词汇学期末考试重点整理
英语-英语词汇学-重点分析
学习目标1. Word Formation2. Sense Relations and Semantic FieldWord FormationMorphemes: These different forms occur owing to different sound environment. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is "the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words“在不同的发音环境下以不同形式出现。
这些最小的有意义单位称为词素。
换言之，词素是“构词中最小功能单位”Word FormationThe morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone.“形素”是实际说出来的最小的意义携带体形位与形素的关系同音位与因素的关系一样。
Word FormationAllomorphs: Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.有些词素根据它们在词中的位置不同可有一个以上的不同形素实现，这些不同的形素叫词素变体。
Word FormationTypes of Morphemes: Free Morphemes/自由语素Bound Morphemes/粘附词素Word FormationTwo types of bound Morphemes: bound root / 粘附词根affix / 词缀Word FormationAffixes:Inflectional affixes /内部屈折词缀derivational affixes/派生词缀.Word FormationDerivational affixes: prefixes / 前缀Suffixes / 后缀Word FormationRoot & Stem：A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. Root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.词根是一个词的基本形式，这个形式若再分析下去就不再是这个词了。
英语词汇学考试重点整理
英语词汇学考试重点整理Explain the following terms⼀1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning.It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences.– ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, andhave independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词andadverbs副词of a language.⼆1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian.2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms.2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in-3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of theword. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (butnot derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数,tense, and the comparative⽐较的or superlative 最⾼的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word.re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combiningtwo or more bases to form a compound word9) derivation 派⽣法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certainword-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name,a technical term, or a phrase.12) acronym⾸字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name ofan organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that theyare pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed bycombining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.14) clipping截短词/The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllablesfrom a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.15) back-formation逆⽣法/Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formationby which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longerform already present in the language.四meaning /is the thing or idea that it refers to or represents and which can be explained using other words. conventionality/most words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.motivation 理据/The connection between word symbol and its sense.grammatical meaning / Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.World-class: it describes the word’s lexical meaning and also gives what is traditionally known as thepart of speech of the word, which modern linguists.lexical meaning /Lexical meaning is dominant in content words, whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in function words, but in neither is grammatical meaning absent.denotative meaning指⽰意义/is sometimes called the conceptual meaning. It is the central factor in linguistic communication. One of the functions of words is to designate or describesomething, such as an object, a property, a process or a state of affairs. Users of alanguage cannot talk about their knowledge of a physical object or a naturalphenomenon, unless this knowledge is express in words which have the same meaningfor all speakers of a given community.connotative meaning内涵意义/ refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind；it is the supplementary value which is added to the purelydenotative meaning of a word.stylistic meaning 社会意义/ What a word conveys about the social circumstances of its use affective meaning/ It is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of thespeaker or writer.五1) Polysemy⼀词多义/Polysemy refers to a lexical term which has a range of different meanings.2) Homonymy同形异义/Pairs or groups of words, which, though different in meaning, arepronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both六restriction of meaning词义的缩⼩/A word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable合适的to only one of the objects it had previously以前denoted表⽰. extension of meaning词义的扩⼤/- the opposite of restriction- the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed. degeneration of meaning词义的降格/the meaning of a word narrows toward an unfavorable meaning elevation of meaning词义的升格/- A word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time, and has either risen from a “snarl”word to a “purr”word, or from a slang term to a common word.七linguistic context 语⾔语境/In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.extra-linguistic context⾮语⾔语境/In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation. This iscalled extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces包含the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.the actual speech situation and the entire cultural background⼋complete synonyms/ Complete synonyms are the words which are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.Scientific terms: delimited and neutral in affective情感的and stylistic meaning.relative synonyms /- the same denotative外延的meanings, but different connotative内涵的, affective and stylistic meanings contrary/gradable antonyms / They display a type of semantic contrast. They don’t represent an either/or relation but rather a more/less relation.cheap and expensive; fast and slow; sweet and sourcomplementary antonyms / They represent a type of binary semantic opposition. They are in an either/or relation of oppositeness. alive and dead; asleep and awake; shut and open converse antonyms /They are also called relational opposites. One expresses the converse meaning of the other. lend and borrow; buy and sell; husband and wife; parent and child; hyponym 下义词/Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.semantic field/The vocabulary of a language is not an unstructured collection of words. Instead, the vocabulary can be organized into a number of semantic fields.field of colours：pink, orange, scarlet, crimson, violet九Allusive words /words that are closely related to cultural history.Allusions : references参照to characters or events from history, legend, literature, religion.⼗idiom 习语/Idioms are usually metaphorical⽐喻性的rather than literal⽂字的.Structural criteria: phrase idioms; clause idioms; sentence idiomscollocation / Collocation is the way in which words are used together regularlyCollocation is often language-specific (e.g. “blue blood”）and not determined by universal semantic constrains (e.g. “green grass”).Answer the following questions⼀1) What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary?a. National characterb. Stability- sun, earth, rain, snow , on, of, can, will- arrow and bow ; telephone, computer, bus, car,radio, electricityc. Word-forming abilityheadache, headless不在意的；⽆头脑的；⽆领导者的, headline⼤标题；内容提要, headman⾸领, headmaster d. Ability to form collocations搭配hand over fist; hand in glove互相勾结、关系密切; to come hat in hand;2) How can we classify English vocabulary according to its origin, level of usage and notion ？⼆1) How do linguists divide the history of the English language for analysis? What are the characteristics of the English vocabulary as a result of its historical development?Three periods in the development of English language (vocabulary)1) Old English or Anglo-Saxon period (449-1100) 1 Much of the old English vocabulary was borrowed from Latin 如bargain, cheap, inch, pound; cup, dish, wall, wine, etc2- Old English was a highly inflected language. It has a complete system of declensions of words2) Middle English period ( 1100-1500 ) 1- French influence Norman Conquest in 1066 Law and government administration:、Military affairs: 、Religion: 、Art。
英语词汇学复习提纲
英语词汇学复习提纲Part I概念题1.（glossary）a list of the difficult words used in a piece of writing or subject,with explanations of their meanings2.(phrase) a group of words that form a unit within a clause3.(expression) unclassified linguistic unit of any length: words, phrases, sentences,paragraphs, etc.4.(diction) the choice of words used in a speech or piece of writing5.(vocabulary) words in general known, learnt, used, etc. or a list of words,usually in alphabetical order and with explanations of their meanings6.(lexicon) all the words and phrases in a language or a dictionary7.(lexis) all the words in a language8.(word) the smallest unit of spoken or written language which has meaning andcan stand alone9.(Etymology) the study of origins and development of words10.(Lexicography) the writing and making of dictionaries11.(Lexical semantics) the study of words and their meanings12.(lexicology) the study of meanings and uses of words13.(morphology) the study of how words are formed in a language14.(phraseology) the words and phrases used in a particular profession or activity, ora particular way of putting words together to express something15.(collocation) a group of words which "naturally" go together through commonusage16.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible oranalyzable into smaller forms17.Root: a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the mainlexical meaning of the word.18.A ffix: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only whenadded to another morpheme. It can further be divided inflectional and derivational types.19.Prefix: a derivational or an inflectional affix that can be added to the beginningof a morpheme.20.S uffix: a derivational or inflectional affix that can be added to the end of amorpheme.21.C ompounding /composition: a word formation process consisting of joining twoor more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.22.D erivation/ affixation: a word-formation process by which new words arecreated by adding a prefix, or suffix or both to the base.23.C onversion: a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class isshifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.24.I nitialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a propername, a technical term or a phrase; it is pronounce letter by letter.25.A cronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of anorganization or a scientific term, etc; they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.26.B lending/hybrid: a word-formation process in which a new word is formed bycombining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.27.B ack-formation: a term used to refer to a word-formation process by which ashorter word is coined by deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.28.C lipping: a word-formation process by which a word is shortened by deletingone or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.29.M otivation: refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense. MostEnglish words are non-motivated. Motivation can arise in three major ways: phonetic motivation, morphological motivation and semantic motivation.30.P olysemy : a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has arange of different meanings.31.H omonyms: words identical in sound or spelling or both but different inmeaning.32.S ynonyms: words differing in sound but identical or similar in meaning.33.A ntonyms: words that are opposite in meaning34.H yponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexicalitems, such that the former is included in the latter.35.C ontext in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that comeimmediately before and after any word in an act of communication.36.Euphemism: an act of using agreeable language when speaking of anunpleasant or embarrassing fact (such as death, disease, etc) and of taboo subjects (such as sex and the excretive processes of the body).37.M etaphor: is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based onassociation of similarity, in which a word or phrase ordinarily used for one thing is applied to another, a process which often results in semantic change or figurative extension of meaning.38.M etonymy: a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by thename of something closely related to it.Part II 常用英语词汇学术语Acronym 首字母拼音词Acronymy首字母拼音法Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Antonym 反义词Antonymy 反义关系Back-formation 逆构词，反成法Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Collocation 搭配，组合Complementaries 互补反义词Complete antonym 完全反义词Composition 复合法Compounding 复合构词法Compound word 复合词、Concept 概念Conceptual meaning 概念意义Connotative meaning 内涵意义Context 语境Conversion 词类转换法Denotative meaning 外延意义Degradation of meaning 词义的降格Derivation 派生法Elevation of meaning 词义的升格Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Homonymy 同音（形）异义Hyponymy 上下义关系Idiom 成语Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Initialism：首字母缩略词Metaphor：隐喻Metonymy：换喻，转喻，借代Morpheme 词素Morphology 词形学，形态学Motivation of word 词的理据Neologism 新词语Onomatopoeic word 拟声词Phonetics 语音学Polysemy 一词多义Register 语域Root 词根Semantic field语义场Semantics 语义学Synonym 同义词Synonymy 同义关系Word-formation/building 构词法Part III True or False Statements1.It is usual that some affixes have far more frequent productive uses than others.There are some significant relations between affixes, especially antonymy, as with pre- and post-, -full and –less. (T)2.Though most prefixes can occur as independent words, they can on occasion bedetached to permit coordination, as in pre- and post-hysterectomy. (F)pounding can occur only in three main word classes, nouns and to a lesserextent, adjectives and, to least extent, verbs. (F)4.Semantically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on thefirst element and a secondary stress on the second element. (F)5.English compounds can be analyzed according to different criteria, such asorthographic criteria, semantic criteria, and phonological criteria. (T)pounds can be divided into three categories according to word classes: nouncompounds, adjective compounds and verb compounds. (T)pounds indicate the relations of the compounding elements by syntacticparaphrases. (T)8.Conversion is the derivational process whereby an item is adapted or convertedto a new word class without the addition of an affix. (T)9.Conversions from verb to noun and from verb to adjective are the mostproductive categories. (F)10.T here are two types of conversion: full conversion and partial conversion. (T)11.T he most important kinds of alteration in conversion are the voicing of finalconsonants, and the shift of stress. (T)12.W ords formed through acronymy are called acronyms or initialisms, dependingon the spelling of the new words. (F)13.B ack-formation is the method of creating new words by removing the supposedsuffixes. (T)14.M otivation has nothing to do with the explanation for the reason that a particularform has a particular meaning. (F)15.T he conceptual meaning of a word is often unstable and hard to determine. (F)16.B y etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word isrelated to its origin. (T)17.S ense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. (F)18.I n semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherentrelation to the physical world of experience. (T)19.C ontextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from orreduce meaning to observable contexts. (T)20.T he meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its words andphrases put together. (F)21.B oth semantics and pragmatics study how the speakers of a language choosetheir words to effect successful communication. (F)22.T he meaning of an isolated word from a dictionary is usually abstract andcontext-independent. (T)23.I ndo-European refers to the family languages spoken originally in Europe. (F)24.L atin and French belong to the different language groups. (F)25.E nglish belongs to the West-Germanic language group of Indo-Europeanlanguage family. (T)26.T he first people in England about whose language we have definite knowledgeare the Celts. (T)27.C ertain Germanic tribes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians and Jutes were the founders ofthe English nation. (T)28.O ld English has much less loan words compared with modern English.(T)29.The Norman Conquest virtually introduced French-English bilingualism intoEngland. (T)30.C ollocation is the relationship between two words or groups of words that oftengo together and form a common expression. (T)31.C ollocations are not transparent in meaning; that is, the meaning of the wholecannot be worked out from the meaning of each of the words in it. (F)32.L exical collocations normally consist of nouns, adjectives, verbs andprepositions. (F)33.A fixed lexical collocation is a collocation of two or more co-occurring lexemesin an unchanging syntactic and semantic relationship. (T)34.A Dictionary of the English Language by Dr. Samuel Johnson in 1755 is asymbol for modern English Dictionary. (F)35.W ebster’s two-volume 1828 dictionary, The American Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage, published when he was 70 years old, was by far the largest and the most impressive dictionary produced in America up to that time. (T)36.F rom pronunciation, British dictionaries as well as American ones generally useInternational Phonetic Alphabet. (IPA). (F)37.B ilingual dictionaries usually do not have etymological labels due to thelimitation of the length. (T)Part IV. Practices for Word-formation Processes.Section A: Explain the meanings of the following compounds in English1.Pickpocket2.Housebreaking3.Off-white4.Sleepwalker5.Brainstorming6.Self-styled7.Tenderfoot8.Good-looking9.Quick-freeze10.D ragonflyKeys:1.A person who steals things from people’s pockets2.Entering a building without right or permission in order to commit a crime3.A color that is nor pure white but has some grey or yellow in it4.A person who walks around while asleep5.Method of solving problems in which all the members of a group suggest ideaswhich are then discusseding a name, title etc. which one has given oneself, esp. without having anyright to do so7.A person who has recently arrived in a rough place8.Having a pleasant appearance9.Freeze very quickly for storing so that it keeps its natural qualities10.I nsect with a long thin body and two pairs of wingsSection B 根据例词，写出另外同类型转换的例子1.Garage to garage _______ ______ _______2.Water to water ________ ________ _______3.Core to core _______ ________ _______4.Nurse to nurse _______ ________ _______5.Hand to hand _______ -________ ______6.To release release _______ ________ _______7.To catch catch _______ ________ _______8.To show off show-off ______ ________ ______9.To throw throw ______ ________ ______10.T o cook cook _______ _______ _______11.D ry to dry ________ _______ _______12.B rave to brave _________ _______ _______Section C写出下列截短词的原词1.ad2. Memo3. Auto4. mike5. Bike6. Bus7. phone 8. Champ 9. Photo10. con 11. Co-op 12. Plane13. copter 14. Dorm 15. Rhino16. flu 17. Fridge 18. Gas19. sub 20. Taxi 21. Gym22.hippo 23. Lab 24. Limo25.lunch 26. Math 27. Vet28. zoo 29. Pub 30. PopKeys:2.memorandum 6. Omnibus 10. Convict 11. Co-operative 15. Rhinoceros 16. Influenza18. gasoline 19. Submarine 20. Taxicab22. hippopotamus 24. Limousine 25. Luncheon27. veteran, veterinarian, veterinary28. zoological garden 29 public house 30. Popular music Section D 写出下列首字母缩略词、拼音词的完整写法及汉语意思1.WHO2.ASEAN3.WTO4.ISP5.IT6.WWW7.CPU8.WPS9.GM10.V IP11.C EO12.G MT13.I OC14.C IA15.B BC16.T B17.V OA18.N BA19.F BI20.R OM21.D OS22.B IOS23.U NESCO24.N ATO25.O PEC26.T OEFL27.A IDS28.G PS29.R adar30.S IM31.C DMAPart V Meaning and Sense Relation1.Flowers _______ __________ ____________ _______ _________2.Body parts ________ _________ ________ _________ ________3.Stationary _________ __________ _______ ________ _________Section B 从下列七组词语中各找出一个不属于该组语义场的词：１.P en pencil ink wallpaper pencil-box ruler pads２.S oap towel bathtub oven basin sink perfume３.D river professor clerk student nurse guard porter４.W alk stride pace plunge run stroll roam parade５.C ar truck bus train bicycle airplane steamboat６.R ed green purple pink blue sandy brown orange７.C up mug glass spoon bowl pot plate saucer１.A s lean as _____２.A s long as______３.A s white as_____４.A s flat as _________５.A s warm as_______６.A s yellow as ______７.A s plain as ________８.A s round as _______９.A s naked as _______10.As sweet as _______11. as strong as _______12. as tasteless as ______13. as red as _______14. as plum as ______15. as thick as ______16. as cool as _______Keys:1.skeleton2. arm3. flour4. pancake5. toast6. butter7. ears 8. sausage 9. eggs 10. beans11. onions 12. potatoes 13. beef 14. blackberry 15. porridge 16. a cucumberPart VI 用分类关系画出以下各组词的树形图（不多于5层）１.T rack events, hurdles, jump, high jump, discus throw, field events, throw, events, walk, run, shot put, long jump, hammer throw, relays２.C ow, reptile, organism, plant, porcine, ox, bird, human, mammal, buffalo, bovine, animal, ovine３.A rmy, tank, rifle, armed forces, air force, warships, mine hunter, navy, transport aircraft, fighter-bomber４.P rose, novel, fiction epic, literature, drama, short story, poetry, lyric, novelette, pastoral５.P lane geometry, square, trapezium, plane triangle, quadrilaterals, rectangle, irregular quadrilateral, rhombus, parallelogramsKeys:1.EventsTrack events field eventsWalk run hurdles relays shot put jump throwHigh jump long jump hammer throw discus throw2.OrganismHuman animal plantBird mammal reptileOvine bovine porcineOx cow buffalo3.Armed forcesArmy navy air force Tank rifle warships mine hunter transport aircraft fighter-bomber4.LiteratureProse fiction drama poetryNovel novelette short story epic lyric pastoral5.Plane geometryPlane triangles quadrilateralsIrregular quadrilaterals parallelograms trapeziumSquare rectangle rhombusPart VII 完成下列明喻成语1. as _______ as ink2. as _______as brass3. as ________ as silver4. as _________as crystal5. as ________ as ice6. as ________as pitch7. as ________as bone 8.as ________as a pig9. as ________as a wolf 10. as ________as marble11. as ________as fire 12. as ________as two peas14. as ________as a ghost 15. as _________ as thought16. as rich as _______ 17. As heavy as ______18. as easy as _______- 19. As blind as ______20. as yellow as ________ 21. As ripe as _______\22. as pleased as ________ 23. As green as ______24. as cunning as ________ 25. As thin as ______26. as poor as ________- 27. As gay as _______28. as busy as ________ 29. As soft as ______Keys:1.black2. bold3. bright4. clear5. cold6. dark7. dry 8. fat 9. greedy 10. hard 11. hot 12. like14.mad 15. pale 16. a Jew 17. lead 18. ABC 19. a mole20. a guinea 21. cherry 22. punch 23.grass 24. a fox25. a rake 26. a church mouse 27. a lark 28. a bee 29. Down Part VIII 将下列谚语译成对应的汉语谚语：1.Two heads are better than one.2. The leopard can’t change his spots.3. A bad penny always comes back.4. East or west, home is best.5. After supper walk a while.6. Seeing is believing.7. Never try to prove what nobody doubts.8.All are not thieves that dogs bark at.word专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载9.Anger and haste hinder good counsel.10. When the cat’s away, the mince will play.11.It is as well to know which way the wind blows.12.Sow nothing, reap nothing.13.God’s mill grinds slow but sure.14.He who has health has hope.15.While the grass grows the horse starve.16. You get what you pay for.Keys:1. 三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮2.江山易改，本性难移3. 恶有恶报4.金窝银窝，不如家里草窝5.饭后百步走，活到九十九6.百闻不如一见7.此地无银三百两8.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量9.小不忍则乱大谋10.山中无老虎，猴子称大王11.识时务者为俊杰12.无功不受禄13. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏14.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧15.远水解不了近渴16. 一分价钱一分货。
词汇学复习重点
第一章1.word : 1简单意义：a word is a minimal unit/form in/of a sentence2.完整意义：a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2.vocabulary定义四个要素：1.refer to the total number of the words in a language.2.it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.3.refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 4个要素：language, time, space, person.3.sound and form 1.关系：the symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.2.more and more different 原因：1,the number of alphabet cannot describe the English sounds one by one.2, sounds develop faster than the written form.3.the scribes deliberately change the written form for being easily recognized.4.the printing machine fixed the written form.5.borrowed words make the gap wider. 4.motivation分类：1.onomatopec motivation.(Refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words are created by imitation the natural sounds or noise. 2. morphological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words created by using existing language materials ,as roots, affixes, etc).3.semantic motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation in which the new meanings are given to existing words by mentalassaiations.4.etymological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation by which the new meanings can directly tell the origin of the word.)4.word meaning 分类：4. “All national character”is the most important of all the features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.basic word stock基础词汇：1.all national character(全民性，必须有)2.stability 3.productivity 4.polysemy(一词多义)5.collocability(可搭配性) –5．Nonbasic vocabulary. 1。
2023年自考00832英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学意在调查和研究英语单词和单词旳等价物旳形态构造,其语义构造、关系、历史发展、形成和使用方法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词旳定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小旳自由形式，拥有固定旳声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一旳四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary （5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than itis today. 古代英语中旳口语比今天更忠实旳代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。
词汇学考试重点
The relations between sound and meaningSound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Their symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. They are not intrinsically related. People of different languages used different sounds to express the same concept. Woman, eg. becomes frau in German, femme in French and funv in Chinese. In the same language the same sound can denote different things, e.g. write, right & rite; night&knight.Sound and formNaturally the written form should agree with the oral form. In other words, the sound should be consistent with the form. With the development of the language, more and more differences arose between the two. (1) The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans(2) Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years(3)The stabilization of spelling by printing in the late 1500 breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling.(4) Borrowing introduces many words which are against English rules of Pronunciation and spelling.Four classes of loan-words:Denizens, Aliens, translation-loans, Semantic-loansFeatures of old English:Old English had a small size of vocabulary with only about 50,000 to 60,000 words which are almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. It was a highly inflected language of which words are full of endings (nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowel changes or both.)Features of Middle English:A period of great changes, changes more extensive and fundamental than those that had taken place at any time before and since. Steady erosion of the Old English inflectional systems: endings of nouns and adjectives marking distinction of number and case and often of gender lost theirdistinctive forms, that is, ME becomes a language with leveled endings and is much closer to modern English.Characteristics of Compounds:Compounds have noticeable charavteristics which may in most cases differentiate themselves from noun phrases in the following four aspects：1)Phonological Features.(Compound:a’ fat head; Free phraise:a fat’ head) 2)Semantic Features: Compounds differ from phrases in their semantic ‘one-wordness’. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, a green hand is an ‘inexperienced person’, not a hand that is green in color.3)Grammatical Features （Compound: fine art; Free phrase: finer art) 4)Orthographical FeaturesWhat are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. Unlike prefixes which primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of the base, the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.What is conversion？Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class, by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech in traditional terms.What do you think of the alternatives functional shift and zero -derivation?Since the words that are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. (round- is used as a different part of speech, noun,verb, preposition, adjective). Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational proceess whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation.(Take single and simple for example,single is one of zero-derivation whereas simple is one of suffixation as the suffix -ify is added to make simple a verb)In what way is conversion different from suffixation？Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem. For example, lucky(adj.)+ -ly luckily(adv)Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. For example, believe(V.)/belief(N); advice(N.)/advise(V.)What classes of words are most frequently converted?Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning it originally carried.Explain partial conversion and full conversion with examples.Words fully converted: A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an indefinite article or -(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.( Common adjectives: a white, a crazy, angries, necessaries. Participles and others: a given) Words partially converted: Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does.(the poor, the rich, the young)What changes are occasionally involved in the process of conversion?In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain non-affixal changes which affect pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution. The most common changes that take place when some nouns are converted to verbs are the change from the last voiceless consonant to a voiced one, the shift of stress from the initial position to end position and alterations in spelling.What is motivation?Motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, or the logical reason why a certain word has a certain meaning. Motivation includes the following 4 types. Does motivation contradict the theory of ‘arbitrariness’ and ‘conventionality’ concerning the relationship between linguistic symbols and their senses?As we know, the relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary, most words can be said to be non-motivated. That is, the connection of the sign and meaning does not account for the meaning. Nevertheless, English does have words the meanings of which are transparent and reasonably explicable.What are the four types of motivation? Explain them with examples.1.Onomatopoeic motivation. For example, bow-wow, bang, ping-pong, miaow, cuckoo, tick-tuck, ha ha and the like are onomatopoetically motivated words.2.Morphological motivation. For instance, airmail means ‘to mail by air’; reading-lamp is ‘the lamp for reading’; miniskirt is ‘a small skirt’; and hopeful means ‘full of hope’.3.Semantic motivation. For example, when we say the mouth of a river, we associate ‘the opening part of the river’ with ‘ the mouth of a human being or an animal’. When we use the foot of the mountain, we are comparing ‘the lower part of the mountain’ to ‘the foot of a human being’.4.Etymological motivation. For example, when people use pen for any writing tool through it originally refers to ‘a heavy quill or feather’.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. It is denotative in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. Affective meaning and examplesAffective meaning is concerned with the attitudes of the speaker or writer. This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words as many have emotive content in themselves. For example, vicious, love, hate, oh, alas, ect.Differentiation of homonyms from polysemants?Homonyms have different sources, meanings are not related to one another and are different lexemes which have the same form, listed as separate entries in dictionaries.polysemous words are the same lexeme which has several different meanings listed under one headword in dictionary. They are developed from the same source, meanings are related & can be traced back to one central meaningDifferences between ‘pretty’ and ‘handsome’They are difference in application. We say pretty girl/ child/ flower, but we can only say handsome boy/ man/ house/ car.Some of the characteristics of antonyms?1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.Study the following passages and explain the rhetoric use of homonyms.1.The following conversation takes place between a butcher and a customer.A: ‘How come your sausages taste like meat at one end, but like bread at the other?’ the women asked.B: The butcher replied: ‘Madam, in times like these no butcher can make both ends meat.’2.One swallow doesn’t make a summer, but it surely warms you on a cold winter day.3.Ben Battle was a warrior bold, And used to war’s alarms: But a cannon-ball took off his legs, Sohe laid down his arms.1.‘Make both ends meat’ is a parody of ‘make both ends meet’ which means ‘have enough money for one’s needs’. Here te butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms ‘meet’ and ‘meat’ to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. 1)Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with only meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough to survive.) 2)Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not only one who is making sausages with bread.2. Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. Bur by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3. Arms has two meanings: 1) weapons; 2) the human upper limbs. Since "a cannon-ball took off his legs" , the soldier was not able to fight on, so he "laid down his arms", which means "surrender". It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.What are the major sources of English synonyms?1.Borrowing. For example, ask(native), question(French), interrogate(Latin); time(native), age(French), epoch(Latin).2)Dialects and regional English. For example, railway(BrE)/ railroad(AmE); lift(BrE)/ elevator(AmE)3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words. For example, occupation(profession)/ walk of life(fig); dreamer/ star-gazer(fig)4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. For example: finish--get through, help--lend one a hand.。
英语词汇学期末考试题库
英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through theuse of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. root2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. Stylistics3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. place6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policeman11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectal words12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.17.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, ______,etymology, stylistics,________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______.nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail22. Collocbility( ) B. aught23. Jargon( ) C. por24. Argot ( ) D. upon25.Notional words( ) E. hypo26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart27. Aliens ( ) G. man28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh30. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )33. can-opener ( ) 34.Roger ( )35. bottom line ( ) 36.penicillin ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )39.brethren ( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loansVI. Answer the following Questions46.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:I. 1. A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B9.D10.B11.D12.A13.A14.B15.CII.16.meanings17.morphological, historical, usages 18. semantics, lexicography19.diachronic20.vocabularyIII.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. J28.I29.B30.DIV.31. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocability33.the basic word stock; argot34.nonbasic word stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology37.nonbasic word stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, cloud, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can be groupedinto the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, andgovernment and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14thD.15th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from thedead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to theItalic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danishand Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and manyof those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10thB.11thC.12thD. 13thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of ______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present _____language.19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped into anEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words2)history off English development 3) language family.A B21. Celtic ( ) A.politics22. religious ( ) B.moon23.Scandinavian ( ) C. Persian24. French ( ) D.London25. Old English ( ) E. abbot26.Dutch ( ) F. skirt27.Middle English ( ) G. sunu28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight30.Sanskrit ( ) J. NorwegianIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.31. earth ( ) 32.contradict ( )33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )V. Define the following terms.41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem 45.affixesVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.VII. Answer the following questions with examples.49. What are the three main sources of new words ?50. How does the modern English vocabulary develop ?Key to exercises:I. 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.BII.16.Old English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic te(1700-up to the present )III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. CIV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root40.bound rootV.-VI ( See the course book )VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,e.g. astrobiology, green revolution ;(2)Social , economic and political changes; e.g. Watergate, soy milk;(3)The influence of other cultures and language; e.g. felafel, Nehru Jackets.50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, e.g. consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, e.g. Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;e.g. tofu, gongful.Chapter 3 The Development of the English V ocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes6.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames9.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.A.prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixesII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.pounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.A B21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes( ) A. priceless22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.)() C. engineer24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action,etc) （） D. darken25. De-adjective noun suffixes（）Ｅviolinist26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survivalIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.31.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( )V.Define the following terms .41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixationVI. Answer the following questions with examples.46. What are the characteristics of compounds ?47. What are the main types of blendings ?48. What are the main types of compounds ?VII. Analyze and comment on the following:49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.(1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.Key to exercises :1. B2. C3. A4. B5. A6.C7.B8.D9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.BII. 16. derivation position, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clippingIII. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.DIV.31. Front clipping, earthquake32. Back clipping, stereophonic33.Front and back clipping, influenza34.Phrase clipping, public house35. Initialisms, care of36. Acronyms, Victory Day37. Initialisms, tuberculosis38. Back clipping, discotheque39. Front clipping, helicopter40. Phrase clipping, permanent wavesV-VI. (See the course book)VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation.(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others(4) From adjectives50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verbChapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. related5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. etymologically6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning inparticular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaning10._______is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the person or thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudeD. understanding12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaning14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. different words15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specific countryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total of themorphemes combined.18._______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.19.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of the wordexplains the meaning of the word.20.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.A B21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)27. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and awordIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )V.Define the following terms .41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaningVI.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.46. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ?VII.Analyze and comment on the following.49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.Key to exercises:I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.CII.16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaningIII.21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.CIV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation35. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative39. collocative meaning 40. appreciativeV-VI. See the course book.VIII.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.50. Associative meaning comprises four types:(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning,traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, whichmake them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Wordsthat have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words,it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of thesemantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenation5.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms10.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected termsposition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in aconversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning .The first meaning is called ______.。
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。
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词汇学期末考试重点整理第十单元1 The features of dictionaryLongman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE)朗文当代英语词典<1>clear grammar codes<2>usage notes<3>language notes2 Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (CCELD)科林斯合作英语词典<1>Definition（定义）, the definitions in this dictionary are all in full sentences.<2>Extra column（额外专栏）, the use of extra column to deal with grammar information.<3>Usage examples（用法举例）, in this dictionary, almost every meaning of a word has an example to show its meaning and usage, most in sentence form.Chinese-English Dictionary(CED)汉英词典<1>A large number of newly created words<2>Revised some old entries<3>Keeps the previous alphabetical order of entries<4>Boasts of the quality of the English equivalents it provides for its Chinese items第九单元1 What are the characteristics of Idioms?1). Semantic unity(语义的整体性)：being phrases or sentences, idioms each consists of mora than one word, but each is a semantic unity. 例子Bee in one’s bonnet 想入非非，know the ropes内行2). Structural stability(结构的稳定性): Unlike free phrases, thestructure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. First, the constituents of idioms can not be replaced. Secondly, the word order can not be inverted or changed. Thirdly, the constituents of an idiom can not be deleted or added to, not even an article. Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.例子Diamond cut diamond,势均力敌，like cures like以毒攻毒2 Use of idioms<1>which are idioms<2>understand them correctly in actual context<3>use them properly in production3一堆修辞Figures of speech<1>Alliteration （押头韵）<2>Rhyme （押尾韵）<3>Reiteration (duplication of synonyms)同义词重叠<4>Repetition重复<5>Juxtaposition (of antonyms)并列<6>Simile （明喻）<7>Metaphor 隐喻<8> Metonymy转喻<9>Synecdoche提喻<10>Personification拟人<11>Euphemism 委婉4 Variations of Idiom变形变体（Replacement替换Addition or deletion增减词Position shifting位置互换Shortening缩减Dismembering支解）第八单元1The role of context<1>Elimination of ambiguity消除歧义polysemy 多义词He is a hard businessman[he is a hardworking businessman or he is a hard businessman to deal with]John ran the egg-and-spoon race.[we have no way to determine whether John “participated”in the race or “organized”the race as the word run can mean both.]John ran the egg-and-spoon race and got second place.[John took part in the race personallybecause he got second place.]Homonymy同型同音异义They saw her duck.[duck—n. “a kind of poultry”or as a verb meaning “lower one’s head or body quickly, dodge (忽地低下头(或弯腰)，躲避).Both fit in the syntactic structure of the sentence .]The ball was attractive.[ ball may mean a “a round object to play in a game”as well as a “dancing party”. ]The fish is ready to eat[the fish is cooked or served, so ready for people to eat.or the fish is ready to eat things.]I like mary better than jean[ i like mary better than i like jean.or i like mary better jean likes mary.]<2>Indication of referents限定所指<3> Provision of clues for inference of word meaning提供线索【P157】2如何为理据提供线索Definition下定义Explanation解释Exemplification 例证Synonymy同义Antonymy反义词Hyponymy上下关系Relevant details相关细节Word structure课后题【P160，3】第七单元1Types of Changesextension词义的扩大, narrowing词义的缩小,degradation降格, elevation升华, and transfer转移.2Causes of ChangesLinguistic Factors （语言因素）and Extra-linguistic Factors （非语言因素）第六单元1 Two Approaches to Polysemy一词多义Diachronic (历时的）Synchronically（共时地）2 Two Processes of DevelopmentRadiation(辐射型）Concatenation(连锁型）3Types of Homonymsperfect homonyms , homographs拼写同and homophones音同Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common4Origins of Homonyms<1>Change in sound and spelling long a not short , from lang. long to want very much , from langian <2>borrow ing faira market . Borrowed from feria .fair pretty , from f?ger<3>shortening ad shortened from advertisement add to cause an increase5. Try to point out the main sources of synonyms（同义词）.1). Borrowing. The most important source is perhaps borrowing.2). Dialects and regional English.3). Figurative and euphemistic use of words.4). Coincidence with idiomatic expressions.6. What’s the fundamental difference between the processes of radiation（辐射型）and concatenation（连锁型）? Illustrate your point.答：Radiation describes a process where each of the derived meaning is directly connected tothe primary meaning, concatenation describs a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. But the two are closely related , being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally,radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.7. Try to illustrate the three major types of Antonyms with examples.答：1). Contradictory terms（矛盾反义词）. These antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be. For example: dead and alive; boy and girl; present and absent. Another character of this category is that such antonyms are non-gradable.2). Contrary terms（对立反义词）. Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. Antonyms such as: rich and poor; old and young; big and small represesnt two points at both ends of the pole. The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3). Relative terms（关系反义词）. This third type consists of relational opposites such as: parent and child; husband and wife; employer and employee. The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other.8What’s polysemy?Polysemy（多义关系）is a common feature peculiar to all natural Languages.9.How do you understander the statement that “true synonymy is non-existent.Synonyms can be classified into absolute synonyms(绝对同义词) and relative synonyms（相对同义词）they are confined totechnical terms like word formation-word building but even technical terms like these might still have some slight difference, for instance, one term mat be more used than the other or one term is preferable in some situation. That is why we say “true synonymy is non-existent.10.homonymy（同形同音异义关系）: Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.11. a men changes his habits, alters his conduct, and varies his manner of speaking.I did not comprehend his arguments, although i understood the language, and all the sentences.[p111 108 两个图]The most important source of synonyms is perhaps borrowing.The use of antonymsDefining the meanings of the words and express economically the opposite of a particular thought.第五单元Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between Language and the world.concept（概念）: Concept, which is beyond Language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It’s universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, Language and so on.2. sense（语义）: Sense denotes the relationship inside the Language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the Language.3. motivation（理据）: Motivation accounts for theconnection between the linguistic symboland its meaning.第四单元1.Affixation,derivation（词缀法）: [prefixation前缀法suffixation后缀法]/doc/e618187279.html,pounding（合成法）3conversion（转换法）4 blending（拼缀法）5clipping（截短法）6 acronymy（首字母拼音法）:7initialisms（首字母缩略词）8 acronyms（首字母拼音词）:9back-formation（逆生法）课后题1. What are the differences between root and stem?答：①A root is the basic form of a word which can not be further analysed without total loss of identity. The root whether free or bound generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.② A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in “iron”or of two root morphemes as in a compound like “handcuff”. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in “mouthful”. Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind cab be added.第二单元1Mode of vocabulary developmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing CRATION: Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials , namely roots affixes and other elements Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowing.2词的发展1,Old English[450-1150] Middle English[1150-1500] Modern Englis[1500-up to now]第一单元一、BASIC CONCEPTS OF WORD AND VOCABULARY 1、the definition of a word comprises : A, a minimal free form of a language B, a sound unity C, a unit of meaning D, a form that can function alone in a sentence 2, classification of word 词的分类：words may falls into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin 3, BASIC WORD STOCK 的特点A, all national character B, stability C, productivity D, polysemy多义性E, collocability 搭配性4，没有3的特点：A, Terminology术语B, Jargon行话C, Slang谚语习语D, Argot黑话E, Dialectal words方言F, Archaisms古语G, Neologisms新词5, Content word/ notional word 实词functional words /empty words虚词6，Native word特点：A, all national character B, stability C, productivity D, polysemy多义性E, collocability 搭配性F, neutral in style风格性G, frequent in use频繁使用7，according to the degree of assimilation 同化and manner of borrowing,外来词的四种类型：Denizens本土化Aliens 异化词Translation-loans译借词Semantic-loans借义词课后题1，A Borrowed words which still sound foreign and look foreign are [aliens]. B There is no [logical]relationship between sound and [meaning]as the connection between them is [arbitrary]and conventional. C[Denizens] borrowings that have become naturalized D Archaisms are words no longer in [common] use [obsolete] E content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are [stable] [functional] [higher] F a word whose meaning was borrowed [semantic loan]。