临床英语考试大纲及题型
2023英语一考研大纲
2023年考研英语一考试大纲主要包括以下内容：
考试性质：英语一考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试。
考试内容：英语一考试的内容包括语言知识和语言技能两大部分。
其中，语言知识包括词汇、语法、语篇等知识，语言技能包括阅读、写作、翻译等技能。
考试形式：英语一考试采用闭卷、笔试形式，考试时间为180分钟，满分100分。
考试内容结构：英语一考试的内容结构包括阅读理解、翻译和写作三个部分。
其中，阅读理解部分包含四篇阅读文章，共计10分；翻译部分包含一段英文短文，共计10分；写作部分包含一篇议论文或应用文，共计20分。
题型和分值：英语一考试的题型和分值如下：
阅读理解：4篇文章，每篇5题，共计20分。
翻译：1篇文章，共计10分。
写作：1篇议论文或应用文，共计20分。
完形填空：1篇文章，共计10分。
新题型：1篇文章，共计10分。
总体来说，2023年考研英语一的大纲没有太大的变化，只是在题型和分值上有所调整。
考生需要认真备考，掌握语言知识和技能，熟悉考试形式和题型，提高自己的阅读、写作和翻译能力。
同时，还需要注意大纲中的细节要求，例如答题卡填涂的要求、考试时间安排
等，避免因小失大。
医学考研英语一题型
医学考研英语一题型摘要：一、医学考研英语一题型简介1.题型分类2.题量与分值分布二、各类题型解析1.完形填空a.题型特点b.解题技巧2.阅读理解a.题型特点b.解题技巧3.翻译a.题型特点b.解题技巧4.写作a.题型特点b.解题技巧正文：医学考研英语一是针对医学专业考研英语的一项重要考试，旨在测试考生的英语阅读、翻译和写作能力。
根据医学考研英语一的考试大纲，该考试题型主要包括完形填空、阅读理解、翻译和写作四个部分。
一、医学考研英语一题型简介医学考研英语一的题型主要分为四类，分别是完形填空、阅读理解、翻译和写作。
这四类题型分别涵盖了词汇、语法、阅读和写作等多个方面的知识，旨在全面测试考生的英语能力。
二、各类题型解析1.完形填空完形填空题要求考生在阅读一篇短文的基础上，从所给的选项中选择合适的词汇填入文中空缺的位置。
此类题型主要测试考生的词汇、语法和阅读理解能力。
解题时，考生需注意前后文的逻辑关系，并根据语境选择合适的词汇。
2.阅读理解阅读理解题要求考生阅读若干篇短文，然后回答相关问题。
阅读理解题型主要测试考生的阅读速度、理解能力和推理能力。
解题时，考生需先快速浏览题目，然后有针对性地阅读文章，寻找与问题相关的信息。
3.翻译翻译题要求考生将一篇中文短文翻译成英文或反之。
此类题型主要测试考生的英汉互译能力。
解题时，考生需注意语法、词汇和句式的转换，力求翻译准确、通顺。
4.写作写作题要求考生根据给定的题目和要求，完成一篇短文的写作。
写作题型主要测试考生的写作能力和语言表达能力。
解题时，考生需注意文章结构、语法和词汇的使用，力求表达清晰、准确。
临床医学英语复习提纲.doc
Part I1.Saturated fat 饱和脂肪,Cholesterol 胆固醇,Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化, Arrhythmia心率失常，心率不齐,Congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭,White-coat hypertension 白大褂高血压,Myocardial infarction 心肌梗死, Secondary hypertension 继发性高血压，Stethoscope 听诊器，Insulin 胰岛素, Angina 心绞痛，Renal (kidney) hypertension 肾性高血压，Spirometry Test 肺活量测试，Ejection fraction 射血分数，the standard of Normal Blood pressure and hypertension, the regular and abnormal values of diabetes 糖床病，Tidal volume潮气量，Respiratory rate呼吸频率，Minute volume每分呼吸量汾钟Residual volume 残气虽，Respiration 呼吸，一次呼吸，Extrinsic asthma 外源性哮喘and Intrinsic asthma 内源性哮喘，CPR cardio pulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏术,bronchospasni 支气管痉挛,plaque 纤维气管破损(the buildup of cholesterol and other substances in artery walls, which can narrow an artery and reduce the flow of blood in arteries that feed the heart and its ruptures cause blood clots to form).2.The four methods of examination in Diagnostics of TCM 中医3.The two basic philosophic 哲学foundation of TCM:4.The classification of hospital5.The function and effect of vitamin A,D, E, K, C, B1, B2Part II1.Definition^ symptoms of disease: hypertension, DM, CHD, Asthma归Congestive heart failure( a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough oxygenated blood to meet the needs of the body's other organs), and Ulcer.1)What is asthma? What are its symptoms? Why does asthma make breathing difficult?1)Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease, characterized by increased or exaggerated responsiveness to a variety of stimuli, resulting in bronchospasm, airway narrowing, and chronic inflammation.2)Symptoms of Asthma:Wheezing, cough, especially at night, chest tightness, shortness of breath characteristically occur or worsen at night, stuffy or runny nose, behavioral changes, agitation, irritability, decreased appetite, dark circles under eyes, etc.3)Air enters the respiratory system from the nose and mouth and travels through the bronchial tubes・In a non-asthmatic person, the muscles around the bronchial tubes are relaxed and the tissue thin, allowing for easy airflow・In an asthmatic person, the muscles of the bronchial tubes are tighten and thicken, and the air passages become inflamed and mucus-filled, making it difficult for air to move.2.What are the differences between type I diabetes and type II diabetes?Diabetes is a condition where the body is unable to automatically regulate blood glucose levels because the body cannot produce or has lost sensitivity to insulin, resulting in too much glucose in the blood. It can be divided into type I diabetes and type II diabetes・ Their differences are as follows:1)Type 1 diabetes, called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus most commonly begins during childhood・The pancreas no longer makes insulin and so the glucose cannot enter the muscle because cells that produce insulin in the pancreas have been destroyed by the immune system・The onset of Type 1 diabetes is usually sudden, due to a rapid build up of glucose in the blood stream.It accounts for about 15% of people with diabetes・Treatment involves daily injections of insulin together with healthy eating and physical activity・2)Type 2 diabetes is known to be a lifestyle-related condition that can "run in families^,.The pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or the insulin is less effective.The onset of type 2 diabetes is usually slow, due to a gradual build up of glucose in the blood stream.Most people with diabetes have type 2 (85%). It generally occurs in those over 40 years old.Treatment involves healthy eating, physical activity and in some cases, tablets or insulin may be required・3.What roles do the respiratory muscles play in the course of inspiration and expiration?When breathing in:1)Intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, pulling the chest walls up and out;2)The diaphragm muscle below the lungs contracts and flattens, increasing the size of the chest;3)The lungs increase in size, so the pressure inside them falls. This causes air to rush in through the nose or mouth・When breathing out:1)Intercostal muscles between the ribs relax so that the chest walls move in and down;2)The diaphragm muscle below the lungs relaxes and bulges up, reducing the size of the chest;3)The lungs decrease in size, so the pressure inside increases and air is pushed up the trachea and out through the nose or mouth.4・ What are the essential characteristics of TCM?5. What is aerobic and anaerobic respiration?6・What is CHD/CAD? What are their symptoms? Please give a brief introduction to the treatment in medication and surgery with examples.1 ・ CHD/CAD is a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart (coronary arteries). It usually results from the build up of fatty material and plaque・ As the coronary arteries narrow, the flow of blood to the heart can slow or stop・2.The disease can cause chest pain (stable angina), shortness of breath, heart attack (myocardial infarction), or other symptoms.3.Many people arc able to manage coronary artcry disease with medications and surgery. Medications include:1)ACE Inhibitors: Cornerstone of heart failure therapy; Proven to slow the progression of heart failure2)Vasodilators cause blood vessels to expand lowering blood pressure and the hearts work load3)Digitalis can increase the force of the hearts contractions, relieve symptoms and slows heart rate and certain irregular heart beats4)Other people with severe coronary artery disease may need angioplasty or surgery such as 1) Stenting 2) Angioplasty 3) Bypass surgery.。
《医学专业英语》考试大纲
《医学专业英语》考试大纲英文名称：Medical English学时：计划学时72；理论课学时72；实验学时0；理论课与实验课比例为72:0。
学分：4适用专业：临床医学本科前驱课程要求：大学英语一、课程性质与简介：《医学专业英语》课程是针对我院临床医学专业大学本科生开设的公共必修课程。
课程以培养全面素质为基础，力求体现以能力为本位和培养职业能力为主的指导思想，旨在使临床医学专业大学本科生经过基础英语阶段的学习之后,继续巩固和不断提高英语的语言能力，掌握医学英语的基本特点和表达习惯，以医学英语为工具，从事医学的学习、研究、交流和实践。
二、课程学习目标:《医学专业英语》教学要求学生通过学习课文熟悉传统经典的医学英语文章的风格、式样，即通常以某种常见病为题，包括疾病的定义、病因病理、诊断治疗及预防等，语言不复杂，句子结构规范，如同科技文章，但较多涉及专业内容，接近临床实践。
并要求学生能正确理解和翻译此类文章，包括英译中、中译英。
三、课程考核形式、内容及要求:评价形式：形成性评价和终结性评价。
1.形成性评价（随时记录在形成性评价记录本上）形成性评价目的在于及时了解学生平时学习情况，对所学知识的理解、掌握、运用能力。
以便教师有针对性地改进教学，更好地完成教学任务。
并且督促学生按时听课、做好预习和复习，扎实掌握本课程内容，具体形式如下：1、平时测验：每学期每班布置2次医学词汇翻译、2次医学段落翻译2、平时作业：每学期每班布置2次医学词汇翻译、2次医学段落翻译3、平时表现：考勤及其他形成性评价方式(二) 终结性评价终结性评价（即期末考试）是在形成性评价的基础上，对学生学习情况和学习效果进行的一次全面检测和总结。
考试题型、题量和分值：2.词汇翻译：20题；1题1分，共20分3.选词填空：20题；1题1分，共20分3、完形填空：10题；1题1分，共10分4、阅读理解：10题；1题2分，共20分5、段落翻译：1题；共30分考试形式：笔试考试时间：120分钟。
(整理)临床医学英语年考试重点.
2011年考试重点Evidence-based medicine 循证医学Healthy lifestyles 健康生活方式Obesity 肥胖症Palliative care 姑息性治疗Hospice 临终关怀Immunization 免疫Screening tests 筛查试验Susceptibility 易感性Health promotion 健康促进Osteoporosis 骨质疏松Life expectancy 预期寿命Geriatric patients 老年病人Comorbidities 并存病Subclinical disease 亚临床疾病Cognitive impairment 认知缺陷Arthritis 关节炎Weight loss 体重减轻Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化Heart failure 心脏衰竭Physical therapy 理疗Iron deficiency anemia 缺铁性贫血Inflammatory bowel disease 炎性肠病Endoscopy 内窥镜检查Angiography 造影Asthma 哮喘Chronic bronchitis 慢支Pulmonary embolism肺栓塞Lung compliance 肺顺应性Diabetic nephropathy 糖尿病性肾病Hyperglycemia 高血糖症Microalbuminuria 微量蛋白尿Proteinuria 蛋白尿Nephrotic syndrome 肾病综合征Renal failure 肾功能衰竭Etiology 病因学Autopsy 尸检Fine needle aspiration 细针穿刺Epidemic influenza 流行性感冒Imaging tests 影像学检查Acute cholecystitis急性胆囊炎Gallstones 胆结石Acute abdominal pain 急腹症Bowel obstruction 肠梗阻Contrast material 造影剂Cardiac arrhythmia 心律失常Coronary artery disease 冠心病Myocarditis 心肌炎Echocardiography 超声心动图Elective surgery 择期手术Antibacterial spectrum 抗菌谱Peritonitis 腹膜炎Tenderness 压痛Gastrointestinal perforation 胃肠穿孔Immunosuppression 免疫抑制Multisomatoform disorder 多重躯体形式障碍Intestinal anastomoses 肠吻合术Intra-abdominal abscess 腹腔脓肿Nosocomial infection 院内感染Aspiration 误吸Catheter sepsis 导管热、脓毒症The increasing availability of evidence from randomized trials to guide the approach to diagnosis and therapy should not be equated with “cookbook”medicine. Evidence and the guidelines that are derived from it emphasize proven approaches for patients with specific characteristics. Substantial clinical judgment is required to determine whether the evidence and guidelines apply to individual patients and to recognize the occasional exceptions. Even more judgment is required in the many situations in which evidence is absent or inconclusive. Evidence also must be tempered by patients preferences, evidence when presenting alternative potions to the patient. The adherence of a patient to a specific regimen is likely to be enhanced if the patient also understands the rationale and evidence behind the recommendedoption.但是，不断增多的可用于指导临床诊断与治疗的随机试验资料不应当做“烹调书”使用。
英语语法--考试大纲
附件2：《英语语法》考试大纲一、考试内容和要求总体要求：考生应按本大纲的要求了解和掌握《英语语法》课程中的基本语法，并在综合运用中，做到能在上下文中恰当准确应用英语语法基本概念与规则。
（一）第一章: 句子结构 ( 略 )（二）名词1.考试内容名词的基本概念、名词的基本用法、名词讲练2.考试要求理解抽象名词、专有名词、掌握物质名词的数、集体名词的数，会判断3-s 属格的各种意义和用法、独立属格和双重属格。
（三）冠词1.考试内容冠词的基本概念、冠词的基本用法、冠词讲练2.考试要求理解冠词的基本概念，掌握冠词的基本用法、会做冠词讲练。
（四）代词1.考试内容代词的基本概念，代词的基本用法，代词讲练2.考试要求理解代词的基本概念，掌握代词的基本用法、会做代词讲练。
（五）数词1.考试内容数词的基本概念，数词的基本用法，数词讲练2.考试要求理解数词的基本概念，掌握数词的基本用法、会做数词讲练。
（六）形容词和副词1.考试内容形容词和副词的基本概念，形容词和副词的基本用法，形容词和副词讲练理解形容词和副词的基本概念，掌握形容词和副词的基本用法、会做形容词和副词讲练。
（七）介词1.考试内容介词的基本概念，介词的基本用法，介词讲练2.考试要求理解介词的基本概念，掌握介词的基本用法、会做介词讲练。
（八）助动词1.考试内容助动词的基本概念，助动词的基本用法，助动词讲练2.考试要求理解助动词的基本概念，掌握助动词的基本用法、会做助动词讲练。
（九）情态动词1.考试内容情态动词的基本概念，情态动词的基本用法，情态动词讲练2.考试要求理解情态动词的基本概念，掌握情态动词的基本用法、会做情态动词讲练。
（十）非谓语动词1.考试内容非谓语动词的基本概念，非谓语动词的基本用法，非谓语动词讲练2.考试要求理解非谓语动词的基本概念，掌握非谓语动词的基本用法、会做非谓语动词讲练（十一）动词时态1.考试内容动词时态的基本概念，动词时态的基本用法，动词时态讲练2.考试要求理解动词时态的基本概念，掌握动词时态的基本用法、会做动词时态讲练。
全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲
全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲The National Medical Doctoral English Unified Examination (NMDEUE) is a standardized test designed to evaluate the English language proficiency of medical doctoral candidates across China. This examination is a critical requirement in the process of obtaining a medical doctorate in China. The NMDEUE ensures that medical doctoral students have the linguistic skills necessary to understand and communicate with the global medical community.Section 1: Listening Comprehension (40 minutes)The Listening Comprehension section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to comprehend spoken English through a series of multiple-choice questions. The examination tests students' ability to identify specific information, extract the main ideas, and infer attitudinal and contextual meanings of audio clips, dialogues, and longer passages. This section tests listening proficiency in different contexts, including academic and everyday life situations, such as medical conferences, patient interviews, discussions with colleagues, and medical instructions.Section 2: Reading Comprehension (75 minutes)The Reading Comprehension section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to comprehend written English through a series of multiple-choice questions. This section of the exam tests the candidate's ability to identify specific information, extract the main ideas, and infer contextual meaning from articles and academic papers related to medical science. Candidates will be required to read and answer multiple-choice questions based on academic readings such as medical journal articles, pharmacology texts, andpatient histories.Section 3: Writing Skills (85 minutes)The Writing Skills section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to convey complex medical information in English. Candidates will be required to write a summary, a critique, and a response to a scientific article. This section of the exam tests students' ability to express medical language in a clear, concise, and accurate manner. This section evaluates the student's ability to use appropriate medical terminology, grammar, and syntax in written English. The writing tasks will be based on medical topics drawn from the core syllabus of the medical doctorate program. Section 4: Speaking Skills (20 minutes)The Speaking Skills section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to articulate complex medical concepts in spoken English. Candidates will be required to answer a series of open-ended questions related to medical science. This section of the exam will test the student's ability to use appropriate medical terminology, grammar, and syntax in spoken English while demonstrating appropriate pronunciation, intonation, and stress. The Speaking Skills section evaluates the student's ability to communicate effectively in academic and professional medical settings.ConclusionThe NMDEUE is an essential component of the medical doctoral program in China. It is a standardized test designed to evaluate a candidate's proficiency in English across the domains of listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing skills, andspeaking skills. The examination ensures that medical doctoral students in China have the linguistic skills necessary to communicate effectively on a global level. By meeting the criteria set by the NMDEUE, medical doctoral candidates are equipped with the necessary tools to pursue a successful career in the highly competitive medical industry.The NMDEUE is a demanding examination that requires thorough preparation and a high degree of language proficiency. Candidates who intend to take this exam must have a strong foundation in English grammar, vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation. They must also be familiar with the medical terminology that is used in English-speaking countries.The Listening Comprehension section of the NMDEUE requires candidates to have good listening skills and the ability to identify specific information in a variety of spoken contexts. To prepare for this section, candidates are advised to listen to English-language podcasts, watch English movies or TV shows, and practice taking notes while listening to lectures. It is also helpful to familiarize oneself with various accents and dialects used in English-speaking countries.The Reading Comprehension section of the NMDEUE demands extensive reading comprehension skills and the ability to extract main ideas and critical details from academic papers and articles. Candidates should practice reading medical journals and textbooks in English and learn to annotate and summarize what they have read. They should also study different types of texts, such as scientific articles, case studies, and patient histories.The Writing Skills section of the NMDEUE is a comprehensiveevaluation of a candidate's writing skills. Candidates must be able to write clear and concise sentences, use appropriate medical terminology and syntax, and structure their writing effectively. In preparation, candidates should study different types of writing, including summaries, critiques, and responses to scientific articles. They should also practice organizing their writing and using cohesive and coherent language.The Speaking Skills section of the NMDEUE requires candidates to express themselves clearly, confidently, and effectively in spoken English. To prepare, candidates should practice speaking in English in various contexts, such as medical conferences, patient interviews, and interactions with colleagues. They should also learn how to use appropriate intonation, stress, and pronunciation when communicating in English.In addition to language proficiency, the NMDEUE evaluates a candidate's ability to apply medical knowledge in English. Therefore, candidates must have a deep understanding of medical terminology and concepts. They must be familiar with the core syllabus of the medical doctoral program and have a good grasp of medical sciences, including anatomy, pharmacology, and pathology. They should also be familiar with current trends in medical research and be able to discuss key issues in medical ethics and practice.ConclusionThe NMDEUE is a rigorous examination that evaluates a candidate's language proficiency and knowledge of medicalsciences. It is an essential requirement in the medical doctoral program in China, and passing this examination is crucial for obtaining a medical doctoral degree and pursuing a successful career in the global medical industry.To achieve success in the NMDEUE, candidates must prepare thoroughly and systematically. They should study and practice all four sections of the exam, including listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing skills, and speaking skills. They should also focus on improving their language proficiency by reading and listening to English-language materials, practicing writing and speaking in English, and building their medical knowledge through systematic study and research.Overall, the NMDEUE is a challenging but rewarding examination that tests a candidate's ability to communicate effectively in English and apply medical knowledge in a global context. By passing the NMDEUE, medical doctoral candidates in China can demonstrate their language proficiency and readiness to excel in the dynamic and competitive field of medicine.。
《英语》考试大纲
《英语》考试大纲一、基本要求英语复习考试范围包括语音、词汇、语法、阅读和写作等方面，其中以测试基础语言知识和基于这些知识的基本语言应用能力为重点。
英语复习考试在记忆、理解和综合应用这三个层次上检测考生掌握英语的水平。
记忆：能读出基本国际音标；能记住大约1300个基本英语单词及其常用短语（见附表）的主要用法。
理解：理解各类语言现象的基本区分，例如五大基本句型的区分，各类词性之间的区分，动词各种常用时态的区分，虚拟语气的基本意义，三种非谓语动词的基本区分，从句的基本概念以及名词从句和定语从句的基本区分等等。
综合应用：能够使用本大纲规定的各类语言知识，整体理解难度相当于大专英语水平的语篇；能够做简单的英汉互译。
二、复习考试内容语音熟悉英语音素的发音，知道英语字母及常用字母组合在单词中的读音。
词汇掌握1300个左右常用英语单词及其常用短语和习惯用语，对单词能认、会读，知道词义及其在语句中的作用。
对在一般交际中使用频率高的单词和短语会拼写、能正确使用。
知道一些常用词的近义词和反义词。
能够根据上下文或利用基本的构词法知识判断语篇中生词的含义。
语法（*为重点内容）基本掌握下列各项语法知识并能在语言运用中借助这些知识进行语言交际。
（一）词法1．名词的种类、数和所有格；2．冠词（a/an，the）的基本用法；3. 代词的用法；人称代词物主代词指示代词不定代词疑问代词关系代词*4．“it”作引导词、非人称代词和在强调句型中的用法；5．数词的基本用法；6．形容词和副词的基本用法；*7．动词的用法；1）动词的种类2）时态(1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）将来进行时（7）现在完成时（8）过去完成时（9）将来完成时（10）过去将来时（11）现在完成进行时3）被动语态4）非谓语动词的基本用法（l）动词不定式（2）动名词（3）分词：现在分词和过去分词8．常用介词和连词（二）句法1．句子种类l）陈述句（肯定式与否定式）2）疑问句（1）一般疑问句（2）特殊疑问句（3）反意疑问句（4）选择疑问句3）祈使句4）感叹句5）并列句6）复合句*（l）名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句*（2）定语从句*（3）状语从句时间状语从句地点状语从句方式状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句原因状语从句让步状语从句2．句子成分：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语*3．倒装结构4．主谓一致三、考试形式及试卷结构考试方法和时间闭卷。
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一、考试大纲(2010年订)（掌握★、熟悉▲、了解）Chapter1. Patient-Physician Interaction★
Chapter4. Palliative Care and Hospice of Dying Patients★
Chapter5. Clinical Preventive Services★
Chapter8. Why Geriatric Patients Are Different▲
Chapter21.Occult and Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding▲
Chapter22.Shortness of Breath★
Chapter23.Diabetic Nephropathy★
Chapter25.Cancer of Unknown Primary Origin★
Chapter28.Surgical Complications▲
Chapter30.Epidemic Influenza★
Chapter35.Principles of Ordering Imaging Tests★
Chapter41.Diagnosis of Sudden Cardic Death (SCD) ▲
Chapter43.Prophylactic Antibiotic Therapy★
Chapter45.Acute Abdomen----Decision to Operate★
Chapter47. Approach to the Patient with Pain★
Chapter54.Benefit of Early Enteral Feeding Versus Parenteral Nutrition★(根据考试大纲要求的程度，掌握占70%；熟悉占30%；)
二、考试题型（举例）
一、将下列单词或词组译成汉语：（每题1分，记10分）
1、hypoxia
缺氧
2、anuric renal failure
无尿性肾衰竭
3、advanced neoplastic disease
晚期肿瘤
二、将下列单词或词组译成英语：（每题1分，记10分）
1、症状和体征
symptoms and signs
2、阑尾切除术
appendectomy
三、英译中(每题20分，计80分，任选4题，如多选，计前4题分)
1、The signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer may be only those of an enlarging
tumor in the pelvis. Paker reported that 56 per cent of patients complained of pain and 46 per cent of abdominal swelling. He also reported that 31 per cent had experienced at least a 10-pound weight change, usually loss, and 22 per cent had either abnormal or postmenopausal bleeding. There may be ascites with unilateral or bilateral pleural effusion. Anemia is frequently seen in advanced disease. Pelvic examination may reveal firm, nodual implants of metastatic tumor in the cul-de-sac and pelvic viscera. As noted, often there are no early symptoms of ovarian cancer. Every woman should have an annual pelvic examination before age 40 years and more frequently thereafter. The diagnosis is made histopathologically, and the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant ovarian tumors cannot be made until operation.
卵巢癌的症状和体征可能只是增大的盆腔肿块。
帕克尔报道：56％的病人主诉有疼痛，46％的病人有腹胀。
他也报道：31％的病人经历过至少10磅的体重变化，通常是体重减轻，22％的病人有异常或是绝经后的阴道出血。
病人可能同时有腹水伴单侧或双侧胸水。
贫血在进展期中最常见。
盆腔检查可能提示在阴道穹隆和盆腔脏器上出现转移性肿瘤，呈固定小节结样播散。
要注意的是，卵巢癌通常都不会出现早期症状。
在40岁前，妇女应该每年进行一次盆腔检查，40岁后则更应频繁。
诊断依靠组织病理，
良恶性卵巢肿瘤的鉴别诊断只有通过手术才能确定。