2011功能语言学课程Chapter 1 and 2 课件PPT
语言学纲要第一章语言的功能课件
语言学纲要第一章语言的功能
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• （2）互动包括两个方面:
• 一是说话者在话语中表达自己的情 感、态度、意图。
• 另一个方面是说话者在话语中表达 的情感、态度、意图对受话者施加 了影响，得到相应的语言或行动上 的反馈，从而达到某种实际效果。
语言学纲要第一章语言的功能
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• 例如，甲和乙在等一个朋友，有这样的 对话：
一、语言的社会 功能
• 本节要点
• 1.语言是一种社会现象 • 2.语言的信息传递功能 • 3.语言的人际互动功能
语言学纲要第一章语言的功能
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一、语言的社会功能
• 1.语言是一种社会现象
• 语言是人类特有的。
• 有些动物可以听懂人类语言的简单信号，如 猿猴、黑猩猩、狗等；鹦鹉甚至可模仿人类 语言。但这只是条件反射性质的信息刺激的 结果，是没有内容的机械的形式重复。人们 曾教黑猩猩使用语言，结果它能听懂的语词 不超过10个；曾教黑猩猩使用手势语，它也 只能学会一百多个手势语表示的词。
语言之外的信息传递 方式有： A.自然流露的表情， 它可以在人际交往时 传递一些信息。例如： 世界各地的人们高兴、 悲伤或惊叹的表情是 共同的。
语言学纲要第一章语言的功能
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• B. 符号性很强的身势语 言，它有明确的意义，是 人们主动以此表示某种特 定的信息。例如，点头表
示肯定、摇头表示否定，挥 手表示再见，鼓掌表示欢迎， 等等。
语言学纲要第一章语言的功能
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一、语言的社会功能
• 英国，一群大猩猩收养了只有几个月大的小 司各特。20多年后，一艘英国商船发现了小 司各特并将他带回英国，科学家们像教婴儿 般教育小司各特，力求教会他各项人类具备 的能力，以便他重归人类社会。花近10年功 夫，司各特终于学会了穿衣，可用双腿行走， 但他还是更喜欢爬行，而且始终无法说出一 个连贯的句子，他更习惯像大猩猩那样以吼 叫来表达自己的情感。
语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
功能语言学导论PPT
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功能语言学面临的挑战与展望
语言变异与变化的挑战
语言变异
随着社会、文化和技术的不断发展，语 言也在不断变化和演化。功能语言学面 临着如何有效描述和解释语言变异现象 的挑战。
VS
语言变化
语言的变化是一个持续不断的过程，功能 语言学需要关注并研究语言变化的趋势和 规律，以适应和应对这种变化。
跨文化交际的挑战
功能语言学的历史与发展
Hale Waihona Puke 历史功能语言学起源于20世纪初，随着社 会语言学、语用学、文化语言学等学 科的发展，功能语言学逐渐形成并发 展壮大。
发展
功能语言学的发展经历了多个阶段， 包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、伦 敦学派等，这些学派都对功能语言学 的发展做出了重要贡献。
功能语言学的应用领域
跨文化交际
要点一
技术发展
随着新技术的不断发展，语言的表达和传播方式也在不断 变化。功能语言学需要关注新技术对语言的影响，并研究 如何利用新技术进行有效的语言研究和应用。
要点二
新媒体影响
新媒体的出现对语言的传播和使用方式产生了深刻影响， 功能语言学需要研究新媒体对语言的影响，并探讨如何利 用新媒体进行有效的语言传播和应用。
功能语言学的未来展望
跨学科融合
功能语言学需要与其他相关学科进行更深入 的融合，如心理学、社会学、计算机科学等 ，以拓展研究领域和应用范围。
人工智能与自然语言处理
随着人工智能和自然语言处理技术的不断发 展，功能语言学将更加深入地与这些技术相 结合，以实现更高效、智能的语言分析和应
用。
THANKS
感谢观看
话语分析在跨文化交际、文学 批评、媒体研究等领域有广泛 应用。
语用学
语言学导论PPT课件
z
alveolar
voiced
fricative
f fricative
voiceless obstruent labiodentals
w
glide
approximant
sonorant
voiced
labiovelars
.
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Vowels
1.The height of the tongue
study of the production of the sound. (2) accustic phonetics (声学语音学）：concerned with
physical properties of these sounds.
.
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(3) Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学）:concerned with the reception/ perception of the hearer.
.
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※ linguistic study: primary synchronic study
※ 研究语言难在： ① language is always changing ② people in the same speech community do not say the same language ③ features of a language, can’t be replaced quickly and completely.
↓
a. Actual spoken b. Specific (concrete) c. situational d. the use of the rules or
conventions
chapter 1 linguistics 课件 刘润清版本
Grace Tan 2011.09
通常女性会先看到月亮，男性会先看到人脸。 如果相反，表示你体内的异性荷尔蒙偏高哦
Many things can be interpreted in different ways.
Same with language
Word: Bachelor Sentence: The beauty is too hot to eat. What is language? Language is a sign .
1.4 Origin of Language
“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”—Gospel of John, 1:1
1.3.3 Creativity/Productivity
Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness递归性 1) create new meanings: 2) Potential to create endless sentences EG: A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed.
Language distinguishes us from animals
Do the following words sound or look like the animal shown here: canis , chien , hund , perro ?
(They all are words for dog in European languages.)
课件-语言学-第一章
旗语、电报等交际工具，是建立在语言和文字的基础 上辅助性的交际工具。
人们在运用语言进行交际的时候，脸部的表情、手的 动作乃至整个躯体的姿态等非语言的东西也都参加进 来。这就是说，交际的时候除了运用语言工具以外。 还可以运用一些非语言的交际工具。有些时候，离开 某些特定的伴随动作，语言的交际还可能发生故障， 不如身势等非语言的交际手段。例如，鼓掌欢迎，举 手为礼。挥手送别，伸舌表示惊讶，等等。在这种情 况下．如果用语言来表达就显得非常笨拙，甚至难以 完成特定的交际任务。这就是说，这种伴随动作也是 一种交际工具，不过使用的范围非常有限，只能起辅 助性的交际作用，以补充语言交际的某些不足。它们 都是在语言的基础上产生的，必须有语言的交际为基 础，预先有了一定的了解，对方才能领会。
这些词按照一定的规则组合成句子，而这 些规则也是交谈双方了解的。
2、语言和言语的关系 ①言语是个人的、动态的；语言是社会的、 静态的。个人的言语不能违反社会公认的语 言规则，要利用社会所公认的词语。 ②语言存在于言语之中，言语是语言存在的 形式。没有言语就无所谓语言。 ③言语是运用语言的行为和结果。
但不管思维形式同哪种语言形式相联系，它总要同一
种语言形式联系起来，不能脱离开语言。比如“玉米”
诗意的功能 poetic function(to indulge in language for its own sake);
意动的功能 conative function(to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties）；
参考Jakobuson（雅克布逊）语言的六大功能：
指称的功能 referential function(to convey massage and information）;
语言学教程第一章ppt
语言学教程第一章ppt语言学教程胡壮麟主编Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology)Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics)Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics?1.2 What is language?1.3 Features of language1.4. Origin of language1.5. Functions of language1.6. What is linguistics1.7 Main branches of linguistics1.8. Macrolinguistics1.9 Important distinctions in linguisticsLead-inQestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?1.2 What is language ?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.__ by （英）沃德霍(Wardhaugh,R.)1.3 Design Features of languageArbitrarinessDualityCreativityDisplacement1.3.1 Arbitrariness ?Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning –Saussure.Eg: name,book,pen(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.Eg: Hi, Aha,Hush, Hem, Hey.(2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: according to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. In other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words.Eg: He came in and sat down.(3) Idiom is not arbitrary.Eg: apple-polisher, black sheep, a yellow dog.1.3.2 DualityDuality (double articulation)Lower level----sounds (meaningless Eg: Consonants and Vowels)Higher level----meaning (larger units of meaning Eg: word)A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent.A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a1.3.3 CreativityPeculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.Eg: 说曹操曹操到（not refer to Cao Cao himself）1.3.4 Displacement----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters, in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.Eg: 911 events , New York1.4. Origin of language语言的起源是语言学的基本理论问题之一。
[课件]功能语言学导论PPT
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vs. ungrammatical sentences. Their primary concern is with the forms of grammatical structures and their relationship to one another, rather than with their meanings or their uses in different contexts.
Active
vs. Passive
二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义
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Functional approach sees language as a system of communication and analyzes grammar to discover how it is organized to make and exchanges meaning. Appropriateness The primary concern is with the functions of structures and their constituents and with their meanings in context.
二、语言学中的形式主义和功能主义
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Functional linguistics studies language in uቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱe.
Langue vs. Parole Competence vs. Performance
Methodology
Functionalism: external, corpus-based, inductive; Formalism: internal, speculation, intuition-driven
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Trochaic : iambic – 2 syllables
Trochaic（扬抑拍）: strong + weak e.g. better butter Iambic（抑扬拍）：weak +strong If all the world was ap--ple pie foot
Poem structure in two systems
Questions:
How many words consist of a sentence? ____one? two? Several? (maybe) E.g. “yes”, “ok”, “I did”, “I did it” How many letters consist of a word? ____one? Two? Several? (maybe) E.g. “I”, “no”, “and” ......
教材及主要参考书目
An Introduction to Functional Grammar Second edition by M. A.
K. Halliday.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press and Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited (外语教学与研究出版社， 爱德华 阿诺德出版社）. 2000. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. By Thompson, Geoff. 1996. Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the clause. London: continuum. By Martin, J. R.and David Rose. 2003. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. London: Edward Arnold. By Bloor, Thomas and Meriel Bloor. 1995. 《系统功能语法概论》胡壮麟，朱永生，张德禄，李占子， 北京： 北京大学出版社. 2005.
祸兮福所依，福兮祸所伏。
1.2 Constituency in sபைடு நூலகம்eech
Sentence Word Letter A comparable kind of layered partwhole relationship, related with the sound pattern.
Signals of structure in a poem
Constituency in English orthography by bracketing
[{(it) (is) (raining)}, {(shepherdess)}, {(round) (up) (your) (white) (sheep)}]!
Constituency in English orthography by diagram
? letters
The word ‘a’ has a single constituent. Word ‘six’ has 3 constituents.
Single constituents on successive layers
I I 1 sentence 1 word
I E.g. who is it? _ I.
sentence
Colon unit Comma unit
it is raining, shepherdess; round up your white sheep!
Constituency in Chinese orthography by tree
sentence comma character
Functional Grammar Course (1)
Feb. 2011 Prof. Ding Suping
Part I The Clause
Chapter 1 Constituency Chapter 2 Towards a functional grammar Chapter 3 Clause as message Chapter 4 Clause as exchange Chapter 5 Clause as representation
Part II Above, Below and Beyond the Clause
Chapter 6 Below the clause: groups and phrases Chapter 7 Above the clause: the clause complex Chapter 8 Beside the clause: intonation and rhythm Chapter 9 Beyond the clause: metaphorical modes of expression
Strong syllable
Foot: constituent of English sound system
A foot(音步) consists of one strong syllable and one or more weak syllable(s). E.g. butter (1 strong + 1 weak) consist (1 weak + 1 strong) the world (1 weak + 1 strong) apple pie (2 strong + 1 weak)
Sound system: syllable Foot Tone group Tone group sequence Signal marks: beats, rising tone, pitch, falling tone.
Constituency in diagram
1 sentence
1
6 words
1 2 3 4 5 6
S i n g a s o n g of s i x p e n c e
This sentence consists of 6 words, which consists of 19 letters.
Cf. Chinese poems
秋风， 你是红的吗？ ——看，你把这么多的高粱，都吹成了 红火焰。（樊发稼《绿叶的歌》） Signals of structure： “， ？ —— 。 ” spacing, rhymes？
1.3 rhymes: foot
The rhyme is carried along by a succession of beats（节拍）, occuring at more or less regular intervals: evennumbered syllables or odd-numbered syllables in the line.
2 kinds of modes of foot pattern: Descending: strong syllable at the beginning. Strong +weak e.g. butter, apple Ascending: strong syllable at the end. Weak + strong e.g. consist, the world
1 letter
One sentence may consist of one word, which consists of one letter.
Constituent structure
By using brackets: 3 steps
For word For Comma unit
(To) (market), (to) (market), (to) (by) (a) (fat) (pig)
基本要求
1. 2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
掌握功能语言学基本理论框架。 掌握概念功能与及物性系统，了解概念功能的功能成分，尤其是 不同类型的及物过程，了解环境成分的位置和特殊功能。 掌握小句的人际功能与主位系统，了解主位的功能类型和组合类 型，了解主位与语气、情态系统的关系等。掌握主位的划分方式。 掌握语篇功能与信息的新旧性质特征、信息在小句中的位置和配 置以及与语篇的语义连贯的关系。掌握识别与划分新旧信息的方 法。 掌握小句的了解小句以下的成分与结构，包括各类词组与短语。 掌握复合小句的特征、类型和彼此之间的语义关系。掌握投射小 句的特征和投射类型。 了解语法隐喻的基本概念和与词汇隐喻的异同，了解语法隐喻的 修辞转换。了解概念隐喻和人际隐喻。
Language in 2 forms
What is constituency?
1.1 Constituency in writing
Constituency in a passage of English writing: Sentence Word (part of a sentence) Letter (part of a word) This kind of layered part-whole relationship is referred to as constituency.
{(To) (market)}, {(to) (market)}, {(to) (by) (a) (fat) (pig)} [{(To) (market)}, {(to) (market)}, {(to) (by) (a) (fat) (pig)}]
For sentence
Bracketing begins with the most closely bonded unit (word) and move up through the hierarchy of graphic units.