曲线参数计算表(坐标计算)
曲线道路坐标计算(Excel)
曲线道路坐标计算§1 曲线要素计算缓和曲线是在不改变直线段方向和保持圆曲线半径不变的条件下，插入到直线段和圆曲线之间的。
其曲率半径ρ从直线的曲率半径∞（无穷大）逐渐变化到圆曲线的半径R ，在缓和曲线上任意一点的曲率半径ρ与缓和曲线的长度l 成反比，以公式表示为：l1∝ρ 或 C l =⋅ρ（C 为常数，称曲线半径变更率）。
当o l l =时，R =ρ，应有o l R l C ⋅=⋅=ρ以上几式是缓和曲线必要的前提条件。
在实际应用中，可采取符合这一前提条件的曲线作为缓和曲线。
常用的有辐射螺旋线及三次抛物线，我国采用辐射螺旋线。
为了在圆曲线与直线之间加入一段缓和曲线o l ，原来的圆曲线需要在垂直于其切线的方向移动一段距离p ，因而圆心就由'O 移到O ，而原来的半径R 保持不变，如图。
由图中可看出，缓和曲线约有一半的长度是靠近原来的直线部分，而另一半是靠近原来的圆曲线部分，原来圆曲线的两端其圆心角o β相对应的那部分圆弧，现在由缓和曲线所代替，因而圆曲线只剩下缓圆点(HY )到圆缓点(YH )这段长度即y l 。
o β为缓和曲线的切线角，即缓圆点或圆缓点切线与直缓点或缓直点切线的交角，亦即圆曲线HY→YH 两端各延长2ol 部分所对应的圆心角。
γ为缓和曲线总偏角，即从直缓点(ZH )测设缓圆点(HY )或从缓直点(HZ )测设圆缓点(YH )的偏角。
q 为切线增量(切垂距)，即ZH (或HZ )到从圆心O 向ZH (或HZ )的切线作垂线垂足的距离。
p 为圆曲线内移值，即垂线(从圆心O 向ZH (或HZ )的切线作垂线)长与圆曲线半径R 之差。
§1.1 不等长缓和曲线要素计算：在铁路曲线测设中，线路曲线一般是由相等的两条缓和曲线中间加一个圆曲线构成，有时还会出现由两个不等长的缓和曲线中间加一个圆曲线构成的特殊情况，如图：缓和曲线长分别为1o l 、2o l ， 切线长分别为1T 、2T ，曲线偏角(线路转角)为α，圆曲线半径为R ，圆曲线长为y l ，曲线长为L ，外矢距为E ，切曲差为J ，(缓和曲线后)圆曲线内移值分别为1p 、2p ，(缓和曲线)切线增量分别为1q 、2q ，缓和曲线偏角分别为1o β、2o β ， 回旋线参数分别为121o Rl A =、222o Rl A =各曲线要素计算公式如下：231112402R ll q o o -=232222402Rll q o o -=341211268824R lR l p o o -=342222268824RlR l p o o -=ααsin )(2)(12111p p tgp R q T -+++=ααsin )(2)(21222p p tgp R q T -+++=Rl R l o o o ππβ111901802=⋅=Rl R l o o o ππβ222901802=⋅=︒--++=180)(2121Rl l L o o o o πββα从以上公式可以看出，当21o o l l =时，就是等长(对称)缓和曲线的情况。
坐标计算公式
坐标计算公式一、计算公式1、圆曲线坐标计算公式β=180°/π×L/R （L= βπ R/180°）弧长公式β为圆心角△X=sinβ×R△Y=(1-cosβ)×RC= 弦长X=X1+cos (α±β/2)×CY=Y1+sin (α±β/2)×Cβ代表偏角,（既弧上任一点所对的圆心角）。
β/2是所谓的偏角（弦长与切线的夹角）△X、△Y代表增量值。
X、Y代表准备求的坐标。
X1、Y1代表起算点坐标值。
α代表起算点的方位角。
R 代表曲线半径2、缓和曲线坐标计算公式β= L2/2RLS ×180°/πC= L - L5/90R2LS2X=X1+cos (α±β/3)×CY=Y1+sin (α±β/3)×CL代表起算点到准备算的距离。
LS代表缓和曲线总长。
X1、Y1代表起算点坐标值。
3、直线坐标计算公式X=X1+cosα×LY=Y1+sinα×LX1、Y1代表起算点坐标值α代表直线段方位角。
L代表起算点到准备算的距离。
4、左右边桩计算方法X边=X中+cos（α±90°)×LY边=Y中+sin（α±90°)×L在计算左右边桩时，先求出中桩坐标，在用此公式求左右边桩。
如果在线路方向左侧用中桩方位角减去90°，线路右侧加90°，乘以准备算的左右宽度。
二、例题解析例题:直线坐标计算方法α(方位角)=18°21′47″DK184+714.029求DK186+421.02里程坐标X1=84817.831 Y1=352.177 起始里程解:根据公式X=X1+cosα×LX=84817.831+COS18°21′47″×(86421.02—84714.029)=86437.90 1Y=Y1+sinα×LY=352.177+sin18°21′47″×(86421.02—84714.029)=889.943 求DK186+421.02里程左右边桩,左侧3.75m,右侧7.05m.解:根据公式线路左侧计算:X边=X中+cos（α±90°)×LX边=86437.901+cos(18°21′47″- 90°)×3.75=86439.082Y边=Y中+sin（α±90°)×LY边=889.943+sin(18°21′47″- 90°)×3.75=886.384线路右侧计算:X边=X中+cos（α±90°)×LX边=86437.901+cos(18°21′47″+ 90°)×7.05=86435.680Y边=Y中+sin（α±90°)×LY边=889.943+sin(18°21′47″+90°)×7.05=896.634例题:缓和曲线坐标计算方法α(ZH点起始方位角)=18°21′47″ X1=86437.901 Y1=889.941 起始里程DK186+421.02曲线半径2500 缓和曲线长120m求HY点坐标,也可以求ZH点到HY点任意坐标解:根据公式β=L2/2RLS×180°/πβ=｛1202/(2×2500×120)｝×(180°/π)= 1°22′30.36″C=L-L5/90R2LS2C=120-1205/(90×25002×1202)=119.997X=X1+cos(α±β/3)×CX=86437.901+cos(18°21′47″-1°22′30.36″/3)×119.997=86552.086 Y=Y1+sin(α±β/3)×CY=889.941+sin(18°21′47″-1°22′30.36″/3)×119.997=926.832 求DK186+541.02里程左右边桩,左侧3.75m,右侧7.05m.解:根据公式线路左侧计算:X边=X中+cos（α±90°)×LX边=86552.086+cos｛(18°21′47″-1°22′30.36″)- 90°｝×3.75=86553.182 Y边=Y中+sin（α±90°)×LY边=926.832+sin｛(18°21′47″-1°22′30.36″)- 90°｝×3.75=923.246 线路右侧计算:X边=X中+cos（α±90°)×LX边=86552.086+cos｛(18°21′47″-1°22′30.36″)+ 90°｝×7.05=86550.026 Y边=Y中+sin（α±90°)×LY边=926.832+sin｛(18°21′47″-1°22′30.36″)+ 90°｝×7.05=933.574 缓和曲线方位角计算方法α=(起始方位角±β偏角)= 18°21′47″-1°22′30.36″=16°59′16.64″注:缓和曲线在计算坐标时,此公式只能从两头往中间推,只能从ZH点往HY点推,HZ点往YH点推算,如果YH往HZ点推算坐标,公式里的β为β2/3.例题:圆曲线坐标计算方法α(HY点起始方位角)= 16°59′16.64″ X1=86552.086 Y1=926.832 曲线半径2500 曲线长748.75 起始里程DK186+541.02求YH点坐标,也可以求QZ点坐标或任意圆曲线一点坐标.解:根据公式β=180°/π×L/Rβ= 180°/π×748.75/2500=17°09′36.31″△X=sinβ×R△X=sin17°09′36.31″×2500=737.606△Y=(1-cosβ)×R△Y=(1-cos17°09′36.31″)×2500=111.290C= 弦长C=745.954X=X1+cos(α±β/2)×CX= 86552.086 +cos(16°59′16.64″+360°-17°09′36.31″/2)×745.954=87290.023 Y=Y1+sin(α±β/2)×CY=926.832+ sin(16°59′16.64″+360°-17°09′36.31″/2)×745.954=1035.905圆曲线方位角计算方法α=(起始方位角±β偏角)=16°59′16.64″+360°-17°09′36.31″=359°49′40.33″求DK187+289.77里程左右边桩,左侧3.75m,右侧7.05m.解:根据公式线路左侧计算:X边=X中+cos（α±90°)×LX边=87290.023+cos(359°49′40.33″-90°)×3.75=87290.012 Y边=Y中+sin（α±90°)×LY边=1035.905+sin(359°49′40.33″-90°)×3.75=1032.155线路右侧计算:X边=X中+cos（α±90°)×LX边=87290.023+cos(359°49′40.33″+90°)×7.05=87290.044 Y边=Y中+sin（α±90°)×LY边=1035.905+sin(359°49′40.33″+90°)×7.05=1042.955三、公式解析公式解析一．坐标转换X =A +NCOSα-ESINαY =B +NSINα+ECOSα N=(X-A) COSα±(Y-B)SINα E=(Y-B)COSα±(X-A)SINαA,B为施工坐标系坐标原点α为施工坐标系与北京坐标系X轴的夹角（旋转角）即大地坐标系方位角X,Y为北京坐标值N，E为施工坐标值二．方位角计算1.直线段方位角: α=tanˉ¹ [(Yb-Ya)/(Xb-Xa)]2.交点转角角度: α=2 tanˉ¹ (T/R)计算结果①为﹢且＜360，则用原数;②为﹢且＞360，则减去360;③为﹣，则加上180.3.缓和曲线上切线角: α=ƟZH±90°*Lo²/(π*R* Ls）α= Lo/(2ρ)=Lo²/(2 A²)=Lo²/(2R*Ls)ρ—该点的曲率半径4.圆曲线上切线角: α=ƟHY±180°*Lo/(π*R）ƟZH—直缓点方位角, ƟHY—缓圆点方位角,注：以计算方向为准，左偏，取"﹣"；右偏，取"﹢"。
各种曲线计算公式
一、公路平曲线坐标计算公式1、缓和曲线：Lb1 0{K,D}①T=A2/R ②L=J（K-O）+T ③B=T2 /2/A2 *180/π④M=（L-T）-（L5-T5）/40/A4+（L9-T9）/3456/A8-（L13-T13）/599040/A12+（L17-T17）/17542600/A165.N=(L3-T3)/6/A2-(L7-T7)/336/A6+(L11-T11)/42240/A10-(L15-T15) /9676800/A14+(L19-T19)/3530097000/A18⑥I=(L2-T2)*180/2/A2/π⑦X=C+Mcos(Q-ZB)-ZNsin(Q-ZB)+Dcon(Q+ZI+S)◢⑧Y=F+Msin(Q-ZB)+ZNcos(Q-ZB)+Dsin(Q+ZI+S)◢Goto 0注：A：缘和曲线参数 R：起点半径 J：曲率半径判定值（当曲率半径由小到大取1,否则取-1）（当起点半径到终点半径是由大或无穷大到小取+1，反之则取-1） K：欲求点里程 O：缘和曲线起点里程 C：缘和曲线起点X坐标Q：起始方位角（当J=-1时，方位角应+180。
） Z：偏角判定值(当J=1时，左偏为-1，右偏为1；当J=-1时，左偏为1，右偏为-1) D：距中桩的距离 S：斜交角度 F：缘和曲线起点Y坐标2、圆曲线Lb1 0{K,D}①L=K-0②X=C+R[sin(Q+L/R*180/π)-sinQ]+Dcos(Q+L/R*180/π+S)◢③Y=F-R[cos(Q+L/R*180/π)-cosQ]+Dsin(Q+L/R*180/π+S)◢ Goto 0注：K：欲求点里程 O：圆曲线起点里程 C：圆曲线起点X坐标 R：圆曲线半径 (左偏为负) Q：起始方位角 D：距中桩的距离 S：斜交角度 F：圆曲线起点Y坐标3、直线Lb1 0{K,D}①L=K-0②X=C+LcosQ+Dcos(Q+S)◢③Y=F+LsinQ+Dsin(Q+S)◢Goto 0注：K：欲求点里程 O：直线起点里程 C：直线起点X坐标 Q：起始方位角 D：距中桩的距离 S：斜交角度 F：直线起点Y坐标二、竖曲线计算公式Lb1 0①{K} ②L=K-（0-T）③H=M-IT+LI-ZL2 /2/R◢ Goto 0 注：K：欲求点里程;O：顶点里程;T：切线长;M：顶点高程;I：坡度;Z：竖曲线判定值三、预拱度计算公式Lb1 0①{K} ②H=D-(4D÷B2)×(B/2-(K-O)) 2◢ Goto 0注：D：跨中最大设计预拱度 H：要计算的预拱度 K：欲求点里程桩号（距支座的距离） O：起点桩号 B：本跨净长。
曲线坐标计算(可计算断链)
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479985.908 方向角 ′ 3 37 12 46 20 55 29 3 38 12 47 21 55 30 4 38 13 47 22 56 30 5 39 13 48 22 57 31 5 40 14 49 23 57 32 6 40 15 49 24 58 切线角 β 0.4866417 1.0595995 1.6325573 2.2055151 2.7784729 3.3514307 3.9243885 4.4973463 5.0703041 5.6432619 6.2162197 6.7891774 7.3621352 7.935093 8.5080508 9.0810086 9.6539664 10.226924 10.799882 11.37284 11.945798 12.518755 13.091713 13.664671 14.237629 14.810587 15.383544 15.956502 16.52946 17.102418 17.675376 18.248333 18.821291 19.394249 19.967207 20.540165 21.113122 21.68608 22.259038 22.831996 23.404954
HY坐 标 HY方位角 墩号
X A 间距
3429126.969 138.340711 桩号
直角坐标系中曲线的参数方程
参数方程的参数范围和周期性
参数t有一个特定的取值范围，表示曲线上点的运动轨迹。当 参数t超出其取值范围时，曲线上的点会重复出现。
对于具有周期性的曲线，其参数方程可能具有周期性，即当 参数t增加一个特定的值时，曲线上的点会重复出现。这种周 期性可以通过观察曲线的形状和参数t的变化规律来识别。
04
参数方程的求解方法
参数方程用于描述曲线的形状和变化 规律，通过设定参数的变化范围，可 以绘制出完整的曲线图形。
参数方程简化了曲线绘制的计算过程 ，使得绘制复杂的曲线变得相对简单 。
参数方程在解决物理问题中的应用
在物理问题中，很多物理量是随时间 变化的，参数方程可以描述这种变化 过程，帮助我们理解物理现象和规律。
例如，振动和波动的问题可以用参数 方程来描述，通过求解参数方程，可 以得到物理量的变化规律。
利用三角函数求解参数方程
总结词
利用三角函数求解参数方程是一种常见的方法，适用于参数方程中含有三角函数的情况。
详细描述
当参数方程中含有三角函数时，可以利用三角函数的性质和恒等式来求解。例如，如果 参数方程中包含正弦函数和余弦函数，可以利用三角恒等式将它们转换为单一的三角函 数形式，从而简化求解过程。此外，还可以利用三角函数的周期性和对称性等性质来简
05
参数方程的应用实例
地球的运动轨迹描述
要点一
总结词
参数方程在描述地球的运动轨迹时，可以精确地表示地球 绕太阳的椭圆轨道。
要点二
详细描述
参数方程通过引入两个参数（通常是时间和角度）来表示 地球在直角坐标系中的位置，能够精确地描述地球绕太阳 的椭圆轨道，包括地球的近日点和远日点。
摆线的参数方程表示
参数方程与直角坐标方程的转换
曲线坐标计算
曲线坐标计算一、 圆曲线圆曲线要素：α---------------曲线转向角 R---------------曲线半径根据α及R 可以求出以下要素： T----------------切线长 L----------------曲线长 E----------------外矢距q----------------切曲差两切线长与曲线全长之差 各要素的计算公式为：︒⋅=180παR L 弧长)12(sec -=αR E sec α=cos α的倒数圆曲线主点里程：ZY=JD －TQZ=ZY ＋L ／2 或 QZ=JD －q /2 YZ=QZ ＋L ／2 或 YZ=JD ＋T －q JD=QZ ＋q ／2校核用 1、基本知识里程：由线路起点算起,沿线路中线到该中线桩的距离; 表示方法：DK26＋;“+”号前为公里数,即26km,“+”后为米数,即284.56m;CK ——表示初测导线的里程;DK ——表示定测中线的里程;Ｋ——表示竣工后的连续里程;铁路和公路计算方法略有不同;2、曲线点坐标计算偏角法或弦切角法已知条件：起点、终点及各交点的坐标;1计算ZY、YZ点坐标通用公式：2计算曲线点坐标①计算坐标方位角i 点为曲线上任意一点;li 为i 点与ZY点里程之差;弧长所对的圆心角弦切角弦的方位角当曲线左转时用“-”,右转时用“+”;②计算弦长③计算曲线点坐标此时的已知数据为：ZY x ZY,y ZY、 ZY- i、 C;根据坐标正算原理：切线支距法这种方法是以曲线起点ZY或终点YZ为坐标原点,以切线为X 轴,以过原点的半径为Y轴,则圆曲线上任意一点的切线支距坐标可通过以下公式求得：利用坐标平移和旋转,该点在大地平面直角坐标系中的坐标可由以下公式求得：式中：α为ZYYZ点沿线路前进方向的切线方位角;当起点为ZY时,“±”取“＋”,X0=XZY, Y0=YZY, 曲线为左偏时应以yi=-yi代入；当起点为YZ时,“±”取“-”,X0=XYZ, Y0=YYZ, 曲线为左偏时应以yi=-yi 代入；注：1、同弧所对的圆周角等于圆心角的一半2、切线性质圆的切线与过切点的半径相垂直3、弦切角定理弦切角等于它所夹弧上的圆周角4、弧长公式由 L/πR=n°/180°得L=n°πR/ 180°=nπR/180二、缓和曲线回旋线缓和曲线主要有以下几类：A：对称完整缓和曲线基本形------切线长、ls1与ls2都相等;B: 非对称完整缓和曲线---------------切线长、ls1与ls2都不相等C: 非完整缓和曲线卵形曲线----连接两个同向、半径不等的圆的缓和段所组成的卵形曲线D: 回头曲线------------回头曲线是一种半径小、转弯急、线型标准低的曲线形式,其转角接近、等于或大于180度;1、基本形缓和曲线基本公式：ρ=A2/l A=√Rlsρ为缓和曲线上任意点的曲率半径 A为回旋线参数l为缓和曲线上任意点到起点ZH的距离弧长ls为缓和曲线的全长切线角公式：缓和曲线直角坐标任意一点 P 处取一微分弧段 ds ,其所对应的中心角为d β xdx=dscos β xdy=dssin β x缓和曲线常数主曲线的内移值 p 及切线增长值 q内移值： p=Y s-R1-cosβs=l s2/24R切线增长值： q=X s-Rsinβs=l s/2-ls3/240R2缓和曲线的总偏角及总弦长总偏角：βs=l s/2R 180／Π总弦长： C s=l s-l s3/90R2缓和曲线要素计算切线长外距曲线长圆曲线长切线差平曲线五个基本桩号：ZH —— HY —— QZ —— YH —— HZ缓和曲线主点里程：ZH=JD-T HY=ZH+Ls YH=HY+Ly HZ=YH+LsQZ=ZH+L总/2=HZ-L总/2 JD=QZ+q/2校核缓和曲线上任意点坐标计算切线支距法：以缓和曲线起点ZHHZ点为坐标原点,起点的切线为x轴,过原点的垂直于切线的垂线为y轴建立坐标系,则缓和曲线上任意一点的切线支距坐标可通过以下公式求得：利用坐标平移和旋转,该点在大地平面直角坐标系中的坐标可由以下公式求得：式中：α为ZHHZ点沿线路前进方向的切线方位角;当起点为ZH时,“±”取“＋”,X0=XZH, Y0=YZH, 曲线为左偏时应以yi=-yi代入；当起点为HZ时,“±”取“-”,X0=XHZ, Y0=YHZ, 曲线为左偏时应以yi=-yi 代入；曲线上任意点的方位角αi=αZH或HZ±ββ为切线角±为右转“﹢”左转“﹣”当点位于圆曲线上,有：其中, , 为点到坐标原点的曲线长;2、非对称完整缓和曲线由于受特殊地形和地物条件限制采用对称缓和曲线型平曲线难以与地形条件相结合,于是引入非对称缓和曲线型平曲线;非对称缓和曲线在计算时较困难,不能简单套用对称缓和曲线的公式;以下阐述非对称缓和曲线几何要素和任意点坐标及方位角的计算原理;1计算原理如图1所示,平曲线由非对称缓和曲线Ls1、Ls2及半径R的圆曲线组成,JD 为平曲线切线交点,转角α;由于平曲线两端的缓和曲线不等长,因此在计算平曲线各要素时就不能简单套用等长缓和曲线的计算公式;平曲线各要素计算：注：第一式最后一项应 +q1根据交点坐标和切线长计算缓和曲线起点ZH或HZ坐标：XZH=XJD+T1×COSαYZH=YJD+T1×Sinαα为JD～ZH方位角XHZ=XJD+ T2×COSαYZH=YJD+T2×Sinαα为JD～HZ方位角曲线上任意点坐标按基本型缓和曲线的切线支距法和坐标变换、旋转来计算求出;3、非完整缓和曲线卵形曲线卵形曲线是指在两个同向、半径不等的圆曲线间插入一段不完整的缓和曲线,即卵形曲线是缓和曲线的一段,在插入时去掉了靠近半径无穷大方向的一段;首先需要计算出实际并不存在只是在计算过程中起辅助作用的完整缓和曲线段的起点即ZH或HZ点桩号、坐标和切线方位角;这样卵形曲线段的计算就转化为完整缓和曲线段的计算;（1）卵形曲线参数式中：R大,R小为卵形曲线相连的两圆曲线半径,为非完整缓和曲线段即卵形曲线段长度;（2）与相对应的完整缓和曲线的长度为（3）卵形曲线的起点Q接大半径圆的点至假设存在的完整缓和曲线起点ZH或HZ点的弧长为或 =－（4）与对应的弦长为又因为βQ-------切线角ΔQ-------切点Q至假设起点ZHHZ的弦切角故可得,Q点至ZH点的方位角ZH点的切线方位角Q点至HZ点的方位角HZ点的切线方位角求得卵形曲线起点Q至ZHHZ的弦长和方位角后,则ZHHZ点的坐标为求出假设的ZHHZ点的坐标后,就可以根据基本形缓和曲线的计算方法来计算曲线上任意点的坐标;上面的公式3到11是以不完整缓和曲线的起点Q 接大圆点来计算假设的完整缓和曲线起点ZHHZ 的坐标;也可以以接小圆的缓和曲线终点YHHY 来计算起点ZHHZ 坐标;如下：① 与相对应的完整缓和曲线的长度为② 与对应的的弦长为总弦长： C s = l s -l s 5/90R 2 l s 2= l s -l s 3/90R 2③ 接小圆的YHHY 点的切线角总偏角： βs =l s /2R 180／Π④ 接小圆的YHHY 点到假设起点ZHHZ 的弦切角 ⑤ 设接小圆的YHHY 点为Z,则Z 点至ZH 点的方位角αZ-ZH=αZ ＋180±Rl b s3200==δ⑥ ZH 点的切线方位角 αZH=αZ ±βZ ⑦ Z 点至HZ 点的方位角αZ-HZ=αZ ±Rl b s3200==δ⑧ HZ 点的切线方位角αHZ=αZ ±βZ⑨ ZHHZ 点的坐标为 设接小圆的YHHY 点为ZXZH 或HZ=XZ+ C s cos αZ-ZHHZYZH 或HZ=YZ+ C s Sin αZ-ZHHZ C s 为弦长注：卵形曲线上大圆包含小圆,也就是说接小圆处的曲率半径为R 小,沿大圆方向曲率半径渐大;假设的完整缓和曲线的起点ZHHZ 在大圆那边; 4、 回头曲线什么是回头曲线回头曲线是一种半径小、转弯急、线型标准低的曲线形式,其转角接近、等于或大于180度;在实际中,我们确实经常在山区道路碰到回头曲线,基本的感觉就是一个急弯,并且转了一百八十度,跟掉头差不多,也就是前面描述的：转角接近、等于或大于180度;下图是湘西“公路奇观”的连续回头曲线;这里所讨论的回头曲线,主要是基于其平面坐标计算的特殊性而言的,它只有一个定义,就是：转角大于或等于180度,由于实际使用中很少有转角正好等于180度的情况,所以就是指转角大于180度这种情况了;为什么这么定义呢,因为一般情况下,交点与曲线的关系是：交点在曲线的外侧,即便是转角接近180度,它的交点也在曲线外侧,如下图：而当转角等于180度时,则成为两条平行线,没有交点,或者说无限远,其曲线位置不具有唯一性,这种情况实际中几乎不会采用；而当转角大于180度时,则交点的位置就比较特殊了,如下图：这个图中,JD1和JD3是普通情况下的交点,均在曲线的外侧,而JD2的转角大于180度,其位置在曲线的内侧,这种情况,才是本此讨论的回头曲线;回头曲线的计算1曲线要素的计算先看一个案例,邵怀高速公路溆浦连接线二级公路,有一个回头曲线,其曲线设计参数如下：JD5,交点坐标X=,Y=,转角224°08′″左转,半径60m,缓和曲线长35m,曲线ZH点桩号K49+,切线方位角359°23′″,平面图形如下所示：交点桩号：ZH点桩号K49+加上切线长T,结果为K49+;从这个计算结果来看,我们发现与一般曲线要素不同的地方是：1．切线长T和外距E为负值；2．交点桩号比ZH点桩号小;设计文件中的直曲表数据也表明了这一点：2中桩坐标的计算虽然回头曲线的曲线要素与普通曲线有一些特别的地方,但现在我们更关心的是,按照普通平曲线的中桩坐标计算公式,能否计算出准确的结果;答案肯定是不能的,否则我也不会写这篇文章,在这里白费神了;中间具体的计算过程我就不展示了,按照普通平曲线的中桩坐标计算公式,能够计算出各个桩号的坐标,只可惜是错误的结果;按照这个错误的结果,展示该回头曲线的图形如下：回头曲线的处理回头曲线按照普通曲线中桩坐标计算方法不能得到正确的结果,原因在于它的交点实际在曲线内侧,而程序则把它当作普通曲线来处理,从上面那个图形即可看出;处理的方法很简单,就是把回头曲线一分为二,分成两个普通曲线,如下图所示,将JD5对称地分为JD5a和JD5b;这样,只要把JD5 a和JD5b当作普通曲线交点进行计算就行了;首先需要确定JD5 a和JD5b的相关参数,先看JD5a;1计算终点;显然,JD5a的计算终点就是回头曲线的曲中点,从设计文件直曲表上可查得,是K49+；2本交点桩号;JD5a的桩号嘛,应该是回头曲线的ZH点加上JD5a曲线的第一切线长;回头曲线的ZH点在直曲表上有,K49+,而JD5a曲线的第一切线长,那就需要计算一下了;根据示意图,由于图形的对称性,JD5a和JD5b的切线长有两个：T1和T2, JD5a的曲线要素为：半径R=60m,第一缓和曲线Ls1=35m,第二缓和曲线Ls2=0m,交点转角是回头曲线转角的一半,即224°08′″/2=112°04′″,可计算得：T1=106.865m,T2=89.986m;则JD5a的桩号= +=3本交点X/Y坐标;根据坐标正算原理,按照几何关系,已知JD5的坐标为X=,Y=,JD5-JD5a的距离=+=239.493m,JD5-JD5a的坐标方位角359°23′″,容易得出JD5a的坐标为：X=,Y=;4交点之前直线方位角,就是JD5-JD5a的坐标方位角359°23′″也是JD5ZH点的方位角;5交点转角;交点转角是回头曲线转角的一半,即224°08′″/2=112°04′″,左转;6平曲线半径及缓和曲线长度;半径R=60m,第一缓和曲线Ls1=35m,第二缓和曲线Ls2=0m;7交点计算起终点桩号;就是曲线的起终点桩号,~到此,JD5a数据搞定;JD5b的数据,计算方法和前面基本一致,结果如下：计算终点：；交点桩号：；交点坐标：X=,Y=；交点之前直线方位角：247°19′07″；交点转角：112°04′″,左转；半径R=60m, Ls1=0m,第二缓和曲线Ls2=35m；交点计算起终点桩号：~;参数数据计算出来后,就可以按普通平曲线的计算方法来计算出回头曲线上任意点的坐标;案例当中回头曲线逐桩坐标表：。
复曲线(缓和曲线、圆曲线)坐标自动计算
X
曲线起点ZH 坐标及桩号
Y
桩号（m) 桩号（m)
X Y
与路线方向 右夹角 与中桩 垂直距离 计算 方位角
V( ) S(m)
。
1.570796327 10.000 -0.2671 9.645 -2.640 -9.645 2.640
248.614 239.527 229.324 244.806
1057.505 610.551
交点JD转角α(
。
)
-120.000 1000.000 30.000
α1 ( )
第二圆曲线半径R2(m) 第二缓和曲线长ls2(m)
。
#
70.000
第一圆曲线半径R1(m) 第一缓和曲线长ls1(m)
300.000 100.000 0
0.0548 98.508 49.269 49.954 1.389 0.16667 162.486
(0.0309) ###### ######
待测点桩号(m) 待测点 中桩计 算坐标 边桩 已知JD桩号(m) 内插线 段长 lL(m) --计算 缓曲线
80.000 98.627
0.000 15.000 0.038 0.0150 1206.730
内插线段 调整角θ或偏角△ 内插线段弦长(m) 内插缓曲时切线 调整长度 第二 缓和曲线增值q 2 第二圆曲线内移值p 2 第二缓和曲线角β02 第二圆曲线长Ly2
内插直线时切线 调整长度 第一 缓和曲线增值q 1 第一圆曲线内移值p 1 第一缓和曲线角β01 第一圆曲线长Ly1
X
曲线终点HZ 坐标及桩号
56.166 32.428 1995.320 1900.000 -243.718 1361.813 397.477 1708.231
非完整缓和曲线坐标计算
非完整缓和曲线坐标计算公路、铁路主干线一般线形采用曲线基本型，而在公路匝道部分常采用线形单元组合形式，组合线形的坐标计算只能按线形单元分段计算。
通常设计文件中提供各特征点的桩号、坐标、切线方位角。
圆曲线计算较为简单，这里主要讨论非完整缓和曲线的桩点的坐标计算。
一、计算ZH（HZ）点的坐标已知数据：如图4.9.1所示，起点p的半径Rp ，桩号Lp坐标Xp、Yp，切线方位角αp，缓和曲线参数A。
式中各项计算如下：图4.9.1 非完整缓和曲线αpZ的计算：其中Δp——右偏用“－”，左偏用“＋”。
ZH切线坐标方位角：其中βp——左偏用“＋”，右偏用“－”（ZH换成HZ时，左偏用“－”，右偏用“＋”）。
二、计算缓和曲线切线坐标系各点坐标计算出缓和曲线起点坐标后即可按式4.8.2计算各中线点坐标。
三、计算施工坐标系坐标切线坐标系转换为施工坐标系需要进行坐标平移和转轴计算，当转向角为右时按式（4.9.7）、（4.9.8）计算；当转向角为左时按式（4.9.9）、（4.9.10）计算。
（1）当转向角为右时：（2）当转向角为左时：式中 Xi ，Yi——路线统一坐标系坐标；x i ，yi——切线坐标；α——转向点之间的切线方位角。
【例4.9.1】如图4.9.2所示，起点P处半径RP ＝9 579.228 m，桩号lP＝0＋889.975，XP ＝19 698.065，YP＝28 469.399，起点的切线方位角αP＝82°34′06″，缓和曲线参数A＝60。
与缓和曲线相接的圆曲线半径R＝55 m，公切点的桩号lGQ＝K0＋824.896试计算K0＋860的坐标。
图4.9.2 非完整缓和曲线【解】（1）计算ZH的桩号和XZH ，YZH：（左偏）用“＋”：（2）计算αZH切线方位角：（3）计算K0＋860坐标：＋860点切线坐标系坐标：x＝30.30 m，y＝1.293 m（计算过程略）＋860点施工坐标系坐标：。
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891000.00097000.00093769.13171181.0732********.4993453205.522333 3.587041GG=z -1HH=34.8851670.608861E=6600.000p=0.000q=0.000T=0.000L=0.000标准横坡度0.00%0.00%内侧非超高段长度桩间距10.00N E 91000.000BP 91000.00073679.9854956.61591695.428ZH(ZY)91695.42873052.4194656.98191695.428HY 91695.42873052.4194656.98195713.911YH 95713.91169134.9964100.86195713.911HZ(YZ)95713.91169134.9964100.86197000.000EP97000.00067866.0404310.09070208.72410612.935N E N E N K91+04191040.70073643.2574939.07973643.2574939.07973643.257K91+04191040.70073643.2574939.07973643.2574939.07973643.257K91+05191050.70073634.2324934.77073634.2324934.77073634.232K91+06191060.70073625.2084930.46173625.2084930.46173625.208K91+07191070.70073616.1844926.15373616.1844926.15373616.184桩 号桩 号坐 标（左边桩）坐 标（中桩）坐 标（右边桩）曲线内侧加宽宽度 W=圆 心 坐 标曲线外侧超高值 ih(%)=曲线控制点桩号坐 标交点转向 ZorY=半 径 R=缓和曲线长 L S =左边桩距 L Z =右边桩距 L Y =交点转向角 β=交点方位角α=(上)交点坐标 JD X=交点坐标 JD Y=终点桩号 EP.L.C.=曲线参数交点编号 JD=2007.09修改(增加加宽超高)起点桩号 BP.L.C.=交点桩号 JD.L.C.=交点转向角β=(下)交点方位角 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