Chapter 13-1
Chapter 13 The Chi-Square Test
Stating Research and Null Hypotheses
• The research hypothesis (H1) proposes that the two variables are related in the population. • The null hypothesis (H0) states that no association exists between the two cross-tabulated variables in the population, and therefore the variables are statistically independent.
Chapter 13 – 13
The Sampling Distribution of Chi-Square
• The distributions are positively skewed. The research hypothesis for the chi-square is always a one-tailed test. • Chi-square values are always positive. The minimum possible value is zero, with no upper limit to its maximum value. • As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the χ2 distribution becomes more symmetrical.
Chapter 13 – 3
Hypothesis Testing with Chi-Square
工程力学双语课件ch13-Shear Force and Bending Moments in Beams
perpendicular to the section when the beam is bending.
2). Shearing force：Q
Internal force which the acting line in the cross-section parallel to the section, when the beam is bending.
symmetry, or the external forces do not act in a plane of symmetry of the beam with symmetric planes, this kind of bending is called unsymmetrical
bending. In later chapters we will mainly discuss the bending stresses and
Uniformly distributed force
P—
Concentrated force
5). Statically determinate and statically indeterminate beams
Statically determinate beams：Reactions of the beam can be determined only by static equilibrium equations，such as the above three kinds of basic beams. Statically indeterminate beams： Reactions of the beam cannot be determined or only part of reactions can be determined by static equilibrium equations.
chap13-management
– Lewin’s three-step model
• unfreezing - preparing for the needed change by: – increasing the driving forces that direct behavior away from the status quo – decreasing the restraining forces that push behavior towards the status quo • status quo - conceived to be an equilibrium • changing - move to another equilibrium level • refreezing - make change permanent
© Prentice Hall, 2002 13-12
Managing Change (cont.)
• Type of Change (cont.) – changing people - changes in employee attitudes, expectations, perceptions, and behavior
• change replaces the known with ambiguity and uncertainty • change threatens investments in the status quo • belief that change is incompatible with the goals and interests of the organization
© Prentice Hall, 2002 13-3
基础笔译 Chapter 13 形合与意合
汉译英
知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼 不知己，每战必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.
Eg: I shall despair if you don’t com.
Parataxis
意合指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接 采用语义手段（semantic connection）”
The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.--- World Book Dictionary
英汉对比
形合的语言模式反映了西方重形式逻辑、 重实证的思维模式，
意合的语言模式反映了汉民族重内省和体 悟、表达简约、不重逻辑、意义模糊的思 维模式。
意合形合对翻译的影响
英译汉（隐含某些形式链接成分）：
And with this and a proud bow to his patrons, the manager retires, and the curtain rises. 领班的说到这里向各位主顾深鞠一躬退到后台，现在开幕 了。 An Englishman who cold not speak Chineses was once
牛津英语译林版七年级下册阅读训练 --7下英语读本 Chapter 13 - 教师版
Chapter 13诵读Life changes on the day生活在那一天改变了One day, when I was a freshman in high school, I saw a boy from my class walking home from school. His name was Kyle. It looked like he was carrying all of his books. As I was walking, I saw some boys running toward him. They ran at him, knocking all his books out of his arms and tripping him so he landed in the dirt. His glasses went flying. He looked up and I saw tears in his eyes.当我上高一的时候，有一天，我看见我们班的一个男孩从学校步行回家。
他的名字叫凯尔。
看起来他带着所有的书。
当我走的时候，我看见一些男孩向他跑来。
他们向他冲过来，把他所有的书都从他的怀里撞了出来，把他绊倒了，于是他倒在了地上。
他的眼镜飞了起来。
他抬起头来，我看见他眼里含着泪水。
I walked over to him and handed him his glasses. He looked at me and said, “Hey,thanks!” There was a smile on his face. I helped him pick up his books, and got to know that he lived near my home. I asked him if he wanted to play football on Saturday with me and my friends. He said yes.我走过去，把眼镜递给他。
大学物理：Chapter 13-驻波
)
y驻
2 A cos(2
x
)cos(2
2
t T
)
2
(3) 波节点： 2 Acos(2 x ) 2
0,
2 x (2k 1)
2
2
2 x k , x k (k 0, 1, 2,) (0 x 5 )
垂直入射中，入射波和反射波的合成
四、半波损失 (相位跃变）
1. 波阻：ρ u 其中，ρ — 介质密度；u — 波速。 两介质相比较，ρ u 大者称波密介质，小者称波疏介质。
2. 半波损失
— 当波由波疏介质向波密介质垂直入射，在两介质界面
反射时相位突变π ，称为“半波损失”。
★ 1v1 2v2 时，有半波损失，
A驻 2 A
2 x 2 1 k (k 0, 1, 2,)
2
★ 相邻两波节(或波腹)间的距离： Δx xk 1 xk 2
t 0
tT 4
tT 2
t 3T 4
波节:始终 不动的点。 红色虚线对 应的位置。
波腹:振幅 始终最大的 点。黑色虚 线对应的位 置。
2. 驻波中各点的相位关系
2π
2
半波损失: 反射点为波节，表明入射波与反射波在该点反相.
两端固定的弦 振动的简正模式
l n n n 1,2,
2
l 1
2 l 22
2
l 33
2
1）弦上的驻波
A
弦
B
L n n
L
2
n
2L n
n=1 n=2 n=3
n
u
n
n u n=4 2L
1
u 2L （基频）
2
u L
3
3u 2L
管理学课件第13章变革与创新管理ManagingChangeandInnovation
➢ Techniques or programs to change people and the nature and quality of interpersonal work relationships.
Organizational Development
Exhibit 13–1
The Change Process(变革过程)
Change Agents
• Change Agents(变革推动者 ) ➢ Persons who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the change process.
Change Process Viewpoints
• Calm Waters Metaphor(风平浪静观) ➢ Lewin’s description of the change process as a break in the organization’s equilibrium state ❖ Unfreezing the status quo ❖ Changing to a new state ❖ Refreezing to make the change permanent
❖ Automation: replacing certain tasks done by people with machines
❖ Computerization
• People
➢ Changing attitudes, expectations, perceptions, and behaviors of the workforce
Chapter 13 Introduction
Chapter 13Consumption and Saving Multiple Choice Questions1. Consumption is an important element of aggregate demand because ita. Is the most volatile componentB. Accounts for roughly 70 percent of aggregate demandc. Is very interest sensitived. Is greatly affected by stock market activitye. All of the aboveDifficulty: Easy2. When the aggregate consumption function is defined as C = C o + cYD, thena. The mpc increases with higher levels of disposable incomeB. The mpc is constant at all levels of disposable incomec. The apc is constant at all levels of disposable incomed. The apc increases with higher levels of disposable incomee. The expenditure multiplier is less than oneDifficulty: Easy3. According to the simplified life-cycle theory of consumption, a retired person with zero income from labor woulda. Only consume the interest on accumulated wealthB. Consume a fraction of accumulated wealth based upon her/his life expectancyc. Have to decrease consumption sharply in order not to run out of funds too soond. Expect to be financially supported by her/his childrene. Consume more than during her/his working years since she/he does not expect to live much longerDifficulty: Medium4. The long-run marginal propensity to consume (mpc) isA. Larger than the short-run mpcb. Slightly smaller than the short-run mpcc. About half the size of the short-run mpcd. Identical to the short-run mpce. Always equal to 1Difficulty: Easy5. The debate about different consumption theories can be viewed as a debate over whethera. The consumption of durable or non-durable goods should be consideredb. Random events that can change consumption behavior really do occurc. Liquidity constraints do ever existD. The marginal propensity to consume is large or smalle. The average propensity to consume is less or greater than 1Difficulty: Easy6. The life-cycle theory of consumption implies thata. The mpc out of wealth is very smallb. The mpc out of permanent income is larger than the mpc out of transitory incomec. A large change in stock values can affect the economy, but the effect is fairly smalld. An individual's mpc out of permanent income changes with ageE. All of the aboveDifficulty: Medium7. According to the life-cycle theory of consumption, an individual'sa. Mpc out of wealth is fairly largeb. Mpc out of labor income increases with increasing age, until it becomes zero at retirement ageC. Mpc out of transitory income is fairly smalld. Level of consumption will decrease if his/her retirement age is increasede. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium8. The life-cycle theory of consumption can be summarized as follows:a. Retired people need less so they can save more than working peopleb. People want instant gratification and seldom worry about the futurec. People always tend to consume almost all of their current incomeD. People plan their consumption and saving patterns to optimize the lifetime benefit from their disposable incomee. People adjust their current consumption constantly to keep a stable saving pattern over their lifetimeDifficulty: Medium9. According to the life-cycle theory of consumption, what should have occurred after the stock market crash of 1987?A. A decrease in current consumptionb. No change in current consumption since only nominal wealth was lostc. No change in aggregate consumption since most people do not invest in the stock marketd. An increase in consumption since people were afraid to savee. Both B and CDifficulty: Medium10. In 1968, President Johnson and Congress implemented a temporary surcharge on personal and corporate income taxes. What was the effect of this?a. Economic activity declined sharply and the economy entered a recessionb. Consumption and investment spending declined significantlyC. Households decreased their savings and aggregate demand was hardly affected at alld. Consumption and saving declined, while investment was not affectede. Both A and BDifficulty: Medium11. If we compare the life-cycle theory of consumption with the permanent-income theory we can conclude that they bothA. Pay careful attention to microeconomic foundationsb. Agree that temporary tax cuts can be used to stimulate the economyc. Have similar theoretical bases but disagree widely in their policy implicationsd. Explain why large changes in current income cause large changes in current consumptione. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium12. Which of the following theories of consumption behavior was introduced by Milton Friedman?a. The absolute-income hypothesisb. The relative-income hypothesisC. The permanent-income hypothesisd. The life-cycle hypothesise. The random-walk hypothesisDifficulty: Easy13. The life-cycle theory of consumption was first advanced bya. James Duesenberryb. Milton Friedmanc. Robert Halld. John Maynard KeynesE. Franco ModiglianiDifficulty: Easy14. The permanent-income theory of consumption implies thatA. The short-run multiplier is smaller than the long-run multiplierb. The short-run multiplier is larger than the long-run multiplierc. The short-run multiplier is identical to the long-run multiplierd. The long-run multiplier is equal to 1e. The short-run multiplier is less than 1Difficulty: Easy15. According to the permanent-income theorya. Increases in current income lead to proportionate increases in consumption and savingb. A rise in income affects consumption only after a delay of several yearsc. A person's consumption in any given year will be strongly affected by interest rate changesd. A person's consumption in any year will always be closely tied to his/her highest previous level of consumptionE. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium16. If you are age 20, have no accumulated wealth, and have an expected average annual income of $36,000, how much should you consume each year if you want to retire at age 65 and expect to live until age 80? You desire to leave no estate and to consume an equal amount in each of the next 60 years.a. $36,000b. $31,000C. $27,000d. $22,000e. $20,000Difficulty: Medium17. Assume a worker at age 25 with annual earnings of $45,000 who wants to retire at age 65 and expects to live until age 75. How much would the worker consume annually?a. $40,000B. $36,000c. $32,000d. $30,000e. $28,000Difficulty: Medium18. The permanent-income theory of consumption asserts that people prefer a stable level of consumption throughout their lives anda. Will forego temporary or transitory opportunities to obtain higher income and consumption B. Calculate their level of consumption from the information they have regarding their average expected lifetime incomec. Will only change their consumption behavior significantly if there is a transitory change in their incomed. This implies that the short-run mpc is greater than the long-run mpce. Therefore always save the same fraction of their current incomeDifficulty: Easy19. According to the permanent-income theory of consumption, a person whose income fluctuates widely from year to year will havea. A higher apc in high-income years than in low-income yearsB. A lower apc in high-income years than in low-income yearsc. A consistently high apc year after yeard. A consistently low apc year after yeare. An apc that is equal to 1Difficulty: Medium20. According to the permanent-income theory, if individuals A and B have the same average annual income but A's income fluctuates greatly from year to year while B receives an almost even flow of income each year, thena. A will spend less than B out of permanent incomeb. B will spend less than A out of permanent incomeC. A will weigh current income less heavily in making consumption decisions than Bd. B will weigh current income less heavily in making consumption decisions than Ae. A's consumption will always be less than B'sDifficulty: Easy21. According to the permanent-income theory, which of the following would have the greatest impact on the current consumption of a 45 year-old tenured college professor?A. A promotion to full professor combined with a $5,000 raiseb. A $5,100 advance payment for a book that will take two years to writec. Winning $5,200 in the Reader's Digest Sweepstakesd. A loss of a stamp collection worth $5,400e. An inheritance of $5,500 from a distant uncleDifficulty: Easy22. If a worker gets a large one-time Christmas bonus, most likely the following will occur:a. An immediate substantial increase in family consumptionb. Permanent family income will increase substantiallyc. Transitory family income will not be affectedD. Family saving will increase that yeare. All of the aboveDifficulty: Easy23. What does the permanent-income theory of consumption predict you would most likely do with $25,000 that you just won on a TV game show?a. Travel throughout Europe and eat in five-star restaurantsb. Invite all your friends to a big bashC. Put the money in the bank to finance your next year in colleged. Take a trip to Las Vegas to try and double your winningse. None of the aboveDifficulty: Easy24. Assume you unexpectedly inherit $20,000. Which of the following fits the life-cycle or permanent-income theory of consumption?a. You buy yourself some blue chip stocksb. You pay back part of your student loanc. You spend $600 on a new Playstation and use the rest to buy government bondsd. You deposit $1,000 in your checking account and $19,000 in your savings accountE. All of the aboveDifficulty: Medium25. According to the permanent-income theory of consumptiona. Permanent income is always lower than transitory incomeb. The mpc out permanent income is close to zeroc. The mpc out of transitory income is close to 1d. All of the aboveE. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium26. A temporary tax change will significantly affect current consumptiona. But only if it does not come as a surpriseB. If liquidity constraints existc. But only for the elderlyd. As long as it does not lead to a budget deficite. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium27. Assume you define your permanent income as the average of your income over the most recent five years, and you always consume 90% of your permanent income. What is your current consumption if your income was $30,000 in the first of these five years and each year from then on you got a raise of $2,000?a. $36,000b. $34,200C. $30,600d. $28,800e. $27,000Difficulty: Difficult28. The random-walk theory of consumption predicts thatA. The slope of a line relating C(t+1) to C(t) is equal to 1b. The slope of a line relating C(t+1) to C(t) is equal to 0c. The slope of a line relating C(t+1) to C(t) is close to 0d. The slope of a line relating C(t) to Y(t) is close to 1e. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium29. Robert E. Hall's theory of consumption behavior is calleda. The absolute-income hypothesisb. The permanent-income theoryC. The random-walk theoryd. The buffer-stock theorye. The life-cycle theoryDifficulty: Easy30. Hall's random walk-theory of consumption states that consumption tomorrow should equala. Income tomorrow minus income today plus some random errorb. Income today minus consumption today plus some random errorC. Consumption today plus some random errord. Permanent income plus some random errore. Income tomorrow plus some random errorDifficulty: Easy31. The random-walk theory of consumption asserts that changes in consumption arise from unexpected changes in income. This approacha. Clearly contradicts Modigliani's theoryb. Clearly contradicts Friedman's theoryc. Contradicts Modigliani's theory but supports Friedman's theoryd. Supports Modigliani's theory but contradicts Friedman's theoryE. Supports Modigliani's and Friedman's theoriesDifficulty: Medium32. Actual consumption behavior exhibits both "excess smoothness" and "excess sensitivity," which means thata. Consumption responds too strongly to surprise changes in incomeb. Consumption responds too little to predictable changes in incomec. Consumption always follows a random walkd. Consumption always adjusts with long lagsE. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium33. The fact that consumption exhibits "excess sensitivity" implies that consumptionA. Responds too strongly to predictable changes in incomeb. Responds too little to predictable changes in incomec. Responds too little to surprise changes in incomed. Is never affected by liquidity constraintse. Never behaves as Keynes predictedDifficulty: Medium34. The sensitivity of current consumption to changes in current income arises fromA. Liquidity constraintsb. The close relation between current consumption and permanent incomec. Income changes that tend to be mostly random and unpredictabled. The close relation between current and lagged consumptione. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium35. The sensitivity of current consumption to changes in current income can be explained byA. Myopiab. The absence of liquidity constraintsc. The fact that consumers have the opportunity to borrowd. The fact that consumers always realize when a permanent change in income has occurrede. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium36. Buffer-stock savingA. Is consistent with the life-cycle hypothesis if uncertainty about future needs is includedb. Disproves the life-cycle hypothesisc. Is the result of a permanent increase in income that is not immediately consumedd. Explains the wealth effecte. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium37. If uncertainty about future income and future needs is incorporated into the life-cycle theory of consumption, thena. Buffer-stock saving can no longer be explainedb. The fact that consumption is interest sensitive can be explainedC. The fact that people rarely use up their lifetime saving can be explainedd. The fact that saving is interest sensitive can be explainede. It is significantly different from the permanent-income theoryDifficulty: Medium38. Empirical studies of aggregate consumption have shown thata. 100% of the variation in consumption can be explained by changes in current incomeB. Wealth effects generally account for only a small amount of consumer expendituresc. Wealth effects generally are very large, which explains the large variations in consumption from year to yeard. Changes in wealth have a bigger impact on consumption than changes in incomee. The marginal propensity to consume out of wealth is close to oneDifficulty: Medium39. The theory of consumption of durable goodsA. Is basically a theory of investment applied to householdsb. States those durable goods purchases are very insensitive to interest rate changesc. Can be explained very well by the life-cycle theory, since people spread their durable goods purchases equally over their lifetimesd. Suggests that expenditures on durable goods do not increase utility as much as expenditures on other consumption goodse. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium40. Liquidity constraints explaina. Why consumers may spend less than the permanent-income theory predicts as their current income fallsb. Why consumption may increase more than the life-cycle hypothesis predicts when income recovers after a recessionc. Why consumers may sometimes behave in a manner predicted by the simple Keynesian consumption functionD. All of the abovee. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium41. Assume the government announces an income tax surcharge of 10% for next year only and the Fed announces that it will keep interest rates constant. What effect do you think this will have on the economy?a. Households will immediately curtail their spending and aggregate demand will decline significantly, causing a recessionb. Households will reduce their spending significantly starting next yearC. Households will not significantly alter their spending behavior this or next year and the effect on the economy will be minimald. Households will spend a lot more this year, causing a temporary boome. Households will save a lot more this year so they won't have to reduce their spending next yearDifficulty: Medium42. If the interest rate increases,a. Consumption of non-durable goods will decrease substantiallyb. Saving will increase substantiallyc. Consumption of durable goods will increase substantiallyd. Both B and CE. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium43. There is empirical evidence for the fact thata. An increase in interest rates significantly reduces the level of consumption of non-durable goodsb. An increase in wealth has no effect on the level of consumptionC. The effects of interest rate changes on saving are small and hard to determined. An increase in interest rates significantly increases the level of savinge. None of the aboveDifficulty: Difficult44. When examining the impact of changes in the interest rate on saving, which of the following is true?a. Higher interest rates may make saving more attractiveb. Higher interest rates allow individuals to save less each year to reach their retirement saving goalc. Empirical evidence does not suggest that interest rate changes significantly affect saving D. All of the abovee. None of the aboveDifficulty: Medium45. In the Fisher diagram, which gives a microeconomic explanation of why an increase in the rate of interest (i) can lead to either an increase or a decrease in current consumption, the budget constraint can be formulated asA. C later = (1 + i) (Y now - C now)b. C later = (1 + i) (Y later - Y now)c. C later = i (Y now - C now)d. C later = (Y now - C now)/ (1 + i)e. C later = (Y now - C now)Difficulty: Difficult46. Any policy designed to increase business saving will most likelya. Not affect national saving since personal saving will decline proportionallyb. Not affect national saving since the resulting budget deficit will reduce government saving C. Increase national saving since personal saving will decrease by less than the increase in business savingd. Reduce national saving since personal saving will decrease by more than the increase in business savinge. Reduce national saving due to the decline in personal and government savingDifficulty: Medium47. The Barro-Ricardo equivalence propositiona. States that debt-financing merely postpones taxation and therefore in many instances is equivalent to current taxationb. Relies on the absence of liquidity constraints and the presence of an operational bequest motivec. Implies that a cut in current taxes that carries with it an implied increase in future taxes will lead to an increase in private savingd. Was not supported by events of the 1980s as taxes were cut, budget deficits increased, and private saving declinedE. All of the aboveDifficulty: Medium48. The proposition that financing debt by issuing bonds merely postpones taxation and is therefore in many instances equivalent to current taxation is known as thea. Balanced budget theoremb. Rational expectations propositionC. Barro-Ricardo equivalence propositiond. Reagan theory of taxatione. None of the aboveDifficulty: Easy49. The Barro-Ricardo equivalence proposition relies ona. The presence of an operational bequest motiveb. The absence of liquidity constraintsc. The presence of liquidity constraintsD. Both A and Be. Both A and CDifficulty: Medium50. The Barro-Ricardo equivalence proposition implies that tax cutsa. Always lead to a reduction in the budget deficitb. Always lead to the crowding out of investment spendingC. That lead to higher budget deficits do not stimulate consumption since people will save in anticipation of future tax increasesd. Provide important incentives for economic growthe. Ease people's liquidity constraints so they consume moreDifficulty: Medium。