2017_2018学年高考英语大题精做03主旨大意题新人教版

主旨大意题【题型突破】主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。

根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。

它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。

选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。

常见的提问方式有：1. What is the main / general idea of this text?2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?3. What is the text mainly about?4. This text mainly tells us ________.5. This passage mainly deals with _________.6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.选择标题题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。

通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。

常见的提问方式有：1. What would be the best title for the text?2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be ________.4. The topic of this passage is _________.不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，总是围绕一个主题来展开的。

在试题设计上，3个干扰项内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。

规律方法1：如何精确归纳标题？1、利用主题段来概括标题主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。

2、利用主题句来概括标题解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。

通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。

做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。

规律方法2：如何概括文章大意？1. 做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。

主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。

若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。

2. 在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。

规律方法3：如何总结段落大意？段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。

主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。

主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。

有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。

Passage1（2017·新课标卷III ，D）The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named ＂DriveLAB＂in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: ＂For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.＂＂But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.＂Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: ＂The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.＂For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of syst ems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.＂We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.＂32. What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?A. To explore new means of transport.B. To design new types of cars.C. To find out old er driver’s problems.D. To teach people traffic rules.33. Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?A. It keeps them independent.B. It helps them save time.C. It builds up their strength.D. It cures their mental illnesses.34. What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?A. Improve their driving skills.B. Develop driver-assist technologies.C. Provide tips on repairing their cars.D. Organize regular physical checkups.35. What is the best title for the text?A. A new Model Electric CarB. A Solution to Traffic ProblemsC. Driving Services for EldersD. Keeping Older Drivers on the RoadPassage1（2017·新课标卷I ，C）Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues toshrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.”Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,”says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,”says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.”28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?A. To remember the birth of jazz.B. To protect cultural diversity.C. To encourage people to study music.D. To recognize the value of jazz.29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Jazz becoming more accessible.B. The production of jazz growing faster.C. Jazz being less popular with the young.D. The jazz audience becoming larger.30. What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz?A. It will disappear gradually.B. It remains black and white.C. It should keep up with the times.D. It changes every 50 years.31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Exploring the Future of JazzB. The Rise and Fall of JazzC. The Story of a Jazz MusicianD. Celebrating the Jazz DayPassage2（2017·新课标卷II ，C）Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. TheTransition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugiasays an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. The basic data of the Transition.B. The advantages of flying cars.C. The potential market for flying cars.C. The designers of the Transition.29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?A. It causers traffic jams.B. It is difficult to operate.C. It is very expensive.D. It burns too much fuel.30. What is the govern ment’s attitude to the development of the flyi ng car?A. CautiousB. Favorable.C. Ambiguous.D. Disapproving.31. What is the best title for the text?A. Flying Car at Auto ShowB. The Transition’s First FlightC. Pilots’ Dream Coming TrueD. Flying Car Closer to RealityPassage4（2016·新课标卷III ，D）Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. Y ou don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations —found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessa rily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousan ds of articles on The New York Times’website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ rea ders and made them want to share this positive feeling with others. Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂22.What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?A. News reports.B. Research papers.C. Private e-mails.D. Daily conversations.23.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?A. They’re socially inactive.B. They’re good at telling stories.C. They’re inconsiderate of others.D. They’re careful with their words.24.Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?A. Sports news.B. Science articles.C. Personal accounts.D. Financial reviews.25.What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide.B. Online News Attracts More People.C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks.Passage 1(2017届黑龙江大庆一中高三第三段测)One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend. ＂One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states.＂ said Neville Alexander, Director of the Projectfor the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions(规定) was the 1994 ＂Toubon law＂ in France, and the idea has been copied in many countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often considered as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficulty in controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process.It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the ＂purity＂ of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but that has not been a barrier to acquiring superiority and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of the state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academic Francaise in France.The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon- especially the need to ensure that English does not unnecessarily take over too many fields. Public communication, education and new ways of communication promoted by technology, may be key fields to defend.1.Neville Alexander believes that __________.A. mother-tongue education is not practiced in all African countriesB. globalization has resulted in the economic failure of AfricaC. globalization has led to the rise of multi-language trendD. lack of mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure2.The underlined word ＂futile＂(in paragraph 2) most probably means ＂___________＂.A. workableB. practicalC. uselessD. unnecessary3.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. English has taken over fields like public communication and education.B. Many aspects of national culture are threatened by the spread of English.C. Most language experts believe it is important to promote a national language.D. Europeans have long realized the need to protect a national language.4.The best title for the passage is __________.A. Fighting against the rule of EnglishB. Protecting local languages and identitiesC. Globalization and multi-language trendD. To maintain the purity of language by lawPassage 2(2017届辽宁省阜新市实验中学高三第九次模拟考试)The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world's supply of water. With 97% of the world's water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture. Although the idea of a water shortage(短缺)seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of the world's agricultural industries experience constant water shortages.Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution(重新分配)are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself, but there is also an environmental cost to be considered. Where valleys(山谷)are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farmingrequirements. This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation.In Texas, farmers' overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores.In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys, but much of the water use has been poorly managed.Saudi Arabia's attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves. Because there is no rainfall in these areas, such reserves can only decrease, and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.1.From the first two paragraphs we learn that________.A. much of the world's water is available for useB. people in high rainfall countries feel luckyC. the costs of water redistribution should be consideredD. water can be easily carried through pipes across the world2.Which of the following is true?A. The water stores in Texas have been reduced by 75%.B. Most industries in the world suffer from water shortages.C. The underground water in Saudi Arabia might run out in 50 years.D. Good management of water use resulted from the project in the Central Valley.3.The text is mainly about________.A. water supply and increasing populationB. water use management and agricultureC. water redistribution and wildlife protectionD. water shortages and environmental protectionPassage 3(甘肃省兰州第一中学2017届高三冲刺模拟考试)Some people may think I’m crazy when I say “work is rest”. But that’s the way it is —we need to rest. Without rest, we will die. At a minimum, we won’t have the energy to work.Nobody forces us to be so stupid about this. We just don’t know how to rest properly. We rest in ways that are not restful, even stressful. Some of our ways of rest interfere with our working energy. Instead of sleep, we go to the movies and clubs, drink or have a smoke with friends. This is because we misunderstand the meaning of “rest”.We should remember that rest means not working, both physically and mentally. Only then is it real rest. When tired, rest. It’s simple. Actually, dogs and cats are smarter about this than people. People are stupid enough to rest in ways that destroy their capacity to work.Rest and work always go together. There must be a balance: work during the day and rest at night. When the sun comes up, one has plenty of strength to work well and enjoy it. In other words, rest is a kind of investment, so that one has the strength and energy to continue working. So we need rest to work, recognizing that we can’t have one without the other. Rest is what recharges our batteries. We need enough time to charge up adequately to the tasks we undertake. Thus, we need to rest correctly; otherwise, illness will occur and also can affect the efficiency of our work.Rest can’t be skimped. Without enough rest, good work is impossible. This is why we say that rest is another kind of work.1.Which of the following is the best rest according to this passage?A. Sleeping at home.B. Drinking or having a smoke with friends.C. Going to the movies and clubs.D. Playing cards with family members.2.We can know from this passage that _____.A. dogs and cats are smarter than we human beingsB. rest can make us work more efficientlyC. it’s not proper to sleep in the daytime for people.D. rest is more important than work for people3.The underlined word “skimped” in the last paragraph probably means “______”.A. addedB. connectedC. savedD. developed4.What is the best title for the text?A. How to Form the Habit of SleepingB. Why People Need to RestC. Sufficient Rest Leads to SuccessD. Rest is Another Kind of WorkPassage 3(2017届黑龙江省大庆实验中学高三考仿真卷)Everyone knows that death is natural, but do you have any idea of the process of dying? Modern scientists divide the process of dying into two stages —clinical or temporary death and biological death. Clinical death occurs when the vital organs, such as the heart or lungs, have stopped functioning, but have not suffered permanent damage. The organism can still be saved. Biological death occurs when changes in the organism lead to the “breaking up” of vital cells and tissues. Death is then unchangeable and final.Scientists have been seeking a way to prolong the period of clinical death so that the organism can remain alive before biological death occurs. The best method developed so far involves cooling the organism, combined with narcotic (麻醉) sleep. By slowing down th e body’s metabolism (新陈代谢), cooling delays the processes leading to biological death.To show how this works, scientists performed an experiment on a six-year-old female monkey called Keta. The scientist put Keta to sleep with a narcotic. Then they surrounded her body with ice-bags and began checking her body temperature. When it had dropped to 28 degrees the scientists began taking blood out from an artery (动脉). The monkey’s blood pressure decreased and an hour later both the heart and breathing stopped: clinical death set in. For twenty minutes Keta remained in this state. Her temperature dropped to 22 degrees. At this point the scientists pumped blood into an artery in the direction of the heart and started artificial breathing. After two minutes Keta’s h eart became active once more. After fifteen minutes, spontaneous (自发的) breathing began, and after four hours Keta opened her eyes and lifted her head.After six hours, when the scientists tried to give her a penicillin (青霉素) injection, Keta seized the syringe (注射器)and ran with it around the room. Her behavior differed little from that of a healthy animal.1.For a person who suffers from the clinical death _________.A. he is still very much aliveB. he cannot avoid final deathC. his most important organs are damaged foreverD. he still has the possibility of getting back to life2.Scientists try to make the time of clinical death longer in order to _________.A. cool the organismB. delay the coming of biological deathC. slow down the body’s metabolismD. bring vital cells and tissues back to active life3.The text mainly talks about _________.A. clinical death and biological deathB.an experiment on a monkeyC. the meaning of deathD. the process before death4.From the underlined sentence in the last paragraph we can know that _________.A. Keta was impoliteB. Keta was healthyC. Keta was illD. Keta was crazyPassage1The Missouri State Fair on Monday imposed a lifetime ban on a rodeo clown(小丑) whose depiction of President Barack Obama getting charged by a bull was widely criticized by Democratic and Republican officials alike.The rodeo clown won’t be allowed to participate or perform at the fair again. The fair’s officials say they’re also reviewing whether to take any action against the Missouri Rodeo Cowboy Association, the contractor responsible for Saturday’s event.The entertainment during the bull riding contest featured a clown wearing a mask of Obama with an upside down broomstick attached to his backside. Spectators were asked if they wanted to see ＂Obama was run down by a bull＂. Many in the audience responded enthusiastically.Numerous Missouri officials denounced (谴责)the act after the video and photos were posted online. Some Democratic Missouri lawmakers suggested Monday that there should be financial consequences for the fair.The fair said in a written statement announcing the clown’s ban that he had engaged in an＂unconscionable stunt(特技表演)＂ that was ＂inappropriate and not in keeping with the fair’s standards＂. The fair’s press release did not identify the clown.At least one person defended him. David Berry, a Missouri Rodeo Cowboy Association member who was at Saturday’s event, described the clown as a friend and said there was nothing offensive or unusual about his action. Berry said the Obama character was meant to look like a dummy(人体模型) and that rodeo clowns have long performed such acts, often imitating sitting presidents.＂The joke is not that it was the president,＂ Berry said. ＂They drag out this person dressed like a dummy and all of a sudden this dummy just takes off running. That’s what’s funny.＂But other rodeo professionals said the Missouri fair stunt appeared to go too far.＂It’s not unheard-of for a rodeo clown, depending on how he reads his audience, to play politics a little bit,＂ said Jim Bainbridge, the senior public relations coordinator at the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. ＂But this crossed a line. Clearly, w hen you’re suggesting that the president should be injured, it kind of gets to a level of hostility that is inappropriate.＂1. Why did the rodeo clown mentioned in the text receive a lifetime ban?A. He played President Barack Obama in the entertainment during the bull riding contest.B. His performance appeared to go too far.C. It was not allowed to play the sitting president during the bull riding contest.D. He said something that showed dissatisfaction with the present government.2. It can be inferred from the text that .A. Democratic and Republican officials never agree with each otherB. President Barack Obama would be very angry to see the videoC. all spectators don’t respect President Barack ObamaD. the Missouri Rodeo Cowboy Association will be punished3. What is David Berry’s attitude toward the clown?A. Sympathetic.B. Negative.C. Indifferent.D. Critical.4. What is the passage mainly about?A. The Missouri State Fair.B. The traditional performance by a rodeo clown.C. A ban on a rodeo clown for his improper behavior.D. Sports and effect.Passage2My father was always a good gardener. One of my earliest memories is standing without shoes in the freshly tilled（翻耕的）soil, my hands blackened from digging in the ground.As a child, I loved following Dad around in the garden, I remember Dad pushing the tiller（耕作机）ahead in perfectly straight lines. Dad loved growing all sorts of things: yellow and green onions, watermelons almost as big as me, rows of yellow com, and our favorite ― red tomatoes.As I grew into a teenager, I didn’t get so excited about gardening with Dad. Instead of magical land of possibility, it had turned into some kind of prison. As Dad grew older, his love for gardening never disappeared. After all the kids weregrown and had started families of their own, Dad turned to gardening like never before. Even when he was diagnosed with cancer, he still took care of his garden.But then, the cancer, bit by bit, invaded his body. I had to do the things he used to do. What really convinced me that Dad was dying was the state of his garden that year. The rows and rows of multicolored vegetables were gone. Too tired to weed them, he simply let them be. He only planted tomatoes.For the first few years after he died, I couldn’t even bear to look at anyone’s garden without having strong memories pour over me like cold water from a bucket. Three years ago, I decided to plant my own garden and started out with just a few tomatoes. That morning, after breaking up a fair amount of soil, something caught the comer of my eye and I had to smile, It was my eight-year-old son Nathan, happily playing in the freshly tilled soil.1. Why did the author like the garden when he was a child?A. The garden was planted with colorful flowers.B. The garden was just freshly tilled by his father.C. He loved what his father grew in the garden.D. He enjoyed being in the garden with his father.2. When all the kids started their own families, the author’s father .A. devoted more to gardeningB. turned to other hobbiesC. stopped his gardeningD. focused on planting tomatoes3. What happened to the garden when the author’s father was seriously ill?A. The author’s son to ok charge of it.B. No plant grew in the garden at all.C. The garden was almost deserted.D. It brought the author a great harvest.4. We can infer from the last paragraph that .A. the author’s son played happily in the gardenB. the author’s son reminded him of his own fatherC. the author’s son was very glad to help the authorD. the author’s son will continue gardening as well。