2008年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
华中师范大学08年考博真题
华中师范大学08年考博真题2008年华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题（A卷）（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效）Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each withfour suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the one you think is the best answer,and then write your answer on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn America’s fiercely adversarial legal system, a good lawyer is essential. Ask O.J Simpson. In a landmark case 35 years ago, Gideon v. Wainwright, a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that indigent defendants must be provided with a lawyer at state expense because there could be no fair trial in a serious criminal case without one.“This seems to us to be an obvious truth,”wrote Justice Hugo Black in his opinion. At the time, the decision was hailed as a triumph for justice, anexample of America’s commitment to the ideal of equality before the law.This is the image most Americans still have of their criminal-justice system---the fairest in the world, in which any defendant, no matter how, gets a smart lawyer who, too often, manages to get the culprit off on a technicality. Nothing could be further from the truth. About 80% of people accused of a felony have to depend on a publicly-provided lawyer; but over the past two decades the eagerness of politicians to look harsh on crime, theirreluctance to pay for public defenders, and a series of Supreme Court judgments restricting the grounds for appeal have made a mockery of Gideon. Today many indigent defendants, including those facing long terms of imprisonment or even death, are treated to a “meet’em and plead’em”defense --- a brief consultation in which a harried or incompetent lawyer encourages them to plead guilty on if that fail, struggle through a short trial in which the defense is massively outgunned by a more experienced, better-paid and better-prepared prosecutor.“We have a wealth-based system of justice,”says Stephen Bright, the director of the Southern Center for Human Rights. “For the wealthy, it’s gold-plated. For the averagepoor person, it’s like being herded to the slaughter-house. In many places the adversarial system barely exists for the poor.”Many lawyers, of course, have made heroic efforts for particular defendants for little or no pay, but the charity of lawyers can be relied on to handle only a tiny fraction of cases. As spending on police, prosecutorsand prisons has steadily climbed in the past decade, increasing the number of people charged and imprisoned, spending on indigent defense has not kept pace overwhelming an already hard-pressed system.1. It can be inferred from the passage that O.J Simpson was probably______.A. a person who was found not guilty because he hired a very good lawyer.B. a person who won his case because he was provided with a lawyer at state expense.C. a person who was denied a lawyer and thus lost his case in the court.D. a brilliant lawyer who won numerous cases for the averagepoor people.2. What is the author’s view of America’s adversariallegal system?A. It is the embodiment of the ideal of equality before the law.B. It is the fairest criminal-justice system in the world.C. As it is, it benefits the rich but works against the poor.D. It is unfair by nature and should be overhauled.3. Which of the following statements is true?A. Lawyers who provide defense for the poor often work heroically for little or no pay at all.B. As crime rate increases, American politicians have become more tolerant towards crime than before.C. In America, if a person refuses to accept the judgment of a lower court, he can always appeal to the Supreme Court.D. Government-provided lawyers tend to go through the formalities of defense and prove to be no match for the prosecutors.4. What is the author’s specific purpose in writing this passage?A. To appeal for more public spending on court defense for the poor.B. To criticize America’s fiercely adversarial legal system.C. To draw attention to the injustice of the American legalsystem.D. To make a suggestion on how to mend the criminal-justice system.Passage TwoThe media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the eventsrelated to t he People’s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of that was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more o f their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contract you have with others simply byusing telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action”such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed any immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgment, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able toacquit the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to providepositive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.5. The best title for the passage is_____.A. The 1992 Los Angeles Riots.B. The Impact of Media on Current Events.C. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots.D. How Media Cover Events.6. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that____.A. electronic media can extend one’s contact with the world.B. those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities by watching television.C. all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national media coverage.D. video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquakegave the viewers the impression of total disaster.7. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because______.A. the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.B. people can make their own judgments.C. video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.D. video coverage had provided powerful feedback.8. It can be inferred from the passage that______.A. media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results.B. most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the jury.C. the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.D. Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday.Passage ThreeNo one knows for sure when or where the first cow went mad, but the first recorded case occurred in December 1984 when a dairy cow on a farm in West Sussex began to act strange. That cow, identified only as No.133in a British。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理 1
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
华中科技大学儿科学2005,2008,2012,2015--2016,2018年考博真题
华中科技大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（8*5分=40分） 1、PPHN 2、bitot^s spot 3、艾森曼格综合征 4、癫痫持续状态 5、髓外造血 6、somogyi现象 7、咽结合膜热 8、RTA 注：以上全为英文，先翻译成中文，再解释。 二、问答题（6*10分=60分） 1、新生儿窒息的病理生理机制。 2、营养不良引起迁延性腹泻和慢性腹泻的原因及治疗方法。 3、贫血的实验室检查及意义。 4、肾病综合征的主要并发症及机制。 5、苯丙酮尿症的发病机制及实验室检查。 6、重症手足口病的临床表现，需要与哪些疾病鉴别。
医学考博 历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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一、名词解释（5分×4题） 1. 持续胎儿循环 2. 差异性青紫 3. Koplik斑 4. 绿色瘤 二、问答题（10分×8题） 1.
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华中科技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
名词解释： 1DIC 2.新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症 3.Tuner 综合征 4. 原发综合征 （5分*4） 论述题： 1.肾病综合征的分类和治疗原则（20分） 2.儿童白血病的现代学诊断标准和治疗原则（20分） 3.新生儿黄疸的分类和病因（25分） 4.川崎病的诊断标准和治疗原则（15分）
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华中科技大学考博英语-4.doc
华中科技大学考博英语-4(总分：99.99，做题时间：90分钟)一、Translation(总题数：6，分数：100.00)By far the most common snake in Britain is the adder. In Scotland, in fact, there are no other snakes at all. The adder is also the only British snake with a poisonous bite. It can be found almost anywhere, but prefers sunny hillsides and rough open country, including high ground. In Ireland there are no snakes at all.Most people regard snake bites as fatal misfortune, but not all bites are serious, and very few are fatal. 1 Sometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself, with amateurs heroically, but mistakenly, trying do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measures.All snakes have small teeth, so it follows that all snakes can bite, but only the bite of the adder presents any danger. 2 British snakes are shy animals and are far more frightened of you than you could possibly be of them. The adder will attack only if it feels threatened, as can happen if you take it by surprise and step on it accidentally or if you try to catch it or pick it up which it dislikes intensely. If it hears you coming it will normally get out of the way as quickly as it can, but adders cannot move very rapidly and may attack before moving if you are very close.The effect of a bite varies considerably. It depends upon several things, one of which is the body-weight of the person bitten. The bigger the person, the less harmful the bite is likely to be, which is why children suffer far more seriously from snake bites than adults. A healthy person will also have better resistance against the poison. 3 Very few people actually die from snake bites in Britain, and though these bites can make some people very ill, there are probably just as many cases of bites having little or no effect, as there are of serious illness.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sociology is concerned with people and with the rules of behavior that structure the ways in which people interact. As one of the social sciences, sociology has much in common with psychology and anthropology.The subject matter of social science inquiry is patterned social regularities. 4 A search for these regularities shows that most human behavior, from big and momentous acts to small and insignificant ones, is patterned.All of the social sciences are interested in patterned regularities in human social behavior. The distinction among the social sciences is chiefly in the kinds of regularities of interest. Psychology occupies itself principally with patterns of learning, motivations and mental disorders. Because mental behavior also has a biological base, psychology is related to the natural science as well as the social. Anthropology has traditionally limited its inquiry to small, preliterate societies and has turned to focus on culture and cultured systems. The focus on such societies provides anthropologists with field laboratories in which they study many of the concerns of the other social sciences. 5 To the extent that anthropologists turn their attention to modern societies, there is little difference in the subject matter of anthropology and sociology; in many colleges and universities, they are in the same department. The chief differences continue to be in methodology and level of analysis.Whatever their particular area of concern, all social sciences rely on the scientific method of inquiry. 6 This means they rely on critical and systematic examination of the evidence before reaching any conclusions and that they approached each research question from a position of moralneutrality. This scientific approach is what distinguishes the social sciences from journalism and other fields that comment on the condition.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Every year, according to the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), millions of men and women suffer from depressive illness. 7 Worse, thousands of depressives, including an alarming number of teenagers, take their own lives—often, it is believed, before their condition is identified.A NIMH survey has found that only about one third of depressed people seek treatment. Yet when treated, 80 to 90 percent can be helped with new drugs and therapy, and may never have another episode—if those around them spot their troubles early and treatment begins promptly. Clinical depression should not be confused with the blues. 8 Everyone has brief "down" periods, and sometimes depression strikes tor perfectly understandable reasons: the death of a loved one, the loss of a job or the breakup of a marriage. But most people gradually adjust to their losses. Clinical depression differs from the blues in duration and severity. For some it may be associated with disturbances in the brain"s neurochemistry (神经化学系统). Says Dr. Frederick K. Goodwin, director of the Center on Neuroscience, Behavior and Society at George Washington University Medical Center, "In depression-prone people, what starts as a normal response takes on a biochemical life of its own. The regulatory, systems keep running, and you get a kind of burnout."9 Untreated, the condition frequently recurs, and with each recurrence the chances of yet another episode increase. Half of those who have an untreated first episode will have a second, and after three episode, there is a 90 percent chance of a fourth. So early treatment is critical. Depression is a crippling illness. But with a little help from observant friends or family, and with proper medical treatment, most people recover and return to healthy, productive lives.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Did life emerge spontaneously on earth, or did it come from outer space? 10 The scientific community is sharply split on the question, and the evidence from Mars (火星) not only heats up the debate but also adds a third possibility: life-forms may have arisen on Mars first and then hitched a ride on a meteorite (陨石) to Earth—or vice versa. As Stanford University chemist Richard Zare puts it, "Who is to say that we are not all Martians?"Sounds implausible? Consider the alternatives. Sir Fred Hoyle, the distinguished British astronomer, favors an even more radical theory. The idea is that billions of years ago, the solar system was peppered by biological "seeds", which took root wherever conditions were right. That would explain how life may have arisen at roughly the same time on Earth and on Mars. 11 But it also raises awkward questions about where those seeds came from and what, or who, sent them flying through space.There is something to this theory. 12 Even scientists who reject it acknowledge that some of life"s building blocks probably had extraterrestrial (外星的) origins. Indeed, they now believe that everything from organic chemicals to amino acids (氨基酸), the constituents of proteins, was carried in by the comets, asteroids (小行星) and meteorites.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Americans are the first of the big spenders. 13 Among twenty major countries, the U. S. ranks third from last in individual willingness to save, putting aside a bare 4% of disposable income.A key reason is world-beating U. S. consumer debt, which has ballooned in 20 years from $100 billion to $900 billion. Things were not always thus. Thriftiness, not to say tightfistedness, used to be a Yankee (美国人的) virtue. As recently as 1984, Americans were saving 8% of their after-tax income. The image of Americans as spoiled children is fairly new, though now firmly established.14 Instead of putting something aside for a rainy day, Americans now start saving only when recession hits, while in other parts of the world like Asia, higher savings are associated with prosperity and growth.Savings also help maintain that happy state of affairs. Capital accumulation funds capital investment, so it comes as no surprise that as in savings, the U. S. lags in investment: 18.5% of GDP in 1994 against 24.8% for Germany, 28.9% for Japan and even more for Asia"s Young Tigers. Given the right encouragement, can Americans become born-savers again? If not, Joseph Gorman, CEO of TRW Inc., the $8 billion American auto-components manufacturer, warns, " 15Macro-economists would argue that we are condemned to run a big trade deficit because our country consumes far more than it saves, and other countries save far more than they consume. So goods are going to flow largely to the consumers, but the capital profits and the jobs will flow to the producers, who are the savers." In other words, Americans will be the grasshoppers (蚱蜢) in a world of ants.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________16 We are all now aware that some new scientific or technological advances, though useful, may have unpleasant side effects. More and more, the tendency is to expert caution before committing the world to something that may not be reversible.The trouble is, it"s not always easy to tell what the side effects will be. In 1846, a man called Sobrero produced the first nitroglycerine (硝化甘油). When heated, a drop of it exploded. The Italian chemist realized in horror its possible application to warfare and stopped his research at once. It didn"t help, of course. 17 Others followed his research and other high explosives were indeed being used in warfare by the close of the 19th century.Did that make high explosives entirely bad? In 1867, Alfred Nobel learned how to mix nitroglycerine with other substances to produce a safer-to-handle mixture he called "dynamite". With dynamite, earth could be moved at a rate far beyond that of pick and shovel.We can"t abandon industrialization, because our food supply depends on it. If everyone decided to grow food without chemical fertilizers or insecticides or machinery, it would mean that only one quarter of the world population could be fed.Can we abandon some of our industrial technology and hold onto the rest? That would be very difficult, since it all hangs together.We can save, conserve, cut out waste, but what we have we must keep. 18 The only solution, as always in the history of mankind, is to solve problems by still further advances in technology.（分数：24.99）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
中国科学院考博英语2008年10月翻译真题及全文翻译
I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not-to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material services, such as making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Y oung men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it -- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river -small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.我认为如果老年人具有强烈的兴趣，参加适当的活动，并且不受个人情感影响，他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。
历年湖北省华中科技大学英语考博真题
以下是[⽆忧★考]为⼤家整理的《历年湖北省华中科技⼤学英语考博真题》的⽂章，供⼤家参考阅读！ 华中科技⼤学 2010年招收博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试试题 考试科⽬：英语 适合专业：各专业 Part I Cloze (0.5x20=10%) Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank inthe passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the .United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 1 en event takes place, newspapers are on the street 2 the details. 3 anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic 4 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 5 it. Radio, telegraph, television, and 6 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 7 , this competitionmerely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 9 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today's newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious 11 Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 13 Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 15 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper's value to advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 18 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 19 in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state, nation and world……and even outer space. 1. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D, Before 2. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given 3. A. Wherever B. Whatever C. However D. Whichever 4. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose 5. A. make B. publish C. know D. write 6. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other 7. A. HoweverB. AndC. ThereforeD. So 8. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed 9. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed10. A. provoke B. jump C. step D. branch 11. A. matters B. affairs C. things D. events 12. A. on B. through C. with D. of 13. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose 14. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in 15. A. source B. origin C.course D. finance 16. A. way B. means C. chance D. success 17. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured 18. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something 19. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered 20. A. by B. with C. at D. about Part II Reading comprehension (20x2=40%) Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Passage One Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by" induction". Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries …… such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the" force" of gravity …… could never have been made if Bacon's rules had prevailed. Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious" of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a-fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain. What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances. 21. According to Bacon, facts 。
(完整版)华科公共管理学考博历年试题
2008年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、善治的基本要素（10分）
2、行政权力的特点（10分）
3、责权利相一致的原则（10分）
4、撒切尔主义公共管理新思维的主要内容，分析这对大部门制改革的启示（35分）
5、服务型政府与传统政府的差异，并分析如何构建服务型政府？（35分）
2009年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、公共选择学派的政府失败论的概述（10分）
2、政府职能的配置及实现方式（10分）
3、西方新公共管理理论及实践的概述（10分）
4、西方公共组织理论（10分）
5、电子政务对政府执行力的影响（30分）
6、在金融风暴下，列举一个国家，并评价应急管理的监管措施（30分）。
华中科技大学考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析
华中科技大学考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。
华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。
考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。
而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。
首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。
并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。
其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。
因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。
如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。
所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。
考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。
指导作用。
通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。
规划作用。
考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。
华科大2008级硕士英语(0901-A卷)
华中科技大学研究生课程考试试卷 (A 卷)课程名称：硕士英语(实用写作) 任课教师：上课时间：课程类别：公共课考试日期：2008年12月23日考核形式：开卷学号：姓名：院系：Part I. Writing a Business Letter (10%)Directions:你叫廖凯，是华中科技大学外国语言研究所的教授，请你代表你所在的研究所邀请国外一著名学者William Littlewood来讲学，该学者是香港浸会大学（Hong Kong Baptist University）语言中心的教授，通信地址是：224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong，邮编是999077。
其他信息可以自拟，要求书信格式必须完整，不少于60字数。
institut e of foreign languagePart II. Abstract (20%)Section A（5%）Directions:The following sentences of an abstract are given in a wrong order. Y ou are required to reorganize the sentences into a coherent abstract.(1) The most frequently used strategy was compensation strategy, and the learning strategies demonstrated significant correlation with listening proficiency.(2) A strategy questionnaire survey and four listening comprehension tests were conducted on 120 non-English major students in Tianjin Medical University to identify the students’learning strategies. The SPSS was employed to analyze the data collected.(3) This study suggests that teachers can help their students become more effective listeners by encouraging them to apply a variety of learning strategies to listening tasks.(4) This paper aims at providing some information on language learning strategies of non-English majors in China and discussing their relationship to listening comprehension.(5) The final results indicate that non-English major undergraduates were able to describe their use of a wide range of learning strategies.Order:( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )Section B（15%）Directions:Translate the following abstract into English.网络交往对大学生道德品质的影响研究A Study of Cyber-Communication Influence on Morality Character ofthe University Students摘要：本论文探讨了网络交往的特征及其对大学生道德品质的影响。
2008年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2008年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．In a materialistic and______society people’s interest seems to be focused solely on monetary pursuit.A．adaptiveB．addictiveC．acquisitiveD．arrogant正确答案：C解析：各项的意思是：adaptive适应的；addictive上瘾的；acquisitive想获得的，有获得可能性的，可学到的；arrogant傲慢的，自大的。
2．Even if I won a million-dollar lottery, I would continue to live______.A．subtlyB．frugallyC．explicitlyD．cautiously正确答案：B解析：各项的意思是：subtly敏锐地，精细地，巧妙地；frugally节约地，节省地；explicitly明白地，明确地；cautiously慎重地。
3．Doctors must inform______parents about the low odds of success in fertility treatments.A．protectiveB．respectiveC．prospectiveD．perspective正确答案：C解析：各项的意思是：protective给予保护的，保护的；respective分别的，各自的；prospective预期的；perspective透视面法，透视图。
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2008年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解PartⅠCloze(0.5×20＝10%)Directions:In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage.Write your answers on the answer sheet.He peered over at the writhing blackness that jerked convulsively with the jerking nerves.It grew quieter.There were small twitches from the mass that still looked vaguely(1)_____the shape of a small animal.It came(2)_____his mind that he could shoot it and end its pain;and he raised the gun.Then he lowered(3)_____again.The buck could no longer feel;its fighting was a mechanical protest of the nerves.But it was not that which made him(4)_____the gun.It was a swelling feeling of rage and misery and protest that(5)_____itself in the thought:if I had not come it(6)_____like this,so why should I interfere?All over the bush things like this happen;they happen all the time;this is how life goes on,by living things dying in anguish.I can’t stop it.There is nothing I can do.He was glad that the buck was unconscious and had gone past suffering(7)_____he did not have to make a decision to kill it.At his feet,now,(8)_____ants trickling back with pink fragments in their mouths,and there was fresh acid smell in his nose.He sternly controlled the(9)_____ convulsing muscles of his empty stomach,and reminded himself:the ants must eat too.The shape had grown small.Now it looked like nothing recognizable.He did not know how long it was(10)_____he saw the blackness thin,and bits of white showed through,shining in the sun-yes,there was the sun just up,glowing over the rocks.Why,the whole thing could not have taken longer(11)_____a few minutes.He strode forward,crushing ants with each step,and brushing them(12)_____his clothes tillhe stood above the skeleton.It was clean-picked.It might have been lying there for years, (13)_____on the white bone there were pink fragments of flesh.About the bones ants were ebbing away,their pincers(14)_____meat.The boy looked at them,big black ugly insects.(15)_____were standing and gazing up at him with small glittering eyes.“Go away!”he said to the ants very coldly.“I am not(16)_____you—not just yet,at any rate.Go away.”And he fancied that the ants turned and went away.He bent over the bones and touched the sockets in the skull:that was where the eyes were, he thought incredulously,(17)_____the liquid dark eyes of a buck.That morning,perhaps an hour ago,this small creature had been stepping(18)_____through the bush,feeling the chill on its skin even as he himself had done,exhilarated by it.Proudly stepping the earth,(19)_____a pretty white tail,it had sniffed the cold morning air.Walking like kings and conquerors it had moved freely through this bush,where each blade of grass grew for it(20)_____and where the river ran pure sparkling water for it to drink.1.A.asB.throughC.likeD.at2.A.throughB.intoC.onD.over3.A.whichB.thisC.itD.one4.A.put downB.putting downC.to put downD.having put down5.A.expressingB.to expressC.expressedD.was expressed6.A.would dieB.would be dyingC.had diedD.would have died7.A.such asB.so asC.so thatD.such that8.A.wasB.isC.areD.wereefulnesselessnesselesslyely10.A.whenB.beforeC.afterD.ago11.A.likeB.withinC.thanD.as12.A.awayB.ontoC.ofD.off13.A.exceptB.except forC.except thatD.except as14.A.fill withB.full withC.fill ofD.full of15.A.A littleB.LittleC.A fewD.Few16.A.onB.forC.withD.as17.A.rememberedB.had rememberedC.rememberingD.remember18.A.proud and freeB.proudly and freelyC.proudly and freeD.proud and freely19.A.friskB.friskedC.friskingD.had frisked20.A.alonelyB.loneC.lonelyD.alone【答案与解析】1.C look like看起来像…(一样)。
此处为固定短语。
2.B come into one’s mind某人突然想起。
此处表示他突然想起他可以开枪杀死它来结束它的痛苦。
3.C句意：然后他放下了枪。
此处的it指的是上句话中提到的枪。
4.A句意：但是并不是这点使他决定放下枪的。
put down放下。
make sb do sth使某人做某事。
所以此处应该用动词原型put。
5.C此处为强调句式，it was…that中间的部分为强调的部分，它做句子的主语。
画线处应该做句子的谓语，全文是过去时态，所以应该用expressed。
6.D句意：如果我没有来的话，它就会像这样死去，所以我为什么要干预呢？此处为虚拟语气，是对过去的一种假设，应该用would have+动词的过去分词。
7.C句意：他高兴的是这头雄鹿失去了意识，并且度过了痛苦的阶段，所以他不必做出决定去杀死它。
so that所以，因此。
8.D此处需要一个谓语动词，ants为复数所以用were。
9.C convulsing是形容词，需要一个副词对其进行修饰，只有C符合。
D选项中的词不存在。
10.B此处是指他不知道在他看见这个黑影之前经历了多长的时间。
How long it is/wasbefore固定搭配，多久之后。
11.C句意：整个事情的发生不可能超过几分钟。
前面出现了比较级longer，后面一定有than表示比较。
12.D brush off刷去，拂去。
此处表示把蚂蚁从衣服上拂去。
13.C except that后面加一个句子。
except for后面加名词。
空格处是一个完整的句子，所以用except that。
14.D full of充满。
15.C a few一些。
用来修饰可数名词复数。
16.B句意：无论如何，我都不是为你准备的。
言外之意是，我不是用来让你们吃的！17.C此处用动词ing形式做状语。
18.A此处需要两个并列的形容词。
19.C frisk蹦跳。
此处用动词ing形式，与上文stepping相呼应，共同做状语。