论文标题和摘要的汉译英
法学论文标题和摘要的英译
法学论文标题和摘要的英译甄明摘要：通过分析大量实例，阐述法学学术期刊中论文标题和摘要英译的基本原则，归纳不同标题、摘要的类型及其翻译技巧。
关键词：法学论文标题摘要英译How to Translate Chinese Jurisprudential Articles’Titles and Abstracts into EnglishAbstract: With a great number of concrete instances, the principles and skills of how to translate Chinese jurisprudential articles’titles and abstracts into English, along with the different types in Chinese jurisprudential academic periodicals are concluded.Key words: jurisprudential articles; titles; abstracts; English translation21世纪是信息爆炸的时代，国际交流日益频繁。
为了促进国内外法学文化、信息与成果的交流，一方面我们需要大量吸收和学习外国先进的法学文化和成果，另一方面也需要把新的研究成果介绍出去。
因此，必须把国内法学学术期刊中论文的标题和摘要用英文译出，以供国外读者参考，促进学术交流。
笔者通过研究国内法学类核心期刊的英译标题及摘要，根据它们的特点和种类，总结出了下列供参考的翻译原则和技巧。
一、标题的英译人们常把标题（Title）比作论文的眼睛。
“眼睛是心灵的窗户”。
法学论文的标题是论文主题和内容的缩影，它具有简明扼要、严密、用词质朴、立意新颖、突出文章主题等特点。
因此，英译时必须忠实原文，言简意赅、豁然醒目。
（一）常见法学论文标题的类型汉语法学论文中常见的标题有：词组型标题、动宾型标题、动宾偏正结构标题、陈述句标题、问句标题及带有副标题或破折号的标题等几类。
论文摘要的英文翻译
论文摘要的英文翻译With the rapid development of china's economic and improvement of people's material living standards,ethics problem is getting attention.Construction of Accountants ' professionalethics is an important part of economic management and accounting, it isfundamental to guarantee the quality of accounting information.As importantparticipants in economic and accounting information provided by accountants,their level of professional ethics, not only affects the quality of theaccounting information, but also the implementation of China's financial lawsystem, economic order maintenance and the development of our economy,therefore, strengthen the construction of Accountants ' professional ethics, itis imperative to improve the quality of accounting information.Based on theanalysis of false accounting information and accounting professional ethics inour country on the basis of the reasons for the decline, proposes to strengthenaccounting professional ethics construction, measures to improve thequality ofaccounting informatioModern and contemporary literature is an important part of the development history of Chinese literature. What it pursuesis to express objective facts in real language. It is thisauthenticity of modern and contemporary literature that makes it have an impact that can not be ignored on the structure of works in the whole literary circle.Feminist translation theory, as a major school oftranslation theory, pays attention to gender differences in translation and changes the traditional male dominated gender subject consciousness in literary translation. Feminist translation theory takes women as the metaphor of translation, advocates re examining social culture from a female perspective in translation, and pays attention to highlighting female subject identity and female consciousness in translation works.Moreover, feminist translation theory also gives us a lot of enlightenment. For example, in the process of translation, we should grasp the real value of women, link the text with the corresponding social, historical and cultural and related texts, and pay attention to the internal relationship between the translator and the author, works and readers in literary translation, so as to make their works more image Accurate and vivid, more highly reflect its literary level and value.。
论文英文摘要翻译浅析(优秀3篇)
论文英文摘要翻译浅析（优秀3篇）范文为教学中作为模范的文章，也常常用来指写作的模板。
常常用于文秘写作的参考，也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。
那么我们该如何写一篇较为完美的范文呢？下面是小编为大伙儿带来的3篇《论文英文摘要翻译浅析》，可以帮助到您，就是小编最大的乐趣哦。
摘要的英语说法篇一summary摘要的英语例句：篇二1、 First, we have this roundup of the days news.首先来看今天的新闻摘要。
2、 The material below is a distillation of his work.下面的材料是他工作的摘要。
3、 Viewers saw him anchoring a five-minute summary of regional news.观众看见他主持一个5分钟的地方新闻摘要节目。
4、The organization publishes a regular digest of environmental statistics.该组织定期出版一份环境统计数据摘要。
5、 Well be back after the break with a round-up oftodays other stories.休息之后我们会摘要报道今天其他的新闻。
6、 Later we received resumes of what she had said.后来我们收到她讲话的摘要。
7、Objective Inquiry into the heavy asphy_iation rescues measure of the new born.摘要目的探讨新生儿重度窒息抢救的措施。
8、 He has abstracted the speech.他对讲话作了摘要。
9、 He made an abstract of a long article.他对一篇长文章做了摘要。
毕业论文摘要英文翻译
毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。
论文的英文翻译
论文的英文翻译Translation of the paper:Title: [Title of the paper]Abstract:The abstract provides a summary of the paper's main points, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions.1. Introduction:This section introduces the research topic, provides background information, and clearly states the research objectives. It also includes a brief literature review to highlight the relevance of the study and identify any research gaps.2. Methodology:The methodology section explains the research design, data collection methods, and analytical techniques used. It also discusses any limitations or assumptions made during the research process.3. Results:This section presents the findings of the study, including any quantitative or qualitative data collected. The results are organized in a logical and clear manner, with appropriate tables, figures, or graphs to support the findings.4. Discussion:The discussion section interprets the results, compares them toprevious research, and provides explanations for any unexpected findings. It also explores the implications and applications of the research, highlighting its contribution to the field.5. Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the study, restates the research objectives, and offers final thoughts on the topic. It may also suggest areas for future research or provide recommendations for practitioners.6. References:This section lists all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, etc.). The references should be organized alphabetically and provide all the necessary details for readers to locate the source.Appendix:If necessary, an appendix section can be included to provide additional information that supports the main text but is not essential to the understanding of the paper. This may include raw data, lengthy tables, questionnaires, or supplementary material.。
论文摘要翻译(detailed)
3）×××的实验研究 An Experimental Study on / Experimental Investigation for … 4）×××的最新/初步研究 New Researches on / A preliminary Study of … 5）×××的研制及其应用 The Research and Application of the … 6）×××的新进展 Recent Advances in / Recent Progress in … 7）×××的简化计算方法 A Simplified Method of Calculation of …
3）题目中所用的第一个词，必须考虑到有助于 编制题录、索引和关键词。 4）题目一般不必用完整的句子，大多数应该用 名词短语力求简、明、短。 2、英文写、译的常用结构 为了使科技论文题目的英译工作做得更符合习惯 表达法，现列出最常见的几种固定表达格式，以 供参考。 1）×××的研究 A Study on / Studies on / The Study of / A Study of the … 2）×××的理论和实践研究 A Theoretical and Experimental Study on …
[例1] 下面是《高血压杂志》（Chinese Journal of Hypertension）在1996年第四卷第二期刊登的 “饮茶与血压关系的流行病学调查”一文的结构 式摘要。 An Epidemiological Survey on Relationship Between Drinking Tea and Blood Pressure Shen Hongbing, Niu Juying, Yao Cailiang, et al Department of Epidemiology Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing ABSTRACT Aim Analyze the relationship between drinking tea and blood pressure.
论文英语摘要翻译
论文英语摘要翻译论文英语摘要翻译论文摘要要翻译成英语，怎么翻译比较好?一起来看看如何用英语翻译论文摘要吧。
论文摘要翻译的步骤步骤一：题名翻译论文标题(title)是论文的总纲，是能反应论文最重要的特定内容的最恰当、最简明的词语的逻辑组合。
1. 题名常见句型一般用名词性短语(词组式)，不能用不定式或完整句式。
基本句型为：Research of ...(对于XXX的研究);Study on...(基于XXX的研究);Design of...(关于XXX的设计);Research and Application of...(XXX的研究与运用)2. 基本要求为准确论文标题的英译必须准确到位，避免漏译;简洁：没有实际内容的汉语字词可不必译出(如：关于乔治斯坦纳阐释学四步骤的研究，可不将“关于”翻译出来，直接翻译成“Research of/ Study on...”即可。
);清楚标题翻译中一般不用缩略词或化学公式，但可用共知的一些常用缩写，如：DNA/MTI/CAT等，以便读者了解，并不使二次检索时产生歧义。
格式：标题中所有实词的首字母大写，虚词等小写，五个字以上的虚词的首字母(如before, between等)大写。
步骤二：摘要主题翻译1. 摘要： Abstract(第一行居中)2. 语言结构：语态：一般为被动语态(The research is consisted with five parts...“本论文包括五个部分”。
);时态：一般来说，目的用将来时(The purpose of the research is to...)方法和结果用过去时(The research method was.../It was showed that...)结论用一般现在时(The research shows that...)。
步骤三：关键词Key words(“Key”的首字母大写，其余全部小写)。
英译关键词时，词与词之间的标点也由“;”改成“,”。
论文英文摘要翻译
论文英文摘要翻译AbstractThe rapid development of technology has greatly affected various industries, including the education sector. E-learning, as a form of remote education, has gained popularity in recent years. This paper aims to investigate the impact of e-learning on students' learning outcomes and motivation.To achieve this objective, a literature review was conducted to identify the relevant research on e-learning and its effects. The findings show that e-learning has positive effects on students' learning outcomes, such as increased knowledge acquisition and self-directed learning skills. E-learning provides a flexible learning environment, allowing students to access educational resources anytime and anywhere. This convenience enhances students' motivation and engagement in learning activities.However, the effectiveness of e-learning depends on various factors. The quality of the e-learning platform and instructional design plays a crucial role in engaging students and promoting effective learning. In addition, the role of teachers in facilitating e-learning is also important. Teachers' guidance and support are essential in helping students navigate the online learning platform and clarify any doubts.Moreover, the digital divide is a significant challenge in implementing e-learning. Not all students have access to reliable internet connection and necessary technological devices. Therefore, it is crucial to bridge the digital divide to ensure equalopportunities in e-learning.Furthermore, challenges such as limited social interaction and a lack of personalized feedback in e-learning need to be addressed. Efforts should be made to incorporate interactive features and provide timely feedback to promote effective learning and address students' individual needs.In conclusion, e-learning has the potential to positively impact students' learning outcomes and motivation. However, it is crucial to address challenges related to technological infrastructure, instructional design, and teacher support to maximize the benefits of e-learning. Future research should focus on exploring effective strategies for integrating e-learning into traditional educational settings to create a blended learning approach.Keywords: e-learning, learning outcomes, motivation, instructional design, teacher support。
论文标题汉译英翻译三原则
课程教育研究 外语外文 ·20· follow her footstep and being deserted by her husband, we can conclude that Amanda’s miserable sufferings and tragic fate is doomed as long as she lives in the patriarchal society. And to make things even more pathetically, women in this play, including Laura, they didn’t realize the bondage and limitation the patriarchal society imposed on them. Williams’ reveal of the tragic fate of Amanda attract our attention to study feminism and advocate to build a equal society. Reference： [1]Beauvoir,Simone de. The Second Sex. Trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier.Random House: Alfred A. Knopf,1949. [2]Bloom, Harold. Tennessee Williams. New York: Chelsea House Publishers,1987. [3]Showalter, Elaine.1995. The New Feminist Criticism[M]. New York: Pantheon Books. [4]Williams, Tennessee.1987. The Glass Menagerie[M]. New York: Penguin Group. [5]柏 棣.2007.西方女性主义文学理论[M].桂林：广西师范大学出版社。
毕业论文摘要翻译
毕业论文摘要翻译The abstract is a concise summary of the main points and findings of a research paper or thesis. It should provide a clear and informative overview of the study and its contribution to the field. The following is a translation of a theoretical dissertation abstract into approximately 700 words:Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment: A Comparative AnalysisAbstract:As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to advance, concerns arise regarding its potential impact on employment. This dissertation aims to systematically examine and compare the effects of AI on employment in different industries and countries, providing insights into potential job displacement and transformation. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and analysis of statistical data, the study explores the relationship between AI adoption and employment dynamics. Additionally, it investigates the factors influencing the extent to which AI alters the labor market.The research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative component involves an extensive literature review, encompassing academic papers, reports, and policy documents related to AI and employment. Key themes regarding the impact of AI on various industries are identified and synthesized. Subsequently, a quantitative analysis is conducted to examine employment trends before and after the introduction of AI technologies. This analysisutilizes data from national labor force surveys and industry-specific databases, ensuring sufficient coverage across different sectors and countries.The study finds that the impact of AI on employment varies significantly across industries, with some experiencing significant job displacement while others undergo transformation and creation. The manufacturing and transportation sectors are particularly susceptible to job loss due to automation, as repetitive tasks are easily replaced by AI-enabled machines. Conversely, certain industries, such as healthcare and professional services, experience enhanced productivity and job creation through AI adoption.While the impact of AI on employment is largely sector-specific, the study also reveals differences across countries. Developed economies, characterized by advanced technologies and higher AI adoption rates, face higher employment volatility when compared to developing economies. This discrepancy is attributed to variations in labor market structure, regulations, and investment in AI education and training. Furthermore, the study finds that AI adoption is influenced by organizational factors, including firm size, industry competition, and management attitudes towards technological innovation.The dissertation also examines the implications of AI on the workforce, discussing potential policy responses to mitigate negative consequences and harness opportunities presented by AI technology. It emphasizes the importance of promoting lifelong learning and reskilling programs to ensure workers can adapt to changing job requirements and remain employable. Policiesfacilitating the transition to AI-enabled work environments, such as supporting entrepreneurship and fostering collaboration between academia and industry, are also recommended.The findings of this research contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the impact of AI on employment. By comparing and contrasting different countries and industries, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted nature of AI-induced labor market changes. Furthermore, it offers practical insights for policymakers, industry leaders, and workers to navigate the evolving employment landscape in the age of AI.In conclusion, this dissertation examines the impact of AI on employment through a comparative analysis across industries and countries. The study reveals that while some industries face job displacement, others experience transformation and creation due to AI adoption. The research underscores the importance of policies and strategies to mitigate negative consequences and promote the development of AI-enabled work environments. Overall, this dissertation provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between AI and employment dynamics, shedding light on a highly debated topic in today's rapidly evolving technological landscape.。
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论文标题与摘要的汉译英2010201413 江珊心理系背景与目的： (2)论文标题 (2)论文标题的重要性： (2)英语论文标题需注意： (2)1）. 少用缩略语、代号等 (2)2）. 结构问题 (2)3）. 冠词使用问题 (3)4）. 大小写问题 (3)汉英论文标题的差异 (3)1）. 谦词使用的差异 (3)2）. 句法上的差异 (4)3）. 英语标题中介词的使用及翻译。
(5)4). 根据内容作释义处理 (6)论文摘要 (6)摘要的重要性 (6)英文摘要需注意 (7)(1)英文摘要的时态。
(7)(2)英文摘要的语态。
(7)(3)英文摘要的人称。
(7)(4)不宜使用口语体。
(7)汉英摘要的差异 (8)1）. 时态的转变 (8)2）. 摘要翻译中小词的翻译 (9)“的”的翻译 (9)“问题”的翻译 (10)3）.英文摘要的简缩性 (11)小结 (11)背景与目的：论文写作是大学生的必修课。
为了写出一篇好论文，大学生通常要查阅很多的资料，这其中包括了不少英语论文；同时，一些比较好的论文，也会被作者翻译成英文，争取发表在在国际上比较有影响力的杂志上。
作为一名大学生，我深深感到掌握论文英汉互译技巧的重要性。
本文主要聚焦于探究论文标题与摘要汉译英所要注意的问题，如英语论文标题和摘要的特点、注意事项、英汉差异等，希望对以后论文写作有所帮助，在标题和摘要处先给读者一个好印象。
论文标题论文标题的重要性：标题是文章的眉目。
各类文章的标题，样式繁多，但无论是何种形式，总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。
它既要体现文章内容，又要吸引读者。
由于空间的限制，它具有简明扼要、突出文章主题等特点，因此标题文字通常精炼、准确、醒目。
英语论文标题需注意：1）. 少用缩略语、代号等题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。
2）. 结构问题英文题名的结构。
英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,要注意采用正确的单词顺序,形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻。
3）. 冠词使用问题英文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
英文题名开头第一个字不得用The, And, An和A。
4）. 大小写问题英文题名中的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写。
总之,题名的用词十分重要,它直接关系到读者对文章的取舍态度,务必字字斟酌。
汉英论文标题的差异1）. 谦词使用的差异汉英论文标题功能相同，但还是存在着诸多差异，其中的突出表现就是由语用体系不同引起的表达方式上的差异，即是中国人习惯使用谦辞，而英文没这样的习惯。
例如，即使是权威性很强的文章，汉语标题也习惯使用“初探”“浅谈”“粗谈”“也论”等表示自谦的字眼，这在汉语中十分简练自然，也符合读者阅读期望。
但英语论文标题则没有此类的习惯用语，一旦把这些字眼译成英文，不仅与英语论文标题新信息突出、结构清晰简洁的模式相悖，还容易引起读者对文章质量的误解。
因而，英汉互译时必须要进行适当调整。
【例】试论当前高校学生的政治思想工作。
译文On Political-ideological Work for College Students此例中，无需逐词翻译为“ A Tentative Discussion on Problems of Political-i ideologicalWork for College Students ”。
逐词翻译尽管没有语法错误，却违背了此类英语文本简明扼要、突出主题的特点，同时，英语读者也不会把“A Tentative Discussion”当作套话、客气话来理解，甚至可能会对该文章的权威性产生怀疑，使译文很难实现其预期目的。
2）. 句法上的差异在句法上，英汉标题的差异主要体现为：汉语中常用名词短语、动词短语结构和字数相同的并列结构；英语中则常用名词、动名词、介词、不定式短语结构。
如下列口号式论文标题的翻译：【例】中国宪政社会基础的构建译文How to Establish Social Basis for Constitutionalism in China此例把“的构建”译成了不定式“How to Establish”。
【例】迈开科研第一步译文How to Make the First Step in Scientific Research此例把“迈开……第一步”译成了“How to Make the First Step”。
【例】加强法制建设保证“十五”计划实施译文Enhancing the Building of Legal System to Implement the Tenth Five-Year Plan 此例用“enhancing ……to implement ”来突出本是并列结构的原文中隐含着的目的关系。
由以上三例可以看出把口号式的论文标题译为“how to”引导的不定式短语，这样更符合英语的语法习惯。
【例】携手开创未来推动合作共赢Working Together toward a Common Future through Win-win Cooperation此例是国家主席胡锦涛在八国集团与中国、印度、巴西、南非、墨西哥五国领导人对话会上讲话的标题。
原文字数整齐的并列式结构是汉语中常见的汉语标题表达方式，但在英语语境中这种结构并不多见。
因而，该译文用“win-win”来修饰“cooperation”，在“future”前面加上“common”体现这是几个国家应该一同关注的问题。
并用“toward”“through”两个介词把“携手”和“未来”以及“未来”和“合作共赢”联系起来。
这种适当的调整，使译文的条理更清晰，表达更规范。
3）. 英语标题中介词的使用及翻译。
英语标题往往以名词开头，而紧跟其后的一般为介词。
在翻译中，我们应按照英文词语的股东搭配来处理介词使用问题，不可随意乱用。
下面列举出来的是一些比较常用的英语标题搭配。
【例】……的进展advance in……的建议proposal for……的规定regulations for……的方法method for……的应用application of……的研究study of / on research of/ on……的资料/信息information on介词使用的例子还有很多，此处不再一一列举。
只是提醒一下，希望读者在标题翻译时一定要注意介词的搭配。
4). 根据内容作释义处理尽管上文一再强调论文标题翻译的简洁准确，但有些标题的翻译需要根据文章内容进行释义处理，才不会引起误解或引起疑惑。
【例】论考风建设译文1 On Construction of Examination Style原文中，“考风建设“一词带有模糊性，既可以针对学生，又可以针对监考教师和考试管理人员，也可以两者兼而有之，指建立诚信的考试风气。
而译文 1 只考虑简洁却不考虑明晰，这样的简单翻译很让读者迷惑。
推荐译文：On Strengthening Education in Exam HonestyOn Strengthening Honest Practices in Examinations若内容与加强对学生引导比较相关，则此两例比较适用。
On Improvement of Examination AdministrationOn Strengthening Exam Disciplines若文章内容侧重于考场纪律，如人员安排、监考机制等，此两例适用。
可见论文标题的翻译首先还是要从读者理解的角度考虑，若不便于读者理解其意，则纵然多简便也是枉然，达不到给读者留下好印象的效果。
论文摘要摘要的重要性摘要是论文主体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点,简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概括和总结。
它包含介绍性内容和描述性信息，能让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足,并为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。
英文摘要需注意原则上,中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要（高度概括、简明扼要等），但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
(1)英文摘要的时态。
英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
(2)英文摘要的语态。
一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混合使用语态,更不要在一个句子里混用。
现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多,因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。
(3)英文摘要的人称。
原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper...等开头,现在倾向于用原形动词开头,如: To describe..., To investigate..., To study...等,行文时最好不用第一人称, 以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。
(4)不宜使用口语体。
论文摘要属于正规的书面文体，所以不宜用口语体，尤其小心不要使用口语体的缩略形式。
这问题虽小，却是英语摘要翻译中的大忌。
如把“It has shown that”缩写成“It’s shownthat”; 把“this machine cannot”写成“this machine can’t ”等等。
汉英摘要的差异1）. 时态的转变在时态上，汉语没有时态的变化，时间的先后习惯用词汇手段表示。
例如“讨论了……的问题”“报告了……的现状”“对……进行了调查”等等。
但正如上文所述，英文摘要常用一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时这几种时态。
其中一般现在时是使用最广泛的时态，主要用于介绍、报道、综述文章的内容和背景材料以及作者的结论。
一般过去时主要用于研究项目已结束，研究过程中所做的一切都可以成为过去。
现在完成时用来说明项目的发展背景，表示在另一现在时动作之前就完成的动作。
【例】介绍了…………was introduced分析了…………was analyzed提出了…………was presented/ put forward论证了…………was proved/ verified这类介绍本文主要内容的句子通常使用一般过去时。
（你也许也能从上面例子注意到，被动形式在英文摘要中经常被使用，因为它有利于突出有关的概念、问题、事实、结构等内容，使语言更简明、客观，要点更突出。
但上述例子用主动形态也是可以的）。
但描述结论、事实、真理等用一般现在时更恰当。
【例】研究表明驾驶室顶棚上的吸声材料对驾驶员耳旁噪音的灵敏度最大译文The research showed that the sound-absorbing materials on the roof of the cab have the largest sensitivity to the interior noise at the drives’ ear position.此译文中，主句用一般现在时，描述的从句用一般现在时。