4第四章 强化

合集下载

初级会计职称《初级会计实务》第四章强化习题

初级会计职称《初级会计实务》第四章强化习题

第四章收入一、单项选择题1、采用支付手续费委托代销方式销售商品,应该在()时确认收入。

A、收到货款B、收到代销清单C、开出发票收到货款D、发出商品2、2013年5月1日,A公司采用预收款方式销售甲商品,预收货款20万元,总价50万元。

并约定于7月1日交付剩余款项。

下列说法正确的是()。

A、A公司应于5月1日确认收入50万元B、A公司应于5月1日确认收入20万元C、A公司应于7月1日确认收入50万元D、5月1日确认成本20万元3、下列选项中,表述不正确的是()。

A、相关的已发生或将发生的成本能够可靠地计量,是指与销售商品有关的已发生或将发生的成本能够合理地估计B、收入的金额能够可靠地计量,是指收入的金额能够合理地估计C、相关的经济利益很可能流入企业,是指销售商品价款收回的可能性超过90%D、企业已将商品所有权上的主要风险和报酬转移给购货方,是指与商品所有权有关的主要风险和报酬同时转移4、企业2013年1月售出产品并已确认收入,2013年5月发生销售退回时,其冲减的销售收入应在退回当期记入()科目的借方。

A、营业外收入B、营业外支出C、利润分配D、主营业务收入5、某企业销售商品5 000件,每件售价100元(不含增值税),增值税税率为17%;企业为购货方提供的商业折扣为10%,提供的现金折扣条件为2/10、1/20、n/30,并代垫运杂费500元。

该企业在这项交易中应确认的收入金额为()元。

A、526 500B、450 000C、500 000D、450 5006、以下事项不影响主营业务收入确认金额的是()。

A、销售商品发生的销售折让B、销售商品发生的现金折扣C、销售商品发生的销售退回D、销售商品数量7、某企业对于已经完成销售手续并确认收入的销售商品,若月末购货人未提走所购商品,下列说法正确的是()。

A、通过在途物资科目核算B、不作为该企业资产核算,需备查登记C、通过发出商品科目核算D、通过库存商品科目核算8、某小规模纳税企业销售产品一批,所开出的普通发票中注明的货款(含税)为10 300元,增值税征收率为3%,款项已经存入银行。

第4章 专题强化4 天体运动中的三种典型问题

第4章 专题强化4 天体运动中的三种典型问题

否则无法在万有引力作用下绕地球做匀速圆周运动。而同步静止轨道卫 星相对地面静止,与地球自转周期相同,所以其轨道平面一定和赤道平 面重合,即同步静止轨道卫星需要在赤道上空做匀速圆周运动,不可能 经过北京上空,故C错误;由题意可知卫星b的周期为24 h,卫星c的周期 为8 h,某时刻两者相距最近,设经过时间t后二者再次相距最近,则 Ttc-Ttb=1,解得 t=12 h,故 D 正确。
[解析]设地球质量为 M,质量为 m 的卫星绕地球做半径为 r、线速度 大小为 v 的匀速圆周运动,根据牛顿第二定律有 GMr2m=mvr2,解得 v=
GrM,因为卫星 b 的轨道半径比卫星 c 的轨道半径大,根据上式可知 卫星 b 运行的线速度小于卫星 c 的线速度,故 A 错误;卫星 a 与卫星 b 轨道高度相同,周期相同,线速度大小相同,但二者质量不一定相同, 所以机械能不一定相同,故 B 错误;人造卫星的轨道平面一定过地心,
道上,Q 为同步卫星,故两者的周期相等,而 N 和 Q 同为卫星,由万有 引力充当向心力,故有 GMr2m=m4Tπ22r,解得 T= 4GπM2r3。由上式可知, 轨道半径越大,周期越大,故卫星 Q 的周期大于天和核心舱 N 的周期, 故有 TP=TQ>TN,C 错误;Q 是同步卫星,其轨道在赤道上方即纬度为 0°, 南充市不在赤道上,所以卫星 Q 一定不会经过南充上空,D 正确。
(3)在地球表面有 GMRm20 =mg,卫星一绕地球做圆周运动,有 GMRm21 =
m2Tπ1 2R1, 联立解得 g=32Tπ220R0。
[答案]
(1)2 2T0
42 (2)6 2-3T0
(3)32Tπ220R0
〔专题强化训练〕
1.(多选)(2022·四川南充三模)我国“神舟十三号”航天员翟志刚、 王亚平和叶光富在空间站驻留长达6个月之久,是我国入驻太空时间最 长的三人组,已知“天和”核心舱N绕地球运行的轨道距地面的高度约 为400 km,地球半径约6 400 km。关于地球赤道静止的物体P、同步卫 星Q和“天和”核心舱N的运动,下列说法正确的是( AD )

浙教版七年级上册科学第四章物态变化强化练习题(有答案)

浙教版七年级上册科学第四章物态变化强化练习题(有答案)

物态变化强化练习1、把0℃的冰放进0℃的水中,若它们与外界不发生热传递,则:()A.冰会增多,水减少B.冰会减少,水增多C.冰多则水就会凝固;水多则冰就会熔化D.冰和水的多少跟原来的相同2、冬天,将一块冰从寒冷的室外拿进温暖的房间内,下列描述符合事实的是()A.冰立即熔化,在熔化的过程中温度逐渐升高B.冰不会立即熔化,但冰的温度会逐渐升高C.冰立即熔化,在熔化过程中温度保持不变D.冰不会立即熔化,冰的温度也不会升高3、工业上常用加热的方法给酒精和水的混合液加热,当混合液的温度达到一定温度时,就可将酒精从水中分离出来,这是利用了酒精和水的()A.沸点不同B.温度不同C.水蒸发时吸热多少不同D.熔点不同4、在下面列举的现象中,不是升华现象的是()A.碘加热时变为蒸气。

B.夏天,冰棒周围冒“白气”C.萘制的卫生球日久变小。

D.冬天,冰冻的衣服也会变干5、在夏天开着空调的公交汽车和寒冷的冬天的公交汽车车窗上都会出现水珠,水珠是在车窗的()A.夏天在外表面,冬天在内表面B.夏天在内表面,冬天在外表面C.都在内表面D.都在外表面7、下列说法中正确的是()A.霜在形成的过程中要吸热B. 冰必须先熔化成水,才能变成水蒸气C. 冬天,室外冰冻的衣服变干要放热D. 樟脑丸在逐渐变小的过程中要吸热8、炎热的夏天,以下可以有效降低室内温度的方法是()A.打开正在工作地电冰箱的门B.打开风扇,并且调到转速最大的档位。

B.关闭房门 D.在地面上适当地洒些水9、用铁锅能熔化锡,而不能用锡锅熔化铁,这是因为()A.铁的密度比锡小B.铁比锡硬C.铁传热比锡快D.铁的熔点比锡高10、如图2所示,甲试管装水,乙试管装酒精,同时放入盛水的大烧杯中,物质熔点/℃沸点/℃对大烧杯加热使里面的水沸腾,则下列说法中正确的是()A.甲试管内的水和乙试管内的酒精都沸腾B.甲试管内的水和乙试管内的酒精都不沸腾C.甲试管内的水沸腾,乙试管内的酒精不沸腾D.甲试管内的水不沸腾,乙试管内的酒精沸腾11、热现象在一年四季中随处可见,下列有关说法中正确的是()A.春天的早晨经常出现大雾,这是汽化现象B.夏天揭开冰棒包装后会看到冰棒冒“白汽”,这是凝华现象C.秋天的早晨花草上出现小的露珠,这是液化现象D.初冬的早晨地面上会出现白色的霜,这是凝固现象12、从冰箱内取出的冰棍周围常会弥漫着“白气”;水烧开后水壶嘴会向外喷出“白气”.下列分析正确的是()A.冰棍周围的“白气”是冰融化成的小水珠B.这两种情况的“白气”都是水蒸气C.壶嘴喷出的“白气”是壶嘴喷出的水蒸气液化成的小水珠D.这两种情况的“白气”都是空气中原来的水蒸气液化而成的小水珠13、关于沸腾,下列说法中正确的是()A.液体吸热后就会立即沸腾B.液体温度达到了沸点一定会沸腾C.液体温度达到沸点时继续加热,一定会沸腾D.蒸发和沸腾都是只在液体表面发生的汽化现象14、根据下表所提供的数据,在标准大气压下,下列判断正确的是( ) A .80℃的酒精是液态B .气温接近-50℃时,应选用水银作温度计的测温液体C .-39℃的水银吸热,温度可能不变D .铅的凝固点是-328℃15、下列措施不是为了加快液体蒸发的是 ( )A .农民夏天晒谷物总是将粮食摊开,并放到通风向阳的地方B .天热时,人汗流浃背,总是喜欢把电风扇打开吹风C .用扫帚扫地,灰尘四起,通常要在地面上洒一些水D .用塑料大棚种植蔬菜,常遇雨而受淹,天晴时打开塑料大棚的盖顶,让积水赶快风干16、“神州七号飞船”是由我国自行研制的长征火箭发射升空的。

人教版选修4 第四章 电化学基础 课后强化练习

人教版选修4 第四章 电化学基础 课后强化练习

人教版选修4 第四章电化学基础一、选择题1.用惰性电极实现电解,下列说法正确的是()A.电解稀硫酸溶液,实质上是电解水,故溶液pH不变B.电解稀氢氧化钠溶液,要消耗OH-,故溶液pH减小C.电解硫酸钠溶液,在阴极上和阳极上析出产物的物质的量之比为1∶2D.电解氯化铜溶液,在阴极上和阳极上析出产物的物质的量之比为1∶12.如下图所示,下列叙述正确的是()A.Y为阴极,发生还原反应B.X为正极,发生氧化反应C.Y与滤纸接触处有氧气生成D.X极与滤纸接触处变红3.某学生想制作一种家用环保型消毒液发生器,用石墨作电极电解饱和氯化钠溶液,通电时,为使Cl2被完全吸收,制得有较强杀菌能力的消毒液,设计了如图所示的装置,则对电源电极名称和消毒液的主要成分判断正确的是()A.a为正极,b为负极;NaClO和NaClB.a为负极,b为正极;NaClO和NaClC.a为阳极,b为阴极;HClO和NaClD.a为阴极,b为阳极;HClO和NaCl4.中学阶段介绍的应用电解法制备物质主要有三种:一是铝的工业制备,二是氯碱工业,三是金属钠的制备。

下列关于这三种工业生产的描述中正确的是()A.电解法制金属钠时,阳极反应式:Na++e-===NaB.电解法生产铝时,需对铝土矿进行提纯,在提纯过程中应用了氧化铝或氢氧化铝的两性C.在氯碱工业中,电解池中的阴极产生的是H2,NaOH在阳极附近产生D.氯碱工业和金属钠的冶炼都用到了NaCl,在电解时它们的阴极都是Cl-失电子5.载人空间站的生态系统中,要求分离人呼出的二氧化碳,同时需要提供氧气。

某电化学装置利用太阳能转化的电能可以实现上述要求,同时还有燃料一氧化碳生成,该电化学装置中得电子的电极发生的反应是2CO2+4e-+2H2O===2CO+4OH-。

下列判断错误的是()A.上述电化学装置相当于电解池B.上述装置进行的总反应为2CO2===2CO+O2C.反应结束后该电化学装置中的电解质溶液碱性增强D.失电子的电极发生的反应是4OH--4e-===2H2O+O26.将0.2 mol AgNO3、0.4 mol Cu(NO3)2、0.6 mol KCl溶于水,配成100 mL溶液,用惰性电极电解一段时间后,某一电极上析出了0.3 mol Cu,此时在另一电极上产生的气体体积(标准状况下)为()A.7.84 L B.6.72 L C.5.6 L D.4.48 L7.全固态锂硫电池能量密度高、成本做,其工作原理如图所示,其中电极a常用掺有石墨烯的S8材料,电池反应为16Li+x S8===8Li2S x(2≤x≤8)。

4-第四章--学前儿童语言获得的三大理论

4-第四章--学前儿童语言获得的三大理论

4-第四章--学前儿童语言获得的三大理论第四章儿童语言获得的三大理论教学目的与要求:1.了解关于学前儿童语言获得三大学派的主要代表人物及其主要观点。

2.能正确地对三大学派的主要观点进行分析和评析。

教学重点1.了解关于学前儿童语言获得三大学派的主要代表人物及其主要观点。

2.能正确地对三大学派的主要观点进行分析和评析。

教学难点1.了解关于学前儿童语言获得三大学派的主要代表人物及其主要观点。

2.能正确地对三大学派的主要观点进行分析和评析。

教学方法自;讨论学;答疑教学时数1课时教学过程儿童为什么能在短短的几年内掌握复杂的语言?儿童语言知识和能力从何而来,是先天具有的还是后天习得的?对此,20世纪的心理学家和语言学家进行了各种探究。

关于幼儿语言发展的理论,有许多流派、学说,他们之间相互纠缠、或貌相似而实相异,大体上可以把他们归为三大类:后天环境论、先天决定论、先天与后天相互作用论。

学前儿童语言的获得有三大理论:1.后天环境论:↗机械模仿说①模仿说↘选择性模仿说②强化说:斯金纳的观点及批评③中介说:基本观点及批评2.先天决定论:①先天语言能力说及乔姆斯基的基本观点②自然成熟说及勒纳伯格的基本主张3.先天与后天相互作用论:①皮亚杰的认知说以及基本观点。

②布朗等的规则学说及基本观点。

③布鲁纳等的社会交往学说及基本观点。

第一节后天环境论以巴甫洛夫的条件反射理论和华生的行为主义学说为基础理论的学者,在儿童语言发展的问题上都比较强调后天环境的因素。

这些学者关于儿童语言发展的理论,都是被称为后天环境论。

在行为主义者看来,儿童撑握语言,就是在后天的环境中通过学习获得语言的习惯,语言习惯的形成,是一系列“刺激——反应”的结果。

以行为主义理论背景的后天环境论者,关于语言获得的观点因强调的侧重点不同而并不完全一致,其内部还可以分为模仿说、强化说、中介说三种。

一、模仿说(一)主要观点模仿说认为,儿童是通过对成人语言的模仿而学会语言的,儿童的的语言是其父母语言的翻板。

2022年职业考证-软考-系统集成项目管理工程师考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:4

2022年职业考证-软考-系统集成项目管理工程师考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号:4

2022年职业考证-软考-系统集成项目管理工程师考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题我国在《十四五规划和2035年远景目标刚要》第四章强化国家战略科技力量中,提出建设____重大科技基础设施问题1选项A.战略导向型B.应用特性C.前瞻引领型D.民生改善型【答案】C【解析】第四章强化国家战略科技力量制定科技强国行动纲要,健全社会主义市场经济条件下新型举国体制,打好关键核心技术攻坚战,提高创新链整体效能。

第一节整合优化科技资源配置以国家战略性需求为导向推进创新体系优化组合,加快构建以国家实验室为引领的战略科技力量。

聚焦量子信息、光子与微纳电子、网络通信、人工智能、生物医药、现代能源系统等重大创新领域组建一批国家实验室,重组国家重点实验室,形成结构合理、运行高效的实验室体系。

优化提升国家工程研究中心、国家技术创新中心等创新基地。

推进科研院所、高等院校和企业科研力量优化配置和资源共享。

支持发展新型研究型大学、新型研发机构等新型创新主体,推动投入主体多元化、管理制度现代化、运行机制市场化、用人机制灵活化。

第二节加强原创性引领性科技攻关在事关国家安全和发展全局的基础核心领域,制定实施战略性科学计划和科学工程。

瞄准人工智能、量子信息、集成电路、生命健康、脑科学、生物育种、空天科技、深地深海等前沿领域,实施一批具有前瞻性、战略性的国家重大科技项目。

从国家急迫需要和长远需求出发,集中优势资源攻关新发突发传染病和生物安全风险防控、医药和医疗设备、关键元器件零部件和基础材料、油气勘探开发等领域关键核心技术。

第三节持之以恒加强基础研究强化应用研究带动,鼓励自由探索,制定实施基础研究十年行动方案,重点布局一批基础学科研究中心。

加大基础研究财政投入力度、优化支出结构,对企业投入基础研究实行税收优惠,鼓励社会以捐赠和建立基金等方式多渠道投入,形成持续稳定投入机制,基础研究经费投入占研发经费投入比重提高到8%以上。

第四章强化巩固复习—鲁教版五四制七年级上册地理课件(共23张PPT)

第四章强化巩固复习—鲁教版五四制七年级上册地理课件(共23张PPT)

好题必练 练真题
(1)我国东部和西部人口密度差异巨大,在_黑__河__—__腾__冲__线以东, 是人口稠密区。我国农业主产区与人口稠密区的分布关系是 __基__本__一__致__。
好题必练 练真题
(2)“华南主产区”和“东北平原主产区”都是我国糖料作物主产 区,其糖料作物分别是___甘__蔗___和___甜__菜___。
好题必练 练真题
(3)“长江流域主产区”是著名的鱼米之乡,该区农作物熟制是 _一__年__两__熟___,从自然方面分析,该区发展淡水渔业的优势是 地__势__低___平__,_ 河__湖__众__多___, 水__面__广__阔__。
好题必练 练真题
(4)“黄淮海平原主产区” 粮食作物主要是__玉__米__、__小___麦___。与 “东北平原主产区”相比,该区粮食作物产量大,但商品率 低的原因是 _人__口__稠__密__, _粮__食__消__费__ _量__大_____。
好题必练 练真题
5.东部地区是我国种植业、林业、渔业的主要分布区, 下列说法正确的是( A ) A.种植业主要分布在湿润、 半湿润的平原地区 B.人工林集中分布在东北 大兴安岭地区 C.沿海地区淡水渔业发达 D.南方地区是我国的主要旱作农业区
好题必练 练真题
【点拨】我国种植业主要分布在东部湿润、半湿润 的平原地区;人工林主要分布在东南沿海地区,东 北大兴安岭林区是我国最大的天然林区;沿海地区 是我国海洋渔业基地,长江中下游地区淡水渔业发 达;南方地区是我国水田农业区。
铁路线,正确的是( C ) A.①—青藏线 B.②—京九线 C.③—京广线 D.④—京沪线 【点拨】根据铁路走向、穿越的省区、城市等地理事物可判断, ①为宝成线,②为焦柳线,③为京广线,④为京九线。

新四级强化辅导听力(新版)答案

新四级强化辅导听力(新版)答案

U校园新四级强化辅导听力(新版)答案第一章听力初体验1.3听力核心解题技巧随堂测试11.划出选项关键词2.部分复现3.如果选项中的关键词均没有在听音时复现,可直接排除。

4. but5.选大不选小核心解题技巧演练11.It turned over because of strong winds.2.32.3.He is being investigated by the police.第二章新闻听力精讲与专练2.1考点解析随堂测试11.倒金字塔结构2.新闻导语3. which4. why随堂测试1L提问2.according to3.人名信号词4.What does the news report mainly talk about? 随堂测试11.国际新闻2.国际新闻3. what4.经济发展5.2解题技巧随堂测试11.巧预测2.社会民生3.社会民生4.经济发展5. VOA Special English2.3真题演练真题演练:实践1.Scared.2.Scared.3. A study of the fast-food service.4.Increased variety of products. government's approval of private space missions.6.Deliver scientific equipment to the moon.7.It is promising.2.4新闻听力专练新闻听力专练11.It has got one of its limbs injured.2.Its videos were posted on social media.1.Declaration of Zika virus as a global health emergency.2.There is a link between the virus and brain disorders in babies.1.It will be held near the capital.2. A higher level of knowledge.3.Because Edith could spell difficult words at four.新闻听力专练21.The riots on Christmas Island.2.Argument between a detainee and a guard.1.It will have a huge increase.2.It is linked to the Internet.1.Insufficient potato supply.2.It is afraid of the spread of disease.3.Global warming.新闻听力专练31.94.2.Camping in temporary tents.1.Global warming's effects on the poorest people.2.Take action to reduce carbon emissions.1. A plant-powered mobile phone charger.2.While sitting in their school's courtyard.3.While sitting in their school's courtyard.第三章长对话精讲与专练3.1考点解析随堂测试11.演讲2,话轮3. 一问一答4.杂志中包含哪些信息随堂测试11,顺序一致2,话轮交替3. if I were you4.承接5.2解题技巧随堂测试11.辨主题2.主题和话题转换3.节目的拍摄形式3.3真题演练真题演练:实战8.She received her first monthly salary.9.Two decades ago.10.He treated his parents to a nice meal.11.Join her colleagues for gym exercise.12.He has a difficult decision to make.13.Seek advice from his family and advisor.14.His parents and advisor have different opinions.15.They haven't started their careers yet.3.4长对话听力专练长对话听力专练11.Herteacher.2.She does it very well.3.To tell her that she will attend a conference.4.Money.1.To look for a new apartment.2.Her present apartment is a bit far from school.3.An apartment with furniture.4.He will find an apartment for her on his way to class.长对话听力专练21.At an accountancy firm.2.Helping out with data input.3.He needs the money badly.4.Review some accountancy terms.1.Security.2.Buying from reputable companies with secure websites.3.Because she wants to see if there are new summer clothes on sale.4.Visit the bookstore opposite.长对话听力专练31.They are professors.2.Because unimportant details take up the main part of the essay.3.Footnotes.4.Telling students what the problems are.1. A sweet.2.Because it bites like what it is called.3.It is cheaper to stay in the UK.4.He didn't have a good time.第四章篇章听力精讲与专练4.1考点解析随堂测试11.应用文2,总分总结构3.时间4.讲道理5. A survey about local public libraries随堂测试11.话题转换处2.比较3. first... second...4.篇章首尾处4.2解题技巧随堂测试11.辨体裁2.识结构3.作比较4.3真题演练真题演练:实践16.They are more likely to become engineers.17.Respond more positively to boys' comments.18.Offer personalized teaching materials.19.It does not rain as much as people think.20.The rain is usually very light.21.It has mild weather both in summer and in winter.22. A cow bone.23.Preserving it.24.The boy's family had acted correctly.25.Conduct a more detailed search.4.4篇章听力专练篇章听力专练11.His personal history is little known.2.He was a member of the town council.3.Possible sources of clues about him were lost in a fire.1.Limited time and more stress.2.100 days a year.3.Helping others makes people healthier.1.To manage well the employees.2.Satisfy the needs of the staff.3.His company and his position.4.By linking their personal goals and company's aim.篇章听力专练21.They claimed drinking eight glasses of water a day lacks scientificevidence.2.Humans cannot live more than a few days without water.3.They discovered that drinking water helps the kidney.1.They avoid looking at them.2.It focuses its eyes on their mouth.3.By taking in their facial expressions as a whole.1.To take a good picture of the city.2. A news reporter.3.Her ideas were always in advance of the current ideas.4.It recorded the world in pictures for the future.篇章听力专练31.To give women the same education that men enjoy.2.Women are much freer in choosing classes.3.They are more likely to have successful career.1. A new method to predict the hurricane.2.It collects the sound of strong waves.3.In hurricane-affected areas.1.Having no budget plans at all.2.Many of them can be cut.3.Move to a cheaper place.4.Family budget problems and solutions.第五章考前冲刺5.1听力真题实战听力真题实战11.Safety concerns.2.It plays an important role in the nation's economy.3.To rescue two sick American workers.4.The darkness and cold.5.With a full-sized helicopter.6.He has rich experience in flying.7.Do something fun and creative.8.To arrange the delivery of a package.9.She is not at home.10.He will be working somewhere else.11.Sign her name.12.Study abroad.13.Rather depressed.14.He has to finish an assignment.15.Say goodbye to the woman at the airport.16.Its height changes with each volcanic eruption.17.They make good fields for farming.18.They feed on certain small mammals.19.He is self-employed.20.Loving the work they do.21.It does not come to anything without hard work.22.It evolved in the mid-1970s.23.She hated to see her idling about.24.After she started teaching English.25.It has made her happy and energetic.听力真题实战21.The number of male nurses has gone down.2.Cultural bias.3.He was almost drowned.4.The emergency services are efficient.5.It became an online star.6.Release it into the wild.7.The raccoon did something no politician could.8.She received her first monthly salary.9.Two decades ago.10.He treated his parents to a nice meal.11.Join her colleagues for gym exercise.12.He has a difficult decision to make.13.Seek advice from his family and advisor.14.His parents and advisor have different opinions.15.They haven't started their careers yet.ing information to understand and solve problems.17.Playing games that challenge one's mind.18.Participate in debates or discussions.19.The nature of relationships between dogs.20.They can fall in love just like humans.21.They stay with one partner for life.22. A cow bone.23.Preserving it.24.The boy's family had acted correctly.25.Conduct a more detailed search.5.2听力冲刺训练冲刺训练11.Sports affect the quality of school education.2.Sports help them develop fine qualities.3.Links between painkillers and heart attacks.4.It is not clear enough.5.One.6.Monday afternoon.7.He opened fire inside the school cafeteria.8.Because he is worried about Old John.9.She died.10.She does not care about his father at all.11.His own pension.12.Dangerous and romantic adventures.13.They all come from her imagination.14.Reading and playing with her various animals.15.Susan is a full-time professional writer.16.To get pleasure.17.Because it permits players to put creativity into action.18.They can all be traced to a play impulse.19.Because they have little to do and have no goals to go after.20.Around 82,000.21.Some people may get depressed after they give up city life.22.Because he believed in learning by direct experience.23.In a school building.24.Schools during the holiday.25.In 1912.冲刺训练21.iPhones with operating systems 8.0 and up.2.It may fail to restart.3.Offer a discount to customers who bring their own cup.4.About 7 m川ion.5.Fourteachers.6.Because he shared his breathing mask with the victim.7.She is in a better condition now.cation.9.Group members talked about one idea for a long time.10.He interrupted from time to time.11.It should have been doubted.12.Because he was late for checking out.13.The pool hours.14.In cash.15.15 dollars.16.Because they think running can make them stay drier in the rain.17.From the top and the front.18.Running.19.Price and Quality.20.Three speed bicycle.21. A ten speed bicycle has better quality.22.City lights trick trees into early budding.23.Rising temperatures and city light pollution.24.When there is the largest number of worms.e LED lights at home and in the streets.5.3四级全套真题训练2019年6月卷一1.Ten students, organized by the Student Union, visited a senior center close to our school on Wednesday, June 12th, for the purpose of providing help for the elderly there.Our volunteers were warmly welcomed when they arrived there at about 1 pm. They presented the elderly with fresh fruits before dividing themselves into two groups, one responsible for cleaning and the other for chatting. It took nearly an hour for half a dozen volunteers to sweep and mop the floor and then wash all the windows. The rest were, meanwhile, listening attentively to the elderly who looked back on their good old clays with a certain amount of nostalgia. The activity ended with a lecture on how to send voice messages and make video calls on WeChat.'Tm impressed with their vigor and optimism, w says one of the volunteers." And Γm glad that t he entire afternoon we spent together means something to them. They expressed their gratitude for our company, which may be, in my opinion, what they need most." 2. He set a record by swimming to and from an island.3.He doubled the reward.4.To encourage late marriage.5.They will not come into immediate effect.6. A new company to clean up the mess after parties.7.It leaves the house in a mess.8.Expand their business.9.He took the driver's theory exam.10.He was not well prepared.11.They are costly.12.Pass his road test the first time.13.Leeds's tuition for international students.14.Pursue postgraduate studies.15.His outstanding musical talent.16.Teach overseas.17.Only a few species cause trouble to humans.18.They can cause damage to people's homes.19.Deny them access to any food.20.The change in people's immune system as they get older.21.Offer blood samples.22.Helping improve old people's health conditions.23. A group of kids were playing chess after school.24.Participate in a national chess competition.25.Most of them come from low-income families.26.Think twice before taking action.27.G28.M29. A30.L31. C32. F33.J34.O35.I36. E37.I38.G39. D40.N41. A42.K43.H44. F45.M46. C47.They may not guarantee a lasting marriage.48.They are more likely to contract serious illnesses than their wives.49.They are more likely to get divorced.50.They are more accustomed to receiving care.51.Providing extra care for divorced women.52.Unhappy.53.It is related to the way our memories work.54.Similar pronunciation of names.55.It most often occurs within a relationship groups.56.They communicate more with their children.57.Paper-cutting is a unique and special form of Chinese folk art, with a history of 2z000 years. Paper-cutting is likely to come from the Han Dynasty, after the paper was invented. Since then, it has gained popularity in the famous places in China. The materials and tools used for paper cutting are simple: paper and a knife. Paper-cut works are usually made of red paper, because red is associated with happiness in traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, in weddings, Chinese New Year and other festive occasions, red-colored paper-cutting is the first choice to decorate doors and windows.2019年12月卷一ι.New York City police captured a cow on the loose in Prospect Park on Tuesday after the animal became an attraction for tourists while walking along the streets and enjoying the park facilities. The confused creature and camera-holding humans stared at each other through a fence for several minutes. At other times the cow wandered around the526-acre park and the artificial grass field normally used for human sporting events. Officers used soccer goals to fence the animal in. However, the cow then moved through one of the nets, knocking down a police officer in the process. Police eventually trapped the cow between two vehicles parked on either side of a baseball field's bench area. An officer then shot an arrow to put it to sleep. Then officers waited for the drug to take effect. After it fell asleep, they loaded the cow into a horse trailer. It was not clear where the cow came from or how it got lost. Police turned it over to the animal control department after they caught it.2. A wandering cow was captured by the police.3. It was sent to the animal control department.4. It is going to be expanded.5. Some ancient wall paintings from Australia.6. Pick up trash.7. They are especially intelligent.8. Children may be tempted to drop litter.9. It will cover different areas of science.10. It will be more entertaining.11. People interested in science.12. Provide financial support.13. Dissatisfied.14. He is too concerned with being perfect.15. Miserable.16. Compare his present with his past only.17. They are more likely to become engineers.18. Respond more positively to boys' comments.19. Offer personalized teaching materials.20. It does not rain as much as people think.21. The rain is usually very light.22. It has mild weather both in summer and in winter.23. It comes from straining one's muscles in an unusual way.24. Blood flow and body heat increase in the affected area.25. About two days.26. Have a hot shower.27. B28. M29. I30. C31. K32. L33. O34. G35. E36. J37. E38. I39. C40. G41. K42. F43. B44. J45. D46. H47. It is a course designed for students to learn online.48. Students' questions were too many to handle.49. She turned out to be a great success.50. They could not tell her from a real person.51. Assign her to answer more of students' questions.52. Not all of them achieved their anticipated goals.53. To identify reasons for their different outcomes.54. Its interaction with prospective donors.55. They should be small to be successful.56. Their feeling of connection to the scientists themselves.57.Chinese families attach great importance to their children'seducation. Many parents believe that they should work hard to ensure that their children are well educated. Not only are they very willing to invest in their children's education, but they also spend a lot of time urging them to learn. Most parents hope that their children will attend a prestigious university. Due to the reform and opening-up, more and more parents can send their children abroad to study or participate in international exchange programs to broaden their horizons. Through these efforts, they expect their children to grow healthily and contribute to the development and prosperity of the country.5.4四级全套模拟训练模拟训练11.My View on College Students' Job-huntingNowadays, many college students find it hard to get good jobs after graduation. For one thing, students cannot find satisfactory jobs. For another, they find companies more and more demanding. That's why they may feel a lot of pressure in finding a job.Many reasons lead to this situation. To begin with, the whole society has become more competitive. More and more college graduates are hunting for jobs while the number of jobs is limited. In addition, employers prefer to choose the best among candidates because they have more choices. Last but not least, some students do not want to dothe basic work in a company; they hope to start their career at a high position as a manager and earn more money.As far as I am concerned, the whole society should do something to change this situation. First, college students should change their attitudes towards jobs. Second, universities should organize lectures about how to choose a suitable job. Third, companies should provide the graduates with some intern opportunities. These efforts will undoubtedly enable students to find satisfactory jobs.2.Phasing out the FM radio signal.3.Let broadcasters invest more in programming.4.Technology brings jobs to the disabled.5.More than 300.6.An egg a day may help young children grow to a healthy height.7.It divided participants into two groups.8.To have diversified foods in their diets.9.He had an adventure in Tokyo.10.Catch up on his sleep.11.He went to see an active volcano.12.He enjoyed the cool ocean breezes.13. A market research for a new TV channel.14.The ones that help him relax.15.Local service information for the community.16.They had better pay attention to the quality of the actual broadcast.17.Trained operators.18.Because men own most of the phones.19.It is helping us to improve our lives.20.Different ideas and beliefs.21.Because they could feed themselves.22.Overpopulation and bad environment.23.To help teenagers make better sense of the outside world.24.It modifies students' interests and alters their attention.25.It's more effective for her students to know the world.26.The GNG charges and offers help for those short in money.27. F28.K29. D30.O31. E32.N33.H34.J35.G36. B37.G38. C39.G40. E41.J42. F43.H44. B45.K46. D47.To develop native eatable plants.48.Droughts happen frequently.49.Because trees can survive and provide food.50.Tree-based famine foods.51.Trees are a vital food source.52.Lots of people want to maintain youth.53.it is an unchangeable fact54.They cause damage to human health and loss of money.55.Keeping a good and healthy diet and doing exercise.56.The natural ways to maintain youth are better.57.The red packet is a rectangle envelope used for holding money as gifts on auspicious occasions. The most common use of red packets isduring the Chinese New Year when elders give red packets to children or members of the younger generation. The red color of the packet symbolizes good luck and is supposed to ward off evil spirits. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, adults gave bronze coins threaded with red strings to children as a lunar New Year gift to protect them from evil. Toda½ money is placed inside red envelopes, which are given to represent luck and wealth. In any case, the amount of money given is always even number and amounts ending with 8 are very popular as the number 8 sounds like “发“ in Chinese, which signifies prosperity.模拟训练21.Should cell phones be banned from the college classroom? This has been a controversial question for a long time. I admit that the cell phone has become quite helpful in our study and life, but on the whole I think it is beneficial for students if they are not allowed to bring their phones to college classes.There will be too many problems if students bring their cell phones to class. First, many college students choose to sit in the back of the classroom, eyes fixed on their cell phones. This could mean more class management and less teaching time for teachers. Secondly, the ring of the cell phone can pose a major distraction for other students, as well as teachers.Here are some good measures we can take to help solve this problem. Some schools use "cell phone bags" to collect students' cell phones in class. Besides, Wheneverthe class hears a phone ringing, the teacher could punish its owner by deducting his or her grade points.2.IT would play a much bigger role in many jobs.3.Training IT skills in the classroom.4. A controversy over the wage difference between Indian and Cubanworkers.5.They work more efficiently in construction.6.State-run college students with less than $125,000 yearly family income.7.It provides an economical way for the state to support students.8.How to distribute the tuition paying burden at a low cost.9.Tips on how to live with a landlord in the UK.10.They have dinner on time.11.It is usually excluded from the rent.12.Get a hot-water bottle.13.Because she left the front door open.14.Moving to the man's apartment.15.Because she has got a job in another city.16.Food.17. A way to communicate with the gods.18.Dreams are accidentally produced by our brain.19.Most dreams occur during the rapid eye movement stage of sleep.20.They are dangerous.21.30.22.Mistakes made by climbers.23.By 7.6%.24.The recovery of economy.25.By 15%.26.The number of seats fails to satisfy the increased air passengers.27.G28.K29.M30. E31. A32. C33.I34. D35.N36.H37.M38. F39.L40. D41. F42.H43.K44. A45.J46. C47. A new means of sharing with strangers with the help of websites.48.Because he wants to know more about iPad before buying it.49.Economic declines.50.It has boosted communication among people.51.By employing security codes.52.The City Council hears about the opinions of both sides of the bike lanebattle.53.She is frightened by a large number of cyclists while crossing the street.54.Supportive.55.worsen the traffic in the city56.She believes the Transportation Department is hiding accident dataregarding cycling.57.Li River, a national SA-IeveI and key scenic spot, is the essence ofGuilin scenery. The river; once named Guishui or Guijiang in history, winds its way through Guilin, the third largest city in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, which is the center of politics, economy, transportation, culture and tourism. The river breeds the Guilin Scenery which is a unique and first-class natural landscape in the world. It is a scenic spot famous both at home and abroad for its beautiful scenery, beautiful hills, clear waters, and wonderful caves.。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
负强化(negative reinforcement,又叫 消极强化,阴性强化)就是指有机体做出某一 行为反应后,导致了刺激的消失或刺激强度的 降低,并且结果也提高了该行为在今后发生的 概率。如回避电击或减轻惩罚。
2、正、负强化的异同点
(1)不同点:正强化的行为结果导致刺激的出 现或刺激强度的增加;而负强化的行为结果导致刺 激的消失或刺激强度的减弱。
第二节:正强化及其使用
一、正强化的含义与范例 二、正强化物等级 三、影响正强化的因素 四、有效运用正强化的原则 五、正强化实施案例
一、正强化的含义
就是指反应之后所紧随的事件或活动造成 反映概率提高的现象。或者说,在一个反应 之后呈现的某一刺激,而使该反应出现的频 率上升的过程。
二、正强化物等级
(2)、条件强化物
根据条件强化物的性质再进行分类,又可以分成两类: 物类强化物和社会性强化物。
a. 物类强化物(也称为次级强化物)是指一些物品原 初不具有强化的作用,通过和其他“原级强化物” 的联系 而获得强化力量的刺激物。一般地,学校惯用的分数、奖状、 毕业证书、奖金等都属于物类强化物。因为它们能换取赞赏、 表扬、食物、衣服、娱乐品等。
所谓强化物(rein forcer),就是指 能起到强化作用的事件或刺激,也就 说,它的出现可以提高行为反应发生 的概率。
二、强化的类型
(一)正强化与负强化 (二)连续强化与间歇强化 (三)无条件强化与条件强化
(一)正强化与负强化
1、含义
正强化(positive reinforcement,又叫积 极强化,阳性强化)就是指有机体做出某一行 为反应后,导致刺激的出现或刺激强度的增加, 并且提高了该行为在今后发生概率的过程。如 获得食物或加大奖励。
拥有性强化物:指在一段时间内个体可以拥有享受的东 西。如有机会坐一次飞机;穿上自己喜欢的衣服;有一个私 人房间;以及像其他刷子、指甲刀、皮带等拥有物。至少是 暂时拥有。
(4)社会性强化物
社会性强化物:指个体喜欢接受的语言刺激或身体刺激如 口头赞美(好孩子、真棒、太好了、等等)以及温情的轻拍、 拥抱、点头、微笑,甚至是简单的一瞥等社会性注意。
(三)强化物的数量和品质 强化物的数量越大,强化的效果越明显。但这
种关系是有一定限度的,当强化物的量超过一量时, 就是丧失强化作用,甚至成为厌恶刺激,尤其是原 始强化物(食物等)。这种餍足是暂时的,一旦量 减少了,又可恢复强化力量。
条件性强化物虽然也有餍足,但不像那么原始 强化物明显。
强化物的品质不像数量那样可以计算,取决于 个体的偏好。个体越喜欢的强化物,强化效果越好。
(三)无条件强化与条件强化
❖ 无条件强化:对食物、水、性等追求和对高 温、严寒、疼痛等的逃避,都直接或间接地 与有机体的基本需求相关,因此称它为无条 件强化,或原始强化。
❖ 将食物、水、性等自然的积极刺激称为无条 件强化物。将高温、严寒、疼痛等自然的消 极刺激称为无条件惩罚物。
(三)无条件强化与条件强化
四、有效运用正强化的原则
(一)正确选择目标行为 所选择的行为应该是具体的行为(如微笑),而 不是一般行为(如社会化)。对具体行为,能客 观地进行控制、观察、评价其改变,能反复对其 进行强化。
(二)正确选择强化物 用来增强行为的强化物必须具备以下特点: ①易用; ②能立即呈现在所需要的行为发生之后; ③多次使用不至于引起迅速的满足; ④不需要花费大量的时间。 为此,须就强化物对当事人进行调查。
人们通常喜欢某些事物,却更喜欢另一些事物。即人们对 事物的喜欢是有等级、程度不同的。譬如,在一个实验中,要 求小朋友将如下四类事物按喜欢的程度排序:
A 玩过迷宫游戏 B 看柯南卡通片 C 吃巧克力 D 用锤子敲东西 某儿童的排序结果是B > C >A >D,将儿童对各种事物或活 动的态度从喜欢到不喜欢拍成序列就是强化物的等级。排在前 面的事物或活动可以强化排在后面的事物或活动。即强化价值 较高的对强化价值较低的起强化作用。 对强化的等级的分析有助于我们进一步了解强化物,能增 强我们在行为矫正过程中使用强化的针对性、有效性。
(三)正确实施强化
①实施前把计划告诉当事人,以取得其配合; ②在所需要的行为出现后立即强化; ③给予强化物时,告知当事人被强化的具体行为; ④分配物质强化时,最好能结合精神奖励,同时,为避 免餍足,应经常更换赞扬方式; ⑤每次只给予少量的强化物; ⑥不要在强化后提出批评和要求。 ⑦注意实施过程中强化物本身可能产生的不良影响。某 些强化物(看电视、打游戏等)不断给予,反而会使个体 养成另一种不良行为习惯; ⑧强化过程中注意个体行为的成效,避免功利性。(个 体可能为了获得强化物故意做出某种行为,这样容易养成 功利性。这样的行为也很难迁移或在自然环境下维持,一 旦强化物消除,行为就会明显消退)。
❖ 条件性强化:分数、名次、称赞、金钱等中 性刺激,由于和已具有强化作用的刺激(无 条件强化物或已被条件化的强化物)的反复 多次联系,也获得了强化的力量。人们把这 种强化称为条件性强化,又称次级强化。
❖ 它们的价值不是自然获得的,而是通过学习 获得的。
❖ 分数、名次、称赞、金钱等刺激物叫条件性 强化物。
三、影响正强化的因素
(一)强化与行为的一致性(关键) 只有出现良性行为时,才进行强化。如果
强化物与目标行为不一致,目标行为就难以改 变。
一致性强化与非一致性强化效果差异显著。
(二)强化与行为的直接性 强化物的效果与目标行为和强化物之间的
时间间隔密切相关,立即强化比延缓强化效果 好。(延缓强化可能恰好强化了不良行为)
是指一种偶然的(或间歇的)而不是每一次都对所发 生的行为进行强化的方法。
日常生活中,很多行为都是通过间歇强化获得的, 因为有些行为不可能每次都获得强化(只有部分能被 强化),如买彩票、赌博等。因此它又叫部分强化。
(二)、连续强化与间歇强化
2、间歇强化与连续强化的比较(p79)
(1)使用阶段上 (2)克服餍足效果上 (3)操作的可行性上
三、强化物的类型与选择
(一)强化物的类型 (二)选择强化物的方法
(一)强化物的类型
1、根据强化物的性质
(1)无条件强化物 (2)条件强化物
(1)无条件强化物
就是本身就具有强化作用的自然物。 包括食物强化物、操作性强化物即拥有 性强化物。它们都直接或间接地与机体 的基本需要(尤其是生理需要)有关。 因此,又被称为“原级强化物”。
这种用高频行为(喜欢的行为)作为低频行为(不喜欢的行为) 的有效强化物的例子随处可见。比如,“吃了这些蔬菜就让你吃肉”, “做完作业后,让你看一个小时的电视”等等,由于祖母对付孙子常 用这种方法,所以又被称为祖母原则。
普雷马克原理应用的条件:低概率行为(目标行为)在先,高概 率行为在后。
(3)拥有性强化物
(2)、条件强化物
次级强化物的主要特点是:第一,不容易受某一短缺状 态的影响。即个体对强化物的需要程度较为一致,不为训练 环境所左右;第二,由于次级强化物的强化价值由原级强化 物的强化价值累积而成(如钱可以买吃的,也可以买玩的和 用的),因此其吸引力比单独的原级强化物大得多。
b. 社会性强化物(也称为高级强化物)是指人际交往 中表现出来的关怀或赞美的动作、语言及表情,诸如微笑、 感谢、拥抱、拍肩膀等。
(2)事件清单:就是以图文并茂的形式,分类列出各类物 品,活动及事件,让当事人选择,以了解其喜好。这对于口语 表达能力 差的当事人或年幼的儿童,尤其适用。
四、强化的程式及其特点
❖ (一)定比例强化(FR程式) ❖ (二)变比例强化(VR程式) ❖ (三)定时距强化(FI程式) ❖ (四)变时距强化(VI程式)
第四章:强化
第一节:强化与强化物的含义及类型 第二节:正强化及其使用 第三节:负强化及其使用
第一节:强化与强化物的含义及类型
一、强化与强化物的含义 二、强化的类型 三、强化物的类型与选择 四、强化的程式及其特点
一、强化与强化物的含义
所谓的强化(reinforcement),是 指有机体做出某一反应的结果提高了 该行为以后发生概率的过程。
2、根据强化物的内容
(1)消费性强化物 (2)活动性强化物 (3)拥有性强化物 (4)社会性强化物
(1)消费性强化物
消费性强化:就是指糖果、饼干、水果、饮料等一 次性消费物品。它们往往属于无条件强化物,其强化价 值是不需要学习就有的。
(2)活动强化物
活动强化物:就是指人们、出外郊游、 参加娱乐活动、获得自由空间等。
(二)变比例强化(VR)
❖ 是指每次强化所要求的反应数目不是固定不变 的,而是不可预测地变化着。如:学生课堂上 的举手发言、赌博。
❖ 优势: ❖ 1. 在反应被强化之后,没有停顿。 ❖ 2. 每次强化所要求的反应数目比FR程式中变化
的范围大,因此更不容易出现反应减退。
(三)定时距强化(FI)
❖ 是指目标行为在上一次被强化后,经过某一 固定时间间隔后再一次进行强化。也就是在 某一固定时间间隔内,只要目标行为发生了, 就获得强化。
(2)相同点:它们两者的最终目的都在于提高 了行为反应在今后再次发生的可能性
(二)连续强化与间歇强化
1、连续强化与间歇强化的含义
连续强化(continuous reinforcement):就
是指当所需要的目标行为一旦发生,就给予强化的方 法。也就是说,只要行为发生,就能获得强化。
间歇强化(intermittent reinforcement):就
❖ 缺点:每一次得到强化后,会有一段时间 “停顿”。停顿时间的长短,与FR的大小成 正比。
❖ 使用FR程式应注意的问题:
❖ 1. 目标行为不能是连续行为
❖ 2. 要求的反应数目只能逐渐增加,不能增加 太快。
如:FR5——FR10——FR20——FR50
❖ 3. 最终所要求的反应数目不能过多,否则会 导致反应中断。
相关文档
最新文档