自考高级英语上册Lesson 13 work
自考高英上 lesson13
words and expressions
1. actuate
vt. a. 开劢(机器等)；驱劢，促劢；使劢作，使活劢，使运 转： to actuate a machine 开劢机器 The pump is actuated by a belt driven by an electric motor. 这台抽水机由电劢机皮带驱劢。 b. [通常用于被劢语态]驱使，激励： be actuated by envy 在妒忌心驱使下 be actuated by selfish motives 在自私劢机驱使下 n. actuation 冲动，驱使；刺激；行动
8. procure v. obtain by effort 取得，实现
to procure an agreement 达成协议 ~ a systematic theory How can he procure that rare stamp? 他是怎样得到 那张罕见邮票的？ The book is out of print and difficult to procure. 那 书已绝版，很难弄到手。 adj. procurable 可得到的；可实现的 n. procurement 采购；获得，取得
3. game n. v. adj.
~ law 野生劢物保护法规 The faces of the two conspirators gave the game away! 两个同谋者的表情露出了马脚。 He must anticipate the maneuvers of the other lawyers and beat them at their own game. 他必须对其他律师的策略有所准备，从而将计就计戓胜他 们。 adj. gamy 勇敢的；味道强的；猎物多的 gamey 味道强的；勇敢的；多猎物的 n. gambling 赌博；投机
大学高级英语第一册第13课译文及课后答案
大学高级英语第一册第13课译文及课后答案大不列颠望洋兴叹安德鲁.尼尔英国商船队的大名如今已很少见诸报纸上的大字标题，它已几乎被人们遗忘。
然而，海运业今天依然是英国经济的主要命脉，我国的内外贸易商品99％要靠海洋运输——其中一大半是通过英国商船运输。
海运业在英国占有举足轻重的地位，是个兴旺发达的行业，它一年可赚取10亿多英镑的外汇。
如果没有我们的商业船队，那么，就算有北海的石油，我国的收支还会是永远的赤字。
然而，如今英国的这一至关重要的产业正面临着空前严重的危机。
几乎在世界上所有的主要航海线上，英国商业船队都有被强劲的外国竞争对手挤开的危险。
威胁主要来自两个方面：其一是苏联及东欧集团各国，它们正大力扩充自己的商业船队，并通过大幅度压低价格同西方海运公司竞争的手段挤进国际海运界；其二是发展中国家的商船队，它们正努力要从对英国利害攸关的几条航线——欧洲至亚洲、亚洲至远东等航线上夺走大部分生意。
今天，大不列颠的商业船队再也不是海上霸王了：我们在世界商船总量中所占的比重已由原来的40％降到现在的大约8％。
不过，就商业船只的总吨位而言，英国商业船队仍保持着继续扩展的势态，其装载总量比起1914年已增加2／3以上。
在我国的传统产业258 中，几乎还只有海运业至今依然保持着常盛不衰的记录。
与英国其他各行业情形不同的是，海运业的船主们花了大本钱投资。
60年代初期，英国的海运公司利用政府资助和减税等有利条件大发其财。
在1966至1976年间，英国海运业的投资率每天竟超过100万英镑。
到70年代初，几乎每个星期就有一艘新的英国船只在世界的某个港口下水。
结果是英国拥有了一支非常现代化的商业船队：我们的船只的平均年龄只有6年，而且一半以上的船只投入使用还不到五年。
在目前这一阶段，英国海运业的经营者们在投资建造最先进的船只这方面是走在了其他国家的竞争对手的前头。
英国商船队得以称雄的另一个重要因素是英国人100多年前首创的一种组织：“商船协会”19世纪中叶，帆船与汽船之间的竞争愈演愈烈，已到了你死我活的程度，由竞争所带来的降价使得许多历史悠久的船运公司纷纷破产。
高级英语Lesson13.ppt
Bulk carrier 驳船/散装货轮
• 1. 散货船 • bulbous bow 球状船艏，球鼻首...bulk carrier 散货船 ...bulk oil carrier 散装油轮 - 相关搜索 • 2. 散装货轮 • built-up area 已建区...bulk carrier 散装货轮...bund 堤 - 相关搜索 • 3. 散装运送业 • 179 broker 经纪人...180 bulk carrier 散装运送业...181 bulk container 散装集装箱 - 相关搜索 • 4. 散装货船 • bulk carrier 散货船...bulk carrier 散装货船...bulk cement barge 散装水泥驳
liner-freight vessel/liner ship 货运班轮
3. Iron Curtain Countries 铁幕后的国家
• 3. Iron Curtain Countries 铁幕后的国家 • People referred to the border that separated the Soviet Union and the communist countries of Eastern Europe from the Western European countries as the Iron Curtain. N-PROPER 'the' N • The collapse of the Iron Curtain had immediate impact on the lives of everyone in Germany. • ...when he travelled behind the Iron Curtain in the 1970s. • People used to refer to the Soviet Union and its East European allies as the Iron Curtain countries.
自考英语(二)上册 第十三课
Unit 13 Text A保险
一位保险代理商今天早晨给我打电话，这位代理商想和我讨论我的汽车承保范围，而下一位打电话来的保险代理商则可能对我的人寿险，健康险，我的住宅和家具的火险感兴趣。美国的消费者们时常感觉到经常受保险代理商的打扰。很多推销各种不同险别的代理商给我们打电话，有时甚至还上门推销。这些保险代理商总是亲切友好，衣着考究，一副乐于效劳的样子。
聪明的消费者能正视问题，虽然事故，疾病和死亡 不是令人愉快的话题，但我们每个人都知道面临着这些可能性。我们对这些情况作出计划，找出应付的办法，这就比仅仅希望这些厄运远离我们要好得多。
虽然保险是复杂的，但其基本要领既不困难，也并非学不会。情况恰恰相反，那些愿意学习的人就能理解保险的基本原理。认真学习使我们获知识。学习保险是一种有效的和经受了实践检验的方法，它能解决许多美国家庭对保险的无知现象。
Insurance also reminds us that we live in an unsafe world. We are human and we must face the possibilities of illness, injury, death, and financial loss. Our rational minds recognize the many unfortunate events that can occur, but in our hearts we hope that we might be spared. Serious injury or death is not a pleasant subject to discuss or even consider. We are afraid; we would rather talk about football or the weather or what we had for lunch.
自考高级英语课文翻译 下
我现在经常对工作非常厌烦，每项常规的工作我总是交给其他人处理，而这使我更加感到厌烦。要判断究竟是干令人生厌的工作更加烦人，还是将令人生厌的工作交给他人处理，然后无所事事更烦人，这真是一个问题。
实际上，当任务又大又紧而且有些令人生畏还会引起很多人的注意时，我就非常喜欢我的工作。我变得惴惴不安，而且夜不能寐。但在这种极有刺激的压力下，我的表现最佳，也最喜欢我的工作。我独自处理所有这些重大的项目，并且当我成功地完成时，我会因受到赞扬而沉浸在极大的自豪与虚荣之中。但在这些挑战与兴奋的巅峰之间是单调与绝望。（而且我也发现一旦我给某人留下了深刻的印象，我就不再为给同一个人留下深刻印象而感到兴奋不已。在度过每次危机后，都会有一次大的情感失落，一种空虚和令人悲哀的失望。去年的威胁、机遇和鼓励经常会成为今年不可避免的冗长乏味。我常常觉得我被利用了，这只是因为我被要求做给我报酬的工作。）
在平常的工作日里，我很害怕杰克·格林，这是因为我所在的部门属于他的部门，而杰克·格林是我的上司。格林害怕我则是因为我的部门的绝大部分工作是为销售部所做的，而销售部比他的部门更重要，而且同他相比，我与迪·卡葛勒以及销售部的其他人员的关系更加密切。
格林偶尔也对我不信任，他有时会向我表示他希望我的部门的每一项工作在其他部门知道前要先让他知道。我知道这不是他真正的意思，他自己的工作非常忙，根本就无暇顾及我们所有的工作。我会将大部分工作绕过格林并直接交给需要它们的人，而不愿意占他的时间。毕竟我们部门绝大部分工作只是微不足道的。但是每当其他部门赞扬我们部门的工作时，格林就会变得不安，如果他从未看见或听到过的话，就更是恼羞成怒。
我想，知道自己愚蠢的人是聪明的，而知道自己撒谎的人是诚实的。只有愚蠢的人才会自作聪明。我们这些在公司这儿的聪明的成年人，整天悄悄地出没于办公室，大家互相惧怕并试图躲避令人生畏的人。我们上班，吃午饭，回家。我们迈着正规的步子进进出出，下班后和其他部门的伙伴一起外出，直到累得筋疲力尽才回家。实际上我时常问自己，仅取决于办公室情形的好坏，或者是家中我妻子、弱智的儿子、另一个儿子、我的女儿、黑人保姆以及照顾我的弱智儿子的护士情况的好坏，他们的情形如何，这就是我要做的全部吗？难道这真的是我有生之年所能得到的最多的吗？
英语专业自考专升本—— 00600高级英语课后答案
高级英语课后答案上册Lesson One What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society?A1. 1) The author uses the two quotations to introduce the discussion and express his ideas aboutrock music and young culture heroes. 2) Yes, they are.2. The author uses the three examples to show that the young people worship the rock superstarsvery much, but the adults find these rock superstars are sick. These examples are used to show that young people and adults have totally different attitudes towards rock music.3. Irving Horowitz believes that rock music can express its time. He sees it as a debating forumwhere American society struggles to define and redefine its feelings and beliefs.4. When he appeared on the Ed. Sullivan Sunday night variety show in front of millions, a kind of“debate” took place. Most of the old people frowned while most of the young viewers applauded.5. Bob Dylan touched a nerve of disaffection. The Beatles urged peace and piety. The RollingStones demanded revolution.6. Apart from politics, the rock music dealt with a range of feelings and emotions.7. The rock superstars got applause, praise and money.8. No, he hasn’t. It is impossible for the author to give a complete answer in a short article. Heends his article with questions because he wants to leave the question to the readers and let them think.B1.他描述道：“贾格尔抓起半加仑水，沿着前台跑，边跑边把水洒向前几排酷热难耐的歌迷身上……”2. 你对这种赞美和英雄崇拜是怎样看的？3. 或者是由于他把你狂热的幻想表演出来了，你就不知不觉地被这个不可思议的小丑吸引？4. 一些社会学家认为，你对这些问题的回答，可以说明你在想什么，社会在想什么。
高级英语第一册13课
高级英语第一册13课13．Britannia Rues the Waves1. grab the headlines2.Yet shipping is the essential lifeline for the nation?s economy.3.It earn ￡1000 million a year in foreign exchange earnings: without our merchant fleet, the balance of payments would be permanently in deficit, despite North Sea oil.4. But now this vital British industry is more in peril than ever before.5.On almost all the major sea routes of the world, the British fleet risks being elbowed out by stiff foreign competition.6.The Russians and the Eastern bloc countries who are now in the middle of a massive expansion of their merchant navies, and carving their way into the international shipping trade by severely undercutting the Western shipping companies.通过大幅度削价与西方船运公司竞争已跻身国际船运界7．The merchant fleets of the developing nations, who are bent on taking over the lion?s share of the trade between Europe and America, Asia and the Far East—routes in which Britain has a big stake.大部分份额/ 利益攸关8．The Britain fleet no long dominates the high sea.公海, 外海9. In the early 1960s, the shipping companies cashed in on government grants and tax concessions.政府资助和减税优惠Let's cash in on the fine weather and go10.In the19th century, competition between sailing-ships and steam-ships became cut-throat, and price-cutting ruined many long-established companies. 老牌公司11．It was in fact a cartel, though the British ship-owners gave it the more dignified name of a “conference”. Stand the test of time.12.take some of the risk out of the dodgy business of moving goods by sea.13. They make it harder, perhaps, to make a good killing 大发横财/大赚一把in good times, because you have to share the trade with other conference members. But they make it easier to weather the bad times, because there is no mad, competitive scramble for the available trade.14. the quadrupling oil price15. By 1974, the industrialized world had begun its slide into the worst depression since the 1930s.16. As oil demand cut back, charter rates plummeted, and the estuaries of t he world became jammed with the steadily increasing numbers of moth-ball tankers.17. By 1976, the slump had begun to bite into the bulk carrier trade. Bulk carriers are ships that carry dry cargo of one particular kind, such as sugar, coal or wheat, with iron core being by far the most important. 驳船生意18．With the world steel industry deep in the doldrums, who need iron ore carriers?19. With its big bulk carrier fleet , the British shipping industry now began to feel the pinch.20. Bankruptcy / weather the economic storm /the scheduled freight-liner services—and that is where Britain?s fleet strongly entrenched. / liner-freight vessels follow agreed routes, or lines, and call at ports on agreed dates,沿着预先制定的路线，定期抵达各港口21. a shipment of tractor parts / the going freight rate22.It is an ideal “parcel” service for people with cargoes that are not big enough to make it worth chartering a whole ship. “零担运输”业务23．Plus 有利条件，优势It is also a plus for the ship-owners not to be dependent on only one customer. Liner ships carry all sorts of different cargoes—mainly finished manufactured goods—so, if there is a slump in one particular industry, provided there is still buoyancy in other industries, the line fleets can still survive (iv)them a distinct advantage over…工业制成品24．Much of Britain …s liner fleet rarely sees a British port. Our ships are extensive cross-trader.远洋国际商船25．Until recently, those routes were highly profitable for the Britishcompanies, and a major source of foreign currency for Britain. They are also the routes on which the Third World and the Russians are out to make the biggest inroads.26. Most emerging countries in the Third World are out to carry a bigger share of their trade in their own ships. Developing countries regard a merchant navy as something of a status symbol—the next thing to go for after a national airline.27.But P&O has no intention of throwing in the towel. The key tactic behind its strategy of holding on to the richest slice of the trade has been to move up-market—to go where the Third World cannot follow: into high-technology investment.丰厚的利润/ 高端市场28．Put up the money to pioneer the international deep-sea container service. / warehouse /dockside…and they are very secure against theft; except for a code number on the outside, there is no indication of what is inside the box.29…. Is far from being the whole answer to the Third Worldthreat. The developing countries are not out to compete with Western fleets by commercial means; they want to impose a set of rules which will guarantee them a major slice of the shipping trades.30.This demand has found official expression in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD. The UNCTAD liner code lays down that…正式提出/ 海运法规31．Revenue / Not enough countries have ratified the UNCTAD code yet to bring it into force. But if it does become universal, it could strike a severe blow to Britain?s liner trade.32.The Iron curtain countries represent an even greater and more organized threat to the future of Britian?s liner ships, and it is a threat that is much more difficult to counter/respond to.33…the growth in either its own trade or world trade would justify. Come into service/ And with its policy of excessively low freight rates, the Russian merchant navy has already made major inroads into Western trade. 超低运费策略34．Its seaborne trade with EEC/ It is biting deeply into the major cross-trading routes of the world. 他已经侵入到世界各大跨国贸易航线have already captured 20% of the cargo traffic on the busy sea- lanes of the North Atlantic.35. make a profit / hard currency 硬通货It doesn?t matter very much if they are operating at a loss; that can be made up by the Soviet government in roubles.36.But there is more to it than that for the Russians.还有别的目的，意义远非如此37．‘Mer cantile marine / merchant fleet商船队38.expand the Soviet reach well beyond its perimeters.39. So this mercantile marine capability is certainly a great advancein the Soviet ability to project their power at some distance from their own frontiers.40. And this is also part of a general Soviet hydrographic policy to map the oceans of the world, to get to know its ports and, above all, to deepen contacts with the states with whom the Russians are developing close trading ties.海洋勘测总规划41．Counter sth. at an international level42. Concerted action on that issue / coordinated response43. Trade department looks after shipping / Industry department oversees shipbuilding44. Ship-owners fear that saving jobs in Britain?s ailing shipyards comes well before saving its merchant fleet.病入膏肓的造船业45．British shipyards are currently churning out 24 vessels for Poland. The Poles were lured to Britain by the gift of a ￡28 million sunsidy and the promise that British shipbuilders would raise all the credit, so while our shipping fleet is under attack from communist ships, our government is using British taxpayers? money to cut their shipbuilding costs. 英国的造船厂最近正在为波兰赶制24艘船只。
高英第13课课件
高英第13课课件Lesson 13Britannia Rues the WavesAndrew Neilp. 231Britain’s merchant navy seldom grabs the headlines these days; it is almost a forgotten industry. Yet shipping is the essential lifeline for the nation’s economy. Ninety-nine percent of our trade in and out of the country goes by ship — and over half of it in British ships.Shipping is also a significant British success story. It earns over ￡1000 million a year in foreign exchange earnings: without our merchant fleet, the balance of payments would be permanently in deficit, despite North Sea oil. But, today this vital British industry is more in peril than ever before. On almost all the major sea routes of the world, the British fleet risks being elbowed out by stiff foreign competition.The threat comes from two main directions: from the Russians and the Eastern bloc countries who are now in the middle of a massive expansion of their merchant navies, and carving their way into the international shipping trade by severely undercutting Western shipping companies; and from the merchant fleets of the developing nations, who are bent on taking over the lion's share of the trade between Europe and Africa, Asia and the Far East -- routes in which Britain has a big stake.Today, the British fleet no longer dominates the high seas:our share of the world's merchant fleet has fallen from 40 per cent to around eight per cent. But, in terms of tonnage, the British merchant navy has continued to expand, it can now carry over two-thirds more than it could in 1914, and, almost alone among our traditional industries, shipping has remained a major success story.Unlike the rest of British industry, ship-owners invested big. In the early 1960s, the shipping companies cashed in on government grants and tax concessions. Between 1966 and 1976, British shipping lines invested at a rate of over ￡1 million a day. By the early 1970s, it seemed that, somewhere in the world, a new British ship was being launched every week. The result is that Britain has a very modern fleet: the average age of our merchant ships is only six years, and over half the fleet is under five years old. For some time now, British shipping managers have stayed ahead of the competition by investing in the most sophisticated ships.The other major factor which has played a key role in the dominance of the British merchant navy is an institution invented by the British well over 100 years ago: the "conference".In the middle of the 19th century, competition between sailing-ships and steamships became cutthroat, and price cutting ruined many long-established companies. So the ship owners got together to establish a more settled system, and they set up a system of price fixing. In other words, every possible type of cargo had a price, which all owners agreed to charge. It was, in fact, a cartel, though the British ship owners gave it the more dignified name of a "conference". The system has certainly stood the test of time. Today, there are about 300 conferences governing the trade-routes of the world,and the British still play a major role.By reducing competition, shipping conferences have taken some of the risk out of the dodgy business of moving goods by sea. They make it harder, perhaps, to make a big killing in good times, because you have to share the trade with other conference members. But they make it easier to weather the bad times, because there is no mad, competitive scramble for the available trade.By the early 1970s, bad times were just around the corner. The world shipbuilding boom reached its peak in 1973, but that was the year of the Arab-Israeli war, which was followed rapidly by the quadrupling of oil prices. By 1974, the industrialised world had begun its slide into the worst depression since the 1980s, and the shipping industry had entered its long years of crisis.The first to be affected were the oil-tanker fleets. As oil demand was cut back, charter rates plummeted, and the estuaries of the world became jammed with the steadily increasing numbers of mothball tankers. Norway and Greece suffered most. British ship owners had not become so involved in the tanker boom in the first place, so they were not so badly affected. By 1976, the slump had begun to bite into the bulk carrier trade. Bulk carriers are ships that carry dry cargo of one particular kind, such as sugar, coal or wheat, with iron ore being by far the most important. But with the world steel industry deep in the doldrums, who needed iron ore carriers? With its big bulk-carrier fleet, the British shipping industry now began to feel the pinch.Britannia ( n.) [poetic] Great Britain [诗]大不列颠rue ( v.) repent of；regret having entered into懊悔；抱憾Britannia Rues the Waves is a parody of Britain's proud boast, "Britannia Rules the Waves", a song much sung and played in the British Navy.industry ①Commercial production and sale of goods.产业，工业：商业性生产和货物销售②A specific branch of manufacture and trade 行业,制造业或商业的分支success storyan account of the achievement of success by someone or some enterprise; a person or thing that is very successful foreign exchange①Transaction of international monetary business, as between governments or businesses of different countries.国际汇兑：各国政府或商行间的国际金融业务交易②Negotiable bills drawn in one country to be paid in another country.外汇deficit ( n.) the amount by which a sum of money is less than the required amount亏损；赤字peril ( n.) exposure to harm or injury；danger (严重的)危险；冒险bloca group of countries in special allianceundercut (v．) sell at lower prices or work at lower wages than比以别人低的价格出售be bent on (doing) sth．be determined on 决心the lion's sharethe largest or best part of sth．when it isdivided最大最好的一份stakea share or an interest in an enterprise 股份：指企业的股份high seasThe open waters of an ocean beyond the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of a country 公海：一国领土管辖权以外的海洋的公共水域tonnage ( n.)the total amount of shipping of a country or port，calculated in tons (一国或一港口的)船舶总吨数cash in on sthtake advantage of or profit from sth．获得利益或利润tax concessionsa right or privilege granted by the government to be tax exempt（免除）launchTo put (a boat) into the water in readiness for use. 下水：使（船）下水以备使用institutionAn established organization or foundation, especially one dedicated to education, public service, or culture. 机构,组织或基金，特别是指为教育，公共服务或文化的目的而设立的机构sailing shiplarge wind-powered vesselcartel [kɑ:'tel] ( n.) an association of industrialists，business firms. etc．for establishing a national or international monopoly by price fixing 卡特尔，同业联盟dodgy ( adj.) unstable, unreliable不可靠的：不稳定的scramble ( n.) rough struggle；a disorderly struggle or rush 争夺，抢夺quadruple ['kw?drupl] ( v.) make or become four times as much or as many；multiply by four (使)成四倍depressiona protracted period in which business activity is far below normal and the pessimism of business and consumers is great.charterThe hiring of an aircraft, a vessel, or other vehicle 包租，包船，包机：出租飞机、轮船或其他交通工具plummet ( v.) drop drastically骤然跌落estuary ['estju?ri] ( n.) the wide part of a river where it nears the sea (江河入海的)河口mothball ( n.)① small ball of chemical pesticide used when storing clothing樟脑丸②the state of being stored，or kept in existence but not used封存保藏A tank ship, often referred to as a tanker, is a ship designed to transport liquids in bulk.slump ( n.) a decline in business activity，price，etc．(物价等)暴跌；(市场等)萧条Bulk cargo is commodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities. Bulk cargos are classified asliquid or dry.dry cargocommodities that are not liquidsdoldrums ['d?ldr?mz] ( n.) low spirits；dull，gloomy feeling 情绪低落，意志消沉；忧郁pinch ( n.) a painful，difficult circumstance困苦的处境，贫困的境地p. 234Even though the slump spread fast into most shipping sectors, the British fleet was still a long way from bankruptcy. The one area which has weathered the economic storms best is that controlled by the conferences: the scheduled freight-liner services -- and that is where Britain's fleet is strongly entrenched.Liner-freight vessels offer people who want to sendgoods by sea a regular, scheduled shipping service; they follow agreed routes, or‘lines’, and call at ports on agreed dates. For example, if I want to send a shipment of spare tractor parts from Taiwan to Bangkok, all I have to do is contact the Far East Freight Conference, and that will be able to tell me when the next liner ship will be calling at Taiwan, the exact date on which it will get to Bangkok, and the going freight rate. It is an ideal 'parcel' service for people with cargoes that are not big enough to make it worth chartering a whole ship.It is also a plus for the ship owners not to be dependent on only one customer. Liner ships carry all sorts of different cargoes -- mainly finished manufactured goods -- so, if there is a slump in one particular industry, provided there is still buoyancy in other industries, the liner fleets can still survive. That gives them a distinct advantage over oil tankers or bulk carriers, because thelatter are dependent on one or two basic raw materials. That is why Britain has remained relatively strong.Much of Britain's liner fleet rarely sees a British port. Our ships are extensive cross-traders; that is, they carry goods between foreign countries. British companies are big, for example, on the Japan-to-Australia run, and on the growing trade routes between the Far East and the Middle East, around the Persian Gulf. Until recently, those routes were highly profitable for the British companies, and a major source of foreign currency for Britain. They are also the routes on which the Third World and the Russians are out to make the biggest inroads.Most emerging countries in the Third World are out to carry a bigger share of their trade in their own ships. Developing countries regard a merchant navy as something of a status symbol -- the next thing to go for after a national airline. Singapore has expanded their fleet by 6000 percent in the last 15 years, India by 400 percent.The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies. P & O, for example, while still out to increase the total freight it carries, is planning for a gradual reduction in its percentage share of the trade with the new shipping powers of the Third World. But P & O has no intention of throwing in the towel. The key tactic behind its strategy of holding on to the richest slice of the trade has been to move up-market -- to go where the Third World cannot follow: into high-technology investment.Containers, for example, were an American invention, but it was British ship owners who put up the money to pioneer the international deep-sea container service. Containers save time, because the loading is done in the factory or warehouse, ratherthan on the dockside, and they are very secure against theft; except for a code number on the outside, there is no indication of what is inside the box. T o cash in on the container revolution, you need a sophisticated system of roads and railways, something that most Third World countries do not have: And container ships are expensive, around ￡50 million each.P & O's high-technology, high-investment strategy, however, is far from being the whole answer to the Third World threat. The developing countries are not out to compete with Western fleets by commercial means; they want to impose a set of rules which will guarantee them a major slice of the shipping trade. This demand has found official expression in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD. The UNCTAD liner code lays down that between two trading partners, 80 per cent of the freight should be split equally between their respective merchant fleets. That leaves only 20 per cent to go into the numerous cross-traders, all fighting for a share, and it is on these cross-trades that British liner companies earn 40 per cent of their revenue. Not enough countries have ratified the UNCTAD code yet to bring it into force. But if it does become universal, it could strike a severe blow to Britain's liner trade.The Iron Curtain countries represent an even greater and more organised threat to the future of Britain's liner ships, and it is a threat that is much more difficult to counter.Russia has expanded its cargo-liner fleet far faster than the growth in either its own trade or world trade would justify. Today, it has the largest liner fleet in the world and another one million tons should come into service before 1980. And with its policy of excessively low freight rates, the Russian merchant navy hasalready made major inroads into Western trade.Russia now carries 95 per cent of its sea-borne trade with the EEC in its own ships. More important, it is biting deeply into the major cross-trading routes of the world. Eastern bloc countries -- Russia, with Poland and East Germany -- have already captured 20 per cent of the cargo traffic on the busy sea-lanes of the North Atlantic, almost 25 per cent of the trade between Europe and South America and just about the same percentage of the trade between Europe and East Africa.entrench [in'trent?] ( v．) establish securely 确保(地位等)going adj. Current; prevailing 现行的；流行的plusa favorable condition or factor 有利的情况或因素buoyancy ( n.) the property (as of price or business activity) of maintaining a satisfactory high level (物价)上涨的趋向；(生意)兴盛的趋向be out to attempt toinroad (usu．pl．) injurious intrusion on or into (通常为复数)损害，侵蚀something ofTo some extent 在某种程度上go forInformal To have a special liking for 爱好：对…特别喜欢, 努力获取Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, a British shipping company founded in 1837throw in the toweladmit that one is defeated承认失败，认输tactican expedient (权宜之计) for achieving a goal; a maneuver.战术：为达到一个目标所采取的一项应急措施；一种策略strategyscience and art of using all the forces of a nation to execute approved plans as effectively as possible during peace or war. 战略：在和平或战争时期尽可能有效地利用一国的全部力量去实施核准的计划的科学与艺术container shipa cargo vessel specially designed and built for the carriage of cargo prepacked in containers.UNCTAD ['?nkt?d]United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, set up in 1964. UNCTAD is concerned with the fundamental problems affecting the trade of developing countries. It has its headquarters in Geneva.联合国贸易及发展会议revenue ['revinju:]n. the entire amount of income before any deductions are made总收入; 财政收入, 税收ratify v. approve and express assent 批准, 认可linerAn ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule.Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances:柏林墙EEC European Economic Community.p.237How can the Russians afford to undercut by up to 40 percent? Well, Soviet ships are not necessarily out to make a profit, in our sense of the word. The name of the game, for Russian ships, is hard currency. The Soviet Union is becoming more dependent on Western imports -- from grain to technology -- but the West will not accept roubles in payment. So Russia needs hard currencies, like the dollar, the mark or the yen, even sterling, to pay for its imports. It is these currencies Russian ships earn as cross-traders. It does not matter very much if they are operating at a loss; that can be made up by the Soviet government in roubles.But there is more to it than that for the Russians. The Soviet mercantile marine obviously acts as a support to the Soviet navy, very much as Western fleets used to do. But there are important differences. The Soviet merchant fleet, which has now been almost 20 years in growing, has developed the kinds of ships which would certainly expand the Soviet reach well beyond its perimeters. For example, much of the heavy equipment for theCubans and Angolans was brought in Soviet merchant ships. So this mercantile marine capability is certainly a great advance in the Soviet ability to project their power at some distance from their own frontiers.And this is also part of a general Soviet hydrographic policy to map the oceans of the world, to get to know the ports and, above all, to deepen contacts with the states with whom the Russians are developing close trading ties.How can Western ship owners react to undercutting of 40 per cent that would drive them out of business if they did the same?There is a limit, of course, to what any British government can do on its own. Shipping is an essentially international business, and Britain can only counter the challenges of the developing world and the Russians at an international level. But whom could we count on for support? The EEC is so divided about shipping that it is almost powerless to act. Take the challenge of the developing world. The French do not mind the UNCTAD code on liner shipping because it would help them to increase their share of the liner trade; the same is true for the Germans and the Belgians. So Britain cannot rely on concerted EEC action on that issue. As far as the Russians are concerned, Britain, along with West Germany and Denmark, has been calling for a coordinated response; the monitoring of Russian ship movements and restrictions on the number of Russian ships allowed to call at EEC ports. But, last June, the French, because of their Russian ties, blocked plans along these lines. It will be November before the question is considered again.British ship owners are so far happy with the strength of theBritish government attempts to force the EEC into action. They believe that the Trade Department, which looks after shipping, understands their problems. But they are far less sure about other government ministers, especially those in the powerful Industry Department, which oversees shipbuilding. Ship owners fear that saving jobs in Britain's ailing shipyards comes well before saving its merchant fleet.British shipyards are currently churning out 24 vessels for Poland. The Poles were lured to Britain by the gift of a￡28 million subsidy and the promise that British shipbuilders would raise all the credit; so while our shipping fleet is under attack from communist ships, our government is using British taxpayers' money to cut their shipbuilding costs. We are doing the same for developing countries' fleets. India is now a major Third World shipping power, yet Britain is to build six ships for the Indians -- for nothing.In the end, British companies could be driven out of shipping altogether. Some, such as P & O, have already moved into other fields, from house building to oil. Smaller shipping lines do not have the resources to diversify. They face extinction. And when they go, so does a huge slice of the few traditional industries worth keeping.(from The Listener, August, 1978)up to as many asname of the game n. Slang The essential or indispensablepart or quality necessary for success of an activity or the fulfillment of a goal 事情的要点：为了某项活动或事业的成功基本的或必需的部分或特性hard currency n. 硬通货（货币）rouble ( n.) the monetary of the Soviet Union卢布(苏联货币单位)sterling ( n.) British money英国货币mercantile ['m?:k?ntail] ( adj. ) of merchants or trade；commercial商人的；贸易的；商业的perimeter [p?'rimit?] ( n.) the outer boundary of a figure or area；circumference周边；周围hydrographic [.haidr?u'gr?fik] ( adj.) of the study，description，and mapping of oceans，lakes，and rivers 水文学的,水文地理学的on one’s ownadv. 独自地, 独立地, 主动地concerted [k?n's?:tid]Planned or accomplished together 共同计划或完成的We made a concerted effort to solve the problem.我们一起努力解决了这个问题coordinate v. bring into common action 协调, 整合; 使一致blockTo stop or impede the passage of or movement through; obstruct妨碍，阻止；阻碍DepartmentA principal administrative division of a government政府部门：政府主要的行政部门shipyardA yard where ships are built or repaired船坞,建造或修理船只的工场, 造船厂；修船厂ailing (adj.) in poor health；sickly患病的churn outproduce a large quantity of sth．; produce in quantity without quality 大量生产出；大量地粗制滥造subsidymonetary assistance granted by a government to a person or group in support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest. 补助金：政府给予个人或团体被看作是有益于公众的事业的津贴diversify v.To spread out activities or investments, especially in business. 多样化：尤指在商业中从事多种活动或投资NOTES1) Britannia Rues the Waves: This is a parody of Britain's proud boast, "Britannia Rules the Waves"."Rule, Britannia" is a famous naval song much sung and played in the British Navy from the date of its first performance in 1740 to the present day, and generally recognized today as the official march of the Royal Navy. It was written by James Thomson and set to music by Dr. Thomas Arne (1740). The song runs like this:When Britain first, at Heaven's command,Arose from out the azure main,This was the charter of her land,And guardian angels sang the strain:Rule, Britannia! Britannia, rules the waves!Britons never shall be slaves.The author means that today, instead of ruling the waves, Britain is sorry that it has lost its dominance on the high seas.2) Andrew Neil: writing on industrial and labour affairs for the ‘Economist'3) North Sea Oil: oil produced from the British sector of the Continental Shelf under the North Sea. Oil was first discovered under the bed of the North Sea in 1970 and production began in 1975.4) tax concessions: a right or privilege granted by the government to be tax exempt5) depression: a protracted period in which business activity is far below normal and the pessimism of business and consumers is great. It is characterized by a sharp curtailment of production, little capital investment, a contraction of credit, mass unemployment and low employment, and a very high rate of business failures.6) doldrums: the belt of calm which lies inside the trade winds of the northern and southern hemisphere. This area, which lies close to the equator except in the western Pacific where it is south of the equator, had great significance during those years when the trade of the world was carried by sailing ships. The term is also used to signify a state of depression or stagnation, an analogy of the general depression of the crews of ships lying motionless while in the areas of the doldrums, unable to find wind to fill their sails.7) dry cargo: commodities that are not liquids8) liner: a ship belonging to a shipping company whichcarries passengers on scheduled routes. A cargo liner is a cargo-carrying vessel with accommodation for a few passengers.9) P & O: Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, founded in 1840, world-wide passenger service10) container ship: a cargo vessel specially designed and built for the carriage of cargo prepacked in containers. With a standardized size of container, holding 18 tons of cargo, holds and deck spaces can be designed exactly to accommodate containers, leading to greater ease and efficiency in stowage and the eradication of much of the danger of the cargo shifting during heavy weather at sea.11) UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, set up as an organ of the UN General Assembly by a resolution of December 1964. UNCTAD is concerned with the fundamental problems affecting the trade of developing countries. It has its headquarters in Geneva.12) Iron Curtain: referring to the Soviet Union and the eastern European countries in the capitalist press, first used by Churchill in his speech at Fulton, Missouri, 5 March 1946: "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. "13) EEC: European Economic Community, established by treaty signed at Rome March 25, 1957, effective January 1, 1958. EEC headquarters are in Brussels and it comprises a Council of Ministers, an executive Commission, and the Assembly and Court of Justice词汇(Vocabulary)Britannia ( n.) :[poetic]Great Britain or the British Islands[诗]大不列颠；不列颠群岛rue ( v.) :repent of；regret having entered into：wish nonexistent懊悔；抱憾deficit ( n.) :the amount by which a sum of money is less than the required amount亏空，亏损；赤字peril ( n.) :exposure to harm or injury；danger；jeopardy (严重的)危险；冒险undercut (v．) :sell goods more cheaply or work for smaller wages than(sb．doing the same)；sell at lower prices or work at lower wages than比以别人低的价格出售(商品)；索价低于他人tonnage ( n.) :the total amount of shipping of a country or port，calculated in tons(一国或一港口的)船舶总吨数cartel ( n.) :an association of industrialists，business firms. etc．for establishing a national or international monopoly by price fixing，ownership of controlling stock，etc．[经]卡特尔dodgy ( adj.) :[BrE] risky and possibly dangerous[英]冒险的；危险的scramble ( n.) :rough struggle；a disorderly struggle or rush 争夺，抢夺quadruple ( v.) :make or become four times as much or as many；multiply by four(使)成四倍；以四乘plummet ( v.) :drop drastically垂直落下；骤然跌落estuary ( n.) :an inlet or arm of the sea；the wide mouth of a river where the tide meets the current(江河人海的)河口，港湾moth-ball ( n.) :①marble-sized balls of naphthalene. stored with clothes (esp．woolens)to repel moths；②the state of being stored，or kept in existence but not used①樟脑丸；卫生球②封存；保藏slump ( n.) :a decline in business activity，price，etc．(物价等)暴跌；(市场等)萧条doldrums ( n.) :low spirits；dull，gloomy，listless feeling情绪低落，意志消沉；忧闷，忧郁，忧愁pinch ( n.) :a painful，difficult，or straitened circumstance困苦的处境，贫困的境地entrench ( v．) :establish securely(used in passive voice or with a reflexive pronoun)确保(地位等)；确立(用于被动语态或与反身代词连用)inroad ( n.) :(usu．pl．)injurious intrusion on or into；influence of one party that undermines that of another(通常为复数)损害，侵蚀buoyancy ( n.) :the property(as of price or business activity)of maintaining a satisfactory high level(物价)上涨的趋向；(生意)兴盛的趋向rouble ( n.) :the monetary of the former Soviet Union卢布(前苏联货币单位)sterling ( n.) :British money英国货币mercantile ( adj. ) :of or characteristic of merchants or trade；commercial商人的；贸易的；商业的perimeter ( n.) :the outer boundary of a figure or area；circumference周；周边；周围hydrographic ( adj.) :of the study，description，and mapping of oceans，lakes，and rivers，esp. with reference to their navigational and commercial uses水文学的；水文测验学的；水文地理学的(尤指水道测量学)ailing (adj.) :in poor health；sickly患病的；病痛的churn ( adj.) :(used in churn out)produce a large quantity of sth．; produce in quantity without quality；produce in a regular flow without much thought or expression，usu．with some abundance(用于churn out) 大量生产出；大量地粗制滥造；大量写出短语 (Expressions)be bent on(doing)sth．: be determined on(a coupe of action)决心采取(某行动)例： He is bent on winning at all costs．他决心不惜一切去争取胜利。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Derive sth from sth
• Obtain sth from sth;trace sth from得到；追 根求源 • Not all students can derive pleasure from their studies.不是所有学生都能从学习中获 得乐趣。 • Many English words derive from Latin.许多 英语单词来源于拉丁语。
• at large (放在名词后面) :as a whole 整个的， 一般的。 • 如: Boys at large like sports. • 男孩一般喜爱运动。 • the public at large • 社会大众。 • The escaped prisoner is still at large. 越狱犯依然在逃。
outwit
• Win or defeat by being cleverer or more cunning than sb以智胜过 • Two prisoners outwitted their guards and got away.有两个囚犯设计欺骗了警卫逃走。 • The store outwitted the robbers by putting phony jewels in the display case.商店把假 珠宝放在陈列盒里骗过了盗贼。
irksome
• tending to irk • 令人厌倦的，厌烦的。 • －some . 加在名词、动词或形容词上构成 形容词。 • 另如: lonesome 孤独的，冷落的; quarrelsome 爱吵架的; troublesome 麻烦 的; wearisome 使人疲劳的，令人厌烦的。
• in the long run : in the end. • 从长远来说，最后。 • 如: in the long run , you have to pay the price for your follies. • 你最终要为你的愚蠢付出代价。 • You will benefit in the long run. • 你最终会受益。
drudgery :
• 苦工 • drudge :a person who does menial, dull or hard work. • 勤苦地做单调乏味的苦工的人。 • sensation(s) : • widespread excitement or interest. 轰动激 动。
• first and foremost: • 首先，最主要的。 • 如:Though he has written many books, he's first and foremost a poet. • 尽管他写过几本书，他首先是个诗人。 • First and foremost , we must have freedom.
Call for sth
• Require, demand or need sth.要求，需要 • The situation there calls for immediate action.那里的形势需要立即采取行动。 • The modern society calls for those who knows English and computer very well.现 代社会要求人们熟练掌握英语和计算机。
exerise
• Make use of 应用，运用 • I‟m exerising my right to ask for the receipt. 我在行使索要发票的权利。 • China resumed exerising its sovereignty over HongKong in Luly, 1997.中国于1997 年7月恢复对香港行使主权。
excess
• • • • • • more than or above what is necessary 超过部分，过多。 如: You should pay for the excess. Excess of sorrow laughs , excess of joy weeps. 悲极而笑，喜极而泣。 an excess of anger / an excess of enthasiasm 极 其愤怒/热情。 • carry something to excess 把事情做得过火。 • in excess of 超过。 • 如: He spent in excess of his income .
Apt to do 易于做，趋于
• He is apt to get angry.他动不动就生气。 • The naughty boy is apt to make trouble in class.那个淘气的男孩爱上课捣乱。
Be about, be apt
• Be about to: be just going to do即将，正要 • He met her in the doorway just as she was about to go away.她正要离开，他在门口碰 到她。 • Be apt to: likely to do易于 • He is clever boy but apt to get into mischief.他是个聪明的孩子，但是好捣乱。
• procure :obtain sth. by careful attention or effort • 获得。 • 如: He procured me employment. • 他为我谋得一份工作。
Kill, spend
• Kill time: find ways of passing the time without being bored消遣，消磨时光 • The train was very late, so we killed by playing cards.火车太慢，所以我们打牌消 磨时间。 • Spend time:度过 • He spend a weekend in London.他在伦敦 度过周末。
Varied, variable
• Varied: of different sorts各种各样的 • He had had a varied training, and had held many offices. 他受过各种训练，担任过许 多工作。 • Variable: varying, changeable变化的，可 变的 • The weather is extremely variable here.这 里的天气变化无常。
• impair : to make worse; damage 损害 • 如:His reputation was impaired by his mistakes. • 他的声誉受到他的错误的损害。 • His excessive work impaired his health. • 他过度的工作损害了他的健康。
At one‟s best
• In the best condition 处于最佳状态 • He was not at his best on the last game.他 上次比赛状态不佳。 • He was at his best in the debate yesterday and got apllause from time to time.他在昨 天的辩论中表现出最佳状态
provided (that) :
• conj . if and only if ; on condition that . • 如果，只要。 • 如: Provided (that) there is no opposition, we shall proceed to carry out the plan. • 如果没有反对，我们就开始执行计划。 • Provided you pay him he will take the work.
• at any rate :in any event ; in any case 不管 怎样。 • 如：I will leave him alone at any rate.
• apt :likely , having a tendency • 常会，容易（有某种倾向）。 • 如：A careless person is apt to make mistakes.
Lesson 13 work
exceeding
• extraordinary or exceptional exceedingly :extremely 极其。 • irksome • irk : to annoy , esp . in a provoking or tedious way 令人讨厌。 • 如: It irks me to do such tedious work. • 做这样无聊的工作让我相一致感到厌烦
maximum :
• (being) the highest amount, value, or degree that can be reached 最大限度。 • 如:He smokes a maximum of 30 cigarettes a day. • My salary is not at its maximum yet. • 我的工资还未到最高水平。 • It requires your maximum effort.
Desirable, desirous
• Desirable: to be desired, worth having, satisfactory想要的，值得有的，不错的 • There are several desirable houses in this street.这条街有几栋不错的房子。 • Desirous: feeling desire向往的，渴望的 • He is desirous of obtaining a position in the Civil Service.他非常想在政府机关谋取 一个职位。