阅读理解不同题型解题技巧

专题三阅读理解

(这是边文，请据需要手工删加)

高考阅读理解要求考生在25～30分钟的时间内完成对四篇不同题材、体裁的短文的理解，是整个高考试题中难度最大、区分度最高的题型。它不仅考查考生对语篇的整体把握能力，而且考查考生快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力。考生不仅要理解文章的表层意思，更重要的是通过表层意思去合理推断、挖掘文章的隐含意义、延伸意义。它是对考生能力、智力、心理的综合检验。

Ⅰ.常用阅读方法

第一招跳读

又称略读，就是以尽快的速度跳跃式地浏览文章的标题、起始段或结尾段、每段的首尾句以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语等重要部分，以了解文章的大意或主题思想。即有选择地阅读，在文章中找到一个或几个关键词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、why 之类的问题最为有效。例如：

1．(2014·高考江西卷)Chinese Folk Dancing：Colorful Chinese dance and musical performances by The Chinese Folk Dancing School of Sydney.Dances include：the Golden stick dance and the Chinese drum dance.A feature will be the Qin dynasty Emperor’s count dance.Also included is a show of face painting for Beijing opera performances.

Sunday 29 June and Wednesday 2 July in the Turbine Hall，at 11.30 am & 1.30 pm.

When can you watch the Chinese drum dance?

A．On July 2.B．On July 3.

C．On July 6. D．On July 8.

解析：选A。细节理解题。根据Chinese Folk Dancing部分第二句“Dances include：the Golden stick dance and the Chinese drum dance.”可知包括了Chinese drum dance。而Chinese Folk Dancing的时间是“Sunday 29 June and Wednesday 2 July in the Turbine Hall，at 11.30 am & 1.30 pm.”。故A项正确，在July 2可以欣赏到Chinese drum dance。

2．(2013·高考新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Given that many people’s moods(情绪)are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate，it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drugstore of Chinese medicine.Looking like a setting from the film Charlie & the Chocolate Factory，Singapore’s Chocolate Research Facility(CRF)has over 100 varieties of chocolates.Its founder is Chris Lee who grew up at his parents’ corner store with one hand almost always in the jar of sweets.

What is good about chocolate?

A．It serves as a suitable gift.

B．It works as an effective medicine.

C．It helps improve the state of mind.

D．It strengthens business relations.

解析：选C。细节理解题。根据文章第一句可知，巧克力中化学成分可以调整人的情绪，

故选C 。

第二招 寻读

寻读又称查读，即带着问题去快速阅读，以求在短时间内准确地寻找到我们所需要的信息。

通过“寻读”锁定特定的信息和内容，比如数字、日期、人名等。快速地捕捉和理解与题干有关的事实细节，不必细读全文。寻读时要以很快的速度扫视文章，确定所查询的信息范围。例如：

With help from a Mr.H ，you can ________．

A ．stop using batteries

B ．finish your homework on time

C ．remember your teachers ’ instructions

D ．get your room tidied on your way home

解析：选B 。细节理解题。利用“寻读”迅速锁定第一则广告中含有Mr.H 的句子“Are you having problems finishing your homework on time ？”“Mr.H can be programmed to organize your homework.”可得出正确答案为B 项。

2．(2013·高考江苏卷)If a diver surfaces too quickly ，he may suffer the bends.Nitrogen(氮)dissolved(溶解)in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure.The consequence ，if the bubbles(气泡)accumulate in a joint ，is sharp pain and a bent body —thus the name.If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain ，the consequence can be death.

Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?

A ．A twisted body.

B ．A gradual decrease in blood supply.

C ．A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.

D ．A drop in blood pressure.

解析：选A 。细节理解题。根据the bends 可定位到文章第一段。由“The consequence ，if the bubbles(气泡)accumulate in a joint ，is sharp pain and a bent body —thus the name.”可知答案。a bent body 和a twisted body 是同义转换。由第二句的“...suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure.”可知这是说的the bends 的形成原因，故C 和 D 项错。而B 项文章中没有提及。

第三招 研读

通过略读了解文章主旨和通过查读找到了相关的范围之后，在相关范围内逐句、逐词地阅读，不仅要理解其字面意思，而且要通过分析、综合、比较、联想等思维方法，并结合自己已有的知识和经验进行推理、判断，来理解文章的深层含义，以及作者的立场、观点、态度或意图等。例如：

1．(2014·高考安徽卷)You may not have heard of Ashoka，but for the past 27 years，this association，founded by Bill Drayton，has fought poverty(贫困)and sickness，promoted education and encouraged small businesses.To support these worthy causes，Ashoka provides money for the world’s most promising “changemakers”seeking to solve(解决)urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.

Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change.The important thing is to simply give yourself permission.If you see a problem that you care about，you can help solve it.The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy，healthy，contributing adult.In fact，it is many young people’s ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions.An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city，helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.

When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka’s streets，attracting rats and disease，they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste.So they educated the poor people in the city to compost(把……制成堆肥)this waste.They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilisers(化肥)which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years.At first，they were refused，but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made，the project took off.In 2009 sales were $14，000.

Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious，practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.

The author’s atti tude towards Ashoka’s program can be described as________．

A．changing B．forgiving

C．cautious D．positive

解析：选D。观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的“...has fought poverty(贫穷)and sickness，promoted education and encouraged small businesses”的描述以及文章第二段“Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change.The important thing is to simply give yourself permission.”直接讲明了作者的态度是“乐观的”，因此是积极的。故D项为正确答案。

2．(2012·高考江苏卷)“I truly believe we’re at a golden age of agriculture.Global d emand is at an all-time record high，and global supplies are at all-time record lows，”said Matt Rush，director of the Texas Farm Bureau.“Production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture.”

The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food.The National Young Farmers’Coalition has also been pushing for state and federal policy changes to make it easier for new farmers.

According to Matt Rush，American agriculture will provide opportunities for younger people because________．

A．the government will cover production costs

B．global food supplies will be even lower

C．investment in agriculture will be profitable

D．America will increase its food export

解析：选C。推理判断题。根据“Global demand is at an all-time record high，and global supplies are at all-time record lows...”可推断Matt Rush认为，全球对农业的需要达到了最高，而全球的供应则达到了最低，故在农业上投资肯定会获利，即C项正确。

Ⅱ.常用突破方法

一、带着问题，速读全文。

首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。例如：1．(2014·高考安徽卷)Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city？In order to answer this question，we must first examine whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area.Not all historical buildings are

attractive.However，there may be other reasons—for example，economic(经济的)reasons—why they should be preserved.So，let us assume that historical buildings are both attractive and important to the majority of people.What should we do then if a new building is needed?

In my view，new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style.Indeed，there are many examples in my own hometown of Tours where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings.As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not dominate(影响)its surroundings too much，it often improves the attractiveness of the area.

It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt(破坏)the area they are in，but the same can be said of some old buildings too.Yet people still speak against new buildings in historic areas.I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative(保守的)and do not like change.

Although we have to respect people’s feelings as fellow users of the buildings，I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move_things_forward．If we always reproduced what was there before，we would all still be living in caves.Thus，I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different，even though that might be the more risky choice.

What is the main purpose of the passage?

A．To explain why people dislike change.

B．To warn that we could end up living in caves.

C．To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings.

D．To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas.

解析：选D。主旨大意题。文章开头提出论题“Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city？”通过新旧建筑物的对比，得出结论“Thus，I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different...”可知D项为正确答案。

2．(2012·高考大纲全国卷Ⅱ)Cold weather can be hard on pets，just like it can be hard on people.Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter(住所)as they are.Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time，thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors.This can put their pets in danger of serious illness.There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.

What do we learn about pets from Paragraph 1?

A．They are often forgotten by their owners.

B．They are used to living outdoors.

C．They build their own shelters.

D．They like to stay in warm places.

解析：选D。推理判断题。题干中明显提示是第一段的内容，所以我们直接带着问题回读文章，找到信息进行判断就行了。第一段告诉我们their pets are just as used to the warm shelter as they are。如果你想当然地认为它们习惯于住在户外，会使它们有生病的危险。可见，它们喜欢住在温暖的地方。故选D项。

二、快速浏览全文，掌握全貌。

先快速阅读短文获得总体印象，然后阅读问题，利用“查读”方法先解答在短文中能直接找到答案的细节和事实题。注意发现与问题有关的信息，如果时间紧，至少要扫视一下首段和尾段。再把标题和文章内容结合起来想一想，这样全文大意便清楚了。例如：“Choo，Choo！” Here comes the Chunnel train.Get aboard if you want to learn more about this underground transportation system.This is an unusual form of transportation，because it is a tunnel that trains travel through and not an actual form of transportation.

The Chunnel is actually the English nickname for the Channel Tunnel.In French，it is called le tunnel sous la Manche.It is a rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover.It connects Cheriton in Kent，England with Sangatte in northern France.It is the second longest rail tunnel in the world.

Did you know that the British and the French had a race whi1e they were building the Chunnel? The race was to see who could get to the middle of the tunnel first.The British won by a

little bit.It took 15，000 workers over seven years to dig the tunnel.The tunnel was finished in 1994.

The completed Chunnel cost about $21 billion.But it all paid off，because it became very popular，very https://www.360docs.net/doc/0614450526.html,lions of people use it.Now it is getting even more popular.

There are three complete tunnels in the Chunnel.The two outside ones are the passenger trains.The small inner one is a guidance train.The guidance train is not used for transportation.Each track is exactly parallel to each other.

There are four different train systems in the Chunnel.The Eurostar is a high speed passenger service that connects London，Paris，Brussels，and Lille.The Eurotunnel shuttle is a rail ferry service.These shuttles carry cars and vans.These are railcars that allow drivers to drive their vehicles on and off.There are also two Eurotunnel goods service trains.

Now you know more about the Chunnel.Everybody off，this is the last stop.

The text can most probably be ________．

A．found in a guidebook

B．read in a magazine

C．broadcast on a train

D．heard in a railway station

解析：选C。推理判断题。纵观全文，尤其是文章首段的前两句“‘Choo，Choo！’ Here comes the Chunnel train.Get aboard if you want to learn more about this underground transportation system.”和尾段“Now you know more about the Chunnel.Everybody off，this is the last stop.”可知这是火车上所广播的一篇文章，故选C项。

三、细读原文，捕捉相关信息词。

掌握短文细节内容，这是解题的关键。应特别注意以下几点：

1．抓住四个W和一个H，就是边读边用铅笔做些标记，把what、when、where、why、how划出来。

2．抓住连接词及起关键作用的副词、代词、介词、插入语等。因为这些词具有因果、让步、递进、转折、指代、列举及承上启下等各种连接上下文的特殊功能。

Smoking_cigarettes_is_harmful_to_your_health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness)，cancer，cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example，it can give one a “smoker’s cough”．Finally，studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer，cancer，smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?

What’s the main ide a of the passage?

A．Smoking can cause cancer.

B．Smoking is a terrible killer

C．Smoking is harmful to our health.

D．An experiment on smoking.

解析：选C。根据文章首句“Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.”以及后面的几个关键词Experiments show that；Besides；For example；smoking is harmful 可知文章大意要表

达的是“吸烟有害健康”。A、B、D三项为文章的细节。

四、复读全文，验证答案。

在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选答案。

第一讲主旨大意题

,[P59～61])

一、设题角度

1．标题(title)类

2．主题(topic，subject，theme，main idea，general idea)类

3．目的(purpose)类

二、设问方式

1．What is the main idea/topic of the passage?

2．What does the passage mainly discuss?

3．Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

4．The main idea of the passage is that...

5．The passage is mainly about...

6．What’s the best title/headline for the passage?

7．The best title/headline for the passage is...

8．What would be the best title for the text?

9．The passage is meant to________．

10．The purpose of the article is to________．

三、解题思路

1．弄清文章的大意，关键是找到主题句。

主题句的位置：主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或没有主题句，需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳。

2．找主题句的方法：用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息。找主题句的四个小窍门：

①段落中出现表转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。

②首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。

③作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。

④表示总结或结论的话常有therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等。

3．关于干扰项：

干扰项可能属于文中某个具体事实或细节；可能属于文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论；可能属于非文章事实的主观臆断。它常具有以下几个特点：

①以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。

②断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。

③主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，过于笼统。超过文章实际所讨论的内容。即归纳的主题太广泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。

④主观臆断。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。把观点强加给作者。属于非文章事实的主观臆断。

4．关于正确答案：

主旨大意题一定要找出每段或者每节的中心句，没有就看反复出现的词汇，含有它或相近意思的就是文章的中心或标题。正确答案一定是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。

1．(2014·高考安徽卷)You may not have heard of Ashoka，but for the past 27 years，this association，founded by Bill Drayton，has fought poverty(贫困)and sickness，promoted education and encouraged small businesses.To support these worthy causes，Ashoka provides money for the world’s most promising “changemakers”seeking to solve(解决)urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.

Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change.The important thing is to simply give yourself permission.If you see a problem that you care about，you can help solve it.The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy，healthy，contributing adult.In fact，it is many young people’s ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions.An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city，helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.

When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka’s streets，attracting rats and disease，they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste.So they educated the poor people in the city to compost(把……制成堆肥)this waste.They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilisers(化肥)which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years.At first，they were refused，but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made，the project took off.In 2009 sales were $14，000.

Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious，practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.

Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?

A．Changemakers B．Businessmen

C．Social Conditions D．Rubbish Problem

most promising “changemakers” seeking to solve(解决)urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.可知这篇文章介绍了Bill Drayton创办的一个组织，致力于帮助人们摆脱贫困疾病、提高教育，鼓励小产业。为了让每个人都变成“changemakers”。故A项Changemakers为最佳标题。

2．(2014·高考浙江卷)Here is some must-kno w information from a handbook on ho w people beha v e in doing business in some countries.

In Brazil

Brazilians are warm and friendly.They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder.People often greet each other(particularly women)with light cheek kisses.Schedules tend to be flexible，with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned.But to be safe，be on time.Meals can stretch for hours—there’s no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil.Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon.Brazilians are social，preferring face-to-face communication over emails or phone calls.

In Singapore

Singaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet each other with a small，polite bow.Business cards should be offered and received with two hands.Arriving late is considered disrespectful.So be on time.Efficiency(效率)is the goal，so meetings and dealings often are fast-paced.Singaporeans are direct in their discussions，even when the subject is about money.Rank is

important and authority is respected.This determines how people interact in meetings.For example，people avoid disagreeing outright with someone with a higher rank.

In the United Arab Emirates

In the UAE，status is important，so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles.The handshake seems to be longer than elsewhere.So do not pull away from the handshake.Women should cover themselves when it comes to dress.Men also tend to be covered from neck to elbows(肘部)and down to the knees.People do not avoid entertaining in their homes，but they also hold business meals at restaurants.Touching or passing food or eating with your left hand is to be avoided.When meetings are one-to-one，if your host offers you coffee，you should refuse.It might seem odd，but it is a cultural tradition.Coffee should only be accepted if it is already set out or presented.

In Switzerland

The Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by last name.They also are respectful of private lives.You should be careful not to ask about personal topics.Punctuality(守时)is vital，something that comes from a deep respect for others’time.Arrive at any meeting or event a few minutes early to be safe.They also have clear structure in their companies.Higher-ups make the final decisions，even if others might disagree.Neat，clean dress is expected.The Swiss follow formal table manners.They also keep their hands visible at the table and their elbows off the table.It is polite to finish the food on your plate.

The passage is mainly about ________．

A．communication types

B．the workplace atmosphere

C．customs and social manners

D．living conditions and standards

from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.得知本文讲述的是一些国家里人们的行为举止是什么样子的，接着举例说明了四个国家中具体的风俗习惯。所以本文主要是关于世界各国的不同风俗习惯和文明礼仪的。故C项正确。

,[P61～62])

A

(原创题)Although the world may be crazy about the World Cup，many in Brazil have mixed feeling about it.Some taxpayers there are angry that it is costing them so much when they are stuck in poverty.

The games cost $14 billion (87 billion yuan) to host，according to AP.

Many people are questioning whether hosting the event benefits the country.According to The Ne w York Times，the push to build new stadiums so quickly has led to the deaths of nine construction workers.Meanwhile，FIFA’s demands for infrastructure may displace about 250，000 people.And it is very possible that the stadiums will later become unused “white elephants(昂贵而无用的东西)”．

But the problem does not stop in Brazil.People around the world have started to criticize FIFA’s behavior.

Founded in 1904 in Paris，FIFA was originally only a rule-making group for soccer.But the organization has become what The Ne w York Times described as “a stateless organization”that works with “world leaders who want to use the World Cup to push their development”．FIFA is also one of the most profitable sports organizations.It is getting $4.5 billion from the 2014 World Cup alone，reported AP.

The Guardian described FIFA operates as the following: Helicopter into a country，make money and then take off to the next destination.

FIFA even requires countries to protect its inter ests at the people’s expense，commented Salon，a US news website.

This year，at FIFA’s request，the Brazilian congress passed a law allowing World Cup sponsors，such as Budweiser and McDonald’s，to avoid paying various taxes until the end of 2015.

While FIFA earns a lot from the World Cup，it may be failing to do its job well.

FIFA is responsible for policing match-fixing(对打假球进行监管)，the practice of arranging games to be played with a pre-determined result.But according to The Ne w York Times，only six people out of 350 total FIFA staff are responsible for such duties.

It should also monitor corruption，but its officials are constantly being accused of bribery.There have been allegations that bribes helped Qatar win its 2022 World Cup bid.

A big international event such as the World Cup can boost the host cities’ development to some extent.However，to many it is obvious that FIFA should change the way it does business.

For instance，Dave Zirin wrote in The Ne w York Times: “The secret bidding process for host countries must end so that soccer isn’t abused(滥用) for economic and political ends.”

【解题导语】世界杯如火如荼，国际足联深陷“贪腐门”。

1．The underlined word “displace”in Paragraph 3 probably means ________．

A．to take the place of sb./sth.

B．to force people to move away from their home to another

C．to move sth.from its usual position

D．to remove sb.from a job or position

解析：选B。词义猜测题。由语境可知：巴西要办好世界杯需要“搬迁”250 000人。故选B。

2．Which of the following is NOT true about FIFA?

A．FIFA is one of the most profitable sports organizations.

B．Only six people out of 350 total FIFA staff are responsible for policing match-fixing.

C．FIFA’s officials are constantly being accused of bribery.

D．FIFA was founded in 1914 in Paris.

解析：选D。细节理解题。由第五段的“Founded in 1904 in Paris，...”可知，D项说法错误。故选D。

3．What’s the purpose of the passage?

A．To introduce FIFA.

B．To advertise the World Cup in Brazil.

C．To criticize FIFA’s bad behavior.

D．To attract young people to visit Brazil.

解析：选C。细节理解题。本文目的是向我们介绍国际足联存在的“贪腐事件”等不良行为。

4．The passage mainly tells us ________．

A．Brazil has make a lot of money from the 2014 World Cup

B．FIFA should change the way it does business

C．the World Cup can boost the host cities’development to some extent

D．problems with FIFA

解析：选D。主旨大意题。本文介绍了国际足联的“贪腐”等麻烦问题。故选D。

B

For ￡400，000，Craig Venter，who helped to work out the human genome(基因组)—man’s

genetic code—plans to provide details of all a person’s genes within a week.Armed with such information，the individual would be able to check for mutations(基因突变)linked with illnesses such as cancer and Alzheimer’s(老年痴呆症)．Venter，an American，is spending some money on the new equipment，which will offer the service from later this year.Individuals will get a CD giving a full description of all their genes to pass on to their next generations.Banks of DNA sequencing machines(测序仪)and computers will do the work，showing the increasing power of modern genetics.By comparison，it took scientists 15 years to work out the map of the human genome，published in February 2001.Venter says his main aim is to use the customers’genes—and money—to test out new fast techniques for analyzing DNA that could one day enable everyone to have a map of their genome.His scientists are already working on the genomes of 40 species.However，other experts are_skeptical_about the value of mappin g individuals’ genes.

Dr.Tim Hubbard，head of human genome analysis at the Sanger Institute in Cambridge，said knowing someone’s genome was not the same as understanding it.“We know very little about the link between differences in genes and ill health.Mapping individual genomes will be like the Russians sending tourists into space.It is fun for those who can afford it but it is just a good trick.”

In the next few years the speed with which genomes can be mapped is likely to go faster than ever.At least three companies，two of them British，are working on techniques that will speed up DNA analyses.They hope to make individual genome mapping cheap enough to make it common for all patients with potentially inheritable(遗传)diseases.Once that happens，they believe，doctors and drug firms will be able to tailor drug regimes(疗法)to suit each patient’s individual genome.

5．The whole passage is mainly about________．

A．different opinions on genome mapping

B．genome mapping for individuals

C．different plans for genome mapping

D．an introduction of a new equipment

解析：选B。主旨大意题。通读全文可知文章是通篇围绕“人类个人基因图谱”展开的。选项A、C反映的只是科学家在研究基因图谱过程中所产生的分歧，选项D也只是提了一下而已。

6．According to Craig Venter，a map of a person’s genes can be used to________．

A．check certain diseases

B．prevent inheritable diseases

C．cure certain diseases

D．change a person’s genomes

解析：选A。细节理解题。根据文章第一段提供的信息“Armed with such information，the individual would be able to check for mutations(基因突变)linked with illnesses such as cancer and Alzheimer’s(老年痴呆症)．”不难得出答案。

7．Dr.Tim Hubbard thinks mapping a person’s genes ________．

A．can help people know more about the links between genes and bad health

B．is of little practical value

C．is a new research well worth doing

D．will be too expensive for common people

解析：选B。推理判断题。根据文章第二段Tim博士的话，特别是其中的内容“We know very little about the link between differences in genes and ill health.Mapping individual genomes will be like the Russians sending tourists into space.It is fun for those who can afford it but it is just a good trick.”可以清楚地断定研究基因图谱这一工作在Tim心目中的价值。

8．The underlined part “are skeptical about”in the first paragraph probably means ________．

A．worry about B．believe in

C．are pleased with D．doubt

解析：选D。词义猜测题。上文讲“科学家正在对几十个物种的基因进行研究”，紧接通过however将话锋一转，暗示了对研究前景的不看好，对研究价值的不认可。be skeptical about“怀疑”。

A

Now came great news! It came from a neighboring state，where the family’s only surviving relative lived.It was Sally’s relative —a distant relative by the name of Tilbury Foster，seventy and single.Tilbury now wrote to Sally，saying he should shortly die，and should leave him thirty thousand dollars，cash；not for love，but because money had given him most of his troubles，and he wished to place it where there was good hope that it would continue its evil work.The bequest would be found in his will，and would be officially handed over provided that Sally should be able to prove to the executors(遗嘱执行人)．

As soon as Aleck had partially recovered from the strong emotions created by the letter，she sent someone to the relative’s home and subscribed for the local paper.

For the rest of the day Sally made confusion with his books，and Aleck could not keep her mind on her affairs，not even take up a flower-pot or book or a stick of wood without forgetting what she had intended to do with it.For both were dreaming.

“Thirty thousand dollars！”

All day long Aleck was absorbed in planning how to invest it，Sally in planning how to spend it.

There was no romance-reading that night.The children took themselves away early，for their parents were silent，disturbed，and strangely unentertaining.Two pencils had been busy during that hour —note-making；in the way of plans.It was Sally who broke the stillness at last.He said，with excitement，“Ah，it’ll be grand，Aleck! Out of the first thousand we’ll have a horse and a buggy for summer，and a cutter and a skin lap-robe for winter.”

Aleck responded with decision and calmness.

“You can spend a part of it.But the whole of the capital must be put right to work.

“Why，yes.Yes，of course.Have you got it invested yet？”

“No，there’s no hurry about that；I must look around first，and think，er...，I’ve turned it over twice；once in oil and once in wheat.”

“Why，Aleck，it’s splendid! What does it amount to？”

“I think —well，to be on the safe side，about a hundred and eighty thousand clear，though it will probably be more.”

“My! Isn’t it wonderful? Good heaven! Luck has come our way at last，Aleck！”

Then they went up to bed，but they left the candle burning in the sitting room.They did not remember until they were undressed；then Sally was for letting it burn；he said they could afford it，if it was a thousand.But Aleck went down and put it out.

A good job，too；for on her way back she hit on a scheme that would turn the hundred and eighty thousand into half a million before it had had time to get cold.

1．Why would Tilbury like to give all his money to Sally?

A．Because Sally was Tilbury’s only relative alive.

B．Because Tilbury loved Sally and his family deeply.

C．Because Tilbury wanted his money to continue its function.

D．Because Sally and his wife are good at investing.

解析：选C。推理判断题。根据文章第一段第四句．..not for love，but because money had given most of his trouble，and he wished to place it where there was good hope that it would continue its evil work.可知，Tilbury把钱留给Sally不是因为爱，而是因为他的麻烦大多数是由钱给他带来的，他希望这些钱能继续它的邪恶工作，也就是说继续它的功能——给人带来麻烦，故选C项。

2．The underlined word “bequest”in Paragraph 1 probably means ________．

A．a gift of personal property

B．a proof of a person’s identity

C．a method of getting money

D．a reason for giving money

解析：选A。词义猜测题。上文提到Tilbury把他的三万美元留给Sally，这三万美元是他的遗产，这份遗产的赠与能在遗嘱(will)里被找到，并会被交给Sally，因此bequest意为“遗产”，故选A项，通过遗嘱明确的个人财产的赠与。

3．What do we know about Sally and his wife after receiving the letter?

A．They were in deep sorrow and stayed up all night.

B．They cared little about the bequest and lived their life as usual.

C．They paid a visit to Tilbury to confirm the truth of the letter.

D．They had a big ambition to invest the money and make huge profits.

解析：选D。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的．..she hit on a scheme that would turn the hundred and eighty thousand into half a million...可知，她有了一个计划能把这1.8万美元变成50万美元的计划，故选D项，他们有雄心去投资并赢得丰厚的利润。

4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A．Thrilling News

B．Sally’s Distant Relative

C．The $30，000 Bequest

D．A Smart Investment

解析：选C。主旨大意题。本文所讲述的故事起因、经过和结果都是围绕那三万美元的遗嘱展开的，因此用The $30，000 Bequest“三万美元遗嘱”作为标题非常合适，故选C项。

B

Facebook—A Social Network Website

Most young people know that Facebook is a free access to Internet social networking websites popular among teenagers and adults，too.It was founded by a Harvard University student named Mark Zuckerberg and launched on Feb 4，2004.Initially，it was intended only as a networking site for Harvard’s campus community，providing a handy tool to help everyone on campus—students，faculty，and other staff—get to know each other.Almost immediately，it expanded to include Stanford，Columbia，and Yale Universities，and then several more Ivy League Schools(常青藤学校)．Now，Facebook has developed into a vast social network for anyone over the age of 13，with more than 65 million active users.

As the name suggests，faces are an integral(必需的)part of the website，and of social networking，too，one could https://www.360docs.net/doc/0614450526.html, is the top Internet site for uploading photos，with 14 million photos uploaded every day! People continue to expand their personal profiles with photos，though a feature that allows blogging was soon added to the site.Some of the other features now include a Marketplace site，allowing users to post free classified ads.Similarly，under other network headings，people can let others know about events and post videos.There is even a way to send friends virtual “gifts”—such as a happy face balloon，heart-shaped boxes of virtual chocolates，and dog bones from Facebook’s virtual gift shops! In this way，Facebook has increased in popularity and broadened its usership，and it has increased its value for the owner.So far，Zuckerberg has declined to sell his site(competitor networking site https://www.360docs.net/doc/0614450526.html, was sold to News Corp)even though he has received offers of up to a billion dollars!

But sometimes success can lead to a downfall of sorts! Facebook is not without controversy.Ironically(具有讽刺意味的是)，at least one university has blocked access to the site，saying that logging onto Facebook violates its acceptable use policy.The government of Ontario blocked access to the site for its public employees in 2007.Privacy is a big problem.In some cases，the identities of people，such as those involved in crimes as victims，are released to the public through posts on such sites，even before the permission of the police.There are instances of embarrassing or even unlawful materials being posted，resulting in real damages to people’s reputations，sometimes with tragic results.

Moreover，as some people have become more and more interested in chatting with their new online friends，their real-life relationships have suffered.Psychologists are seeing an increase in problems among people who are addicted to such sites.Criticisms against the use of these social networking sites are now occurring，and once-devoted fans of sites like Facebook are committing

“Facebook Suicide”—saying virtual goodbye to their virtual friends and returning to their real life and enjoying the real warmth and rewards that only face-to-face friendship can offer.

5．What’s the initial purpose of founding Facebook?

A．To develop it into a vast social network.

B．To provide a free access to Internet websites.

C．To help people get to know each other easily.

D．To offer a study tool for everyone on campus.

解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第一段第三句Initially，it was intended only as a networking site for Harvard’s campus community，providing a handy tool to help everyone on campus—students，faculty，and other staff—get to know each other.可知，创建Facebook的最初目的是为了帮助人们彼此了解，C项符合原文表达。

6．What is the author’s major concern about Facebook?

A．Addicts returning to “real-life”friendship.

B．Crime victims suffering from tragic results.

C．Devoted fans committing “Facebook Suicide”．

D．Personal information leaking through Facebook.

解析：选D。细节理解题。根据第三段第五句Privacy is a big problem.以及后面的例子可知，作者主要关注的是隐私问题，大量的个人信息通过Facebook泄露，故选D项。

7．Which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude?

A．Objective.B．Ironical.

C．Optimistic. D．Doubtful.

解析：选A。作者态度题。通览全文，文章介绍了Facebook网站的建立、优势和缺点以及对人们生活的影响等方面，所有描述都没有掺杂作者个人的情感喜好，因此可以推断作者的态度较为客观。objective客观的；ironical嘲讽的；optimistic乐观的；doubtful怀疑的。故选A项。

C

Global Positioning Systems are now a part of everyday driving in many countries.These satellite-based systems provide turn-by-turn directions to help people get to where they want to go.But they can also cause a lot of problems，sending you to the wrong place or leave you completely lost.Many times，the driver is to blame.Sometimes a GPS error is responsible.Most often，says Barry Brown，it is a combination of the two.

Barry Brown is with the Mobile Life Centre in Stockholm，Sweden.The center studies human -computer interaction，or HCI，especially communications involving wireless devices.We spoke to Mr.Brown by Skype.He told us about an incident involving a friend who had flown to an airport in the eastern United States.There he borrowed a GPS-equipped car to use during his stay.

Barry Brown：“And they just plugged in an address and then set off to their destination.And，then it wasn’t until they were driving for thirty minutes that they realized they had put in a destination back on the West Coast where they lived.They actually put their home address in.So again，the_GPS_is_kind_of_“garbage_in_garbage_out”．

Mr.Brown says this is a common human error.But，he says，what makes the problem worse has to do with some of the shortcomings，or failures，of GPS equipment.

Barry Brown：“One problem with many GPS units is they have a very small screen and they just tell you the next turn.Because they just give you the next turn，sometimes that means that it is not really giving you the overview that you would need to know that it’s going to the wrong place.”

Barry Brown formerly served as a professor with the University of California，San Diego.While there，he worked on a project with Eric Laurier from the University of Edinburgh.The two men studied the effects of GPS devices on driving by placing cameras in people’s cars.They wrote a paper based on their research.It is called “The Normal，Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS.”

Barry Brown：“One of the things that struck us，perhaps the most important thing was that you have to know what you’re doing when you use a GPS.There are these new skills that people

have developed.There are these new competencies that you need to have to be able to use a GPS because they sometimes go wrong.”

Barry Brown says this goes against a common belief that GPS systems are for passive drivers who lack navigational(导航)skills.

“The Normal，Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS”lists several areas where GPS systems can cause confusion for drivers.These include maps that are outdated，incorrect or difficult to understand.They also include timing issues related to when GPS commands are given.

Barry Brown says to make GPS systems better，we need a better understanding of how drivers，passengers and GPS systems work together.

8．What is the best title for this passage?

A．Is GPS system reliable to use?

B．What is the use of GPS?

C．How to make the most of GPS?

D．Blame! GPS or Passengers?

解析：选A。主旨大意题。文章探讨了驾驶中出现问题时，是GPS的缺陷造成的？还是人为的错误？D项有很大的干扰性，但是文章分析的是司机(drivers)和GPS之间的责任问题，而D项题目中passengers“乘客”，显然错误。文章最后一段Barry Brown says to make GPS systems better we need a better understanding of how drivers，passengers and GPS systems work together.是全文的总结，很好地回答了A项中“使用GPS系统是否可靠？”这一问题，因此用这一问题作为题目，既引起读者的阅读兴趣，又符合文章中心内容。

9．What is the implication of the underlined part?

A．GPS is just a garbage device.

B．GPS will not correct human errors.

C．GPS adjusts your wrong destination.

D．GPS is just as smart as human beings.

解析：选B。句意理解题。根据第三段中Barry Brown讲述的事件，当人们向GPS中输入错误的目的地，GPS不可能纠正这个错误，仍然将人们导向错误的目的地，garbage in garbage out是指“无用输入无用输出”，此处即指GPS无法纠正人们的错误，故选B项。

10．Which is NOT mentioned as a GPS shortcoming in the passage?

A．Small screen. B．Timing of commands.

C．Outdated maps. D．Dear cameras GPS uses.

解析：选D。细节理解题。根据第五段第一句中．..One problem with many GPS units is that they have a very small screen...以及倒数第二段These include maps that are outdated，incorrect or difficult to understand.They also include timing issues related to when GPS commands are given.可知，屏幕较小、地图过期和发出指令的时机问题都是GPS的不足之处，因此可排除A、B、C三项。D项符合题意。

11．According to the passage，people commonly believe that ________．

A．you have to know where to go when using GPS

B．you need to have new competencies to use GPS well

C．GPS is proper for drivers with little sense of direction

D．GPS is fit for people having good understanding of maps

解析：选C。细节理解题。根据倒数第三段Barry Brown says this goes against a common belief that GPS systems are for passive drivers who lack navigational(导航) skills.可知，人们普遍认为GPS是为缺乏导航能力的开车被动的司机准备的，即缺乏方向感的司机适合使用GPS，故选C项。

A

(原创题)A 6.5-magnitude earthquake hit Ludian county in Southwest China’s Yunnan province at 4：30 pm Sunday.An earthquake can strike suddenly with very little warning.Therefore, it is important that you know how to react during an earthquake.Here are some tips that may help save your life.

(1)Be prepared

Stock up on supplies in case of an earthquake, such as a supply of canned and prepackaged dry food and bottled water.Also buy a flashlight, allergy medication supplies and blankets.These could be vital in ensuring your survival.

(2)Duck and cover

It’s the most basic rule of earthquake safety.Get under a table or other solid piece of furniture and hold on until the shaking stops.The larger and the stronger the object, the less it will compact.The less the object compacts, the greater probability that the person will not be injured.

(3)Avoid doorways

Most everyone who gets under a doorway when buildings collapse is killed.So avoid using doorways to shelter in unless you are certain that they are load-bearing and can take the weight of

a collapsing building.

(4)Cut off services

Know how and where to cut off switches for gas, water and electrical supplies to the property.Do not use flammable materials that may be dangerous following an earthquake.

(5)Don’t shout for help

Cover your mouth with whatever you can find, and try not to shout for help－you could inhale dangerous dust.It’s better to tap on something, like a pipe, to signal for help.

(6)If caught outdoors

If you are outdoors at the time of earthquake, move into an open area away electric poles, buildings, electric towers and trees.These could fall and injure you.

(7)If caught indoors

If you are inside a building you should try to take shelter under a heavy desk but away from heavy objects such as heavy hanging lights.Get as close as you can to the outer walls of the building, as these areas are more structurally sound than other places.Also, chances are greater that the route thorough which you can escape will not be blocked.

(8)If driving

If you are driving when an earthquake strikes, slow down and then stop car in an open area and wait until the shaking is over.Once you’re sure the immediate danger has passed, go ahead and drive away, but be careful to avoid underpasses or bridges in case of aftershocks.

1．What’s the best title for the passage?

A．Some tips for earthquake safety

B．Information for earthquakes

C．How to avoid earthquakes

D．How to know earthquakes ahead of time

解析：选A。标题概括题。通读全文可知，本文是有关地震安全的一些小建议。

2．What’s the meaning of the underlined word“Duck”？

A．Run away quickly.

B．Move down quickly.

C．Shout for help loudly.

D．Cover your head quickly.

解析：选B。词义猜测题。此词在本段的小标题上，因此快速阅读本段内容，再根据生活常识，可猜测到词义。

3．Why should you not shout for help when an earthquake happens?

A．Because everybody else may be in danger too.

B．Because you may disturb others.

C．Because you could breathe in dangerous dust.

D．Because you should be brave enough.

解析：选C。细节理解题。第五条建议是Don’t shout for help，浏览其内容可知，应选答案C。inhale意为breathe in。

4．If you are caught home when an earthquake happens, what should you do?

A．Get as close as you can to the walls.

B．Run out of the house quickly.

C．Shout for help loudly.

D．Get under a solid piece of furniture.

解析：选D。细节理解题。在文章第七条建议中If you are inside a building you should try to take shelter under a heavy desk...，此题巧妙替换了一些同义词语。

B

From the outer of New York to the heart of Singapore，na ture is everywhere you’re not looking in some of Earth’s most crowded big cities.Outdoor adventure is often just a few stops on the train—or a short drive—away from the annoying crowds.Here are a few favorites to get you going：

Mount Hollywood Trail，Los Angeles

It’s not a skyscraper or a Ferris wheel，and there’s no expensive restaurant up too.But if you want an absolutely unforgettable，no-admission-charged，360-degree view of the entire Los Angeles region，it’s yours.All you have to do is to walk a little.One of the preferred exercise routes，the Mount Hollywood Trail，is easily accessed from the parking lot of the famous Griffith Observatory；you see what you get at the end of this steep 1.5-mile trail，which winds its way through the Griffith P ark wilds up to the mountain’s 1，640 foot peak.

Bronx River，New York

It may not be on your Top 10 list of things to do when you finally get to the Big Apple，but exploring the almost-secret river that flows through one of New York’s most mysterious boroughs(自治市)is an unforgettable experience.The Bronx River Alliance，a non-profit group that has worked tirelessly to bring the much-abused river back to life，operates cycling and canoeing trips along the river，from the rugged Hunts Point section down near the harbor on up through the borough.

Southern Islands，Singapore

Believe it or not，tightly packed Singapore does have plenty of open space left.There are actual trails right in the middle of everything，if you know where to look.But to really get away from it all，the Southern Islands，a small group of little green dots just off the city-state’s southern shoreline，are just the thing.

Lee Valley，London

This East London river valley changed last summer，when anyone near a television got an eyeful of Olympic Park，built directly in the middle of the valley.Inside the park，beautifully landscaped sections quickly became a favorite relaxation spot for games goers.At present，you’ll find miles of walking paths worth exploring.Start at the Waltham Cross train and follow the signposted walking route southbound，guiding you past important historic industrial areas，through interesting city neighborhoods，past the western side of Olympic Park and on to the Thames.

5．If someone wants to enjoy an unforgettable experience for free，he can go to ________．A．Mount Hollywood Trail and Bronx River

B．Mount Hollywood Trail and Southern Islands

C．Lee Valley and Southern Islands

D．Bronx River and Lee Valley

解析：选A。推理判断题。根据第二段第二句But if you want an absolutely unforgettable，no-admission-charged，360-degree view of the entire Los Angeles region，it’s yours.中的unforgettable和no-admission-charged(不收门票)可知，Mount Hollywood Trail符合题意。根

据第三段第一句中exploring the almost-secret river...is an unforgettable experience和第二句中The Bronx River Alliance，a non-profit(非盈利的)group可知，Bronx River也符合题意，故选A项。

6．The writer of the passage wants to ________．

A．inform the readers that nature exists in crowded big cities

B．appeal to more people to outdoor adventure

C．recommend several historical spots to readers

D．present various approaches to outdoor adventure

解析：选A。主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句From the outer of New York to the heart of Singapore，nature is everywhere you’re not looking in some of the Earth’s most crowed big cities.可知，作者认为在拥挤的大城市也可以亲近自然，并在文章中向读者介绍了四个这样的去处，故选A项。

7．We know from the passage ________．

A．it’s difficult to find a proper trail in packed Singapore

B．the Thames is not far away from the East London river valley

C．The Bronx River Alliance has succeeded in running the river

D．you may have trouble reaching the Mount Hollywood Trail

解析：选B。推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句At present，you’ll find miles of walking paths worth exploring.Start at the Waltham Cross train...，past the western side of Olympic Park and on to the Thames.可知，泰晤士河离东伦敦河谷只有几英里的路程，可步行到达，由此推断，两地相距不远，故选B项。

C

What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motorcars and aircraft? Scientists are confident about the formation of coal，but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil.They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past，and was formed from living things in the sea.Countless billions of small sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the seabed.They were covered with huge deposits(沉积)of mud and by process of chemistry，pressure and temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil.For these creatures to become oil，it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for a great length of time.The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfields of the world.Very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today.In some places gas and oil come up to the surface of the sea from its bed.The rocks in which oil is found are of the marine origin too.They are rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bed of the ocean.Almost always the remains of shells，and other proofs of sea life are found close to the oil.A very common sedimentary rock(沉积岩)is called shale，which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the seabed.And when there is shale，there is likely to be oil.

There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil.The drill may just miss the oil although it is near；on the other hand，it may strike oil at a fairly high level.When the drill goes down，it brings up soil.The soil from various depths is examined for traces of oil.If they are disappointed at one place，the drillers go to another.Great sums of money have been spent，for example，in the deserts of Egypt，in looking for oil.Sometimes little is found.When we buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars，we pay not only the cost of the petrol，but also part of the cost of the search that is always going on.

There are four main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear.The first is that of the Middle East.Another is the area between North and South America，and a third，between Asia and Australia.The fourth area is the part near the North Pole.When there is no more oil in the present oilfields to bring up，it is possible that this cold region may become the scene of busy oil activity.

8．Which of the following pictures shows a description in the passage?

解析：选A。细节理解题。根据文章第一段第四句Countless billions of small sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the seabed.They were covered with huge deposits(沉积)of mud and by process of chemistry，pressure and temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil.可知答案。

9．According to the passage，oil was formed from ______ by process of chemistry，pressure and temperature.

A．sea creatures and rock

B．mud，rocks and shells

C．living things and mud

D．sea creatures and plants

解析：选D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的Countless billions of small sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the seabed.可知答案。

10．From the passage，we can infer that________．

A．the North Pole is the largest oil field in the world

B．the Middle East has the finest crude oil in the main oil areas

C．people haven’t opened any oilfield in the North Pole

D．only in oceans can we find oil

解析：选C。细节理解题。根据最后一段The fourth area is the part near the North Pole.When there is no more oil in the present oilfields to bring up，it is possible that this cold region may become the scene of busy oil activity可知答案。

11．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?

A．How to explore and drill for the Oil

B．The Oil in Oceans

C．The Origin and Distribution of the Oil

D．The Elements of the Oil

解析：选C。标题归纳题。根据文章第一段首句What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motorcars and aircraft？可知前半部分主要谈原油的形成，又根据最后一段首句There are four main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear.可知后面讲述了原油的分布。所以选择C项。

第二讲细节理解题

,[P62～65])

一、设题角度

1．直接理解题 2.语义转化题 3.数字计算题 4.排列顺序题 5.图表图画题等

二、设问方式

1．When/Where did the story happen?

2．Which of the following statements is(not)correct?

3．Which of the following statements is(not)mentioned in the passage?

4．Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

5．All the statements are true Except...

三、解题思路

1．把握解题的顺序原则。明确题意，顺藤摸瓜，按顺序寻找答案。

2．通过定位词寻找出题点。准确定位，找到与题干最匹配的原文语言重现。下面给出两种实用的方法：

①题干关键词定位法：疑问词，名词(人名/地名)，数词(时间，数字，百分比)，动词。

②选项关键词定位法：各个选项中的不同之处(去同存异)。

3．找准关键词，明白其暗示作用。

按照文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词，如for example，first，second 等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z形扫视，直到找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。

注意识别指代词语。为避免重复，文章中对多次提及的事物或现象会使用不同的词语，如同义词、近义词、代词等。

注意：(1)命题者常使用扩缩范围干扰法，即通过改变或去掉特定的修饰语(all，every，always，never，completely，altogether等)，使信息范围，程度，色彩发生细微变化，从而导致考生误选。

(2)注意顺藤摸瓜，在文章中找到句子，通常不可能与阅读材料完全一样，而是换用不同的表达方式。(词义转换＋语义转换)

(3)通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：

①对原文中的关键词进行替换；

②词性或者语态的变化；

③语言简化；

④正话反说：适用于寻找错误选项的题目。

四、常见的几种细节题

1．排序题

方法：“首尾定位法”(找出第一个动作和最后的一个动作，缩小选择范围)

此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。如：

(1)(2014·高考四川卷)A schoolgirl saved her father’s life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.

Izzy，nine，restarted father Colm’s heart by stamping(踩)on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.

Izzy’s mother，Debbie，immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father，so decided to use CPR.

However，she quickly discovered her arms weren’t strong enough，so she stamped on her father’s chest instead.

Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions(按压)until the ambulance arrived.

Izzy，who has been given a bravery award by her school，said：“I just kicked him really hard.My mum taught me CPR b ut I knew I wasn’t strong enough to use hands.I was quite scared.The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse.My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”

“She’s a little star，”said Debbie，“I was really upset but Izzy just took over.I just can’t believe what she did.I really think all children should be taught first aid.Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up.Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we’ve got to see

an expert.”

Truck driver Colm，35，suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital，but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day.The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled，preventing him from breathing，his blood pressure dropped suddenly，and his heart stopped for a moment.

He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.

What’

A．③①②④

C．③④②①D．④③①②

解析：选C。事件排序题。根据第二段中的stopped breathing，第三段中的called 999...so decided to use CPR可知这三个动作的顺序；而Izzy能实施急救是因为父亲因过敏犯病前她就学过急救技巧，故Izzy learned CPR最先发生。

(2)In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside.In those days，ladies wore long bathing dresses，and men wore bathing suits.Women did not walk about on the beach(沙滩)in their bathing dresses.They hired a bathing machine.A bathing machine was used for changing in，and for taking the bather down to the sea.It cost 2 pence(便士)to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者)．When she had paid，the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine.Then she changed into her bathing dress.When she had changed，the machine was pulled down to the sea.The bathing machine stopped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water.If she did not want to get into the sea，the attendant pulled her in.

In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things.

Which is the right order for doing them?

a．Changing into bathing clothes

b．Getting out of the bathing machine

c．Paying 2 pence

d．Getting into the bathing machine

e．Being taken down the beach

f．Getting into the water

A．e，d，a，b，f，c B．c，d，a，e，b，f

C．c，d，e，a，b，f D．d，a，e，b，f，c

解析：选B。细节理解题。题目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，显然，租用一个bathing machine是要先付钱的，所以c就是第一个动作，下水f应该是最后一个动作了。这样用排除法就可以排除A和D项。再看B和C项，从倒数第三句可知先a后e，故选B项。

2．计算题

方法：“列表推算法”(找出与题干相关的数据列表或推算)。

计算题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。如：

(1)(2014·高考山东卷)It was one of those terribly hot days in Baltimore.Needless to say，it was too hot to do anything outside.But it was also scorching in our apartment.This was 1962，and I would not live in a place with an air conditioner for another ten years.So my brother and I decided to leave the apartment to find someplace indoors.He suggested we could see a movie.It was a brilliant plan.

In which year did the author first live in a place with an air conditioner?

A．1952. B．1962.

C．1972. D．1982.