语言学试卷设计
(完整)语言学概论试卷1
语言学概论试卷1一、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每小题1分，共26分）1．关于“说话”这种口头交际行为,下列说法正确的一项是（）A．只涉及心理问题，不涉及物理和生理问题B．只涉及物理问题，不涉及生理和心理问题C．只涉及生理问题，不涉及物理和心理问题D．既涉及心理问题，又涉及生理和物理问题2．判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考（）A．相互理解程度B．语言结构的差异程度C．共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D．是否属于同一个国家3．关于语音四要素，下列说法不正确．．．的一项是( )A．在任何语言中，音高变化都是语调的主要构成要素B．能起区别语言意义作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长C．音长是由发音体振动的持续时间决定的D．音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的4．下列关于区别特征的表述中,不正确．．．的一项是( ）A．音位是通过区别特征相互区别的B．区别特征完全取决于语音的自然属性C．音位的辨义功能由区别特征负担D．区别特征通常都表现为二项对立5．关于“复辅音”，下列说法不正确．．．的一项是（）A．复辅音是一个音节内两个或几个辅音的组合B．复辅音内的几个辅音彼此之间有过渡音联结C．复辅音内的几个辅音的音质变化是突变式的D．复辅音并不是所有语言中都存在的语音现象6．下列各项中，都是低元音的一组是（）A．[y,æ] B．［a,Λ］ C．［u，ε] D．[Aα,]7．下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是（）A．[k,η] B．［m， n] C．［n，η] D．［k,p］8．北京话“面"单念时读作[miæn],但“面包”却读作[miæmpαu]，这种语流音变象A．弱化B．增音 C．同化D．异化9．关于现代汉语“洗”和“浴”两个语素，下列说法不正确．．．的一项是（）A．“洗”是成词语素，“浴”是不成词语素B．“洗”是自由语素，“浴”是黏着语素C．“洗"是不定位语素，“浴”是定位语素D．“洗”和“浴”都是实义语素10．下列各组中，三个复合词构词类型不一致．．．的一组是（）A．席卷耳鸣地震B．打倒切断推翻C．发光散热出气D．天地欢乐爱好11．下列各组词，吸收外来成分的手段存在不一致．．．情况的一组是（)A．丹麦挪威法兰西B．沙拉咖啡麦当劳C．卡车啤酒立邦漆D．香波克隆好莱坞12．语法规则的“抽象性”是指（）A．对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B．相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C．语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D．语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢13．语法现象可以分成“核心语法现象”和“外围语法现象"，其中“核心语法现象"主要是指（）A．词语搭配问题B．意义表达问题C．语音实现问题D．句法结构问题14．主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是指( ）A．语素和语素组B．语素组和词C．词和词组D．词组和句子15．汉语中的词类（词的语法分类)可以首先分出的两个大类是( ）A．基本词和非基本词B．实词和虚词C．典型词和兼类词D．体词和谓词16．下列关于“直接组成成分分析法”（层次分析法）的表述，不正确．．．的一项是（）A．从最大的词组开始逐层切分，一直切分到词为止B．从最小的词开始逐层组合,一直组合到词组为止C．分析时要依据两条原则：“成结构”和“有意义”D．分析时采用的方法是“先分主干”和“后添枝叶”17．“汽车”和“卡车"是（）A．上下位词B．同义词 C．等义词D．近义词18．下列各项中,语义结构属于复合述谓结构的一项是（）A．这样做不值得B．他跑过去开门C．我们单位需要增加编制D．他们正在研究如何筹集资金19．下列各项中，甲和乙是预设关系的一项是（)A．（甲)他买了一支钢笔//（乙）他买了一支笔B．(甲)老王在小李的左边//（乙）小李在老王的右边C．（甲)他早就不在学校工作了//（乙)他以前在学校工作过D．（甲）什么水果他都吃过//（乙）他吃过苹果20．文字最基本的单位是（）A．笔画B．字符 C．偏旁D．部首21．根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类，已知自源文字都属于（)A．词语文字B．语素文字 C．音节文字D．音位文字22．在语言谱系分类的层级体系中，最大的类别是（）A．语族B．语支 C．语系 D．语群23．在儿童学会说话的过程中，“双词阶段”标志着儿童产生的语言能力是（）A．语音能力 B．语汇能力 C．语法能力D．语义能力24．“萨丕尔（E。
英语语言学试卷精粹(10套题)
英语语言学试卷精粹(10套题)第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for \ it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、 sociolinguistic C、 descriptive D、 psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords3、The morpheme \is a(n) ___.A、 bound morphemeB、 bound formC、 inflectional morphemeD、 free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause. A、 coordinator B、 particle C、prepositionD、 subordinator主从连词5、\ A、 is synonymous with B、 is inconsistent with C、 entailsD、 presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、 semanticsB、 pragmaticsC、 sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes,which are ___ or generalization泛化. A、 elaboration B、 simplification精简 C、 external borrowing D、 internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items andstraightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca通用语 B、 Creole C、 PidginD、 Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, inaddition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回B、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner'sarea10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、 learning B、 competence C、 performance D、 acquisition 第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines \k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e,they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
《语言学概论》（试卷）
《语言学概论》（试卷）一、填空题、（每空1分，共15分）1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。
2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（）3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。
4、方言词是诣（）。
5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。
6、交际的基本单位是（）。
7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。
8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。
9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。
10、文字起源于（记事的图画）。
二、单选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，只有一个答案是正确的，请把你认确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。
多选不给分。
每题1分，共15分）1、社会语言学属于……………………………………………（）①理论语言学②广义应用语言学③普通语言学④狭义应用语言学2、元音［］的名称是………………………………………………（）①舌尖后高圆唇元音②舌尖前高圆唇元音③舌尖后高不圆唇元音④舌尖前高不圆唇元音3、下列汉字的读音中，包含有三合元音的是……………………（）①邮②欧③玩④农4、汉语普通话音节结构…………………………………………（）①最长由三个音素组成②最长由四个音素组成③最长由五个音素组成④最短由两个音素组成5、下列词中，属于单纯词的是………………………………………（）①玻璃②黑扳③语言④红旗6、下列词中，属于复台词的是……………………………………（）①傻子②席子③天子④椅子7、下列词组中，属于多义的是……………………………………（）①两只学生送的花瓶②两位学生送的花瓶③两只学生送的花篮。
④两个学生送的花篮8、下列词中粗体的成分，属于同音关系的是………………………（）①杜鲁门——杜绝②负荆一负担③忽然－－突然④花朵——浪花9、英语的‘foot”（脚，单数）变为“feet”（脚，复数）运用的语法手段是……（）①附加②异根③内部屈折④重叠10、汉语普通话中的：“卡通片”中的“卡”是一个…………（）①语素②音节③前缀④词11、汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，这于………………………………………………（）①异化②类化③新语法范畴的形成④实词虚化12、下列语言中属于粘着语的是………………………………（）①苗语②越南语③俄语④日语13、在一种语言内部划脑言时，最主要的依据是………………（）①语法②语义③语音④词汇14、下列词的词义，属于词义缩小的是……………………………（）①“皮”原指兽皮②“涕”原指眼泪③“瓦”原指一切烧好的上器④“江”原捐“长江”15、人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是……………………（）①象形的②会意的③表音的④形声的三、多选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，正确答案有三个或三个以上多请把为正确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。
大学语言学试题
大学语言学试题一、简答题1.语言学的定义是什么？语言学是对语言现象进行系统研究的学科，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等各个方面的内容。
2.什么是语音学？语音学是研究语言音素及其组织规律的学科，它包括语音的产生、传播和接收三方面的内容。
3.什么是语法学？语法学是研究语言句法结构及其规律的学科，它研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系等内容。
4.什么是语义学？语义学是研究词义和句义及其组织规律的学科，它关注词的意义、句子的意义以及意义的表达方式等方面的内容。
5.什么是语用学？语用学是研究语言使用及其背后的意义的学科，它研究人们如何使用语言进行交际和表达意义，关注语境、语用原则等内容。
二、论述题1.语言学与语法学的区别和联系。
语言学是对语言现象进行全面研究的学科，涵盖了语音学、语法学、语义学和语用学等方面的内容。
而语法学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究语法现象及其规律。
语言学与语法学的联系在于语法学是语言学的重要组成部分，它提供了研究语言结构和规律的方法和理论基础。
同时，语法学的研究结果也为语言学的其他方面提供了重要的参考。
然而，语言学与语法学的区别在于语言学更加宏观和综合，它研究语言的各个方面，包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用等。
而语法学则是语言学中具体研究句法现象的一个分支，着重研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系。
2.语音学与音系学的关系。
语音学研究语音的产生、传播和接收，它是语言学的一个重要分支学科。
而音系学则是语音学中研究语言音素及其组织规律的一个分支领域。
语音学通过观察和记录语音现象，研究不同语音之间的差异和共性。
而音系学则在此基础上进一步研究语言中的音素及其分类、组织以及声音之间的相互关系。
简言之，语音学是对语音现象的整体研究，而音系学是语音学中对语音结构及其规律的具体研究。
三、分析题1.什么是语言的意义？语言的意义是指语言表达所传递的信息内容。
它涉及词汇意义、句子意义和话语意义等多个层次。
语言学概论 试卷全国自学考试
高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试语言学概论试卷(课程代码0541)本试卷共10页．满分100分；考试时间150分钟。
一、单项选择题(本大题共26小题．每小题1分．共26分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的．请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确．．．的一项是【】A．语言是社会的，言语是个人的B．语言是主要的，言语是从属的C．语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D．语言是书面的，言语是口头的2．最小的言语交际单位是【】A．语篇B．句子C．词组D．词3．下列各组元音中，都是前元音的一组是【】4．下列各组辅音中，发音方法相同的一组是【】5．下列关于语调和声调的表述中，正确的一项是【】A．有些语言只有语调而没有声调B．有些语言只有声调而没有语调C．有些语言既没语调也没有声调D．所有语言都既有声调也有语调6．下列关于“语汇”的表述中，正确的一项是【】A．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位B．语汇是一种语言中词的总汇C．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总汇D．语汇是一种语言中固定词组和熟语的总汇7．下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A．构词能力强B．使用范围窄C．产生历史长D．大多很稳定8．区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A．词的音节数量B．词的语素数量C．词的音形关系D．词的地位用途，9．下列各组复合词中，构词方式相同的一组是【】A．热情热烈 B．证明光明C．口吃胆怯 D．悦耳柔和10．语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A．对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B．相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C．语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D．语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢11．下列各项中．不属于．．．印欧语冠词可能的语法作用的是【】A．区别名词的有定形式和无定形式B．区别词语的名词形式和动词形式C．区别名词的性的形式和数的形式D．区别动词的限定形式和非限定形式12．英语“Mike take a taxi”这句话是病句，其错误在于【】A．性B．数C．格D．态13．下列词组不属于“向心词组”的是【】A．参加比赛B．田径比赛C．认真比赛D．比赛结束14．下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A．词义上的民族特点并不明显B．词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C．不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D．不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同15．下列各组词中．不属于同义词的一组是【】A．土豆马铃薯B．衣服衬衣C．情感感情D．结果成果16．“这家商店关门了”有歧义的原因是【】A．一词多义B．词语同形C．不同的层次构造D．不同的句法结构关系17．下列各组句子中，具有蕴含关系的一组是【】A．(甲)今天中秋节——(乙)今天吃月饼B．(甲)他买了一本小说——(乙)他买了一本书C．(甲)他打破了花瓶——(乙)花瓶被他打破了D．(甲)他们家的电视机坏了——(乙)他们家有电视机18．文字发展三阶段论认为，文字的发展从低级到高级经历的阶段分别为【】 A．象形文字、音节文字、音位文字B．表意文字、音位文字、音节文字C．象形文字、辅音文字、音节文字D．表意文字、表音文字、意音文字19．下列关于语言起源的学说中，注意到语言符号任意性的是【】A．神授说B．社会契约说C．摹声说 D．感叹说20．关于语言发展演变的原因。
语言学考试试卷
语言学考试试卷一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 词B. 音节C. 音素D. 语素2. 语言的交际功能不包括：A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 艺术表现D. 记忆存储3. 以下哪个不是语言的变体？A. 方言B. 行话C. 语言D. 术语4. 语言的音系学研究的是：A. 语言的音位系统B. 语言的语法规则C. 语言的词汇D. 语言的语用5. 语言的词汇学研究的是：A. 词汇的构成B. 词汇的意义C. 词汇的发音D. A和B6. 以下哪个是语言的语法结构？A. 词序B. 词形变化C. 句法结构D. A、B和C7. 语言的语用学研究的是：A. 语言的语境B. 语言的交际效果C. 语言的交际策略D. A、B和C8. 以下哪个是社会语言学研究的内容？A. 语言的地域差异B. 语言的社会阶层差异C. 语言的性别差异D. A、B和C9. 语言的演化不包括：A. 语言的扩散B. 语言的简化C. 语言的复杂化D. 语言的消失10. 以下哪个是语言习得的关键期？A. 婴儿期B. 儿童期C. 青春期D. 成年期二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. 语言是一种______，它是人类用来交流思想和信息的工具。
12. 语言学中的“同音异义词”指的是发音相同但意义不同的词，例如英语中的“lead”（领导）和“lead”（铅）。
13. 语言的______是语言中最小的可以独立使用的意义单位。
14. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的使用差异。
15. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域中的使用差异。
三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）16. 请简述语言的交际功能。
17. 描述语言学中“语境”的概念及其重要性。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）18. 论述语言的音系学和音韵学的区别和联系。
19. 论述社会语言学研究的意义和应用领域。
五、案例分析题（共20分）20. 某地区有A、B两种方言，A方言的使用者主要在城市，B方言的使用者主要在农村。
(完整版)语言学考试试题及其答案
一、填空１５%1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助•••交际工具。
3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。
5、语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理•角度分析它的表现形式（传递过程），从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。
6、是否能够独立（自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
7、现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。
8、具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。
9、语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。
10、我国宪法（１９８２年）第１９条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。
二、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）1、下列关于“语言”和“言语”的表述中，不正确的一项是【】A.语言是社会的，言语是个人的B.语言是主要的，言语是从属的C.语言是抽象的，言语是具体的D.语言是书面的，言语是口头的答案：D2、下列关于一般语汇总体特点的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.构词能力强B.使用范围窄C.产生历史长D. 大多很稳定答案：B 解析：根据词在语汇系统中的重要程度，可以分为基本语汇和非基本语汇（一般语汇）两大类。
ACD三项都属于基本语汇的特点。
3、区分“单纯词”和“合成词”所依据的是【】A.词的音节数量B.词的语素数量C.词的音形关系D.词的地位用途4、语法规则的“系统性”是指【】A.对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B.相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C.语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D.语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢答案：C 解析：ABD三项分别对应的是语法规则的“抽象性”、“递归性”、“稳定性”。
5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是【】A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是【】A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是【】A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下列关于语义民族性的表述中，正确的一项是【】A.词义上的民族特点并不明显B.词的多义化不受民族特点的制约C.不同的民族语言在词的理性意义上并无差异D.不同的民族语言在词的非理性意义上会有所不同答案：D解析：不同民族对客观事物的认识不同，因而语义的民族特点也不同，词的多义化也会受制约，非理性意义也会有所不同，比如汉语中“狗”字常含贬义，像“走狗”；可在英语里，“dog”常含褒义，像“a lucky dog”（幸运儿）。
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）各位好！请大家注意以下几点：1. 英语语言学期末考试及其补考的复习范围和题型一致；2. 收到此邮件，请在同学之间传阅；3. 本邮件内容有三：考试题型、参考问答题、课堂练习及其答案。
祝大家学习快乐！考试顺利！Examination Items考试题型上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级“语言学”期末试卷考试时间：60分钟班级____________ 学号____________ 姓名____________I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%)III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)Questions for Reference参考问答题1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6)2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms.voicing and voiceless (P16)vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18)phones and phonemes (P23)3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案Practice 1 Introduction1.Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.2.__________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time andat various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.3.The __________ study of language studies the historical development of languageover a period of time, and it is a historical study.4.__________ and __________ are the two major media of linguisticcommunication.5.The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.6.Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.7.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways.Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________;Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages intoa _________-based framework.8.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actuallyuse, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguisticbehavior, it is said to be __________.9.The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________,__________, __________, __________.10.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is __________.11.Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: thedescriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function. 12.According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions,the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.Practice 2 Introduction1.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.2.Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in theworld today can be both spoken and written.3.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.4.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimesdescriptive.5.With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence andperformance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.6.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.7.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists intheir study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The twoapproaches are equally favored by modern linguists./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage is entirely arbitrary.10.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with theability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.1.Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches:__________, __________ and auditory phonetics.2.The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is ofgreat interest to those working in __________ phonetics.3.The articulatory apparatus of a human being contains three important areas(cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.4.Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.5.V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .6. A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath.This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l]. 7.__________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.8.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] sharethe feature __________.9.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except__________.10.__________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another throughintervening positions.11.The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally notused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.12.V oicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.13.In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with noobstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.14.The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v].15.All the English nasal consonants are voiced.16.With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.17.With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.18.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a longvowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.19.Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinationsof [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.20.If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [], but as aclear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.1.[p], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are calledsuprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation.3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature oftone languages such as __________.4.The negative prefix “in-” in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, isactually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im-”. This is the result of the __________ rule at work.5.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have to add“-es”, instead of just “-s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focusedon the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.7. A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.8.Clear [l] and dark [] form the relation of complementary distribution for theyoccur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.9./p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.10.Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.11.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.12.The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ andfollowed by a vowel./doc/e412750833.htmlually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable andthe corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.14.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.15.Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays animportant role in distinguishing meaning.1.is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.2.The morpheme “-vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)________morpheme.3.There are different types of morphemes. “-ed” in the word "lea rned" is known asa(n)__________ morpheme.4.The words that contain only one morpheme can be called ________ morphemes.5.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined withother morphemes to form words are called morphemes.6.In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largestpart of the vocabulary. They are open classes.7.Such endings as “-ed”and “-ing” are called derivational morphemes because newgrammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words.8.The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.9. A compound is the combination of only two words.10.The word “carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme“care” + affix “-less” + affix “-ness”.11.The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.12.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.13.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.14.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.15.A compound can be written as one word with or withouta hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.1.Historically, different views have been suggested concerning the study of meaning.In our textbook, some views on semantics have been exemplified. They are naming things, __________, __________, __________ and mentalism.2.The naming theory was proposed by __________.3.Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning isexplained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as __________.4.__________ is concerned with the inherent meaning if the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. __________ means what a linguisticform refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called__________ synonyms.6.C omplete Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong is called __________ synonym.7.Antonyms are divided into several kinds. They are gradable antonyms,__________ antonyms and __________ opposites.8.“Cold” and “hot” are called __________ antonyms.9.__________ refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific, orsubordinate, lexeme and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme. This can be exemplified by such pairs as cow: animal; rose: flower.10.__________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings. For example, “mouth” means “organ of body”, “entrance of cave” etc.11.“Lead” (metal) and “lead” (dog’s lead) are spelt in the same way, but pronounceddifferently. This is called __________.12.“Can I borrow your bike?”__________ “You have a bike.”13.__________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing themeaning of words.14.Predication analysis is a way to analyze __________ meaning.15.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?”is a __________ -place predication.1.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between asymbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.4.“Site” and “sight”, “meat”and “meet”, “sow” and “sew” are in relationship ofhomography.5.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e.synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.6.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such asBritish English and American English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.7.There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do notcontrast each other only on a single dimension.8.The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymologyof the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.9.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is thatpresupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.Key to ExercisesPractice 1 Introduction1. language or languages in general2. Diachronic, synchronic3. diachronic4. Speech, writing5. langue, performance6. performance7. descriptive, prescriptive; primary; Latin8. descriptive9. arbitrariness, duality; displacement, cultural transmission10. arbitrary11. social12. interpersonal, textualPractice 2 Introduction1. F;2. F;3. T;4. F;5. T6. T;7. T;8. F;9. F; 10. FPractice 3 Phonetics1. articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics2. articulatory3. pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity4. tongue5. vocal cords6. aspirated7. Narrow8. alveolar9. []10. Diphthongs11. T; 12. F; 13. T; 14. F; 15. T16.T; 17. F; 18. T; 19. T; 20. FPractice 4 Phonology1. allophones2. stress, tone3. Chinese4. assimilation5. sequential6. T;7. T;8. F;9. T; 10. F11. T; 12. F; 13.T; 14. F. 15. TPractice 5 Morphology1. Morphology2. free3. inflectional4. free or root5. derivational;6. F;7. F;8. T;9. F; 10. T11. T; 12. F; 13. F; 14. F; 15. TPractice 6 Semantics1. conceptualism, contextualism, behaviorism2. Plato3. behaviorism4. Sense, Reference5. complete6. dialectal7. complementary, relational8. gradable9. Hyponymy10. Polysemy11. homonymy or homography12. presupposes13. Componential analysis14. sentence15. noPractice 7 Semantics1. T;2. F;3. F;4. F;5. T6. F;7. T;8. T;9. T; 10. F。
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曲阜师范大学外国语学院2010—2011学年下学期《语言学教程》期末试卷设计小组成员：黄东敏魏卫霞杨慧琴辛亭亭一、课程说明《语言学教程》（第三版）在修订版基础上听取广大师生的意见改编而成。
本课程用英语编写，尽可能选用英语例句。
以英语专业高年级学生为主要对象，也可以供英语专业的研究生使用。
在内容上，它既包含基本知识，也反映了语言学中的最新发展。
在观点上，它不拘于一派之说。
主要包括语言学理论介绍，语音、词汇、句法、语义，语言和认知，语言和社会文化，语言和文学，语言和计算机，语言学和外语教学，语言学流流派等十二章。
该课程有以下几大特点：一、权威性：名家撰著畅销近二十年，语言学教材经典之作。
二、时代性：充分汲取国内外语言学研究的最新理论和成果、知识性：全面而系统阐述理论和应用语言学领域的内容。
三、实用性：深入浅出脉络清晰，利于课上教学和课下自学。
四、趣味性：生动插图与轻松例子合而为一，化枯燥为有趣。
五、互动性：配有网络版，读者，专家互动极大延伸求知空间。
而且本教材适合高校英语专业本科学生以及语言不相关专业学生和研究人员使用，另配有练习册和光盘及学习网站。
该课程主要使用于高级英语专业的学生，而且是英语专业学生的必修课程。
是学生进一步研究相关语言知识的基础，它在语言学研究领域起着举足轻重的作用。
二、试卷设计：1、测试目的：本试卷旨在考查学生对语言学基础知识的掌握程度，以及学生对语言学知识重点和难点的理解和综合应用能力。
从学生的测试结果中总结经验，找出问题，分析解决问题，为下一步的教学提供依据。
2、命题范围和试卷类型：本试卷出自胡壮麟主编的第三版《语言学教程》的全部内容。
考试类型有多项选择，判断，连线搭配，填空和论述。
3、测试对象：大学本科英语专业大三学生。
4、试卷结构与测试内容：5、考查能力层次要求：主要考查学生三个层次的要求：对语言基础较差的学生，主要考查其对语言基础知识的掌握和迁移能力；对语言基础中等的学生，主要考查其对语言知识的理解和应用能力，使其能在记忆的基础上理解语言的基本特征，语言的功能，语音与语法，以及语言与认知，文化，社会和计算机之间的联系和应用；对语言学学习扎实的学生，不仅考查其语言知识的记忆掌握和理解能力，还要考查其对语言知识的迁移应用和综合分析能力。
熟悉并掌握现代语言学理论和流派以及语言学中的主要代表人物，比如，Saussure、 Chomsky、 Jakobson 等。
6、考试方式：笔试闭卷。
7、考试时间：120分钟。
三：试卷曲阜师范大学外国语学院英语语言学测试题姓名_____ 学号______ 班级_____ 成绩_____Part one：Multiple choices. (2%*15=30%)Directions: Every question is followed by four answers but only one is right，please find the right answer for each question and write it in the following sheet.1. Study the following dialogue, which function does it play according to the functions of language?--- Good morning.--- Good morning. It is a nice day.A. emotiveB. phaticC. performativeD. interpersonal2. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristic of vowels?A. [i:]B. [e]C. [i]D. [u]3. “The History of China” from the library shelves, it will usually claim to be a ___ description.A. synchronicB. actualC. usefulD. diachronic4. In English in- and im- are called____.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The word “smog” is formed in the way of_____.A. acronymB. clippingC. initialismD. blending6. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is_____.A. the cityB. RomeC. the city RomeD. city7. The phrase “in the tree” belongs to ____ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate8._____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. referenceB. conceptC. semanticD. sense9. Words that have the same meaning are called_____.A. homonymsB. synonymyC. homonymyD. hyponymy10._____ involves the comparison of two concepts in the one is construed in terms of the other.A. analogyB. metaphorC. similarD. metonymy11._____ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. language inferenceB. language changesC. language planningD. language transfer12. A linguistic ___refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. taboo13. Speech act theory did not come into being until____.A. in the late 50’s of the 20th century.B. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century14. The rheme in the sentence “on it stood Jane” is ____.A. on itB. stoodC. on it stoodD. Jane15. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistic” is _____.A. FirthB. HalidayC. SaussureD. ChomskyPart two：Short answer (2%*10=20%)Directions: fill in the blanks with one or two words and write the answers in the1、Linguistic is the____ study of language.2、Consonants differ from vowels in that the later are produced without____.3、A____ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.4、Morphemes that represent sense, number, gender and case called____ morpheme.5、The sentence that has a Np and a Vp can be showed is a ___ formula “S-Np-Vp”.6、A___ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.7、The four sounds [p] [b] [m] [w] have one feature in common, they are all___.8、The most recognized differences between American English and British English are in ______ and vocabulary.9、______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and place) at the moment of communication.10、The sentence “they were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” ina _____ sentence.Part three: true or false (1%*10=10%)Directions: decide whether the following statements are T or F and write the answers1. Language is arbitrary, so it is more important to notice its arbitrariness than conventionality.2.”Human language is, unlike animal communication system, stimulus-free”,this sentence explains the design feature of displacement.3. The study of a language through the course of its history called synchronic linguistics.4. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.5. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.6. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.7. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sun of the meanings of its parts.8. According to the strong version of the spair-whorf hypothesis, speakers’ perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.9. The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast.10. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.Part four: Matching (2%*5=10%)Directions: there are two columns in the following, match the names in the left column with related statement in the right column and write the answers in the following sheet。