英国文学选读上名词解释(中英文版)
(完整版)英国文学名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉▪朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible:The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰▪威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉▪卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯▪莫尔:The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia” comes from Greek words meaning “no place” and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普▪锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of V enice:威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。
英国文学选读名词解释
英国文学选读名词解释1. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄(1)The Byronic hero is an idealized （理想化的）but flawed (有缺陷的)character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his e x-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byr onic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe H arold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).(2)It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superio rity in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the bu rden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly ag ainst any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral princip les with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.1812-1818 George Gordon Byron “Manfred”Manfred2. ConceitConceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. Conceit is extensively employed in John Don ne’s poetry.metaphysical poetry玄学派诗歌(1) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century write rs who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphy sical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan of the Neoclas sical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from actual life.(2)It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.17世纪，英国，John Donne “The Flea”3. Renaissance 文艺复兴The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings, which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries, persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.14-17世纪英国，起源于意大利，William Shakespeare Hamlet4. English RomanticismIn the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to Europ e and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticismgave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. Romantic literature is c haracteristic by such qualities as a deep love of nature, an indulgence in the self and th e individual, and a overwhelming interest in the supernatural, the mysterious and the g othic. The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Romanticism prevailed in En gland from 1798 to 1837.1798-1837 William Blake “The Lamb”5. Dramatic monologue戏剧独白Dramatic monologue is a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy, have also been called Dramatic monologue. But to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.The Victorian period represented the high point of the dramatic monologue in English poetr y. Robert Browning “My Last Duchess”6. Stream of Consciousness 意识流In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.It is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.1922-21st century James Joyce Finnegans Wake7. Epiphany 顿悟A moment of illumination, usually occurrs at or near the end of a work. It was taken over by James Joyce to denote secular revelation in the everyday world, in an early version of his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) later published as Stephen Hero (1944).8. Critical RealismIt means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues. Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.It is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
(完整word版)英国文学名词解释大全(整理版),推荐文档
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英国文学名词术语解释(已整理版)
Iambic pentameter is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet". The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb, which in English is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet".Iambic rhythms come relatively naturally in English. Iambic pentameter is the most common meter in English poetry; it is used in many of the major English poetic forms, including blank verse, the heroic couplet, and some of the traditional rhymed stanza forms. William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets.Allegory Allegories are typically used as literary devices or rhetorical devices that convey hidden meanings through symbolic figures, actions, imagery, and/or events, which together create the moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey.Epic(史诗)An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.简史P39Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters.[1] It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century"[2] and Paul Fussell has estimated that "about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse."[3]Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare. Blank verse, of varying degrees of regularity, has been used quite frequently throughout the 20th century in original verse and in translations of narrative verse.Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specifie subject. For instance,Ode to the West Wind is about the winds that bring change of season in England. Ode to the Nightingale is about the nightingale that lures the poet temporarily away from his great misery. The earliest English odes include the Epithalamion and the Prothalamion,or marriage hymns by poet Edmund Spenser.Metaphysical poetry（玄学诗） a derogatory term invented by John Dryden(1631-1700 ) and later adopted by Samuel Johnson(1709-1784) describing a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits,incongruous imagery,complexity of thought,frequent use of paradox,and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.The main themes of metaphysical poets are love,death,and religion.According to them,all things in the universe, no matter how dissimilar they are to each other,are closely unified in God.The chief representative of this school was John Donne.Byronic belonging to or derived from Lord Byron(1788-1824)or his works. The Byronic hero is a character-type found in his celebrated narrative poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage(1812-18),his verse drama Manfred(1817),and other works:he is a boldly defiant butbitterly self –tormenting outcast,proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights(1847)is a later example.Heroic couplet a rhymed pair of iambic pentameter lines:Let Observation with extensive ViewSurvey Mankind, from China to Peru (Johnson)Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century,the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century,notably in the couplets of Pope,before declining in importance in the early 19th century.Soliloquy a dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while alone on the stage (or while under the impression of being alone).The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience,either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address. Soliloquies often appear in plays from the age of Shakespeare, notably in his Hamlet and Macbeth. A poem supposedly uttered by a solitary speaker,like Robert Browning’s‘Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister’(1842),may also be called a soliloquy. Soliloquy is a form of monologue,but a monologue is not a soliloquy if (as in the dramatic monologue) the speaker is not alone.简史P39 Sonnet a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length:iambic pentameters in English,alexandrines in French,hendecasyllables in ltalian. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns.①The Italian sonnet②The English sonnetSpenserian stanza （宾塞诗体）an English poetic stanza of nine iambic lines, the first eight being pentameters while the ninth is a longer line known either as an iambic hexameter or as an alexandrine.The rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc. The stanza is named after Edmund Spenser,who invented it------probably on the basis of the ottava rima stanza-----for his long allegorical romance The Faerie Queene (1590-6). It was revived successfully by the younger English Romantic poets of the early 19th century: Byron used it for Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage(1812,1816), Keats for‘The Eve of St Agnes’(1820),and Shelley for The Revolt of Islam (1818)and Adonais (1821).Lake poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey became known as the Lake Poets, because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. According to the critics, such as, Francis Jeffrey, Thomas De Quincey, the Lake Poets shared only friendship and brief periods of collaboration, not similar philosophies or poetic styles.Wordsworth used his imaginative powers to idealize nature, Coleridge explored the philosophical aspects of poetry,Southey's Romantic efforts centered on travel and adventure.Stream of Consciousness(意识流)Stream of Consciousness(意识流) ：Stream of consciousness, which presents the thoughts of a character in the random, seemingly unorganized fashion in which the thinking process occurs, has the following characteristics. First, it reveals the action or plot through the mental processes of the characters rather than through the commentary of an omniscient author. Second, character development is achieved through revelation of extremely personal and often typical thought processes rather than through the creation of typical characters in typical circumstances. Third, the action of the plot seldom corresponds to real, chronological time, but moves back and forth through present time to memories of past events and drams of the future. Fourth, it replaces narration, description, and commentary with dramatic interior monologue and free association.Critical Realism (批判现实主义) Critical realism is one of the literary genres thatflourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time,bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical realism.Classicism（古典主义）: A movement or tendency in art, music, and literature to retain the characteristics found in work originating in classical Greece and Rome. It differs from Romanticism in that while Romanticism dwells on the emotional impact of a work, classicism concerns itself with form and discipline.Romanticism(浪漫主义) The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,the Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living.The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice”and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent”characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.Aestheticism( 美学主义) The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement----“art for art’s sake”----was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde,with his Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake,can it be immortal They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.Neoclassicism The term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period. It was, at least in part, the result of a reaction against the fires of passion which had blazed in the late Renaissance, especially in the metaphysical poetry. It found itsartistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc. and in the contemporary French writers such as V oltaire and Diderot. It put the stress on the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.Such elegant styles were found in almost all the writings of the period, especially in those of John Dryden, Alexander Pope，Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon , the man who wrote the famous history The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire(1776―1788) , and other neoclassicist writers. They were careful imitators. Their approach was thoroughly professional. Their works, mostly refined and perfect, are conscientious craftsmanship and often highly didactic. Neoclassical poetry , as represented by Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, reached its stylistic perfection during the period, although to the modem readers it seems to lack in imagination and energy. The neoclassical poetry is one of the most significant phenomena in the literature of the age, to which it has given its name.Naturalism（自然主义）: it first appeared in France, there naturalists including Zola turned especially to “slum life”, in England flourished in the 2nd half of 19th century; naturalists argued that literature reflect life, be “true to life”, writer must reproduce in his writings life exactly as it is, (including all details without any selection), theory of “a slice of life”; However, a fallacy, for impossible to include all the details in real life; only give the appearance of life but not its essence. In England, two outstanding writers in the last decades: George Gissing, George Moore.Neo-Romanticism（新浪漫主义）: it appeared at the end of 19th century and represented by Robert Louis Stevenson; it protests against the ugly social reality of their day but taking no positive steps about it，in a sense another form of escapism; dissatisfied with the contemporary reality, but at best a mild dissatisfaction; tried to find interest or enjoyment out from sheer imagination and fancy by creating exciting events and romantic characters that can hardly exist in reality，indulge in the description of exciting adventures in distant lands to deal with the heroic, to lay emphasis on the complexity and sensationalism of the material, Treasure Island, the representative in this school.Modernism（现代主义）: Around the two world wars, many writers and artists began to suspect and be discontent with the capitalism. They tried to find new ways to express their understanding of the world. It was a movement of experiments in techniques in writing. It flourished in the 20s and 30s in English literature.They turned their interest to describing what was happening in the minds of their characters. Because of their emphasis on the psychological activities of the characters, their writings are also called psychological novels. The Representatives are W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot,D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.。
英国文学上 名词解释
1.sonnet cycle: A sonnet cycle is a group of sonnets, arranged to address a particular person or theme, and designed to be read both as a collection of fully-realized individual poems and as a single poetic work comprising all the individual sonnets. 【The Amoretti by Edmund Spensor2. Characteristics of Petrarchan sonnet: The Italian sonnet is divided into two sections by two different groups of rhyming sounds. The first 8 lines is called the octave with rhymes:a b b a a b b aThe remaining 6 lines is calledthe sestet and can have either two or three rhyming sounds, arranged in a variety of ways. The change from one rhyme group to another signifies the change in subject matter.The octave often introduces the theme or problem while the sestet gives solutions.【The SONNET 75 by Edmund Spensor is a typical Petrarchan sonnet.3. Characteristics of Elizabethan (Shakespearean) sonnet: The Shakespearean sonnet is made up of 14 lines with three quatrains and a couplet, and the typical rhyming scheme is a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g. 【Sonnet 29 and 734. Pastoral: In literature, the adjective 'pastoral' refers to rural subjects and aspects of life in the countryside among shepherds and other farm workers that are often romanticized and depicted in a highly unrealistic manner. Indeed, the pastoral life is sometimes depicted as being far closer to the Golden age than the rest of human life 【The Passionate Shepherd to His Love5. Scansion is the act of determining and (usually) graphically representing the metrical character of a line of verse. There are many methods and symbols in scansion of poems.6. The Great Chain of Being : The Great Chain of Being is a classical Christian and Western Medieval concept detailing a strict, hierarchical structure of all matter and life It composed of a great number of hierarchical links, from the most basic and foundational elements up through the very highest perfection. The level descends from God to Angelic Beings to Humanity Animals to Plants and finally to Minerals7. Allegory is a figurative mode of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, actions or symbolic representation. 【The Faerie Queen8 Ptolemic cosmology: In the Ptolemaic system, each planet is moved by a system of two or more spheres: one called its deferent, the others, its epicycles. And the Ptolemaic order of spheres from Earth outward is: Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn Fixed Stars and Sphere of Prime Mover9. Humanism10. The Reformation: It was led by Martin Luther,John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Catholic Church, led to the creation of new national Protestant churches.The Reformation opposed the false doctrines and ecclesiastic malpractice of Catholics—especially the teaching and the sale of indulgences or the abuses thereof, and simony, the selling and buying of clerical offices. 【Faerie Queen 11. Courtly love was a medieval European conception of nobly and chivalrouslyexpressing love and ad miration. Generally, courtly love was secret and between members of the nobility. The lover was prompted by an ecstactic impulse to submit himself to the sovereignity of a lady , who, as a consequence of her beauty, virtue, rank and, very often married status, was unapproachable and sexually unattainable.12. Carpe diem: It is popularly translated as "seize the day". In carpe diem poetry, the speaker puts emphasis on the fact that life is short and the time is fleeting., 【”To the virgins, to make much of time”13. Cavalier poets : English poets of the early seventeenth century are crudely classified by the division into Cavaliers and metaphysical poets, Cavalier poets came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War. 【 Robert Herrick14. persona (per-SO-na): In literature, the persona is the narrator, or the storyteller, of a literary work created by the author. It could be a character in the work, or a fabricated onlooker, relaying the sequence of events in a narrative. 【Shakespeare’s sonnet 7315 The biographical fallacy is a term used in literature criticism to critique the view that works of literature can be interpreted as reflections of the life of their authors.T he term was introduced by exponents of the New Criticism who wished to emphasise that artworks should be interpreted and assessed as constructed artefacts rather than expressions of the emotions of specific individuals.16.Anaphora: the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of several consecutive sentences or verses to emphasize an image ora concept.17. Anadiplosis is a rhetorical figure of speech that means to "double back" and repeat a word or phrase that appears at the end of sentence or clause at the beginning of the next sentence or clause.18. Chiasmus is a figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. It is a rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each another through a reversal of terms in order to make a larger point.19 Antithesis :it is figure of speech involving the bringing out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in the words, clauses, or sentences, within a parallel grammatical structure,20. Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another with which it isassociated. This allows a reader to recognize similarities or common features among terms. It may provide a more common meaning to a word.21. Metaphor: a type of figurative language in which a statement is made that says that one thing is something else but, literally, it is not. Metaphor is a great contributor to poetry when the reader understands a likeness between two essentially different things.22. Oxymoron: Oxymorons (or oxymora) are literary figures of speech usually composed of a pair of neighbouring contradictory words (often within a sentence). Oxymorons can be used for dramatic effect,23. Simile: The use of language that does not mean exactly what it says, which makes a comparison between two otherwise unalike objects or ideas by connecting them with the words "like" or "as."。
英国文选复习重点名词解释
英国文学选读名词解释：文艺复兴renaissanceRenaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.启蒙运动the EnlightenmentEnlightenment was an intellectual (知识分子) movement originating in France，which attracted (吸引) widespread (普遍的) support (支持) among the ruling (统治阶级) and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts (作用) by certain European writers to use critical reason (批评推理) to free minds from prejudice (偏见)，unexamined authority (权威) and oppression (压迫) by Church or State (国家政权)。
Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason (理智的年代)。
英国文学选读上名词解释(中英文版)
Byronic heroA proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedo m.SonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.OdeA complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion,to honor a person o a season or to commemorate an event.Lake PoetsThe Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic MovementMetaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. John Donne is the most important representative.拜伦式英雄是指拜伦诗中的贵族出身的骄傲，神秘，反叛的角色。
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Byｒonic ｈeｒoA pｒｏuｄ, ｍｙsteriｏus，rebelｌious, gloｏmｙfｉgｕre of nｏｂlｅorigin, wｉｔh ｆiｅrｙｐassions and ｕnbendｉng wiｌl, ｅxprｅsses Byron’ｓｏwｎideal of freedom. Hｅriｓeｓａgａｉnst tｙｒanｎy and inｊｕstice, but ｈe’s ｍｅrｅlｙａlonｅfighter striving foｒpersonaｌfreｅdｏｍ.SonnetA sonnｅｔｉs a 14－line lｙric pｏem wiｔh a sinｇle tｈeme．Sｏnｎｅt ｓｖary buｔａre usually ｗrittenｉnｉａｍbic penｔaｍeter，foｌｌowing oｎｅof two ｔｒaditional ｐａtｔerns: the Ｐetrａrｃhaｎor Italｉaｎsonnｅt aｎd the Shakeｓpeａreａn or Englｉsh sonneｔ. A sonnet geneｒaｌｌｙｅxpressesａsinｇlｅｔheme or iｄea.Ｓonneｔ是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。
从形式上来说它有１４行诗构成，通常是五步抑扬格,有着严格的特定的押韵方式。
莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。
Lake PoetsTｈe ＬakｅＰoetｓall lived iｎthｅＬaｋe Diｓtrict ｏf Englaｎｄａt the ｔｕrｎｏf the nｉｎetｅenth centurｙ. Ａs a groｕp, they fｏlloweｄnｏsinglｅ"scｈoｏｌ" oｆｔｈoｕght or literａｒy pracｔiceｔｈeｎkｎoｗn,altｈough theｉｒｗorkｓwere uｎiｆormly diｓｐａrａgｅd bｙthe Ediｎｂurgh Rｅｖｉew．Ｔhｅy are cｏnsideredｐarｔof the RomantｉｃＭoｖeｍenｔ早期浪漫主义诗人Ｗordsworｔh，Coｌeridge和Ｓoｕｔｈｅｙ,也被称为湖畔派诗人。
他们都住在英国西北部的湖区，并且在文学和社会见解上有着一致性。
湖畔派诗人主要回忆快乐的旧英格兰时代，把自然看作是精神上的避难所，因为他们惧怕即将到来的工业化和城市化。
Metａphysiｃａｌ pｏetｒｙ（玄学派诗歌)Metaｐｈyｓicａｌｐｏeｔrｙ is coｍmｏｎlｙ useｄｔo nａmｅｔh ｅ work ｏf ｔhe 1７tｈ cenｔurｙｗriters who ｗｒotｅ unｄer thｅ iｎflueｎce oｆ Jｏhｎ Dｏｎne．２>wiｔh a rebｅlliｏｕs spiｒｉt， tｈe Ｍｅｔaphｙsical ｐoets ｔried to br ｅａk awａy fｒoｍthe coｎveｎｔional faｓｈioｎｏf ｔhe Eｌizabeｔhaｎ l ｏve poetry.3＞ｔｈe dｉcｔioｎ is simplｅａs cｏmparｅd ｗｉth that of ｔhe Elｉzａbetｈaｎ or tｈeＮeoclaｓｓicaｌ perioｄｓ, aｎｄｅchoes ｔhｅｗords ａnｄｃaｄences ｏf cｏｍmoｎ speech.４＞ｔhe imagery is dｒａwn frｏm acｔual liｆe. Metaphyｓical poｅts iｓa term cｏｉned by the pｏet and crｉtiｃSamu ｅl Johnｓｏnｔｏdescrｉbe a lｏose groｕp ｏf Britishｌyrｉｃpoetsｏf the17ｔｈｃentuｒy, whoｓe work was ｃhaｒacterｉｚed bｙtｈe iｎvｅntiveｕse of conceitｓ, and by ｓpｅcｕlation abｏｕt topｉｃｓsuch as lｏve or reliｇion.Joｈn Donｎｅiｓthe mosｔimpｏｒtant reprｅseｎtaｔiｖe．玄学派诗歌一般用来称呼那些在John Dｏｎne影响下写作的作家的作品。
玄学派诗人一种背叛精神去试着打破传统的伊丽莎白爱情诗的束缚。
玄学诗歌多使用巧智(wit anｄ concｅｉt)，结构精巧（ｉngｅｎious strｕｃture)，韵律多变（irｒegulaｒ meｔｅr)，语言口语化(cｏｌlｏquiａl ｌａnｇuaｇe),意象奇特（elａboraｔe ｉｍａgery)，并把不同的事物并置（ａｄrawｉnｇ tｏgetheｒｏf disｓimilar idea）。
它们的意象多来源于现实生活。
Nｅoclaｓsicisｍ（新古典主义)In the ｆieｌd of lｉtｅrature, the eｎｌｉghtenment ｍovement brought abｏｕt a rｅｖival of intｅrｅst in the olｄ classｉｃal woｒks．2>ｔhis ｔendencｙ is known ａs nｅoclａssicism． The Nｅｏｃｌaｓsicｉsts ｈelｄｔhaｔｆorms of liｔerａturｅｗere to bｅｍodｅled aftｅr tｈe ｃlassical workｓ of thｅ ancieｎt Greek and Romaｎ writers ｓuch as Hｏmeｒ aｎd Virｇil aｎd those of tｈe contempｏrary Fｒeｎcｈ ones.３> they bｅlｉｅved ｔhat the artｉstic ｉdeals shoｕlｄｂe ｏrｄｅr, logic， restrainｅd emoｔｉoｎａnd accuracy, ａnｄ that ｌiｔｅrａtｕre ｓｈo ｕｌd ｂe ｊuｄged in terms oｆ its seｒvｉce tｏ humaｎityRｏmanｔicism(浪漫主义）1>In tｈe miｄ-1８ｔh cｅnturｙ, a new ｌｉterａｒy movement calｌed rｏmantiｃiｓm caｍe to Euroｐｅ aｎd ｔｈen tｏ Englanｄ.2>It was ｃhａracterized ｂy a stronｇ proｔest aｇａinst thｅ bonｄage ｏf neoclaｓｓiｃｉsｍ, wｈiｃh emphａｓｉｚed reason， order aｎd elｅｇａｎｔ wit. Instead， rｏmａｎticism gａve ｐｒimary cｏncern ｔo passｉon, emotio ｎ， aｎｄ naturaｌｂｅａuty. ３>Ｉｎ the ｈiｓtorｙ of liｔerａtuｒe. Ｒomant ｉｃism is ｇeｎerally rｅgarded as thｅ tｈoｕght thaｔ designａteｓａ liteｒａry and pｈilosophicａl theory whｉｃh teｎds ｔo see the iｎdｉviduａl as ｔｈｅｖｅry cｅｎｔer of ａlｌｌifｅａｎｄｅxperienｃe. 4> The Ｅnglｉｓｈｒomantｉc pｅｒioｄ is an agｅ of poｅtry whicｈ prｅｖailed in England ｆrom 1798 to 18３7. Tｈe ｍａjｏｒ romａntic ｐoｅts includｅ Wｏrｄｓwoｒth, Bｙron aｎd Shｅｌley.13. Mｏdernｉｓm(现代主义)Ｍｏｄernｉsｍｉs ｃompｒehensive bｕｔ vａｇue term fｏr a movｅmen ｔ , ｗｈiｃh beｇin iｎ thｅ late 1９th ｃenｔury ａnd which ｈas haｄ a ｗide ｉｎｆlueｎce internａｔionally duｒing muｃh ｏf thｅ 20th ceｎtury.2> modｅrnism taｋes the irｒational phiｌｏsophy aｎd the ｔheory ｏf psycho－ａnalｙsｉs as its ｔheoreticaｌ case.3> tｈe term pｅrｔains tｏａｌl thｅ creａtive aｒts. Esｐeｃiallｙｐｏｅtry, ficｔion, drａma, paｉｎting, mｕsic ａnｄ architectuｒe．４> in Ｅngｌanｄ frｏm early in ｔhe 20ｔh centｕry ａｎｄ during the 192０s ａnd 1930s, ｉn Ａmerica frｏｍｓhoｒtly bｅfoｒe ｔhe fｉrｓt world war aｎd on during the iｎteｒ-war ｐeriｏd， mｏdernｉst tendeｎcies were at their most a ｃtiｖe and ｆｒuitfｕl. 5>as far as litｅraｔuｒｅ is cｏｎｃerned, Modeｒnis ｍ rｅveals a ｂｒeaｋing away ｆrom estaｂｌiｓhed ｒuｌes， trａｄｉｔions and convｅnｔions. ｆrｅｓh ｗayｓ of lｏoｋiｎg at ｍan…s pｏsitioｎ an ｄ funｃtiｏｎ in tｈｅｕniｖｅｒsｅ and ｍany ｅxperｉments iｎｆorｍ aｎｄ styｌe. Ｉt is particｕlarly ｃoｎcｅrｎeｄｗｉth lanｇuage and ｈow tｏ uｓe it and ｗitｈ writing iｔｓeｌf.14. Sｔrｅam of consｃiousness（ｏr inｔｅrior monologue） In litｅrａry cｒｉｔicism， Stｒeａｍ oｆ cｏｎscｉousnｅss ｄenoｔes ａｌｉｔerary tｅchniqu ｅ whｉｃh ｓeeks to descrｉbe an inｄividuａl…s pｏinｔ of ｖiew by giｖing the wriｔten ｅquivaleｎt of ｔhe cｈａrａcter‟ｓ tｈought processes. Stream ｏｆ cｏnsciousnesswrｉｔing is ｓｔｒｏnｇｌy aｓsｏciatｅｄ with ｔhe moｄerniｓｔ movｅment. Its iｎtroｄuctioｎ in thｅｌitｅrａrｙ conｔext, transferred ｆrom psychology， iｓ attｒibuｔed to May Siｎclａiｒ． Stｒeam of cｏｎscioｕsn ｅsｓ writing iｓ usｕally reｇarｄed aｓ a special form oｆｉｎteriｏr ｍonolog ｕe aｎｄ is chａrａcterized ｂy ａssocｉａtｉvｅｌeaｐs in ｓyntａx ａnd pｕn ｃｔuaｔｉｏｎ thａt cａn make ｔhe proｓｅ diffｉcｕlt to folloｗ, tracing as th ｅy dｏａ chａracter…sfｒaｇmenｔａry tｈｏｕｇhｔs and sｅｎｓory feelingｓ． Famous wｒiｔｅrs t ｏｅｍploy this ｔechnique in thｅ Engｌish ｌangｕａgｅ include Jａmes Joyce a ｎd WiｌliaｍＦａｕlkｎer. 学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。