国际经济导论课后部分答案翻译
国际经济学课后题答案.doc1
第3章课后题答案、1、商品的相对要素强度：不同商品的资本/劳动比率的不同，通过比较可判断该商品是资本密集型商品还是劳动力密集型商品。
国家的相对要素丰裕：要素丰裕度是指一国要素拥有的相对状况。
贸易的商品构成：即使技术水平相同，生产要素禀赋不同也可以产生贸易。
一国终将出口密集的使用其相对丰裕(便宜的生产要素)生产的商品，进口那些密集使用其相对稀缺(昂贵的要素)生产的商品。
商品流动和要素流动的相互替代：如果加拿大或者欧洲国家对美国的资本密集型商品设立保护性贸易壁垒，那么，美国企业就可以向这些国家进行投资，建立工厂，在这些国家之内进行生产，绕过贸易壁垒。
（P37）里昂剔夫悖论是否证实了这种解释？如果不是，那又是什么？里昂惕夫利用计算结果表明得出了与要素禀赋理论完全相悖的结论。
人力资本说、贸易壁垒说、自然资源稀缺说、需求逆转说可以解释这种现象。
2、要素比例理论不是产业内贸易的一个良好的解释。
规模经济理论可以更好的解释。
6、区别产业间贸易与产业内贸易，并分别举例。
请提供有关产业间贸易和产业内贸易的解释。
•产业间贸易：是国家之间完全不同商品的贸易，可以用要素禀赋理论来解释。
•产业内贸易：是国家之间高度相似的商品的贸易，可以用规模经济来解释。
例子：略7、根据垄断竞争和规模经济理论，产业内贸易的利益包括：•对于生产者：规模经济效应，降低了每个种类商品的生产成本•对于消费者：更低的价格和更多的商品种类•生产要素所有者：所有的生产要素都从贸易中获得利益。
第４章课后题答案2：有效保护率是指关税使被保护行业每单位产出的附加值提高的百分率。
a.对最终商品的有效保护率取决于⏹最终产品的名义税率和投入品的名义税率。
⏹取决于商品国内附加值占商品价格的比例。
为了保护本国的出口企业，提高有效保护率，对进口原材料免税或者低的关税。
ｂ用有效保护率的分析方法解释下列政策问题：发展中国家的生产深化：第一阶段，发展中国家实行保护性的高关税，并对投入品进口免征关税，进而开始建立起总装配厂。
《国际经济学》课后习题答案
第18章第十八章浮动汇率制下的内外平衡1．浮动汇率下的政策环境和目标与固定汇率下有什么区别答案提示：不同于固定汇率下的情况，浮动汇率可自动调节国际收支，使一国经济到达对外平衡，这样汇率调节就完成了固定汇率下政府必须考虑的内外均衡两个任务中的一个。
现在，只剩对内平衡一个目标需要考虑。
在浮动汇率制度下，政府的政策目标将只有一个，即通过宏观经济政策的实施到达充分就业和物价稳定。
2．比拟固定汇率和浮动汇率下的各种宏观经济政策的效果，并对之加以解释。
答案提示：在资本具有完全流动性的情况下，如果实行固定汇率制度，财政政策有效，而货币政策完全无效；如果实行浮动汇率制度，财政政策完全无效，而货币政策是有效的，即一国货币当局在浮动汇率下可以实行独立的货币政策。
3．试解释浮动汇率下的财政政策的“挤出效用〞。
答案提示：参考本章第二节。
4．假设A国和B国经济联系严密，均实行浮动汇率制度，A国遭遇严重失业问题，遂采取放松银根政策，B国是否会受到影响答案提示：B国会受到影响。
A国实行宽松的货币政策，将导致物价上升和货币贬值，随着A国出口的增加，B国国内市场将相对减小，不利于B国的就业和生产的增加。
5．试分析在资本完全不流动的情况下，财政政策和货币政策的作用。
答案提示：通过画图进展分析，此时BP曲线为垂直的。
6*. 试讨论资本不完全流动下的财政政策和货币政策的作用，与资本完全流动下的作用效果有何差异答案提示：在这种情况下，汇率的变化会引起BP曲线的移动。
7．在资本完全流动情况下，试分析在以下两种情形下，固定汇率与浮动汇率对国内经济的稳定作用。
〔1〕国内货币供给突然自发增加；〔2〕外国资本突然大量流入。
答案提示：〔1〕固定汇率下，国内货币供给突然自发增加，本国货币的利率下降，本国货币利率下降导致资本大量外流、存在国际收支逆差，这样对国内货币产生贬值压力，中央银行必须干预市场，抛出外汇，收回本币，使汇率保持固定，与此同时国内货币供给减少，直到重新到达原来的均衡点为止。
国际经济学 期末考试部分中文翻译
国际储备需求当一国的国际货币支出超过国际货币收入时，就需要动用其他形式的支付手段,弥补收支赤字。
最后的办法就是在各国之间转移国际储备。
如果不采取恢复均衡的措施,一个国家能够支持的国际收支赤字幅度和时间长短都是有限的,取决于一国持有的国际储备数量。
在全球范围内，国际储备需求（demand for inｔernatioｎa1 ｒeserves）主要取决于两个相关的因素: (1）国际交易的货币价值;(2)国际收支的失衡情况。
同时也与其他因素有关，如国际收支调整的速度和力度,世界经济的总体制度框架等。
汇率的灵活性决定国际储备需求的一个因素是国际货币体系中汇率灵活性的大小。
这是因为，国际收支调整过程的效率部分取决于汇率的灵活性。
图1８－1为美国在与英国进行贸易时的外汇市场。
最初的均衡点为E点,假定进口增加使美国对英镑的需求从D。
增长至D。
在现行的汇率水平上,英镑的需求量超过供给量,中间的缺口是所需的国际储备数量。
如果货币当局实行固定(钉住）汇率制，为保持汇率稳定，弥补收支失衡，就必须保留国际储备。
在浮动汇率制下,收支失衡可以由市场引致的汇率波动进行调整，不需要保持汇率稳定，也就无须持有国际储备。
如果货币当局采用固定汇率制或钉住汇率制，国际储备在稳定汇率的过程中就会起到非常重要的作用。
在图1８－1中，假定钉住汇率为２美元／英镑。
当英镑的需求从D。
增加至Dｔ时，在该钉住汇率下,美国存在１０0英镑的超额需求。
要想使美元不贬值,汇率不超出2美元／英镑，货币当局-－即美联储,就必须进入市场，抛出消除失衡所需的英镑，换取美元。
在图18-1中，如果货币当局向市场提供1０0英镑,那么2美元/英镑的钉住汇率将保持不变。
额外的供给使供给曲线从原来的s。
移至s,，市场均衡恢复为原钉住汇率。
假定一国采用的不是严格的钉住汇率制,而是允许汇率在官方汇率附近的一个狭窄区域内浮动，那么,外汇市场就可以进行一定程度的自发调节。
允许汇率小范围波动的目的是消除微小的收支失衡，要纠正大规模、持续的收支失衡，还需要采取其他调整措施。
《国际经济学》课后习题参考答案
《国际经济学》课后习题参考答案第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。
国际经济学第八版下册课后答案英文版-13(word文档良心出品)
Answers to Textbook Problems1. At an exchange rate of $1.50 per euro, the price of a bratwurst in terms of hot dogs is 1.875 (7.5/4)hot dogs per bratwurst. After a dollar appreciation to $1.25 per euro, the relative price of a bratwurst falls to 1.56 (6.25/4) hot dogs per bratwurst. Hot dogs have become more expensive relative tobratwurst.2. The Norwegian krone/Swiss franc cross rate must be 6 Norwegian krone per Swiss franc.58 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth Edition3. When the yen depreciates vs. the dollar, its costs go up. This depresses its profits. On the other hand,if it exports products to the U.S., it can increase the yen price (without changing the dollar price) so there may be some offsetting effects. But, by and large, a firm that has substantial imported input costs does not relish a depreciating home currency.4. The dollar rates of return are as follows:a. ($250,000 - $200,000)/$200,000 = 0.25.b. ($275 - $225)/$225 = 0.22.c. There are two parts to this return. One is the loss involved due to the appreciation of the dollar;the dollar appreciation is ($1.38 - $1.50)/$1.50 =-0.08. The other part of the return is theinterest paid by the London bank on the deposit, 10 percent. (The size of the deposit is immaterial to the calculation of the rate of return.) In terms of dollars, the realized return on the Londondeposit is thus 2 percent per year.5. Note here that the ordering of the returns of the three assets is the same whether we calculate real ornominal returns.a. The real return on the house would be 25% - 10% = 15%. This return could also be calculatedby first finding the portion of the $50,000 nominal increase in the house’s price due to inflation ($20,000), then finding the portion of the nominal increase due to real appreciation ($30,000),and finally finding the appropriate real rate of return ($30,000/$200,000 = 0.15).b. Again, subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal return, we get 20% - 10% = 10%.c. 2% - 10% =-8%.6. The current equilibrium exchange rate must equal its expected future level since, with equality ofnominal interest rates, there can be no expected increase or decrease in the dollar/pound exchange rate in equilibrium. If the expected exchange rate remains at $1.52 per pound and the pound interest rate rises to 10 percent, then interest parity is satisfied only if the current exchange rate changes such that there is an expected appreciation of the dollar equal to 5 percent. This will occur when theexchange rate rises to $1.60 per pound (a depreciation of the dollar against the pound).7. If market traders learn that the dollar interest rate will soon fall, they also revise upward theirexpectation of the dollar’s future depreciation in the foreign-exchange market. Given the current exchange rate and interest rates, there is thus a rise in the expected dollar return on euro deposits.The downward-sloping curve in the diagram below shifts to the right and there is an immediate dollar depreciation, as shown in the figure below where a shift in the interest-parity curve from II to I'I' leads to a depreciation of the dollar from E0 to E1.Figure 13.2Chapter 13 Exchange Rates and the Foreign-Exchange Market: An Asset Approach 59 8. The analysis will be parallel to that in the text. As shown in the accompanying diagrams, a movementdown the vertical axis in the new graph, however, is interpreted as a euro appreciation and dollar depreciation rather than the reverse. Also, the horizontal axis now measures the euro interest rate.Figure 13.3 demonstrates that, given the expected future exchange rate, a rise in the euro interest rate from R0 to R1 will lead to a euro appreciation from E0 to E1.Figure 13.4 shows that, given the euro interest rate of i, the expectation of a stronger euro in thefuture leads to a leftward shift of the downward-sloping curve from II to I'I' and a euro appreciation (dollar depreciation) from E to E'. A rise in the dollar interest rate causes the same curve to shiftrightward, so the euro depreciates against the dollar. This simply reverses the movement inFigure 13.4, with a shift from I'I' to II, and a depreciation of the euro from E' to E. All of theseresults are the same as in the text when using the diagram for the dollar rather than the euro.Figure 13.3 Figure 13.49. a. If the Federal Reserve pushed interest rates down, with an unchanged expected future exchangerate, t he dollar would depreciate (note that the article uses the term “downward pressure” to mean pressure for the dollar to depreciate). In terms of the analysis developed in this chapter, a moveby the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates would be reflected in a movement from R to R' inFigure 13.5, and a depreciation of the exchange rate from E to E*.If there is a “soft landing,” and the Federal Reserve does not lower interest rates, then this dollardepreciation will not occur. Even if the Federal Reserve does lower interest rates a little, say from R to R", this may be a smaller decrease then what people initially believed would occur. In thiscase, the expected future value of the exchange rate will be more appreciated than before,causing the interest-parity curve to shift in from II to I'I' (as shown in Figure 13.6). The shift inthe curve reflects the “optimism sparked by the expectation of a soft landing” and this change inexpectations means that, with a fall in interest rates from R to R", the exchange rate depreciatesfrom E to E", rather than from E to E*, which would occur in the absence of a change inexpectations.Figure 13.5 Figure 13.660 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth Editionb. The “disruptive” effects of a recession make dollar holdings more risky. Risky assets must offersome extra compensation such that people willingly hold them as opposed to other, less riskyassets. This extra compensation may be in the form of a bigger expected appreciation of thecurrency in which the asset is held. Given the expected future value of the exchange rate, a bigger expected appreciation is obtained by a more depreciated exchange rate today. Thus, a recessionthat is disruptive and makes dollar assets more risky will cause a depreciation of the dollar.10. The euro is less risky for you. When the rest of your wealth falls, the euro tends to appreciate, cushioningyour losses by giving you a relatively high payoff in terms of dollars. Losses on your euro assets, on the other hand, tend to occur when they are least painful, that is, when the rest of your wealth is unexpectedly high. Holding the euro therefore reduces the variability of your total wealth.11. The chapter states that most foreign-exchange transactions between banks (which accounts for thevast majority of foreign-exchange transactions) involve exchanges of foreign currencies for U.S. dollars, even when the ultimate transaction involves the sale of one nondollar currency for another nondollar currency. This central role of the dollar makes it a vehicle currency in international transactions. The reason the dollar serves as a vehicle currency is that it is the most liquid of currencies since it is easy to find people willing to trade foreign currencies for dollars. The greater liquidity of the dollar ascompared to, say, the Mexican peso, means that people are more willing to hold the dollar than the peso, and thus, dollar deposits can offer a lower interest rate, for any expected rate of depreciation against a third currency, than peso deposits for the same rate of depreciation against that third currency.As the world capital market becomes increasingly integrated, the liquidity advantages of holdingdollar deposits as opposed to euro deposits will probably diminish. The euro represents an economy as large as the United States, so it is possible that it will assume some of that vehicle role of the dollar, reducing the liquidity advantages to as far as zero. When it was first introduced in 1999, the euro had no history as a currency, though, so some investors may have been leery of holding it until itestablished a track record. As the euro has become more established, though, the liquidity advantage of the dollar should be fading (albeit slowly).12. Greater fluctuations in the dollar interest rate lead directly to greater fluctuations in the exchange rateusing the model described here. The movements in the interest rate can be investigated by shifting the vertical interest rate curve. As shown in Figure 13.7, these movements lead directly to movements in the exchange rate. For example, an increase in the interest rate from i to i' leads to a dollar appreciation from E to E'. A decrease in the interest rate from i to i" leads to a dollar depreciation from E to E".This diagram demonstrates the direct link between interest rate volatility and exchange rate volatility, given that the expected future exchange rate does not change.Figure 13.7Chapter 13 Exchange Rates and the Foreign-Exchange Market: An Asset Approach 61 13. A tax on interest earnings and capital gains leaves the interest parity condition the same, since all itscomponents are multiplied by one less the tax rate to obtain after-tax returns. If capital gains areuntaxed, the expected depreciation term in the interest parity condition must be divided by 1 less the tax rate. The component of the foreign return due to capital gains is now valued more highly than interest payments because it is untaxed.14. The forward premium can be calculated as described in the appendix. In this case, we find theforward premium on euro to be (1.26 - 1.20)/1.20 = 0.05. The interest rate difference betweenone-year dollar deposits and one-year euro deposits will be 5 percent because the interest difference must equal the forward premium on euro against dollars when covered interest parity holds.15. The value should have gone down as there is no more need to engage in intra EU foreign currencytrading. This represents the predicted transaction cost savings stemming from the euro. At thesame time, the importance of the euro as an international currency may have generated more trading in euros as more investors (from central banks to individual investors) choose to hold their funds in euros or denominate transactions in euros. On net, though, we would expect the value of foreign exchange trading in euros to be less than the sum of the previous currencies.16. If the dollar depreciated, all else equal, we would expect outsourcing to diminish. If, as the problemstates, much of the outsourcing is an attempt to move production to locations that are relativelycheaper, then the U.S. becomes relatively cheap when the dollar depreciates. While it may not be as cheap a destination as some other locations, at the margin, labor costs in the U.S. will have become relatively cheaper, making some firms choose to retain production at home. For example, we could say that the labor costs of producing a computer in Malaysia is 220$ and the extra transport cost is 50$, but the U.S. costs were 300$, then we would expect the firm to outsource. On the other hand, if the dollar depreciated 20% against the Malaysian ringitt, the labor costs in Malaysia would now be 264$ (that is, 20% higher in dollar terms, but unchanged in local currency). This, plus the transport costs makes production in Malaysia more expensive than in the U.S., making outsourcing a lessattractive option.。
国际经济学课后答案第一章
PART I INSTRUCTOR’S MANUALCHAPTER 1THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMYCHAPTER OVERVIEWThis chapter introduces students to the international economy. The first part of the chapter emphasizes the high degree of economic interdependence that charac terizes today’s economies. Economic interdependence includes international trade and international finance.The chapter also focuses on the United States as an open economy. Data are provided that show U.S. exports as a percent of gross domestic product and the value of U.S. trade with its major trading partners. The chapter notes that many U.S. firms source a portion of the production of their goods in foreign countries.The chapter concludes by discussing the nature of international competitiveness--for firms, industries, and nations. It is noted that exposure to global competition tends to improve the efficiency of firms. Finally, the chapter introduces the potential effects that international trade has on workers.After completing the chapter, students should be able to:∙Define economic interdependence.∙Discuss the importance of international trade for the U.S. economy.∙Examine the factors that make a company American.∙Discuss the nature of competitiveness and how it applies to firms, industries, and nations.∙Identify the advantages and disadvantages of international trade for workers.BRIEF ANSWERS TO STUDY QUESTIONS1. Interdependence among today's economies reflects the historical evolution of the world's economic andpolitical order. Since World War II, Europe and Japan have reindustrialized. What is more, theformation of the European Community and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, as well as the rise of multinational corporations, has contributed to closer economic and political linkages.2. Proponents of an open trading system maintain that free trade leads to lower prices, the development ofmore efficient production methods, and a greater range of consumption choices. Free trade permitsresources to move from their lowest productivity to their highest productivity. Critics of an open trading system maintain that import competition may displace domestic firms and workers. It is also argued that during periods of national emergency, it is in the best interests of a nation to protect strategic industries.3. For the United States, growing economic interdependence has resulted in exports and imports increasingas a share of national output. Profits of domestic firms and wages of domestic workers are increasingly being affected by foreign competition. Political and economic events play important roles for theoperation of some sectors of the American economy, such as energy and agriculture.4. The volume of international trade is governed by factors including the level of domestic economic activity(e.g., prosperity versus recession) and restrictions imposed by countries on their imports.5. The chapter describes three fallacies of international trade:a. Trade is a zero sum activityb. Imports reduce employment and act as a drag on the economyc. Tariffs and quotas will save jobs and promote a higher level of employment6. International competitiveness refers to the extent to which the goods of a firm or industry can compete inthe marketplace; this competitiveness depends on the relative prices and qualities of products. No nation can be competitive in, and thus be a net exporter of everything. Because a nation’s stock of resources is limited, the ideal is for these resources to be used in their most productive manner. Nations will benefit from specialization and trade by exporting products having a comparative advantage.7. Researchers at the McKinsey Global Institute have found that global competitiveness is a bit like sports.You get better by playing against folks who are better than you. This means companies are exposed to intense global competition tend to be more productive than those who aren’t.8.International trade benefits most workers, especially those in exporting industries. In addition to providingthem jobs and income, it allows them to shop for consumption goods that are cheapest and of the highest quality. However, workers in import-competing industries often feel threatened from competition ofcheap foreign labor.9.Among the challenges confronting the international trading system are maintaining fair standards for laborand promoting environmental quality.10.The threat of international terrorism tends to slow the degree of globalization and also make it becomecostlier. With terrorism, companies must pay more to insure and provide security for overseas staff and property. Heightened border inspections could slow shipments of cargo, forcing companies to stockmore inventory. Tighter immigration policies could reduce the liberal inflows of skilled and blue-collar laborers that permitted companies to expand while keeping wages in check. Moreover, a greaterpreoccupation with political risk has companies greatly narrowing their horizons when making newinvestments.。
国际经济学-课后重点及课后答案
第2章现代贸易理论的基础2011年12月18日15:141,现代贸易理论主要关注贸易基础，贸易方向和贸易收益的决定因素.2,当前对世界贸易模式的解释是基于经济思想史的丰富遗产。
重商主义以及亚当斯密和李嘉图是现代贸易理论的先驱。
3，在重商主义学派看来，贵金属储备代表了一国的财富。
重商主义学派主张政府应该实行贸易管制，以限制进口和促进出口。
一国只有牺牲贸易伙伴的利益才能获得贸易收益，因为在给定时间点上，世界财富的存量是固定的，而且不能所有国家同时出现贸易顺差。
4，斯密对重商主义的贸易观点提出了挑战。
他认为通过自由贸易，投入要素的国际专业化分工能够增加世界的产出，这些产出可由各贸易国共同分享，所有国家能够同时享有贸易收益。
斯密认为每个国家都将发现专门生产本国具有绝对优势的商品是有利的。
5，李嘉图认为，即使一国同他国相比在两种商品的生产上处于绝对劣势地位，互利贸易也是可能的。
生产率低的国家应当专门生产并出口具有比较优势的商品。
6，现代贸易理论认为：如果在无贸易条件下，两个国家生产两种商品的比较成本（价格）不同，两国就都能从国际贸易中获利。
贸易收益来自于国际劳动分工及专业化带来的生产和消费水平的提高。
7，比较成本可以用生产可能性曲线解释。
这条曲线表明，假定所有资源都以最有效的方式得到利用，一个经济所能产生的两种产品的最大产量组合。
生产可能性曲线的斜率提供了一种测算边际转换率的方法，边际转换率是指每增加一单位的一种产品必须牺牲的另一种产品的数量。
8，在成本不变的情况下，生产可能性曲线是一条直线。
国内的相对价格只由本国的供给条件决定。
在成本不变的情况下可能发生一个国家完全专业生产一种商品的情况。
9，在现实世界中，各国往往处于成本递增的情况。
因此，生产可能性曲线凹向坐标原点。
每个国家的产品的相对价格由供给和需求因素共同决定。
在成本递增的情况下生产完全专业化就不太可能了。
10，当生产率的增长落后于国外竞争对手时，一国的制造商在一种特定产品的比较优势将随时间的推移而最终消失。
国际经济学课后答案
1.What factors explain why the world’s trading nations have become increasingly interdependent,from an economic and political view ,during the post- Wold-War-2?经过第二次世界大战，世界经济体系陷入瘫痪状况，因此，战后各国的依存度也大大提高较之之前，分别从经济和政治两个角度体现。
政治方面，因为冷战的结束，各国关注焦点逐渐从政治转向经济，更加加紧了经济联系发展；经济角度体现在三个方面，分别是贸易，货物，服务，原材料，能量等方面的流通交换；财政方面，表现在如外债，外国资金投入，和外汇比率等方面；以及商业的跨国化生产，多边合作，全球分工生产等方面。
2.identify the major fallacies of international trade关于经济全球化的谬论有三个，1.贸易0和，反对者们认为全球市场份额是固定的，一方收益，一方必支出，实际不然，贸易是正合的；2.进口不好，出口不好，这也是错误的，如果一味的像他国出口产品而不进口产品，逐渐的国家财富会发生转移，他国将没有钱再继续购买商品；关税和出口配额拯救就业，错误的，虽然短期看关税和出口配额可以帮助挽回一定的国内被进口品竞争产业的就业，但是长期讲不利于一国的出口以及相应影响的进口品加工产业。
1.how did smith’s view on international trade differ from those of the mercantilists重商主义学说观点是静态的，而亚当的学说是动态的，这就是最大的不同，重商主义认为世界经济的市场大小是固定的，一国的贸易收益来自于其贸易伙伴的损失，并不是所有国家都能从贸易中获益，然而事实并非如此，亚当认为世界经济大小并不固定，国际贸易允许各国间进行专业化生产可以提高劳动生产率，而生产率的提高，则可以使各国均从中获利。
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Chapter4
Review Questions
2.供给政策主要有以下几个目的：在短期时间内稳定经济；降低失业自然率；在长期时间段里提高潜在出口增长量。
Ture or False
1.供给政策能直接改变劳动力供给量。
（对）
4.根据拉佛尔曲线可知，过高税收率及过低税收率都一样不利于税收收入。
（对）
8.高失业救将会增加摩擦性失业。
（对）
Chapter5
Review Questions
1.这个理论认为一个国家的财富是由它所持的珠宝，通常是黄金来衡量的。
因此，国家应该更少进口，更多出口，如果做到成功的话，将来从与出现财政赤字的国家的贸易中，获得利益。
2.第一，贸易不应该是一方受益而另一方受损。
如果所有国家都追求贯彻这条政策，那他们之间将会发生冲突；第二，通过顺差来囤积大量黄金的方式将不能促进一个国家实质性地成为富有的国家。
6.1954年，出生于俄国的经济学家，瓦西里.列昂惕夫做了一个关于要素比率的理论测试。
显示恰恰是理论所测试的相反面。
这项惊人的发现被称为列昂惕夫理论。
11.这四步骤包括导入，成长，成熟，衰退。
Ture or False
2.根据重商主义哲学贸易理论中的“一方获益而另一方受损”的游戏，一个国家受益额，另一个国家就会受损。
（对）
3.亚当.斯密认为由不同国家在生产不同产品上的成本不一引起的贸易是有益的。
（对）
4.贸易绝对优势理论指出在贸易基础上绝对成本的不同。
（对）
8.列昂惕夫更偏向于列昂惕夫理论中的最合理解释，美国劳动力要优于其他国家的劳动力水平。
Chapter6
Review Questions
2.五项动态及长远收入来源：规模经济收入；受竞争力不断增强的影响的效益收入；鼓励刺激资本投资，技术创新率的增强；通货膨胀下降所带来的产量扩大。
4.其中一个理由是在产量平均成本下降行内化分工显得更为普遍。
另一个理由是产业内的贸易造成生产者之间更大的竞争力，迫使公司降低成本和降低价格。
说得更长远一点的理由是产业内分工促使研究密集型产业的生产者更快地分摊研发的成本。
5.第一，生产者或许会导入各种新型产品（品种创新）。
第二，他们或许会从当下已研发的产品中添加新产品。
7.关税对一个国家来讲的五大益处是：消费收益，生产收益，贸易平衡收益，收入收益，福利收益。
8.近几十年来，非关税壁垒的传播，有时被称为一种新型的贸易保护主义。
Ture or False
1.自由贸易使得国家们生产他们最擅长的产品上做到专业化，并从中受益。
（对）
5.革新有一个重要形式：生产者或许能导入新的品种（品种创新）。
（对）
11.倾销被视为等同于掠夺性定价模型——以低于成本的价格出售商品，是在驱逐竞争对手出商界。
（对）。