific reserch nd journl edit.Keywords: Distnce Eduction in Chin nd US; comprtive study; scientific journlStudy of Successful Distnce English Lerners’Lerning StrtegiesXio JunhongReserch on the good lnguge lerner’s lerning strtegies hs been high on the gend of prctitioners in the field of Teching English s Second/Foreign Lnguge (ESL/EFL). Nevertheless, the mjority of studies were undertken in the conventionl lerning context. This study, therefore, set out to focus on the good distnce lnguge lerner, investigting 10 successful nd 10 unsuccessful distnce English lerners in Chin with the im of constructing ‘lerning strtegy’profile of the successful distnce lerner. Using the reserch instrument of semi-structured interview, this study investigted the difference in lerning strtegies between successful nd unsuccessful distnce Englishlerners in terms of vocbulry, grmmr nd pronuncition, the skills of listening, speking, reding nd writing, metcognitive skills s well s socil skills. Findings indicte tht the lerning strtegies dopted by successful lerners embodied more rtionl fetures in comprison with those used by unsuccessful lerners, hence ble to better compenste for lck of prctice in the process of distnce English lerning. Implictions for effective distnce English instruction were lso discussed in the rticle.Keywords: teching English t distnce; successful English lerner; lerning strtegyEduction Opportunities for Specil Groups: Cse Study in PrisonZhng ZhengwuModern distnce eduction hs become the key plyer for building lifelong lerning system nd lerning society. It is new chllenging tsk to provide distnce eduction progrms to prisoners to serve their specil needs. On the one hnd, prisoners need to be educted, nd there re strong infrstructure fcilities nd trining expertise; on the other hnd,there tends to be conservtive eduction philosophy in prisons, nd teching mngement, interctive lerning nd orgnizing exms my be difficult. The cse presented in the study provides some experience in offering distnce eduction progrms in prisons in terms of student enrolment, mngement, teching, exmintion nd lerning support.Keywords: Open Lerning; distnce eduction in prison; innovtion; modeDesigning Online Courses in Cloud Computing Environment:the Cse of Modern Eduction TechnologyWen Xioyong nd Hung Weilings the core technology of next genertion online computing pltforms, cloud computing is to bring bout drstic trnsformtion in eduction. This study focuses on the design strtegies for online courses in cloud computing environment. It puts forwrd cloud-ground integrtion construction mode, in which, free open source softwre pieces re instlled on the desktop terminls while cloudservices re provided by cloud providers. Effective integrtion of the two relizes digitliztion of teching contents nd interctive online teching ctivities between techers nd students. cse ws presented in the study nd student lerning profiles re followed. The results indicte tht such design mode significntly improves resource shring nd lerner-instructor interction.Keywords: online courses; cloud computing; construction mode; cloud services Interntionliztion of the Open University of Chin nd its Strtegic RodmpWng YibingThis study nlyzes the interntionliztion chrcteristics of trditionl universities nd interntionliztion of the Open University of Chin (OUC) nd its strtegic rodmp. It posits tht interntionliztion of universities hs lredy become n indispensible choice n importnt field for reforms nd innovtions, must strtegy for rpid development for higher eduction in developing countries. Interntionliztion is systems engineering, clling for reforms nd innovtions, involving university leders, fculties nd deprtments, nd ll stff members. The uthor puts forwrd the following strtegicrodmp for OUC: enhncing cpcity building through globlizing eduction concepts nd ides, teching stff nd courses; building interntionl reputtion by mximizing its strengths nd influences; developing interntionl eduction coopertion nd exchnge progrms with provincil brnches nd regionl colleges of OUC mking use of the regionl dvntges to suit the locl needs; brodening strtegic development, opportunities nd pltforms for joint eduction projects through developing prtnerships with interntionl institutes; nd developing courses bout neighboring countries, their lnguges, culture nd generl bckground, etc.Keywords: eduction interntionliztion; interntionliztion of universities; Open UniversityComprtive Study on Distnce Eduction Reserch Developmentnd Current Focus in Chin nd the US:From Reserch Journl PerspectiveHo DnBeing pltform for issuing cdemic reserch fruits, the ppers on scientific journls reflect the development contextnd hotspots of current reserch. This reserch selects 2141 ppers (from 2000 to 2022) of two scientific journls, Distnce Eduction in Chin nd the mericn journl of distnce eduction. These ppers re divided into six reserch fields. In the comprtive study, the points of common concern by the two journls re discovered in seven yers, nd the chrcteristics in prctices nd reserches in Distnce Eduction re reflected in the chnges in concerning res. Reserchers hope tht this reserch cn help to forecst the topics tht needed to be focused on, which will contribute to selecting topics in scientific reserch nd journl edit.Keywords: Distnce Eduction in Chin nd US; comprtive study; scientific journlStudy of Successful Distnce English Lerners’Lerning StrtegiesXio JunhongReserch on the good lnguge lerner’s lerning strtegies hs been high on the gend of prctitioners in the field of Teching English s Second/Foreign Lnguge (ESL/EFL). Nevertheless, the mjority of studies wereundertken in the conventionl lerning context. This study, therefore, set out to focus on the good distnce lnguge lerner, investigting 10 successful nd 10 unsuccessful distnce English lerners in Chin with the im of constructing ‘lerning strtegy’profile of the successful distnce lerner. Using the reserch instrument of semi-structured interview, this study investigted the difference in lerning strtegies between successful nd unsuccessful distnce English lerners in terms of vocbulry, grmmr nd pronuncition, the skills of listening, speking, reding nd writing, metcognitive skills s well s socil skills. Findings indicte tht the lerning strtegies dopted by successful lerners embodied more rtionl fetures in comprison with those used by unsuccessful lerners, hence ble to better compenste for lck of prctice in the process of distnce English lerning. Implictions for effective distnce English instruction were lso discussed in the rticle.Keywords: teching English t distnce; successful English lerner; lerning strtegyEduction Opportunities for Specil Groups: Cse Study in PrisonZhng ZhengwuModern distnce eduction hs become the key plyer for building lifelong lerning system nd lerning society. It is new chllenging tsk to provide distnce eduction progrms to prisoners to serve their specil needs. On the one hnd, prisoners need to be educted, nd there re strong infrstructure fcilities nd trining expertise; on the other hnd, there tends to be conservtive eduction philosophy in prisons, nd teching mngement, interctive lerning nd orgnizing exms my be difficult. The cse presented in the study provides some experience in offering distnce eduction progrms in prisons in terms of student enrolment, mngement, teching, exmintion nd lerning support.Keywords: Open Lerning; distnce eduction in prison; innovtion; modeDesigning Online Courses in Cloud Computing Environment:the Cse of Modern Eduction TechnologyWen Xioyong nd Hung Weilings the core technology of next genertion online computing pltforms, cloud computing is to bring bout drstic trnsformtion in eduction. This study focuses on the design strtegies for online courses in cloud computing environment. It puts forwrd cloud-ground integrtion construction mode, in which, free open source softwre pieces re instlled on the desktop terminls while cloud services re provided by cloud providers. Effective integrtion of the two relizes digitliztion of teching contents nd interctive online teching ctivities between techers nd students. cse ws presented in the study nd student lerning profiles re followed. The results indicte tht such design mode significntly improves resource shring nd lerner-instructor interction.Keywords: online courses; cloud computing; construction mode; cloud services英文摘要1。
摘要及英文翻译
摘要現今的組織是處於一個人儕競爭的環境，而在當今社會中佔有重要地位的非營利組織，為了能夠持續與繁榮發展下去，與營利組織一樣，就需要對自身的人力資源進行更好地管理而留住人儕及合理運用人力資源，所以本研究主要從控制離職傾向的角度來進行探討人力資源管理。
同時，現今的非營利組織還有一個重要特征，就是吸引了源源不斷的志願者加入，而組織本身又往往不能很好地讓每個成員與組織進行配適；並且根據過去的研究可以發現，在營利組織中個人與組織配適度是影響個體離職傾向的因素之一。
因此，在這種背景下，本研究試圖詳細探討非營利組織中的個人與組織配適度與離職傾向的關係，並將變項組織承諾引入到兩者的關係之間，從而幫助非營利組織更系統地研究個體的離職傾向而能利於合理運用人力資源。
本研究主要以中國內地與澳門地區的非營利組織成員作為研究對象，採用了問卷調查的方式收集相關資料，旨在深入探討個人與組織配適度、組織承諾與離職傾向的相關關係；其中，個人與組織配適度為自變項、離職傾向為應變項及組織承諾為中介變項。
本研究利用描述性統計、信度分析、相關分析與多元迴歸分析等資料分析法進行數據分析，驗證了個人與組織配適度與個體的離職傾向之間存在負相關關係，並驗證了組織承諾對兩者之間的關係起到中介作用。
最後，本文根據研究結果，主要從加強個體組織承諾的培養，促進組織與個體在價值觀的配適，以及促進個體與組織其他個體之間的配適等方面，為幫助非營利組織的管理而提供了一些具體的看法與意見；同時還針對本研究的一些不足與限制，給予未來更多與更深入的探討給予一些合理建議，希望能有利於非營利組織的管理者以及其他相關研究者的進一步研究。
關鍵詞：非營利組織、個人與組織配適度、離職傾向、組織承諾It is a society today that organizations compete each other by their talents，and the non-profit organization plays an important role in the society. In order to continue to development prosperously，just like the profit organization，the non-profit organization also needs to be better manage the human resources so that it can keep the talent person and can use the human resources reasonably. So this research discusses the human resources management from the point of view about controlling the turnover tendency. Meanwhile, an important feature of non-profit organization is that a flow of volunteers were attracted to join the non-profit organization，but the organization often fails to fit with the members. According to the past researches, Person-organization-fit is one of the factors that influence the individual turnover tendency in the profit organization. Through this background，therefore，this research try to study the relationship between person-organization-fit and turnover tendency in the non-profit organization in detail，and put the variable of organizational commitment into this relationship, so as to help the non-profit organization systematically study the individual turnover tendency to manage the human resources.This research mainly finds the members of non-profit organization in Chinese mainland and Macau as the research objects, and adopts the questionnaire survey to collect the relevant data, and aims at discussing the relationship among person-organization-fit，turnover tendency and organizational commitment. Respectively，person-organization-fit is the independent variable, turnover intention is the dependent variable，and organizational commitment is as the mediator. In addition, this research analyses the data by descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and so forth. To verify the existence of a negative relationship between person-organization-fit and turnover intention and that organizational commitment plays the mediating role in the relationship.Finally, basing to the research results, this research provides some specific views and opinions for the management of the non-profit organizations mainly from the aspects of strengthening the cultivation of individual organizational commitment, enhancing the value matching between the individual and the organization, and promoting the fitting between the individuals. Meanwhile, to give some reasonable suggestions according to problems and the limitations of this research and to hope that the managers of non-profit organization and the other researchers can have more in-depth studys.Key word: non-profit organization, organization-fit, turnover tendency, organizational commitment。
论文摘要翻译
论文摘要翻译篇一：如何翻译论文标题、摘要如何翻译论文标题、摘要题名的结构。
英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成例如： The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(贺兰山常见苔藓植物)；Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heat-treated Wood(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。
短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。
题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。
例如：Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。
标题的翻译论文的“眼睛”: 主题和中心内容准确,简明扼要,生动醒目,用词质朴英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成浅析篮球基本功A brief analysis of basic skills in basketball基因疗法 Gene Therapy英汉翻译中的信息转换Information Shift in English-Chinese Translation短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。
电子管收音机和晶体管收音机的优缺点The Advantages and Disadvantages of Vacuum Tube Radios and Transistor Radios美国高校学生事物发展的最新趋势极其启示Current Trends of Students Affairs Development in American Universities and Their Implications体育赛事观众管理的现状与对策研究The Status and Strategic Research of Sport Events Spectators 我国退役运动员社会保障体系的现状、问题及对策Present Situation, Problems and Counter-measure of the Social Security System for Our Retired Athletes常见模式对?的研究\探讨\探索\分析\综述\述评(A \The) research on?..\The exploration of..A study of?An analysis of?.A brief review of?A commentary on?国内外外语课堂互动研究A review of the research on foreign language classroom interaction at home and abroad外语学习主体多元化评价的效应研究A Study of the Effects of Multi-valuator Evaluation on Foreign Language learning美国大学生职业生涯规划服务质量研究Research on the Quality of American College Students Career Services On the Quality of American College Students Career Services 试论比较教育中的实地调查On the “Field Work” in Comparative Education Research大阪大学通识教育实践模式研究On Practice Mode of General Education at Osaka University 教学行为研究在阅读教学中的作用Action Research in the Teaching of Reading俄罗斯社会转型时期流浪儿童成长问题探析An Analysis of the Development of Street Children During the Social Transition in RussiaOn the Development of Street Children During the Social Transition in RussiaOn Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia 动宾型标题: 译成动名词短语浅析国内英语测试研究现状Analyzing English Test Research in Our Country谈“红色勋章”中的印象主义和自然主义Talking on the Impressionism and NaturalismIn the Red Bandage of Courage利用波浪能量淡化海水Utilizing Wave Energy for Seawater Desalting探讨大学英语教材中的语用问题Exploring Pragmatic Knowledge in College English Textbook 陈述句标题: 译成句子或短语从世界多体化英语教学理论看我国英语教学World Englishes Theory Can Improve Our English Reading 疑问句标题: 疑问词+不定式,句子比较教育,研究什么?Comparative Education Research: What to Study?浅谈加强青少年传球技术的训练方法shallow to talk strengthening a teenager spreads the ball technical training methodStrengthening Teenagers’ Spreading Skill足球运动中的心理训练The player’s psychological training of soccerPsychological Training in Soccer足球运动对中学生余暇体育的特殊影响Football movement to middle-school student -odd free time sports special influenceFootball’ Impact on High School Students’ Leisure-time Sports 浅析篮球基本功A brief analysis of basic skills in basketball sportBasic skills in basketball浅析如何提高抢篮板球技术Discussion on How to Improve Rebound Technology国际标准组织规定, 论文标题一般不要超过15个英文单词, 美国医学会规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；美国国立癌症研究所杂志J Nat Cancer Inst要求题名不超过14个词；英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。
摘要翻译参考模板
个人信息*注：现在科室摘要翻译模板（中文字数不少于500字）Detection of blast-related traumatic brain injury in U.S. military personnel1美国军事人员中爆炸相关创伤性脑损伤的检测Abstract摘要BACKGROUND: Blast-related traumatic brain injuries have been common in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, but fundamental questions about the nature of these injuries remain unanswered.背景：爆炸有关的创伤性脑损伤在伊拉克和阿富汗战争中很常见，但这种损伤的本质问题至今还未得到解决。
METHODS: We tested the hypothesis that blast-related traumatic brain injury causes traumatic axonal injury, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), an advanced form of magnetic resonance imaging that is sensitive to axonal injury. The subjects were 63 U.S. military personnel who had a clinical diagnosis of mild, uncomplicated traumatic1N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 2;364(22):2091-100.brain injury. They were evacuated from the field to the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Landstuhl, Germany, where they underwent DTI scanning within 90 days after the injury. All the subjects had primary blast exposure plus another, blast-related mechanism of injury (e.g., being struck by a blunt object or injured in a fall or motor vehicle crash). Controls consisted of 21 military personnel who had blast exposure and other injuries but no clinical diagnosis of traumatic brain injury.方法：弥散张量成像法(DTI)是一种擅长检测轴索损伤的高级磁共振成像法。
4 学术论文摘要的模板和翻译
Abstract Sample Study
---Stylistic Features of Webchat English
• With the development of computers and the internet, webchat has become more and more popular. This particular communicative form generates some unique linguistic features which can hardly be found in other variants of English. Yet, to analyze its linguistic features from the point of view of stylistics is still a new realm. Adopting the theories of modern stylistics, this paper analyzes the English used in webchat from four levels: graphology, lexicon, syntax/grammar and context. (74 words)
摘要的理解
• 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不 加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述 文献重要内容的短文。
• 摘要的基本要素：研究目的、方法、结 果和结论。
Abstract or Summary?
• Abstract: placed before the text part (usual way)
2. Describing methodology: In this move the author gives a good indication of the experimental design, including information on the data, procedures or methods used and, if necessary, the scope of the research reported.
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Abstract one
英语双语库词汇对齐研究 Word Alignment on Chinese-English Bilingual Corpora
论文英文标题应和汉语标题相对应，汉 语标题中修饰语在前，中心词（Head word）一般在后。英语标题往往先提中 心词，修饰语在后。 如：论计算机集成制造系统的数据管理， On Data Management of Computer Integrated Manufacturing System
Abstract: Aligned bilingual corpora can support many NLP applications. For some applications, the corpora must be aligned at the word level. align 排行，排列在一条直线上，对齐 摘要：对齐的双语语料库能够为许多自 然语言应用提供重要的基础。其中，对 于许多基于双语语料库应用来说，双语 语料库必须做到词汇级别的对齐。 （背 景）
Keywords: English-Chinese machine translation, Transfer & generation 关键词： 英汉机器翻译；转换和目标语 生成
It is well known that text features play an important role in text mining, so the paper presents the approach of identifying Chinese name, the approach for transforming digital features and fuzzy semantic representation of the features. 鉴于文本特点在文本挖掘中起到重要作用，本 文提出了中文姓名识别方法、数字特征转换以 及基于模糊语义的表示。
概括型摘要也称描述性摘要,多用于理论 性较强的论文,如专论、评论、综述、数 学计算、理论推导等,主要概括论文的主 要论点、分析过程和结论。内容宏观,篇 幅较短。
英文摘要结构比较固定,通常由 主题句(陈述研究的目的及研究和解决的 问题) 展开句(介绍作了哪些研究及研究的途径、 采用的模型、实验范围与方法) 结尾句(陈述研究结果及评价论文的价值) 组成。
Keywords: Machine Translation, Template of MT, Dictionary for MT, English Dictionary 关键词： 机器翻译 机译模板 机译词典 英语词典
Abstract nine
英汉机器翻译的转换生成策略 A Transfer-generation Strategy in English-Chinese Machine Translation
After the discussion of translation divergences in question, the paper describes such method of transfer & generation which is widely used in English-Chinese MT systems in China. 本文在分析英语和汉语对比差异的基础 上，叙述了目前我国英汉机器翻译广泛 采用的转换生成方法。
It also introduces the generation, characteristics, ambiguity resolution and use of some kinds of templates, as well as the application in machine translation system for publishing of English dictionaries. 介绍了几种模板的生成、特点、消歧、 和用途，以及在英语词典出版用机器翻 译系统中的应用。
Abstract: For the sake of translation divergences between language pair, most English-Chinese MT systems developed in China have adopted a rather different scheme in building their transfer & generation models with two distinctions from the conventional approaches: 摘要： 由于源语和目标语对比差异的原因，我 国研制的英汉机器翻译系统采用了比较特殊的 转换生成策略，与传统方法有两点不同。
In the other, two kinds of transfer rules, general and specific, have been employed to define the transfer mapping from source to target language. 二是转换规则有共性和个性两种，应用 于从源语到目标语转换过程中。
This paper tries to align words within aligned Chinese-English sentences. 本文考虑在句子对齐基础上的汉英词汇 自动对齐。 （第三人称， 一般现在时， 研究目的）
It proposes bilingual lexicon based, sense similarity based and location distortion probability based methods orderly. 本文依次提出了基于双语词典、基于语 义相似、基于位置变形概率的汉英词汇 对齐方法，（提出方法）
翻译辅导之摘要翻译
Abstract定义
Abstract,摘要又称提要、文摘。对文献 内容准确压缩，不加以解释或评论。能 独立于论文，单独阅读，不影响理解。
信息型摘要(informative abstract ) 也称 报道型摘要,主要用于实验性和技术性较 强的论文。 综述论文的主要内容、要旨、重点,还需 列出有关的具体数据、实验结果以及采 用的方法。句子之间没有必然的联系,一 句话说明一件事。
On the basis of the experience of the artificial translation and machine translation, it presents the principle and method of establishing the templates. 在人工翻译和机器翻译经验的基础上， 分析了模板的建立原则和方法，
In one the transfer has been performed at all possible levels in translation process: lexical, syntactic, and semantic. 一是把转换的起点分散在源语分析的各 个层次，在词汇、句法、语义分析之后， 都可以开rds: NLP, Bilingual Corpora, Alignment, Word Alignment 关键词：自然语言处理，双语语料库， 对齐，词汇对齐。
Abstract five
中文文本挖掘中特征抽取和表示 Features Extraction and Representation for Chinese Text Mining
We use existing limited resources to improve the precision and recall of the Chinese-English word alignment. 充分利用现有的有限资源，提高汉英词 汇对齐的正确率和召回率。（结果价值）
They have good adaptability and representative ability, they also are independent of domains. 它们具有较强的适应性和良好的反应能 力，不依赖于具体的领域知识。
Key words: Text Mining, Chinese Name Identification, Text Feature Extraction, Fuzzy Semantic Representation 关键字： 文本挖掘 中文姓名识别 特征 抽取 模糊语义表示
Abstract: This paper briefly describes the background of text mining and the main difficulties in Chinese text mining. 摘要：本文简要描述了文本挖掘的背景 和中文文本挖掘的难点。
时态，语态
1 一般现在时：这是最常用的时态,描述没有时 间性的“评述”、“讨论”、“报导”、“提 出”、“认识”、“研究”等客观存在的背景 信息介绍,常用现在时态; 2 一般过去时：表示撰写论文前已作的工作或 分阶段研究中的情况(如描述实验活动中实验 样品的制备、成分、实验现象,以及描述实验结 果、数据、观察结果、得到的效果性能. 3.多用第三人称， 被动语态。 4.多用名词短语，强调客观性。
Abstract seven
机器翻译模板的建立原则和方法 Establishing Principle and Method of the Templates for Machine Translation