03 AM_12_Chapter 2 [兼容模式]
Chapter 2 - Diction
Chapter Two: DictionLevels of English1.Formal Wordsa.Can be called: ‗learned words‘, ‗literary words‘ or ‗big words‘.ually used by people of special professions or fields, on specialoccasions or for special purpose.c.Appear in formal writing and Speaking.d.Generally contain three or more than three syllables.e.Give impression of education.f.Often stem from Greek or Latinmon Wordsa.Frequently used by ordinary people for ordinary purposesb.From the core of the English vocabularyc.Often used in everyday conversation and in informal writing like personalletters, diaries and stories3.Colloquial Worda.Mainly used in informal or familiar conversationsually short words of one or two syllablesc.Mostly of Saxon origin4.Slang worda.Highly informal– limited or specific contextual usage.b.May be vivid and interesting.c.Can make the writer or speaker sound offensive or funnyThe Meaning of Words1.Two aspects: denotative and connotative.a.Denotative meaning: what it literally means, as defined by thedictionary.b.Connotation meaning: the feeling or ideal suggested by it.2.Word OriginWords of Anglo-Saxon origin are generally more informal than those of Latin, Greek or French origin.3.SynonymIt is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use.They may have different: stylistic levels, degrees of emphasis, emotions, intones, or collocation.4.NB:Do not take the Chinese equivalent of an English word as its exact meaning. It is impossible to understand the meaning of an English word from its Chineseequivalent.5.Understandinga.To understand the meaning of an English word; find out how it is definedin a dictionary with explanations and contextual/practical usage.b.You do not know a work unless you can explain: what it means, theemotions it gives, when to use it and why you would use it.General & Specific Words1.General words:a.Words referring to groups or classes not to individual things2.Specific Wordsa.Words referring to individual persons, objects or events.b.Specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking:they are more informative and expressive than general words.ageing specific words should go along with providing details – Creatingeffective and impressive writing.b.The more detail the betterc.Mix emotions, feelings, visual observations and other senses together tocreate a full picture of your meaningIdioms1.Idioms:a. A fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from themeaning of the word that form it.b.Frequently used in speech and writing.c.They help to make one‘s language sound natural and idiomatic.d.NB: idioms should be ‗peppered‘ – do not use them too muche.NB: Idioms are fashionable – do not use old or out of fashion idioms.age:a.Most idioms are informal or colloquial in style and can be used inconversation; but a few are slang and should be used with care.b.Many idioms have become clichés and are no longer fresh or interestingand should be used sparingly.Figures of Speech1.Simile:a. A comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparisonis indicated by the word as or like.b.Example: ‗He sleeps like a pig‘2.Metaphor :a.The use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to anotherwith a similar quality. It is also a comparison, but the comparison isimplied, not express with the word as or like.b.Example: ‗He is an Ox‘3.Personification:a.Treating a thing or an idea as if were human or had human qualities.b.In poetry personification is very common.c.Example: ‗The wind whispered to me…‘4.Metonymy:a.Substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it isclosely associated.b.Example: ‗The White House –American Government‘5.Synecdoche:a.When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for apart.b.Example: ‗Mexico Vs. Kazakhstan‘ [a football match: two teams]6.Euphemism:a.It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh orunpleasant one.b.Speaking of something in a allusive mannerc.Example: ‗We watched a DVD together‘ [a Boyfriend & Girlfriend in abedroom]7.Irony:a.It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, inorder to achieve a special effect.b.Example: ‗you are the best parents in the world‘ [during an argument]8.Overstatement and understatement:a.In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject.b.Example: ‗this bag weighs a ton!‘c.In understatement the diction plays down the magnitude or value of thesubject.d.Example: ‗this bag weighs nothing!‘9.Transferred epithet:a. A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logicallymodifies to a word associated with that noun.b.Example: ‗Brave Achilles‘, ‗Grey-Eyed Athena10.Oxymoron:a.In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce aspecial effect.b.Example: ‗The friendly Shark ‘11.Alliteration:a.It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two ormore words.b.Example: ‗amazing maize maze‘Dictionariesing dictionariesa. A foreign learner of English needs to keep a good dictionary handy whenhe reads or writing, it will help him a great deal in learning and usingwords.b.Look it up in a dictionary when in doubt about spelling, division, andpronunciation of a word.c.To one learning to write, the most useful information a dictionary containsis the definitions, together with examples or illustrations and usage labelsand note.d.Words that are not labeled in a dictionary are supposed to belong to thegeneral vocabulary, and therefore they can be used for ordinary purposes.e.NB: Do not rely on your phone translators, they cannot understandcontextual usage!Questions1.Read the following passage carefully and then answer the questions:Language is our facility to talk to each other. The word ‗talk‘ is used not merely to avoid a rather more technical and high-sounding word like ‗communicate‘; talk is more precise and more relevant to the special nature of human language than ‗communicate‘.In the first place, all creatures –cats, sparrows , and bees —can be said to communicate with each other to some extent. They can attract each other‘s attention, warn of danger, woo their mates, and direct the way to food. We are still learning just how well animals can communicate with each other, but there can be no doubt that animal communicate is wholly rudimentary as compared with the complex and subtle control of language possessed by even the least intelligent or least educated of us.It is therefo re appropriate to say that language involves ‗talk‘ to emphasize that language is a peculiarly human activity.Questions:a.Is the style of the passage formal or informal?b.From what type of book is this passage taken? What do you think is thepurpose of the book?c.Is the book written for scientists or for ordinary readers?d.Are there slang expressions in the passage? Are there formal words in it?Give examples2.Look at the following word which are formal words which are informal words?3. In each sentence, choose the more precise of the two in italics, and explain your reasons.a. A few listeners were disinterested / uninterested and dozed off.b.Though she has grown up, her behavior is often childlike / childish.c.I am quite jealous / envious of your opportunity to study at such a famousuniversity.d.Her clothes, though made of cheap / inexpensive material, are quite elegant.e.This homely / ugly old man is a well-known musician.f.I am sorry to refuse / decline your invitation.g.He was surprised / stunned to find that his little sister had become a pretty,slim / skinny young woman.h.My uncle become fat / stout as he grew older.i.this servile man was especially modest / humble when he was talking with hissuperiors.j.I asked every / each boy in the group the same question, and interestingly, everyone / each gave me a different answer.k.The enemy troops were driven back when they attempted / tried to cross the border.l.They all felt sympathy/ pity for the victims of the disaster and made donations.m.Empress Dowager Cixi was famous / notorious for her cruelty.n.Is that old / elderly woman / lady sitting on the bench your mother?o.4.The following words are rather general in meaning. Think of a word that is morespecific. the figure of the speech of the following sentences:a.As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.明喻b.We are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.反语c.I spent sleepless nights on my project.转类修饰语d.The world is a stage.暗喻e.The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.头韵法f.Her rich relatives rained birthday presents on her only son.暗喻g.Wrong ideals may harm a man just like diseases明喻h.Some words may be defaced by careless usage.Transferred Epithet 移位修饰i.The leaves are trembling in the cold wind.拟人j.The storm was so angry that it wanted to destroy everything in its way.拟人k.Many people bowed before Force, but eventually Force would surrender to Reason.拟人l.Selfless people are like cows, which eat straw but produce milk.明喻m.―W hat do you think of the roast duck?‖ ―Not bad.‖委婉语n.His friends praised his daughter‘s performances to the skies.夸张o.His writing is clear and clean. 头韵法p.His unfriendly tongue surprised her. 移位修饰q.There is fertile soil for popular music in China today.暗喻r.I felt as a bird must feel when it has flown across the ocean and comes upona creature that knows its nest.明喻s.He is so fascinating to me, even the fish smell on his hand was kind of perfume.暗喻t.She is a social butterfly .暗喻u.Nobody disputes the need to answer nature‘s most basic call, but some wonder who should foot the bill for an adequate supply of public toilets.v.I should said that, reticence was not your strong point.。
Chapter 2 Translatability & Untranslatability
（钱歌川 ）
– 不见棺材不掉泪 – 不到厄岛我不倒 （许渊冲） – 若非孤岛孤非弱 – 落败孤岛孤败落 （马红军）
3.4
周天风云浪翻飞， 恩光冲空电波随。 来自五洲悲痛语， 同汇四海波涛泪。 志壮气烈西安急， 名清高贵红岩威。 千年俊杰化英灵， 古今中外汗青碑。
2. lexical/ grammatical level 2.1 析字
---What makes a road broad? --- The letter “B”. --- Why do you throw the butter out of the window? --- Because I want to see butter fly.
3. Rhetorical Devices
• 3. 1 Puns /Homograph （语义双关） • At a wedding a man loses his bachelor’s degree and a woman wins her master’s.
– (different meanings of “bachelor” and “master”)
四十岁的爱情
中 夫 打 球 完 回 走 网 旧
人 左
年 妇 网 打 后 家 球 依 把
分 右
4. Cultural Aspects
• 4.1 Culturally-loaded words She is a cat. 她是个心地恶毒/包藏祸心的女人。 rain cats and dogs a cat-and-dog life
• 米的妈妈是谁？是花，因为花生米。 • 米的爸爸是谁？是蝶，因为蝶恋花。
• 米的姥姥是谁？是爆米花，因为既抱过米又抱 过花。 • Who’s rice’s mother? It’s flower, because flower gives birth to rice. • Who’s rice’s father? It’s butterfly, because butterfly loves flower. • Who’s rice’s grandma? It’s popcorn, because popcorn has brought up both rice and flower.
chapter商务英语专业跨文化交际案例理论习题答案
Tom: Don’t feel so bad. Cheer up; you’ve done your job.
Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.
Wuhan
hot and irritable
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Joke appreciation for cultural diversity
6. The man felt very embarrassed and made a sincere apology to the girl. But the beautiful girl smiled and said: __________________________
politician
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denotation & co Nhomakorabeanotation
Happy, auspicious, joyous, flourishing (in Chinese)Something undesirable (in English)
red
green
He got a red-eye illness. He is green with envy.
Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I’ll face the music.
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3. How is language related to culture?
Language is the carrier of culture which in turn is the content of nguage is part of culture. In turn, culture enriches and influences language.
C语言程序设计现代方法(第二版)习题答案
Chapter 2Answers to Selected Exercises2. [was #2] (a) The program contains one directive (#include) and four statements (three calls of printf and one return).(b)Parkinson's Law:Work expands so as to fill the timeavailable for its completion.3. [was #4]#include <>int main(void){int height = 8, length = 12, width = 10, volume;volume = height * length * width;printf("Dimensions: %dx%dx%d\n", length, width, height);printf("Volume (cubic inches): %d\n", volume);printf("Dimensional weight (pounds): %d\n", (volume + 165) / 166);return 0;}4. [was #6] Here's one possible program:#include <>int main(void){int i, j, k;float x, y, z;printf("Value of i: %d\n", i);printf("Value of j: %d\n", j);printf("Value of k: %d\n", k);printf("Value of x: %g\n", x);printf("Value of y: %g\n", y);printf("Value of z: %g\n", z);return 0;}When compiled using GCC and then executed, this program produced the following output:Value of i: 5618848Value of j: 0Value of k: 6844404Value of x:Value of y:Value of z:The values printed depend on many factors, so the chance that you'll get exactly these numbers is small.5. [was #10] (a) is not legal because 100_bottles begins with a digit.8. [was #12] There are 14 tokens: a, =, (, 3, *, q, -, p, *, p, ), /, 3, and ;.Answers to Selected Programming Projects4. [was #8; modified]#include <>int main(void){float original_amount, amount_with_tax;printf("Enter an amount: ");scanf("%f", &original_amount);amount_with_tax = original_amount * 1.05f;printf("With tax added: $%.2f\n", amount_with_tax);return 0;}The amount_with_tax variable is unnecessary. If we remove it, the program is slightly shorter:#include <>int main(void){float original_amount;printf("Enter an amount: ");scanf("%f", &original_amount);printf("With tax added: $%.2f\n", original_amount * 1.05f);return 0;}Chapter 3Answers to Selected Exercises2. [was #2](a) printf("%", x);(b) printf("%", x);(c) printf("%-8.3f", x);(d) printf("%6.0f", x);5.[was #8] The values of x, i, and y will be , 45, and .6, respectively. Answers to Selected Programming Projects1. [was #4; modified]#include <>int main(void){int month, day, year;printf("Enter a date (mm/dd/yyyy): ");scanf("%d/%d/%d", &month, &day, &year);printf("You entered the date %d%.2d%.2d\n", year, month, day);return 0;}3. [was #6; modified]#include <>int main(void){int prefix, group, publisher, item, check_digit;printf("Enter ISBN: ");scanf("%d-%d-%d-%d-%d", &prefix, &group, &publisher, &item, &check_digit);printf("GS1 prefix: %d\n", prefix);printf("Group identifier: %d\n", group);printf("Publisher code: %d\n", publisher);printf("Item number: %d\n", item);printf("Check digit: %d\n", check_digit);/* The five printf calls can be combined as follows:printf("GS1 prefix: %d\nGroup identifier: %d\nPublisher code: %d\nItem number: %d\nCheck digit: %d\n",prefix, group, publisher, item, check_digit);*/return 0;}Chapter 4Answers to Selected Exercises2.[was #2] Not in C89. Suppose that i is 9 and j is 7. The value of (-i)/j could be either –1 or –2, depending on the implementation. On the other hand, the value of -(i/j) is always –1, regardless of the implementation. In C99, on the other hand, the value of (-i)/j must be equal to the value of -(i/j).9. [was #6](a) 63 8(b) 3 2 1(c) 2 -1 3(d) 0 0 013. [was #8] The expression ++i is equivalent to (i += 1). The value of both expressions is i after the increment has been performed. Answers to Selected Programming Projects2. [was #4]#include <>int main(void){int n;printf("Enter a three-digit number: ");scanf("%d", &n);printf("The reversal is: %d%d%d\n", n % 10, (n / 10) % 10, n / 100);return 0;}Chapter 5Answers to Selected Exercises2. [was #2](a) 1(b) 1(c) 1(d) 14. [was #4] (i > j) - (i < j)6. [was #12] Yes, the statement is legal. When n is equal to 5, it does nothing, since 5 is not equal to –9.10. [was #16] The output isonetwosince there are no break statements after the cases. Answers to Selected Programming Projects2. [was #6]#include <>int main(void){int hours, minutes;printf("Enter a 24-hour time: ");scanf("%d:%d", &hours, &minutes);printf("Equivalent 12-hour time: ");if (hours == 0)printf("12:%.2d AM\n", minutes);else if (hours < 12)printf("%d:%.2d AM\n", hours, minutes);else if (hours == 12)printf("%d:%.2d PM\n", hours, minutes);elseprintf("%d:%.2d PM\n", hours - 12, minutes);return 0;}4. [was #8; modified]#include <>int main(void){int speed;printf("Enter a wind speed in knots: "); scanf("%d", &speed);if (speed < 1)printf("Calm\n");else if (speed <= 3)printf("Light air\n");else if (speed <= 27)printf("Breeze\n");else if (speed <= 47)printf("Gale\n");else if (speed <= 63)printf("Storm\n");elseprintf("Hurricane\n");return 0;}6. [was #10]#include <>int main(void){int check_digit, d, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, j1, j2, j3, j4, j5, first_sum, second_sum, total;printf("Enter the first (single) digit: ");scanf("%1d", &d);printf("Enter first group of five digits: ");scanf("%1d%1d%1d%1d%1d", &i1, &i2, &i3, &i4, &i5);printf("Enter second group of five digits: ");scanf("%1d%1d%1d%1d%1d", &j1, &j2, &j3, &j4, &j5);printf("Enter the last (single) digit: ");scanf("%1d", &check_digit);first_sum = d + i2 + i4 + j1 + j3 + j5;second_sum = i1 + i3 + i5 + j2 + j4;total = 3 * first_sum + second_sum;if (check_digit == 9 - ((total - 1) % 10))printf("VALID\n");elseprintf("NOT VALID\n");return 0;}10. [was #14]#include <>int main(void){int grade;printf("Enter numerical grade: ");scanf("%d", &grade);if (grade < 0 || grade > 100) {printf("Illegal grade\n");return 0;}switch (grade / 10) {case 10:case 9: printf("Letter grade: A\n"); break;case 8: printf("Letter grade: B\n"); break;case 7: printf("Letter grade: C\n"); break;case 6: printf("Letter grade: D\n"); break;case 5:case 4:case 3:case 2:case 1:case 0: printf("Letter grade: F\n");break;}return 0;}Chapter 6Answers to Selected Exercises4.[was #10] (c) is not equivalent to (a) and (b), because i is incremented before the loop body is executed.10. [was #12] Consider the following while loop:while (…) {…continue;…}The equivalent code using goto would have the following appearance:while (…) {…goto loop_end;…loop_end: ; /* null statement */}12. [was #14]for (d = 2; d * d <= n; d++)if (n % d == 0)break;The if statement that follows the loop will need to be modified as well:if (d * d <= n)printf("%d is divisible by %d\n", n, d);elseprintf("%d is prime\n", n);14. [was #16] The problem is the semicolon at the end of the first line. If we remove it, the statement is now correct:if (n % 2 == 0)printf("n is even\n");Answers to Selected Programming Projects2. [was #2]#include <>int main(void){int m, n, remainder;printf("Enter two integers: ");scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);while (n != 0) {remainder = m % n;m = n;n = remainder;}printf("Greatest common divisor: %d\n", m);return 0;}4. [was #4]#include <>int main(void){float commission, value;printf("Enter value of trade: ");scanf("%f", &value);while (value != 0.0f) {if (value < 2500.00f)commission = 30.00f + .017f * value;else if (value < 6250.00f)commission = 56.00f + .0066f * value;else if (value < 20000.00f)commission = 76.00f + .0034f * value;else if (value < 50000.00f)commission = 100.00f + .0022f * value;else if (value < 500000.00f)commission = 155.00f + .0011f * value;elsecommission = 255.00f + .0009f * value;if (commission < 39.00f)commission = 39.00f;printf("Commission: $%.2f\n\n", commission);printf("Enter value of trade: ");scanf("%f", &value);}return 0;}6. [was #6]#include <>int main(void){int i, n;printf("Enter limit on maximum square: ");scanf("%d", &n);for (i = 2; i * i <= n; i += 2)printf("%d\n", i * i);return 0;}8. [was #8]#include <>int main(void){int i, n, start_day;printf("Enter number of days in month: ");scanf("%d", &n);printf("Enter starting day of the week (1=Sun, 7=Sat): "); scanf("%d", &start_day);/* print any leading "blank dates" */for (i = 1; i < start_day; i++)printf(" ");/* now print the calendar */for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {printf("%3d", i);if ((start_day + i - 1) % 7 == 0)printf("\n");}return 0;}Chapter 7Answers to Selected Exercises3. [was #4] (b) is not legal.4.[was #6] (d) is illegal, since printf requires a string, not a character, as its first argument.10.[was #14] unsigned int, because the (int) cast applies only to j, not j * k.12. [was #16] The value of i is converted to float and added to f, then the result is converted to double and stored in d.14. [was #18] No. Converting f to int will fail if the value stored inf exceeds the largest value of type int.Answers to Selected Programming Projects1.[was #2] short int values are usually stored in 16 bits, causing failure at 182. int and long int values are usually stored in 32 bits, with failure occurring at 46341.2. [was #8]#include <>int main(void){int i, n;char ch;printf("This program prints a table of squares.\n");printf("Enter number of entries in table: ");scanf("%d", &n);ch = getchar();/* dispose of new-line character following number of entries */ /* could simply be getchar(); */for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {printf("%10d%10d\n", i, i * i);if (i % 24 == 0) {printf("Press Enter to continue...");ch = getchar(); /* or simply getchar(); */}}return 0;}5. [was #10]#include <>#include <>int main(void){int sum = 0;char ch;printf("Enter a word: ");while ((ch = getchar()) != '\n')switch (toupper(ch)) {case 'D': case 'G':sum += 2; break;case 'B': case 'C': case 'M': case 'P':sum += 3; break;case 'F': case 'H': case 'V': case 'W': case 'Y': sum += 4; break;case 'K':sum += 5; break;case 'J': case 'X':sum += 8; break;case 'Q': case 'Z':sum += 10; break;default:sum++; break;}printf("Scrabble value: %d\n", sum);return 0;}6. [was #12]#include <>int main(void){printf("Size of int: %d\n", (int) sizeof(int));printf("Size of short: %d\n", (int) sizeof(short));printf("Size of long: %d\n", (int) sizeof(long));printf("Size of float: %d\n", (int) sizeof(float));printf("Size of double: %d\n", (int) sizeof(double));printf("Size of long double: %d\n", (int) sizeof(long double));return 0;}Since the type of a sizeof expression may vary from one implementation to another, it's necessary in C89 to cast sizeof expressions to a known type before printing them. The sizes of the basic types are small numbers, so it's safe to cast them to int. (In general, however, it's best to cast sizeof expressions to unsigned long and print them using %lu.) In C99, we can avoid the cast by using the %zu conversion specification.Chapter 8Answers to Selected Exercises1.[was #4] The problem with sizeof(a) / sizeof(t) is that it can't easily be checked for correctness by someone reading the program. (The reader would have to locate the declaration of a and make sure that its elements have type t.)2. [was #8] To use a digit d (in character form) as a subscript into the array a, we would write a[d-'0']. This assumes that digits have consecutive codes in the underlying character set, which is true of ASCII and other popular character sets.7. [was #10]const int segments[10][7] = {{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},{0, 1, 1},{1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1},{1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1},{0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1},{1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1},{1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},{1, 1, 1},{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},{1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1}};Answers to Selected Programming Projects2. [was #2]#include <>int main(void){int digit_count[10] = {0};int digit;long n;printf("Enter a number: ");scanf("%ld", &n);while (n > 0) {digit = n % 10;digit_count[digit]++;n /= 10;}printf ("Digit: ");for (digit = 0; digit <= 9; digit++) printf("%3d", digit);printf("\nOccurrences:");for (digit = 0; digit <= 9; digit++) printf("%3d", digit_count[digit]); printf("\n");return 0;}5. [was #6]#include <>#define NUM_RATES ((int) (sizeof(value) / sizeof(value[0])))#define INITIAL_BALANCEint main(void){int i, low_rate, month, num_years, year;double value[5];printf("Enter interest rate: ");scanf("%d", &low_rate);printf("Enter number of years: ");scanf("%d", &num_years);printf("\nYears");for (i = 0; i < NUM_RATES; i++) {printf("%6d%%", low_rate + i);value[i] = INITIAL_BALANCE;}printf("\n");for (year = 1; year <= num_years; year++) {printf("%3d ", year);for (i = 0; i < NUM_RATES; i++) {for (month = 1; month <= 12; month++)value[i] += ((double) (low_rate + i) / 12) / * value[i]; printf("%7.2f", value[i]);}printf("\n");}return 0;}8. [was #12]#include <>#define NUM_QUIZZES 5#define NUM_STUDENTS 5int main(void){int grades[NUM_STUDENTS][NUM_QUIZZES];int high, low, quiz, student, total;for (student = 0; student < NUM_STUDENTS; student++) { printf("Enter grades for student %d: ", student + 1); for (quiz = 0; quiz < NUM_QUIZZES; quiz++)scanf("%d", &grades[student][quiz]);}printf("\nStudent Total Average\n");for (student = 0; student < NUM_STUDENTS; student++) { printf("%4d ", student + 1);total = 0;for (quiz = 0; quiz < NUM_QUIZZES; quiz++)total += grades[student][quiz];printf("%3d %3d\n", total, total / NUM_QUIZZES);}printf("\nQuiz Average High Low\n");for (quiz = 0; quiz < NUM_QUIZZES; quiz++) {printf("%3d ", quiz + 1);total = 0;high = 0;low = 100;for (student = 0; student < NUM_STUDENTS; student++) {total += grades[student][quiz];if (grades[student][quiz] > high)high = grades[student][quiz];if (grades[student][quiz] < low)low = grades[student][quiz];}printf("%3d %3d %3d\n", total / NUM_STUDENTS, high, low); }return 0;}Chapter 9Answers to Selected Exercises2. [was #2]int check(int x, int y, int n){return (x >= 0 && x <= n - 1 && y >= 0 && y <= n - 1);}4. [was #4]int day_of_year(int month, int day, int year){int num_days[] = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; int day_count = 0, i;for (i = 1; i < month; i++)day_count += num_days[i-1];/* adjust for leap years, assuming they are divisible by 4 */if (year % 4 == 0 && month > 2)day_count++;return day_count + day;}Using the expression year % 4 == 0 to test for leap years is not completely correct. Centuries are special cases: if a year is a multiple of 100, then it must also be a multiple of 400 in order to be a leap year. The correct test isyear % 4 == 0 && (year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0)6. [was #6; modified]int digit(int n, int k){int i;for (i = 1; i < k; i++)n /= 10;return n % 10;}8. [was #8] (a) and (b) are valid prototypes. (c) is illegal, since it doesn't specify the type of the parameter. (d) incorrectly specifies that f returns an int value in C89; in C99, omitting the return type is illegal.10. [was #10](a)int largest(int a[], int n){int i, max = a[0];for (i = 1; i < n; i++)if (a[i] > max)max = a[i];return max;}(b)int average(int a[], int n){int i, avg = 0;for (i = 0; i < n; i++)avg += a[i];return avg / n;}(c)int num_positive(int a[], int n){int i, count = 0;for (i = 0; i < n; i++)if (a[i] > 0)count++;return count;}15. [was #12; modified]double median(double x, double y, double z) {double result;if (x <= y)if (y <= z) result = y;else if (x <= z) result = z;else result = x;else {if (z <= y) result = y;else if (x <= z) result = x;else result = z;}return result;}17. [was #14]int fact(int n){int i, result = 1;for (i = 2; i <= n; i++)result *= i;return result;}19. [was #16] The following program tests the pb function: #include <>void pb(int n);int main(void){int n;printf("Enter a number: ");scanf("%d", &n);printf("Output of pb: ");pb(n);printf("\n");return 0;}void pb(int n){if (n != 0) {pb(n / 2);putchar('0' + n % 2);}}pb prints the binary representation of the argument n, assuming that n is greater than 0. (We also assume that digits have consecutive codes in the underlying character set.) For example:Enter a number: 53Output of pb: 110101A trace of pb's execution would look like this:pb(53) finds that 53 is not equal to 0, so it callspb(26), which finds that 26 is not equal to 0, so it callspb(13), which finds that 13 is not equal to 0, so it callspb(6), which finds that 6 is not equal to 0, so it callspb(3), which finds that 3 is not equal to 0, so it callspb(1), which finds that 1 is not equal to 0, so it callspb(0), which finds that 0 is equal to 0, so it returns, causingpb(1) to print 1 and return, causingpb(3) to print 1 and return, causingpb(6) to print 0 and return, causingpb(13) to print 1 and return, causingpb(26) to print 0 and return, causingpb(53) to print 1 and return.Chapter 10Answers to Selected Exercises1. [was #2] (a) a, b, and c are visible.(b) a, and d are visible.(c) a, d, and e are visible.(d) a and f are visible.Answers to Selected Programming Projects 3. [was #4]#include <> /* C99 only */#include <>#include <>#define NUM_CARDS 5#define RANK 0#define SUIT 1/* external variables */int hand[NUM_CARDS][2];/* 0 1____ ____0 |____|____|1 |____|____|2 |____|____|3 |____|____|4 |____|____|rank suit*/bool straight, flush, four, three;int pairs; /* can be 0, 1, or 2 *//* prototypes */void read_cards(void);void analyze_hand(void);void print_result(void);/********************************************************** * main: Calls read_cards, analyze_hand, and print_result * * repeatedly. * **********************************************************/ int main(void){for (;;) {read_cards();analyze_hand();print_result();}}/********************************************************** * read_cards: Reads the cards into the external variable * * hand; checks for bad cards and duplicate * * cards. * **********************************************************/void read_cards(void){char ch, rank_ch, suit_ch;int i, rank, suit;bool bad_card, duplicate_card;int cards_read = 0;while (cards_read < NUM_CARDS) {bad_card = false;printf("Enter a card: ");rank_ch = getchar();switch (rank_ch) {case '0': exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); case '2': rank = 0; break;case '3': rank = 1; break;case '4': rank = 2; break;case '5': rank = 3; break;case '6': rank = 4; break;case '7': rank = 5; break;case '8': rank = 6; break;case '9': rank = 7; break;case 't': case 'T': rank = 8; break;case 'j': case 'J': rank = 9; break;case 'q': case 'Q': rank = 10; break; case 'k': case 'K': rank = 11; break; case 'a': case 'A': rank = 12; break;default: bad_card = true;}suit_ch = getchar();switch (suit_ch) {case 'c': case 'C': suit = 0; break;case 'd': case 'D': suit = 1; break;case 'h': case 'H': suit = 2; break;case 's': case 'S': suit = 3; break;default: bad_card = true;}while ((ch = getchar()) != '\n')if (ch != ' ') bad_card = true;if (bad_card) {printf("Bad card; ignored.\n");continue;}duplicate_card = false;for (i = 0; i < cards_read; i++)if (hand[i][RANK] == rank && hand[i][SUIT] == suit) { printf("Duplicate card; ignored.\n");duplicate_card = true;break;}if (!duplicate_card) {hand[cards_read][RANK] = rank;hand[cards_read][SUIT] = suit;cards_read++;}}}/********************************************************** * analyze_hand: Determines whether the hand contains a * * straight, a flush, four-of-a-kind, * * and/or three-of-a-kind; determines the * * number of pairs; stores the results into * * the external variables straight, flush, * * four, three, and pairs. * **********************************************************/ void analyze_hand(void){int rank, suit, card, pass, run;straight = true;flush = true;four = false;three = false;pairs = 0;/* sort cards by rank */for (pass = 1; pass < NUM_CARDS; pass++)for (card = 0; card < NUM_CARDS - pass; card++) {rank = hand[card][RANK];suit = hand[card][SUIT];if (hand[card+1][RANK] < rank) {hand[card][RANK] = hand[card+1][RANK];hand[card][SUIT] = hand[card+1][SUIT];hand[card+1][RANK] = rank;hand[card+1][SUIT] = suit;}}/* check for flush */suit = hand[0][SUIT];for (card = 1; card < NUM_CARDS; card++)if (hand[card][SUIT] != suit)flush = false;/* check for straight */for (card = 0; card < NUM_CARDS - 1; card++)if (hand[card][RANK] + 1 != hand[card+1][RANK])straight = false;/* check for 4-of-a-kind, 3-of-a-kind, and pairs bylooking for "runs" of cards with identical ranks */ card = 0;while (card < NUM_CARDS) {rank = hand[card][RANK];run = 0;do {run++;card++;} while (card < NUM_CARDS && hand[card][RANK] == rank); switch (run) {case 2: pairs++; break;case 3: three = true; break;case 4: four = true; break;}}}/********************************************************** * print_result: Prints the classification of the hand, * * based on the values of the external * * variables straight, flush, four, three, * * and pairs. * **********************************************************/ void print_result(void){if (straight && flush) printf("Straight flush");else if (four) printf("Four of a kind");else if (three &&pairs == 1) printf("Full house");else if (flush) printf("Flush");else if (straight) printf("Straight");else if (three) printf("Three of a kind");else if (pairs == 2) printf("Two pairs");else if (pairs == 1) printf("Pair");else printf("High card");printf("\n\n");}5. [was #6]#include <> /* C99 only */#include <>#include <>#define NUM_RANKS 13#define NUM_SUITS 4#define NUM_CARDS 5/* external variables */int num_in_rank[NUM_RANKS];int num_in_suit[NUM_SUITS];bool straight, flush, four, three;int pairs; /* can be 0, 1, or 2 *//* prototypes */void read_cards(void);void analyze_hand(void);void print_result(void);/********************************************************** * main: Calls read_cards, analyze_hand, and print_result ** repeatedly. * **********************************************************/ int main(void){for (;;) {read_cards();analyze_hand();print_result();}}/********************************************************** * read_cards: Reads the cards into the external * * variables num_in_rank and num_in_suit; * * checks for bad cards and duplicate cards. * **********************************************************/ void read_cards(void){bool card_exists[NUM_RANKS][NUM_SUITS];char ch, rank_ch, suit_ch;int rank, suit;bool bad_card;int cards_read = 0;for (rank = 0; rank < NUM_RANKS; rank++) {num_in_rank[rank] = 0;for (suit = 0; suit < NUM_SUITS; suit++)card_exists[rank][suit] = false;}for (suit = 0; suit < NUM_SUITS; suit++)num_in_suit[suit] = 0;while (cards_read < NUM_CARDS) {bad_card = false;printf("Enter a card: ");rank_ch = getchar();switch (rank_ch) {case '0': exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); case '2': rank = 0; break;case '3': rank = 1; break;case '4': rank = 2; break;case '5': rank = 3; break;case '6': rank = 4; break;case '7': rank = 5; break;case '8': rank = 6; break;case '9': rank = 7; break;case 't': case 'T': rank = 8; break;case 'j': case 'J': rank = 9; break;case 'q': case 'Q': rank = 10; break; case 'k': case 'K': rank = 11; break; case 'a': case 'A': rank = 12; break; default: bad_card = true;。
Chapter 3_2
Chapter 3The Dominant Primordial BeastThe dominant primordial beast was strong in Buck, and under thefierce conditions of trail life it grew and grew. Yet it was a secret growth.His newborn cunning gave him poise and control. He was too busyadjusting himself to the new life to feel at ease, and not only did he notpick fights, but he avoided them whenever possible. A certaindeliberateness characterized his attitude. He was not prone to rashnessand precipitate action; and in the bitter hatred between him and Spitz hebetrayed no impatience, shunned all offensive acts.On the other hand, possibly because he divined in Buck a dangerousrival, Spitz never lost an opportunity of showing his teeth. He evenwent out of his way to bully Buck, strivingconstantly to start the fightwhich could end only in the death of one or the other. Early in the tripthis might have taken place had it not been for an unwonted accident.At the end of this day they made a bleak and miserable camp on theshore of Lake Le Barge. Driving snow, a wind that cut like a white-hotknife, and darkness had forced them to grope for a camping place.They could hardly have fared worse. At their backs rose aperpendicular wall of rock, and Perrault and Francois were compelled tomake their fire and spread their sleeping robes on the ice of the lakeitself. The tent they had discarded at Dyea in order to travel light. Afew sticks of driftwood furnished them with a fire that thawed downthrough the ice and left them to eat supper in the dark.Close in under the sheltering rock Buck made his nest. Sosnug andwarm was it, that he was loath to leave it when Francois distributed thefish which he had first thawed over the fire. But when Buck finishedhis ration and returned, he found his nest occupied. A warning snarltold him that the trespasser was Spitz. Till now Buck had avoidedtrouble with his enemy, but this was too much. The beast in him roared.He sprang upon Spitz with a fury which surprised them both, and Spitzparticularly, for his whole experience with Buck had gone to teach himthat his rival was an unusually timid dog, who managed to hold his ownonly because of his great weight and size.Francois was surprised, too, when they shot out in a tangle from thedisrupted nest and he divined the cause of the trouble. "A-a- ah!" hecried to Buck. "Gif it to heem, by Gar! Gif it to heem, the dirty t'eef!"Spitz was equally willing. He was crying with sheer rage andeagerness as he circled back and forth fora chance to spring in. Buckwas no less eager, and no less cautious, as he likewise circled back andforth for the advantage. But it was then that the unexpected happened,the thing which projected their struggle for supremacy far into the future,past many a weary mile of trail and toil.An oath from Perrault, the resounding impact of a club upon a bonyframe, and a shrill yelp of pain, heralded the breaking forth ofpandemonium. The camp was suddenly discovered to be alive withskulking furry forms, - starving huskies, four or five score of them, whohad scented the camp from some Indian village. They had crept inwhile Buck and Spitz were fighting, and when the two men sprangamong them with stout clubs they showed their teeth and fought back.They were crazed by the smell of the food. Perrault found one withhead buried in the grub-box. His club landed heavilyon the gaunt ribs,and the grub-box was capsized on the ground. On the instant a score ofthe famished brutes were scrambling for the bread and bacon. Theclubs fell upon them unheeded. They yelped and howled under the rainof blows, but struggled none the less madly till the last crumb had been devoured.In the meantime the astonished team-dogs had burst out of theirnests only to be set upon by the fierce invaders. Never had Buck seensuch dogs. it seemed as though their bones would burst through theirskins. They were mere skeletons, draped loosely in draggled hides,with blazing eyes and slavered fangs. But the hunger-madness made them terrifying, irresistible. There was no opposing them. The team-dogs were swept back against the cliff at the first onset. Buck wasbeset by three huskies, and in a trice his head and shoulders were rippedand slashed. The din was frightful. Billee was crying as usual.Dave and Sol-leks, dripping blood from a score of wounds, werefighting bravely side by side. Joe was snapping like a demon. Once,his teeth closed on the fore leg of a husky, and he crunched downthrough the bone. Pike, the malingerer, leaped upon the crippled animal,breaking its neck with a quick flash of teeth and a jerk, Buck got afrothing adversary by the throat, and was sprayed with blood when histeeth sank through the jugular. The warm taste of it in his mouthgoaded him to greater fierceness. He flung himself upon another, andat the same time felt teeth sink into his own throat. It was Spitz,treacherously attacking from the side.Perrault and Francois, having cleaned out their part of the camp,hurried to save their sled-dogs. The wild wave of famished beastsrolled back before them, and Buck shook himself free. But it was onlyfor a moment. The two men were compelled to run backto save thegrub, upon which the huskies returned to the attack on the team. Billee,terrified into bravery, sprang through the savage circle and fled awayover the ice. Pike and Dub followed on his heels, with the rest of theteam behind. As Buck drew himself together to spring after them, outof the tail of his eye he saw Spitz rush upon him with the evidentintention of overthrowing him. Once off his feet and under that massof huskies, there was no hope for him. But he braced himself to theshock of Spitz's charge, then joined the flight out on the lake.Later, the nine team-dogs gathered together and sought shelter in theforest. Though unpursued, they were in a sorry plight. There was notone who was not wounded in four or five places, while some werewounded grievously. Dub was badly injured in a hind leg; Dolly, thelast husky added to the teamat Dyea, had a badly torn throat; Joe hadlost an eye; while Billee, the good-natured, with an ear chewed and rentto ribbons, cried and whimpered throughout the night. At daybreakthey limped warily back to camp, to find the marauders gone and thetwo men in bad tempers. Fully half their grub supply was gone. Thehuskies had chewed through the sled lashings and canvas coverings. Infact, nothing, no matter how remotely eatable, had escaped them. Theyhad eaten a pair of Perrault's moose-hide moccasins, chunks out of theleather traces, and even two feet of lash from the end of Francois's whip.He broke from a mournful contemplation of it to look over his wounded dogs."Ah, my frien's," he said softly, "mebbe it mek you mad dog, dosemany bites. Mebbe all mad dog, sacredam! Wot you t'ink, eh, Perrault?"The courier shook his head dubiously. With fourhundred miles oftrail still between him and Dawson, he could ill afford to have madnessbreak out among his dogs. Two hours of cursing and exertion got theharnesses into shape, and the wound-stiffened team was under way,struggling painfully over the hardest part of the trail they had yetencountered, and for that matter, the hardest between them and Dawson.The Thirty Mile River was wide open. Its wild water defied thefrost, and it was in the eddies only and in the quiet places that the iceheld at all. Six days of exhausting toil were required to cover thosethirty terrible miles. And terrible they were, for every foot of them wasaccomplished at the risk of life to dog and man. A dozen times,Perrault, nosing the way broke through the ice bridges, being saved bythe long pole he carried, which he so held that it fell each time across thehole made by his body. But a cold snap was on, the thermometerregisteringfifty below zero, and each time he broke through he wascompelled for very life to build a fire and dry his garments.Nothing daunted him. It was because nothing daunted him that hehad been chosen for government courier. He took all manner of risks,resolutely thrusting his little weazened face into the frost and strugglingon from dim dawn to dark. He skirted the frowning shores on rim icethat bent and crackled under foot and upon which they dared not halt.Once, the sled broke through, with Dave and Buck, and they were half-frozen and all but drowned by the time they were dragged out. Theusual fire was necessary to save them. They were coated solidly withice, and the two men kept them on the run around the fire, sweating andthawing, so close that they were singed by the flames.At another time Spitz went through, dragging the whole teamafterhim up to Buck, who strained backward with all his strength, his foreThe Call of the Wild25paws on the slippery edge and the ice quivering and snapping all around.But behind him was Dave, likewise straining backward, and behind thesled was Francois, pulling till his tendons cracked.Again, the rim ice broke away before and behind, and there was noescape except up the cliff. Perrault scaled it by a miracle, whileFrancois prayed for just that miracle; and with every thong and sledlashing and the last bit of harness rove into a long rope, the dogs werehoisted, one by one, to the cliff crest. Francois came up last, after thesled and load. Then came the search for a place to descend, whichdescent was ultimately made by the aid of the rope, and night foundthem back on the river with a quarter of a mile to the day's credit.By the time they made the Hootalinqua and good ice, Buckwasplayed out. The rest of the dogs were in like condition; but Perrault, tomake up lost time, pushed them late and early. The first day theycovered thirty-five miles to the Big Salmon; the next day thirty-fivemore to the Little Salmon; the third day forty miles, which brought themwell up toward the Five Fingers.Buck's feet were not so compact and hard as the feet of the huskies.His had softened during the many generations since the day his last wildancestor was tamed by a cave-dweller or river man. AU day long helimped in agony, and camp once made, lay down like a dead dog.Hungry as he was, he would not move to receive his ration of fish,which Francois had to bring to him. Also, the dog-driver rubbedBuck's feet for half an hour each night after supper, and sacrificed thetops of his own moccasins to make four moccasinsfor Buck. This wasa great relief, and Buck caused even the weazened face of Perrault totwist itself into a grin one morning, when Francois forgot the moccasinsand Buck lay on his back, his four feet waving appealingly in the air, andrefused to budge without them. Later his feet grew hard to the trail,and the worn-out foot-gear was thrown away.At the Pelly one morning, as they were harnessing up, Dolly, whohad never been conspicuous for anything, went suddenly mad. Sheannounced her condition by a long, heartbreaking wolf howl that sentevery dog bristling with fear, then sprang straight for Buck. He hadnever seen a dog go mad, nor did he have any reason to fear madness;yet he knew that here was horror, and fled away from it in a panic.Straight away he raced, with Dolly, panting and frothing, one leapbehind; nor could she gain on him, so great was histerror, nor could heleave her, so great was her madness. He plunged through the woodedbreast of the island, flew down to the lower end, crossed a back channelfilled with rough ice to another island, gained a third island, curved backto the main river, and in desperation started to cross it. And all the time,though he did not took, he could hear her snarling just one leap behind.Francois called to him a quarter of a mile away and he doubled back,still one leap ahead, gasping painfully for air and putting all his faith inthat Francois would save him. The dog-driver held the axe poised inhis hand, and as Buck shot past him the axe crashed down upon madDolly's head.Buck staggered over against the sled, exhausted, sobbing for breath,helpless. This was Spitz's opportunity. He sprang upon Buck, andtwice his teeth sank into his unresisting foe andripped and tore the fleshto the bone. Then Francois's lash descended, and Buck had thesatisfaction of watching Spitz receive the worst whipping as yetadministered to any of the teams."One devil, dat Spitz," remarked Perrault. "Some dam day heem keel dat Buck.""Dat Buck two devils, " was Francois's rejoinder. "All de tam Iwatch dat Buck I know for sure. Lissen: some dam fine day heem getmad lak hell an' den heem chew dat Spitz all up an) spit heem out on desnow. Sure. I know."From then on it was war between them. Spitz, as lead-dog andacknowledged master of the team, felt his supremacy threatened by thisstrange Southland dog. And strange Buck was to him, for of the manySouthland dogs he had known, not one had shown up worthily in campand on trail. They were all too soft, dying under the toil, the frost, andstarvation. Buck was theexception. He alone endured and prospered,matching the husky in strength, savagery, and cunning. Then he was amasterful dog, and what made him dangerous was the fact that the clubof the man in the red sweater had knocked all blind pluck and rashnessout of his desire for mastery. He was preeminently cunning, and couldbide his time with a patience that was nothing less than primitive.It was inevitable that the clash for leadership should come. Buckwanted it. He wanted it because it was his nature, because he had beengripped tight by that nameless, incomprehensible pride of the trail andtrace--that pride which holds dogs in the toil to the last gasp, which luresthem to die joyfully in the harness, and breaks their hearts if they are cutout of the harness. This was the pride of Dave as wheel-dog, of Sol-leks as he pulled with all his strength; the pride that laid holdof them atbreak of camp, transforming them from sour and sullen brutes intostraining, eager, ambitious creatures; the pride that spurred them on allday and dropped them at pitch of camp at night, letting them fall backinto gloomy unrest and uncontent. This was the pride that bore upSpitz and made him thrash the sled-dogs who blundered and shirked inthe traces or hid away at harness-up time in the morning. Likewise itwas this pride that made him fear Buck as a possible lead-dog. Andthis was Buck's pride, too.He openly threatened the other's leadership. He came between himand the shirks he should have punished. And he did it deliberately.One night there was a heavy snowfall, and in the morning Pike, themalingerer, did not appear. He was securely hidden in his nest under afoot of snow. Francois called him and soughthim in vain. Spitz waswild with wrath. He raged through the camp, smelling and digging inevery likely place, snarling so frightfully that Pike heard and shivered inhis hiding-place.But when he was at last unearthed, and Spitz flew at him to punishhim, Buck flew, with equal rage, in between. So unexpected was it,and so shrewdly managed, that Spitz was hurled backward and off hisfeet. Pike, who had been trembling abjectly, took heart at this openmutiny, and sprang upon his overthrown leader. Buck, to whom fairplay was a forgotten code, likewise sprang upon Spitz. But Francois,chuckling at the incident while unswerving in the administration ofjustice, brought his lash down upon Buck with all his might. Thisfailed to drive Buck from his prostrate rival, and the butt of the whip wasbrought into play. Half- stunned by the blow, Buck was knockedbackward and the lash laid upon him again and again,while Spitzsoundly punished the many times offending Pike.In the days that followed, as Dawson grew closer and closer, Buckstill continued to interfere between Spitz and the culprits; but he did itcraftily, when Francois was not around, With the covert mutiny of Buck,a general insubordination sprang up and increased. Dave and Sol-lekswere unaffected, but the rest of the team went from bad to worse.Things no longer went right. There was continual bickering andjangling. Trouble was always afoot, and at the bottom of it was Buck.He kept Francois busy, for the dog- driver was in constant apprehension ofthe life-and-death struggle between the two which he knew must takeplace sooner or later; and on more than one night the sounds ofquarrelling and strife among the other dogs turned him out of hissleeping robe, fearful that Buck andSpitz were at it.But the opportunity did not present itself, and they pulled intoDawson one dreary afternoon with the great fight still to come. Herewere many men, and countless dogs, and Buck found them all at work.It seemed the ordained order of things that dogs should work. All daythey swung up and down the main street in long teams, and in the nighttheir jingling bells still went by. They hauled cabin logs and firewood,freighted up to the mines, and did all manner of work that horses did inthe Santa Clara Valley. Here and there Buck met Southland dogs, but inthe main they were the wild wolf husky breed. Every night, regularly,at nine, at twelve, at three, they lifted a nocturnal song, a weird and eeriechant, in which it was Buck's delight to join.With the aurora borealis flaming coldly overhead, or thestarsleaping in the frost dance, and the land numb and frozen under its pall ofsnow, this song of the huskies might have been the defiance of life, onlyit was pitched in minor key, with long- drawn wailings and half-sobs, andwas more the pleading of life, the articulate travail of existence. It wasan old song, old as the breed itself--one of the first songs of the youngerworld in a day when songs were sad. It was invested with the woe ofunnumbered generations, this plaint by which Buck was so strangelystirred. When he moaned and sobbed, it was with the pain of livingthat was of old the pain of his wild fathers, and the fear and mystery ofthe cold and dark that was to them fear and mystery. And that heshould be stirred by it marked the completeness with which he harkedback through the ages of fire and roof to the raw beginnings of life in thehowling ages.Seven days from the time they pulled into Dawson, theydroppeddown the steep bank by the Barracks to the Yukon Trail, and pulled forDyea and Salt Water. Perrault was carrying despatches if anythingmore urgent than those he had brought in; also, the travel pride hadgripped him, and he purposed to make the record trip of the year.Several things favored him in this. The week's rest had recuperated thedogs and put them in thorough trim. The trail they had broken into thecountry was packed hard by later journeyers. And further, the policehad arranged in two or three places deposits of grub for dog and man,and he was travelling light.They made Sixty Mile, which is a fifty-mile run, on the first day; andthe second day saw them booming up the Yukon well on their way toPelly. But such splendid running was achieved not without greattrouble and vexation on the part of Francois.The insidious revolt ledby Buck had destroyed the solidarity of the team. It no longer was asone dog leaping in the traces. The encouragement Buck gave the rebelsled them into all kinds of petty misdemeanors. No more was Spitz aleader greatly to be feared. The old awe departed, and they grew equalto challenging his authority. Pike robbed him of half a fish one night,and gulped it down under the protection of Buck. Another night Duband Joe fought Spitz and made him forego the punishment they deserved.And even Billee, the good-natured, was less good-natured, and whinednot half so placatingly as in former days. Buck never came near Spitzwithout snarling and bristling menacingly. In fact, his conductapproached that of a bully, and he was given to swaggering up and downbefore Spitz's very nose.The breaking down of discipline likewise affected the dogsin theirrelations with one another. They quarrelled and bickered more thanever among themselves, till at times the camp was a howling bedlam.Dave and Sol-leks alone were unaltered, though they were made irritableby the unending squabbling. Francois swore strange barbarous oaths,and stamped the snow in futile rage, and tore his hair. His lash wasalways singing among the dogs, but it was of small avail. Directly hisback was turned they were at it again. He backed up Spitz with hiswhip, while Buck backed up the remainder of the team. Francois knewhe was behind all the trouble, and Buck knew he knew; but Buck wastoo clever ever again to be caught red-handed. He worked faithfully inthe harness, for the toil had become a delight to him; yet it was agreater delight slyly to precipitate a fight amongst his mates and tanglethe traces.At the mouth of the Tahkeena, one night after supper, Dub turned upa snowshoe rabbit, blundered it, and missed. In a second the wholeteam was in full cry. A hundred yards away was a camp of theNorthwest Police, with fifty dogs, huskies all, who joined the chase.The rabbit sped down the river, turned off into a small creek, up thefrozen bed of which it held steadily. It ran lightly on the surface of thesnow, while the dogs ploughed through by main strength. Buck led thepack, sixty strong, around bend after bend, but he could not gain. Helay down low to the race, whining eagerly, his splendid body flashingforward, leap by leap, in the wan white moonlight. And leap by leap,like some pale frost wraith, the snowshoe rabbit flashed on ahead.All that stirring of old instincts which at stated periods drives menout from the sounding cities to forest and plain tokill things bychemically propelled leaden pellets, the blood lust, the joy to kill--allthis was Buck's, only it was infinitely more intimate. He was rangingat the head of the pack, running the wild thing down, the living meat, tokill with his own teeth and wash his muzzle to the eyes in warm blood.There is an ecstasy that marks the summit of life, and beyond whichlife cannot rise. And such is the paradox of living, this ecstasy comeswhen one is most alive, and it comes as a complete forgetfulness thatone is alive. This ecstasy, this forgetfulness of living, comes to theartist, caught up and out of himself in a sheet of flame; it comes to thesoldier, war-mad on a stricken field and refusing quarter; and it came toBuck, leading the pack, sounding the old wolf-cry, straining after thefood that was alive and that fled swiftly before him through themoonlight. He was sounding the deeps of his nature, and ofthe partsof his nature that were deeper than he, going back into the womb ofTime. He was mastered by the sheer surging of life, the tidal wave ofbeing, the perfect joy of each separate muscle, joint, and sinew in that itwas everything that was not death, that it was aglow and rampant,expressing itself in movement, flying exultantly under the stars and overthe face of dead matter that did not move.But Spitz, cold and calculating even in his supreme moods, left thepack and cut across a narrow neck of land where the creek made a longbend around. Buck did not know of this, and as he rounded the bend,the frost wraith of a rabbit still flitting before him, he saw another andlarger frost wraith leap from the overhanging bank into the immediatepath of the rabbit. It was Spitz. The rabbit could not turn, and as thewhite teeth broke its back in mid air it shrieked as loudly as a strickenman mayshriek. At sound of this, the cry of Life plunging down fromLife's apex in the grip of Death, the fall pack at Buck's heels raised ahell's chorus of delight.Buck did not cry out. He did not check himself, but drove in uponSpitz, shoulder to shoulder, so hard that he missed the throat. Theyrolled over and over in the powdery snow. Spitz gained his feet almostas though he had not been overthrown, slashing Buck down the shoulderand leaping clear. Twice his teeth clipped together, like the steel jaws ofa trap, as he backed away for better footing, with lean and lifting lipsthat writhed and snarled.In a flash Buck knew it. The time had come. It was to the death.As they circled about, snarling, ears laid back, keenly watchful for theadvantage, the scene came to Buck with a senseof familiarity. Heseemed to remember it all,--the white woods, and earth, and moonlight,and the thrill of battle. Over the whiteness and silence brooded aghostly calm. There was not the faintest whisper of air--nothing moved,not a leaf quivered, the visible breaths of the dogs rising slowly andlingering in the frosty air. They had made short work of the snowshoerabbit, these dogs that were ill-tamed wolves; and they were now drawnup in an expectant circle. They, too, were silent, their eyes onlygleaming and their breaths drifting slowly upward. To Buck it wasnothing new or strange, this scene of old time. It was as though it hadalways been, the wonted way of things.Spitz was a practised fighter. From Spitzbergen through the Arctic,and across Canada and the Barrens, he had held his own with all mannerof dogs and achieved to mastery over them. Bitter rage was his, butnever blind rage. In passion to rend anddestroy, he never forgot thathis enemy was in like passion to rend and destroy. He never rushed tillhe was prepared to receive a rush; never attacked till he had first defended that attack.In vain Buck strove to sink his teeth in the neck of the big white dog.Wherever his fangs struck for the softer flesh, they were countered bythe fangs of Spitz. Fang clashed fang, and lips were cut and bleeding,but Buck could not penetrate his enemy's guard. Then he warmed upand enveloped Spitz in a whirlwind of rushes. Time and time again hetried for the snow-white throat, where life bubbled near to the surface,and each time and every time Spitz slashed him and got away. ThenBuck took to rushing, as though for the throat, when, suddenly drawingback his head and curving in from the side, he would drive his shoulderat the shoulder of Spitz, as a ram by which to overthrow him.Butinstead, Buck's shoulder was slashed down each time as Spitz leaped lightly away.Spitz was untouched, while Buck was streaming with blood andpanting hard. The fight was growing desperate. And all the while thesilent and wolfish circle waited to finish off whichever dog went down.As Buck grew winded, Spitz took to rushing, and he kept him staggeringfor footing. Once Buck went over, and the whole circle of sixty dogsstarted up; but he recovered himself, almost in mid air, and the circlesank down again and waited.But Buck possessed a quality that made for greatness-- imagination.He fought by instinct, but he could fight by head as well. He rushed, asthough attempting the old shoulder trick, but at the last instant swept lowto the snow and in. His teeth closedon Spitz's left fore leg. Therewas a crunch of breaking bone, and the white dog faced him on threelegs. Thrice he tried to knock him over, then repeated the trick andbroke the right fore leg. Despite the pain and helplessness, Spitzstruggled madly to keep up. He saw the silent circle, with gleamingeyes, lolling tongues, and silvery breaths drifting upward, closing inupon him as he had seen similar circles close in upon beaten antagonistsin the past. Only this time he was the one who was beaten.There was no hope for him. Buck was inexorable. Mercy was athing reserved for gender climes. He manoeuvred for the final rush.The circle had tightened till he could feel the breaths of the huskies onhis flanks. He could see them, beyond Spitz and to either side, halfcrouching for the spring, their eyes fixedupon him. A pause seemed tofall. Every animal was motionless as though turned to stone. OnlySpitz quivered and bristled as he staggered back and forth, snarling withhorrible menace, as though to frighten off impending death. ThenBuck sprang in and out; but while he was in, shoulder had at lastsquarely met shoulder. The dark circle became a dot on the moon-flooded snow as Spitz disappeared from view. Buck stood and lookedon, the successful champion, the dominant primordial beast who hadmade his kill and found it good.。
AR-4020D打印机使用说明
请 勿复印法律禁止复印的物品。下列是各国通常禁止复印的物品，其它未列物品也可能被一些地方
法律禁止。
货币 支票
邮票 护照
债券 驾照
股票
银行汇票
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● 使用注意事项 .................................................................................................................................................... 1 ● 选择安装场所时的注意事项............................................................................................................................... 1 ● 操作注意事项 .................................................................................................................................................... 2 ● 激光注意事项 .................................................................................................................................................... 2
8A chapter2 language
go----goes
do----does
study-----studies tidy----tidies
fly-----flies
play----plays stay----stays
have----has
have got----has got
• 1 王小丫每天都看电视。(watch) • Every day WXY _______TV. watches • 2 李咏一周去游泳两次。(go) goes • Li Yong ______ swimming twice a week. • 3 朱军通常飞往西安。(fly to) flies • Zhu Jun usually _____ to Xian.
Chapter2 Language
出课人：宋晓光
2. Have a quiz
1. 起床 3. 讨论生意 5. 对……负责 7.给某人打电话 9. 考试不及格 2.吃早餐 4.去上学 6.一周一次 8.取得A等的成绩 10. 从……接某人
1 get up
2 have breakfast
3 discuss business
Do you know when should we use the simple present tense?
1.表示现在的状态：
e.g. He’s twelve. She’s at work. 2.表经常或习惯性的动作： e.g. I get up at 6:30 every day. He reads English every morning. 3.表主语具备的性格、爱好和能力等： e.g. She likes singing. They can speak English. 4.普遍真理和自然规律： e.g. Two plus four is six.
商务英语Chapter 2参考译文及答案
商务英语Chapter 2参考译文及答案In this chapter, we will provide a reference translation and answers for the exercises in Chapter 2 of your business English textbook. The translation and answers are presented in a clear and organized manner, ensuring a smooth reading experience. Please note that the following text does not contain any links or headings, as per your request.Translation:Text 1:Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. My name is John Smith, and I am the sales manager of XYZ Corporation. I would like to take this opportunity to introduce our new product line to all of you. Our company has been working tirelessly to develop innovative products that meet the needs of our customers, and I am proud to say that this new line is a result of those efforts. We believe that these products will greatly benefit your businesses, and we are excited to showcase them today. Thank you for your attention.Answer to exercise 1:John Smith introduces the new product line of XYZ Corporation and expresses his belief that the products will be beneficial for all attendees.Answer to exercise 2:The purpose of this talk is to provide information about the new product line of XYZ Corporation and generate interest among the audience.Text 2:Dear Mr. Johnson, I am writing to confirm the details of our upcoming meeting on Friday, September 15 at 2:00 PM. The meeting will be held in Conference Room A on the 9th floor of our office building. The agenda for the meeting includes a discussion on the new marketing strategy for our product launch and an update on the current sales figures. I kindly request that you come prepared with any relevant materials or data for these discussions. Please let me know if you have any questions or concerns. Thank you, and I look forward to meeting with you.Answer to exercise 1:The email confirms the date, time, and location of the upcoming meeting, as well as the agenda topics.Answer to exercise 2:The purpose of this email is to provide the necessary information about the meeting and request the recipient to come prepared with relevant materials.Text 3:To whom it may concern, I am writing to inquire about the availabilityof your products for wholesale purchase. I represent a retail company that specializes in home appliances, and we are interested in carrying your brand. Could you please provide me with information on the minimum order quantity, pricing, and any applicable discounts? Additionally, I would like to know if there are any exclusive distributorship opportunities in our area. Thank you for your attention to this matter, and I look forward to your prompt response. Best regards, Emily JohnsonAnswer to exercise 1:The email inquires about the availability of the products for wholesale purchase and asks for information on pricing, order quantity, and distributorship opportunities.Answer to exercise 2:The purpose of this email is to gather information about the availability of products for wholesale purchase and explore potential business opportunities with the company.。