生活大爆炸爱德华给老婆的歌
big bang生活大爆炸主题曲歌词
our whole universe was in a hot dense state,宇宙一度又烫又稠密then nearly fourteen billion years ago expansion started. wait...140亿年前终于爆了炸等着瞧... the earth began to cool,地球开始降温the autotrophs began to drool,自养生物来起哄neanderthals developed tools,穴居人发明工具we built a wall (we built the pyramids),我们建长城(我们建金字塔)math, science, history, unraveling the mysteries,数学自然科学历史揭开神秘that all started with the big bang!一切由大爆炸开始"since the dawn of man" is really not that long,其实人类历史没有多久as every galaxy was formed in less time than it takes to sing this song.星系形成时间比唱完这支歌还要短a fraction of a second and the elements were made.元素在微秒间便形成了the bipeds stood up straight,两足动物直立行走the dinosaurs all met their fate,恐龙都得认命了they tried to leap but they were late 想要突变没来得及and they all died (they froze their asses off)就死光光了(pp都冻成了化石)the oceans and pangea大洋和泛古陆see ya, wouldn't wanna be ya拜拜才不想学你set in motion by the same big bang!都是爆炸惹的祸it all started with the big bang!一切从大爆炸开始it's expanding ever outward but one day 宇宙向外膨胀但有一天it will cause the stars to go the other way,星球会反方向运动collapsing ever inward, we won't be here, it wont be hurt 向内坍塌反正我们不在了不会觉得疼our best and brightest figure that it'll make an even bigger bang!我们美好光辉的形象将引发一场更大的爆炸australopithecus would really have been sick of us 南方古猿肯定不爽我们debating out while here they're catching deer (we're catching viruses)在他们捉鹿时唧唧歪歪(我们现在捉电脑簿了)religion or astronomy, encarta, deuteronomy宗教天文e百科旧约申命记it all started with the big bang!一切从大爆炸开始music and mythology, einstein and astrology 音乐神化爱因斯坦占星术it all started with the big bang!一切从大爆炸开始it all started with the big bang!一切从大爆炸开始。
生活大爆炸第四季21
生活大爆炸第四季21第一篇：生活大爆炸第四季21《生活大爆炸》第四季21集的大部分情节都围绕着伯纳黛特的婚礼展开，这场婚礼在众人的努力下成功举行，但是在过程中也出现了不少有趣的插曲。
首先是谢耳朵和潘妮的恋情。
虽然两人在过去的几集中已经默默地相爱了，但是他们并没有向大家公开。
在这一集中，潘妮穿上伯纳黛特的婚纱，模拟婚礼的过程，结果谢耳朵看了一眼就义无反顾地向潘妮求婚了，而潘妮也毫不犹豫地答应了。
另一方面，伯纳黛特为了避免和伦纳德发生争执，将婚礼分成两个场次，一个是让父母和家人参加的场次，另一个则是邀请好友的场次。
但是在婚礼前夕，伦纳德和霍华德决定擅自进入了婚礼场地，想要创造一些有趣的回忆。
结果，他们不小心引发了火灾，幸好最终火势得以控制，没有造成太大的损失。
而最让人印象深刻的还是谢尔顿在伯纳黛特婚礼上发表的演讲。
虽然谢耳朵一开始并不想发表演讲，但是在听到伯纳黛特的妈妈让他做个“好朋友”的请求后，他还是义不容辞地站上了讲台。
虽然谢耳朵一开始的讲话让大家非常失望，但是最后，他却在自己的方式下，用最真挚的话语向伯纳黛特和她的新郎致敬，让大家感动不已。
总的来说，《生活大爆炸》第四季21集在情节上并没有太多大的波折，但是通过各种细节的处理，却成功地展现出了每个角色的个性。
这样的细节处理，也是这部剧给观众带来无限乐趣的原因之一。
第二篇：生活大爆炸第四季21在《生活大爆炸》第四季21集中，虽然婚礼都已经过去了，但是各个角色的人生却在这场婚礼之后有了新的变化。
首先是谢耳朵和潘妮的关系。
在上一集中，谢耳朵向潘妮求婚成功，但是在这一集中，两人又因为一些小事情而发生了争执。
潘妮认为谢耳朵应该发扬“男子汉”精神，帮她解决一些工作上的问题，但是谢耳朵更希望在潘妮的工作中扮演一个“顾问”的角色。
最终，两人还是经过多次交流，达成了对彼此的理解，关系更加稳定了。
另外，这一集中，霍华德意识到自己需要成立一个家庭，他希望卡兹明白自己的想法，并尽快开始准备。
爱德华·埃尔加的《爱的礼赞》
爱德华·埃尔加的《爱的礼赞》您的浏览器不支持音频在线播放，请更换浏览器后尝试让音乐说话，让解说消失。
——爱德华·埃尔加《爱的礼赞》是爱德华·埃尔加的成名作。
听到《爱的礼赞》这美丽的名字，就知道是一首浪漫柔美的曲子。
但它背后那个浪漫无比的爱情故事你知道吗？1888年夏，埃尔加打算去度假，临别前学生卡罗琳·爱丽丝·罗伯兹作了一首叫做《爱的礼赞》的诗。
旅途中埃尔加为这首小诗谱曲，回来后作为生日礼物献给了爱丽丝，并向她求了婚。
爱丽丝是个很不幸的姑娘——早年便失去双亲。
家族里的人希望她嫁个可以托付终身的人，而不是一个没有前途的音乐家。
但爱丽丝深深爱着他，她不顾家族的反对，毅然与埃尔加在第二年的5月互许终身，结为连理。
婚后，埃尔加经常为了音乐废寝忘食，爱丽丝便做他坚强后盾。
曾有一段时间埃尔加遭遇了瓶颈，作品差强人意，看见丈夫的苦恼，妻子爱丽丝对此也十分担忧。
爱丽丝为了安慰丈夫，打算亲手制作一款曲奇饼，来纪念他们的结婚纪念日。
这天中午，爱丽丝趁着丈夫练琴，走到烘炉旁边，一边听着琴声，一边烘焙曲奇，将她对丈夫的爱全部倾注于自己制作的曲奇饼中。
在品尝妻子亲手做的曲奇的时候，一种十分幸福的感觉侵袭埃尔加的全身，那些先前的美好一幕幕映在他的脑海。
灵感不期而至了，埃尔加思维迸发，一口气完成了曲目创作。
为了纪念两个人的爱情，埃尔加用爱丽丝写给他的第一首诗《爱的礼赞》作为曲子的名字，并把曲子献给了她，还给妻子的曲奇饼起名叫“爱的恋曲”。
此后，每当埃尔加创作得饥肠辘辘时，总会在餐桌上看到“爱的恋曲”，而这些饼干总能让他感受到妻子的爱，激发更多的创作灵感：《情人的问候》、《杰龙修斯之梦》、《b小调小提琴协奏曲》、《第一交响曲》、《第二交响曲》、《e小调大提琴协奏曲》、《黑色骑士》、《奥拉夫国王》都是这样来的。
埃尔加在英国的名气也越来越大，被人们称作“英国的贝多芬”。
只是在1920年爱丽丝去世后，埃尔加的创作也到了低潮期……埃尔加去世后不久，他的孩子们为了纪念他们父母的爱情，决定将母亲的曲奇手艺传承下去，并将“爱的恋曲”这款曲奇饼干的做法代代相传。
生活大爆炸S706霍华德写给妻子伯纳黛特的歌词
If i d idn't have you如果我身旁没有你l ife w ouldbe bl ue 生活无趣失重心I'd beDr Wh o wit houtthe T ARDIS神秘博士没话亭注释电视剧神秘博士中的多功能电话亭对此剧意义重大a can dle w ithou t a w ick 也像蜡烛没灯芯A wat son w ithou t a C rick沃森没了克里克沃森与克里克一起发现DN A分子结构I'dbe on e ofmy ou tfits witho ut adick-ie 像我衣服少了领结I’d be chee se wi thout themac 起司没有通心粉Jobs with out t he Wo zniak苹果公司创始人乔布斯和Woz niakI‘d b e sol vin e xpone ntial equa tions没有了你就像是T he us e bas es no t fou nd on your calc ulato r 用少低的计算机来解指数方程Ma kingit mu ch ha rderto cr ack 难度加倍解不出I’dbe an atom with out a bomb像原子没有弹A do t wit houtthe c om 像个点少了co m 域名系.coma nd i‘d pr obabl y sti ll li ve wi th my mom而且还在跟妈妈住and h e ‘dproba bly s tilllivewithhis m ome ner s incei met youyou t urnemy wo rld a round自从初次遇见你一切翻天覆地yousuppo rtedall m y dre ams a nd al l myhopes我的梦想与希望都有你在支持我you a re li ke ur anium -235 andi amurani um -238 你若是那铀235 我那我就是铀238 a lmost inse parab le isoto pes 难分离的同位素icould n’t have imag ined我从没能想到How g ood m y lif e wou ld ge t 此生能如此幸福fr om th e mom ent 而我幸福的起点tha t i m et yo u 是在初次遇见你的时候b ernad ette伯纳黛特i f i d idn‘th ave y ou 如果我身旁没有你life woul d be drea ry 百无聊赖失寄托i’d be stri ng th eorywitho ut an y str ing 像弦理论失了弦i'd b e bin ary c ode w ithou t a o ne 二进位中少了1二进位码由0 1构成a cath ode r ay wi thout an e lectr on g un 阴极射线管中没有枪阴极射线管中有阴极电子枪i‘d be F irefl y Bu ffy and A venge rs wi thout Joss Whed on 《萤火虫》《吸血鬼猎人巴菲》《复仇者联盟》没有导演乔斯惠凳i’d s peaka lot more Klin gon 会多说克林贡语克林贡语系星际迷航居中的语言He ghlu‘meH Q aQ ja jvam黄道吉日今日宜死克林贡语版的系 tod ay is a go od da y todie 下一句系送我们的敌人去见祖宗吧and he ‘d def inite ly st ill l ive w ith h is mo men er si nce i metyou y ou tu rne m y wor ld ar ound自从初次遇见你一切翻天覆地You a re my best frie nd an d mylover当我的挚爱与挚友w e ar e lik e cha nging elec tricand m agnet ic fi elds要电动才能生磁。
Frisch-Waugh-Lovell
Are Nearly “Exogenous Instruments” Reliable?Daniel BerkowitzDepartment of Economics, University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA***************Mehmet Caner*Department of Economics, North Carolina State University,PO Box 81104168 Nelson HallRaleigh, NC, 27695, USA***************Tele: 919-513-0853Fax: 919-515-5613Ying FangWang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics, WISE,Xiamen University, China,**************.cn.AbstractWe show that when instruments are nearly exogenous, the two stage least squares t-statistic unpredictably over-rejects or under-rejects the null hypothesis that the endogenous regressor is insignificant and Anderson-Rubin test over-rejects the null. We prove that in the limit these tests are no longer nuisance parameter free.JEL Code: C30.Keywords: Valid Instruments, Weak Identification, Inference.* Corresponding AuthorI. IntroductionInstrumental variable methods are used to identify causal relationships. Researchers pick relevant instruments that should be related to the endogenous explanatory variable both on the basis of a priori argument and statistically.1Instruments must also be exogenous; that is, they are not related to the outcome variable after controlling for relevant explanatory variables. Just whether or not the exclusion restriction is satisfied is controversial for many other seemingly exogenous instruments. For example, Angrist (1990) argues that draft lottery numbers areinstruments for testing whether serving in Vietnam affects the earnings of men in the civilian sector because these numbers influence earnings purely through military service. However, Wooldridge (2002, p.88) argues that because civilian employers are more likely to invest in job training for employees who have high draft numbers, these numbers could also influence earnings through job training, which is unobservable.We show that the standard t-test statistic is unreliable: even when the instrument is very close to being exogenous, the t-test grossly and unpredictably over-rejects or under-rejects the null that the endogenous regressor is insignificant, and the Anderson-Rubin test over-rejects the null. We prove these results in the limit and in small samples. And, to our knowledge, these are new theoretical results.2. Inference Using the Standard Test StatisticsIn this section we relax the assumption that instruments must be exogenous and introduce a definition of “near exogeneity.” Suppose we want to check for whether not an institution, say property rights enforcement, influences long term growth in a sample of countries.2 If we suspect that institutions are endogenous and we also believe that a linear specification is appropriate, we would estimate and compute test-statistics for the following simple linear simultaneous equations model (Hausman, 1983; Phillips, 1983):u INST LRGr ++=10ββ(1) V Z INST +∏+∏=10 (2)Equation (1) is the structural equation, where LRGr is an nx1 vector of long run growth, INST is an nx1 vector of institutions, and u is an nx1 vector of structural error terms thathave zero mean and finite variance ∞<2u σ. Equation (2) is the reduced form, Z is annxk matrix of instruments and V is an nx1 vector of reduced form errors that have zero 1 Instruments that marginally satisfy this requirement are denoted weak and are thesubject of a large and growing literature (see Staiger and Stock, 1997; Stock et al, 2000). 2 We just consider one kind of institution and, hence, one endogenous variable for expositional simplicity. Our method also works for multiple endogenous variables. See Acemoglu and Johnson (2006) for an analysis of how instrumental variables can be used to identify how two endogenous institutions, property rights (measured by a survey of risk of expropriation) and efficiency of contracts (measured by an index of legal formalism), can affect long run growth.means and finite variance. ∞<2V σ. The error terms u and V may be correlated and nrepresents the number of countries. The parameters 1010,,∏∏and ββ, are unknowns, and, for notational conventional, we denote },{,},{1010∏∏=∏=βββ. Othercovariates, for example, population, latitude and education, can be added to the system in equations (1) and (2) without loss of generality.3In order to determine whether or not institutions matter, we estimate the unknownparameter β1 and use test-statistics to check whether β1 = 0. To do this properly, we need valid instruments that are both relevant and exogenous. As previously discussed, relevant instruments are picked on the basis of a theoretical, institutional and/or historicalargument, and are validated ex post by estimating the reduced form. The second criterion for validity is that instruments are exogenous, which implies they are orthogonal to the error term in the structural equation:0'=⇒i i u Z Cov Exogenous(3) It is generally difficult, as we have previously argued, to find instruments thatsatisfy this strong condition. In particular, while these instruments influence long rungrowth in the structural equation primarily through institutions, they may also be weakly correlated with unobserved factors that can also influence long term growth. We model this potential small correlation as “nearly exogenous” which is a local to zero setup:n C u Z Cov Exogenous Nearly i i /'=⇒ (4)where C is an nx1 vector of constants that is contained in compact set.If we choose C u Z Cov i i =' to capture near exogeneity, then the test statisticsalways diverge in the limit. Thus, this assumption does not provide any guidance for finite sample behavior when there is some mild correlation between the instrument and error.In what follows, small sample simulation methods are used to show that even aslight relaxation of the exogeneity assumption in equation (3) makes the standard test statistics unreliable. Suppose we employ the TSLS t-test to determine whether or not institutions matter. Denoting the H 0 and H 1 as the null and the alternative and TSLS ,1∧βas the TSLS estimator of ,1β we use the t-statistic to test0:10=βH , against0:11≠βH , where the t-statistic is given by TSLS TSLS a t ,1,1var /∧∧=ββ (5) 3 By the Frisch-Waugh-Lovell Theorem, we can always project out these covariates and obtain the system in equations (1) and (2) (see Davidson and McKinnnon, 1993, p.19).We generate i.i.d. data for the one instrument, the structural error term and reduced form, (Z,u,V), from a joint normal distribution N(0, Λ) and)6(.10101⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=Λi i i i i i i i u V Cov u V Cov u Z Cov u Z Covwhere Cov Z i ‟u i measures the correlation between the instrument Z and the error term u, and Cov V i ‟u i measures the endogeneity of institutions, which is set to 0.25 in allsimulations. When the iid data (Z,u,V) are generated, we can derive the observation of and INST and LRGr by using equations (1) and (2) and specified true values of 11∏and β. Based on the information of (LRGr, INST, Z), we compute the t-statistic and then test whether the null of β1= 0 can be rejected at the 5% level by using the critical value 1.95. We replicate the simulation by 1000 times to derive the distribution of the t-statistic and calculate the actual rejection probability which is reported in Table 1.Table 1 reports rates of right hand side and left hand false rejection when the instrument is more weakly correlated with the error term: Cov Z i ‟u i = 0.06 or -0.06 and illustrates that as the absolute value of the correlation decreases, the size problems of the two-sided t-test are mitigated. When the correlation is positive there is a 9.4% falserejection rate on the right hand side, a conservative 0.4% rate from the left hand side and an overall 9.8% false rejection rate. When, the correlation is negative, the rates of false rejection on the right hand and left hand sides are 0.6% and 7.2%, respectively, and the overall false rejection rate is 7.9%.Suppose we test the null against the alternative using Anderson-Rubin (Anderson and Rubin, 1949) test:)2/()'(/')0(1-==n LRGr M LRGr LRGr P LRGr AR z z β(7)4Here, )0(1=βAR is the test statistic for the null, Z Z Z Z P z 1)'(-=is the projection matrix and z z P I M -=..Table 1 illustrates that the small sample problems associated with the Anderson-Rubin test (for herein, denoted the AR-test) are also diminished when the instrument is less endogenous. When the correlation decreases to 0.06, the AR-test falsely rejects 9.4% of the time. Since it is not possible to calculate the absolute value of the correlation between the instruments and structural error, it is not possible to adjust for this small sample distortion and the AR-test is also unreliable.4 We can generalize this test statistic to allow for multiple endogenous explanatory variables and as least as many instruments.3. Large Sample DistributionsThis section adds to the bad news: we show that the shifts in test statisticdistributions observed in the small sample simulations also hold in limit. For the next three sections of the paper, we generalize the simultaneous equations system equations (1) and (2) to model a more general system with m ≥ 1 endogenous explanatory variabl es, and k ≥ m instruments:*)2(*)1(V Z Y u Y y +∏=+=βwhere y and Y are respectively and nx1 vector and nxm matrix of endogenousexplanatory variables, Z is an nxk matrix of instruments, u is an nx1 vector of structural errors, V is an nxm matrix of reduced form errors, and the errors have zero means and finite variance, and u and V are correlated with each other. As noted before, other exogenous covariates can be added to the system.In the next theorem, we show that near exogeneity shifts the asymptotic distribution of the t-statistic to a normal distribution with non-zero mean.Theorem 1: Suppose that the instrument is nearly exogenous according to (4), and the standard Assumption 2 in the appendix holds. Then,]1,')'([2/11C Q N t zz u d ∏∏∏→--σ (8)and of root square the is where u u ,2σσQ zz is the second moment matrix ofinstruments.Proof. See the Appendix.According to Theorem 1, the mean of the distribution depends upon the parameter C, which, by equation (4), is related to the small correlation between structural error and instruments. When C=0 and the instruments are exogenous, the t-statistic converges to the standard normal distribution. When C>0 (given 0>∏), the distribution shifts to the right. When C<0 (given 0>∏), the distribution shifts to the left. Since we cannotconsistently estimate C let alone know its sign, we cannot use this large sample theorem to improve inference.The next theorem characterizes the impact of near exogeneity on the d istribution of the AR-test, which is now more generally defined from equation (7) for k instruments and m endogenous explanatory variables:)/()()'(/)()'()(00000m k n Y y M Y y Y y P Y y AR z z ------=βββββ (7*)We use this statistic to test 00:ββ=H against 01:ββ≠H where 0β is the true value.Theorem 2: Suppose that the instrument is nearly exogenous according to (4), and the standard Assumption 2 in the appendix holds. If the null hypothesis is then ,0ββ=)()(20ςχβK d AR → (9))(2ςχK where is a non-central chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom and thenon-centrality parameter zz u Q where C C 21,'σς=ΩΩ=-.Proof. See the Appendix.According to Theorem 2, the mean of the non-centrality parameter is quadratic in parameter C. Therefore, when C=0 the AR-test converges to the centered chi-square distribution, and when C≠0 the distribution shifts to the right. Again, since we do not know C, we cannot use these theorems to obtain appropriate critical values. Theconvergence is uniform.4. ConclusionThis article analyzes the limit theory when there are both weakly identified as well as nearly exogenous instruments. We show that Anderson-Rubin test is no longerasymptotically pivotal. In future research we consider how to remedy this problem by using a delete-d jackknife bootstrap procedure .AppendixIn the beginning of this appendix, we first describe the near exogeneityassumption and some moment conditions that are required to obtain the theorems in the paper. Assumptions 1 and 2 are sufficient for Lemma 1, Theorem 1 and Theorem 2.Assumption 1: Near Exogeneity []N C u Z E i i /=' , where C is a fixed 1⨯Kvector.Assumption 2: The following limits hold jointly when the sample size Nconverges to infinity: (a) ),,()/,/,/(2VV Vu u pN V V N u V N u u ∑∑→'''σ , where 2u σ , Vu ∑ and VV ∑ arerespectively a 11⨯ scalar, an 1⨯m vector and an m m ⨯ matrix.(b) ZZ pQ N Z Z →'/ where ZZ Q is a positive definite, finite K K ⨯ matrix.(c) ),()/',/'(ZV Zu d N V Z N u Z ψψ→ , and ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⊗∑⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛≡⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛ψψzz ZV Zu Q C N ,0 where ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∑∑∑=∑'VV Vu Vu u 2σ.These convergences in Assumption 2 are not primitive assumptions but holdunder weak primitive conditions. Parts (a) and (b) follow from the weak law of large numbers, and Part (c) follows from triangular arrays central limit theorem. Instead of a mean zero normal distribution in Staiger and Stock (1997), the Zu ψ in (c) is a normal distribution with nonzero mean, which is a drift term C coming from the near exogeneityassumption. For any independent sequence i i u Z ' , if []∞<∆<+'δ2ii u Z E for some 0>δ for all N i ,...,3,2,1= , then Liapunov's theorem leads to the limiting results in (c); see James Davidson (1994).Lemma 1. If Assumptions 1 and 2 hold for the model defined by (1*) and (2*), then the TSLS estimator TSLS ∧β is consistent and))(,)(()(1210--∧∏∏'∏'∏∏'→-ZZ u ZZ dTSLS Q C Q N N σββ where 22)(/ui p u E N u u σ=→' , ZZ i i p Q Z Z E N Z Z =→'')(/ .Proof of Lemma 1: We know that ).()(1y P Y Y P Y Z Z TSLS ''=-∧β So we have)]())([()]())([()(1110Nu Z N Z Z N Z Y N Y Z N Z Z N Z Y N TSLS ''''''=----∧ββ By Assumption 2 and equation (2*), we can obtain that111)()]())([(---∏∏'→'''ZZ pQ N Y Z N Z Z N Z Y Now, we consider)(1)]([111i i N i i i i i N i u Z E N u Z E u Z N N u Z '=''=∑∑+-=' Combining Assumptions (1) and (2), we obtain],[2ZZ u d Q C N Nu Z σ→'. Then the result in the lemma follows directly. Q.E.D.Lemma 1 summarizes the limiting results of the TSLS estimator under nearexogeneity. The reason why we can obtain a consistent estimator under near exogeneity is because the correlation between instruments and structural errors shrinks toward zero asymptotically. When C=0, we can obtain the regular results of the TSLS estimator under the orthogonality condition. Instead of a normal distribution with a zero mean, near exogeneity can shift the distribution away from mean zero. The nonzero mean depends on an unknown local to zero parameter C which is impossible to be estimated consistently (Donald W.K. Andrews, 2000).Proof of Theorem 1: The result in the theorem directly follows from Lemma 1. Q.E.D.Proof of Theorem 2: The Anderson-Rubin test is given by)()(1/)()()(00000βββββY y M Y y KN Y y P Y y AR Z Z -'---'-= We first observe that.)()(00u P u Y y P Y y Z Z '=-'-ββDefine u P Z 2/1=ξ . Parts (b) and (c) in Assumption 2 implies:).,(22/12/1u ZZ Zu ZZ dC Q N Q σξ--~ψ→ Next, note thatu P u KN u u K N u M u K N Y y M Y y K N Z Z Z '--'-='-=-'--111)()(100ββBy part (a) in Assumption 2, the first term converges in probability to 2u σ , and the lastterm tends to zero. We have.)()(1200u p Z y M Y y KN σββ→-'-- SoQ.E.D.where C C AR u K d Q ),()(ZZ 2120σχβ=ΩΩ'→-ReferencesAcemoglu, D. and S. Johnson, 2006, Unbundling Institutions, Journal of Political Economy 113, 949-995.Anderson, T.W. and H. Rubin, 1949, Estimators of the Parameters ofa Single Equation in a Complete Set of Stochastic Equations, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 20, 46-63.Andrews, D. W.K. 2000, Inconsistency of the Bootstrap with a Parameter Is onthe Boundary of the Parameter Space, Econometrica 68, 399-405.Angrist, J. D. 1990, Lifetime Earnings and the Vietnam Era Draft Lottery: Evidence from Social Security Administrative Records, American Economic Review80, 313-336.Davidson, J. 1994, Stochastic Limit Theory: An Introduction for Econometricians, (Oxford University Press, Cambridge).Davidson, R.. and J. G. McKinnnon 1993, Estimation and Inference in Econometrics, (Oxford University Press, New York).Hausman, J. A. 1983, Specification and Estimation of Simultaneous Equations Models, in: Zvi Grilliches and Michael D. Intrilligator, eds., Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 1 (Amsterdam, North Holland) Chapter 7.Phillips, P. C.B. 1983, Exact Small Sample Theory in the Simultaneous Equations Model, in: Zvi Grilliches and Michael D. Intrilligator, eds., Handbook of Econometrics, Volume 1 (Amsterdam, North Holland) Chapter 8.Staiger, D. and J. H. Stock, 1997, Instrumental Variables Regression withWeak Instruments, Econometrica, 65, 557-586.Stock, J. H., J. H. Wright, and M. Yogo 2002, A Survey of WeakInstruments and Weak Identification in Generalized Method of Moments, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 20, 518-529.Wooldridge, J. M. 2002, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. (MIT Press, London and Cambridge).编者按：大地涵藏万物，孕育生命，被誉为人类的母亲。
生活大爆炸：伯纳黛特之歌背后故事
生活大爆炸：伯纳黛特之歌背后故事难度：适中作者：沪江英语来源：好莱坞报道Fans of The Big Bang Theory caught a glimpse of Kate Micucci's other talent Thursday when the recurring guest star penned Howard's heartfelt song for Bernadette.《生活大爆炸》客串明星凯特·米库奇让观众们见识了一下她的多才多艺。
在周四更新的剧集中、霍华德献给伯纳黛特的深情歌曲系为她所作。
During Thursday's "The Romance Resonance" episode, Micucci -- who plays Raj's ex-girlfriend Lucy -- and her Garfunkel & Oates writing partner Riki Lindhome penned "If I Didn't Have You (Bernadette's Song)" for the comedy.在周四更新的《生活大爆炸》剧集“浪漫的共鸣”中，曾饰演拉杰前女友露西的女星米库奇与搭档芮琪·琳达冯共同为该剧创作了这首《如果没有你（伯纳黛特之歌）》。
The song, which featured nerdy references to Joss Whedon, Doctor Who, Steve Jobs and a verse in Klingon, was created as a romantic gesture from Howard to celebrate the anniversary of their first date. It featured star Simon Helberg performing the ode to his wife, Bernadette (Melissa Rauch), with backup from the rest of the cast in a whimsical chorus that poked fun at the former mama's boy.这首歌的歌词中提到了导演乔斯·温登、科幻小说角色神秘博士、苹果公司创始人史蒂夫·乔布斯，还有一段克林贡语，虽然书呆子气十足，却是霍华德献给爱人的约会周年纪念浪漫礼物。
生活大爆炸每集一句话内容
生活大爆炸，每集一句话内容第一季1. 帮Penny拿电视事件。
2. Leonard和Sheldon帮penny搬家具，后帮Penny整理房间事件。
3. Leonard想和leslie发展感情失败，抑郁，后和Penny约会事件。
4. Sheldon被炒事件。
（luminous fish）5. Leonard和leslie ONS，Sheldon不知所措事件。
6. 万圣节舞会事件。
（多普勒效应）7. Penny朋友和Howard**。
penny玩光晕。
中餐馆点菜事件。
（Penny借宿L&S的公寓）8. 鸡尾酒事件。
（Raj相亲）9. 物理发表会事件。
（意念爆头、远程灯控及四川男生）10. Penny唱歌引起的Sheldon撒谎事件。
（Sheldon的“堂弟”）11. Sheldon感冒事件。
12. Sheldon嫉妒15岁棒子事件。
13. 物理碗比赛事件。
14. 时光机事件。
（Sheldon的莫洛克人梦）15. Sheldon的twin sister (姐姐)来了事件。
16. Leonard的生日派对事件。
17. Sheldon学中文事件。
Leonard和Penny正式约会。
（薛定谔的猫）第二季1. Sheldon保守秘密四处搬家事件。
（叠衣板）2. Leonard和leslie在家约会，Sheldon玩超级玛丽事件。
3. Penny的网游瘾事件。
（sheldor & afk）4. Raj发现行星事件。
（Sheldon的诡异笑容）5. Sheldon学车事件。
6. Sheldon的女粉丝事件。
（有丝分裂）7. Sheldon和penny杠上了事件。
（klingon拼字& ANTM、mua-ha-ha)8. Leonard和医生Stephanie的date，Howard的火星车事件。
（剪刀-石头-布-蜥蜴-斯波克）9. Sheldon想促进Leonard和医生的关系事件。
10. 关于Leonard和医生的同居事件。
MJ中英文歌词
目录1 (2)Bad (3)2 (2)000 Watts 两千瓦 (5)3................................................................... Another Part of Me 我的同伴 (7)4................................................................... Baby be mine (8)5................................................................... Bad 真棒 (9)6................................................................... Beat It避开 (10)7................................................................... Ben本 (11)8................................................................... Billie Jean比莉•琼 (11)9................................................................... Black Or White 是黑是白 (13)10. ................................................................ Blood On The Dance Floor赤色风暴 (14)11. ................................................................ Break Of Dawn 破晓时分 (15)12. ................................................................ Butterflies 意乱情迷 (16)13. ................................................................ CHEATER 骗子 (17)14. ................................................................ Childhood 童年 (18)15. ................................................................ Come together一起来 (19)16. ................................................................ Cry 哭泣 (20)17. ................................................................ Can't Let Her Get Away不能让她离去 (21)18. ................................................................ Dangerous 危险......................... 2119. ................................................................ Dirty Diana 卖弄风骚的戴安娜 (23)20. ................................................................ Don't Stop 'Til You GetEnough 满足为止 (24)21. ................................................................ Don\'t Walk Away别离开 (25)22. ................................................................ D.S. (26)23. ................................................................ Elizabeth,I love you (27)24. ................................................................ Earth Song 地球之歌 (28)25. ................................................................ Fly Away 飞逝 (30)26. ................................................................ FALL AGAIN(DEMO) 重拾旧爱.. 3127. ................................................................ For All Time永远（2008年版）3228. ................................................................ Girlfriend 情人 (33)29. ................................................................ Give In To Me屈服 (34)30. ................................................................ Gone Too Soon 稍纵即逝 (35)31. ................................................................ Ghosts幽灵 (35)32. ................................................................ Heartbreaker 令人心碎的女孩 (36)33. ................................................................ Hold my hand执吾之手 (38)34. ................................................................ Heal The World治愈世界 (39)35. ................................................................ Heaven Can Wait天堂可待 (40)36. ................................................................ HIStory 历史 (41)37. ................................................................ Human Nature 人之天性 (43)38. (I)Can't Help It 情不自禁 (44)39. (I)S IT SCARY 可怕吗？ (44)40. (I)t's The Falling In Love 这就是恋爱 (46)41. (I)JustCan'tStopLovingYou止不住的爱恋 (47)42. (I)'ll be there我就在那里 (48)43. (I)n the closet密爱 (49)44. (I)nvincible万夫莫敌 (50)45. (I)Want You Back (51)46. ................................................................ JAM自由高歌 (53)47. ................................................................ Just good friend (54)48. ................................................................ Keep the faith保持信念 (55)49. ................................................................ Leave Me Alone 别烦我 (59)50. ................................................................ Liberian Girl利比里亚女郎 (60)51. ................................................................ Little Susie 小苏丝 (61)52. ................................................................ Man in the Mirror 镜中人 (62)53. ................................................................ Morphine吗啡 (66)54. ................................................................ Money钱 (67)55. ................................................................ Monkey business (69)56. ................................................................ Music And Me (70)57. ................................................................ off the wall 疯狂 ....................... 7058. ................................................................ One More Chance 再爱一场 (71)59. ................................................................ On The Line全力以赴 (72)60. ................................................................ one day in your life你生命中的某天 (74)61. ................................................................ Privacy (74)62. ................................................................ P.Y.T (Pretty Young Thing) 漂亮的小家伙 (75)63. ................................................................ Remember The Time铭记那一刻 (76)64. ................................................................ Rockin Robin (77)65. ................................................................ Rock With You 与你共舞 (79)66. ................................................................ Say say say (79)67. ................................................................ Scared of the moon 月亮之惧 (81)68. ................................................................ Scream 嘶喊 (82)69. ................................................................ She Drives Me Wild她令我狂野. 8470. ................................................................ Shout嘶声呐喊 (85)71. ................................................................ She's Out Of My Lif她离开了我.. 8772. ................................................................ Smile微笑 (87)73. ................................................................ Smooth Criminal犯罪高手 (88)74. ................................................................ speechless 无法言语 (89)75. ................................................................ Speed Demon 速度之魔 (90)76. ................................................................ Stranger In Moscow 莫斯科的陌生人 (91)77. ................................................................ someone put your hand out 请把你的手伸出来 (93)78. ................................................................ Someone In The Dark 夜空中的你 (94)79. ................................................................ Streetwalker 夜女郎 (95)80. ................................................................ Tabloid Junkie 小报迷 (96)81. ................................................................ The Girl Is Mine她是我的 (98)82. ................................................................ The lady in my life 我生命中的女人 (99)83. ................................................................ THE LOST CHILDREN 失踪的孩子 (101)84. ................................................................ They Don't Care About Us 他们不在乎我们 (102)85. ................................................................ The way you make me feel 你给我的感觉 (103)86. ................................................................ This Time Around 此时此刻 .. 10487. ................................................................ Threatened 威胁 (106)88. ................................................................ Thriller 恐怖之夜/颤栗 (107)89. ................................................................ THIS IS IT (109)90. ................................................................ Unbreakbale 无敌至尊 (110)91. ................................................................ With a child’s heart 怀着一颗孩童的心， (111)92. ................................................................ Who’s loving you谁爱着你 (112)93. ................................................................ WHY (112)94. ................................................................ Workin' Day And Night 日夜工作 (113)95. ................................................................ WannaBeStartin'Somethin' 想要挑动事端 (114)96. ................................................................ We Are The World 四海一家 (115)97. ................................................................ We've Had Enough 我们已受够了 (117)98. ................................................................ Whatever Happens 不论发生什么 (118)99. ................................................................ Who Is It 是谁？ (119)100. .............................................................. Why You Wanna Trip onMe 你干嘛要忽悠我？ (121)101. .............................................................. Will You Be There 你会守侯我身边？ (121)102. .............................................................. You Are Not Alone 永远相伴 (123)103. .............................................................. You Rock My World 天旋地转.. 124104. .............................................................. You Are My Life (125)105. .............................................................. You Can't Win（无中文） (125)2 BadTold me that you‘re doin‘ wrong 承认自己错了吧Word out shockin‘ all alone 四处危言骇听闻Cryin‘ wolf ain‘t like a man 鬼哭狼嚎无人样Throwin‘ rocks to hide your hands 攻击后却不承认You ain‘t do ne enough for me 对我的所作所为已经够了You ain‘t done enough for me 对我的所作所为已经够了You are disgustin‘ me, yeah yeah 你面目可憎，yeah yeahYou‘re aiming just for me 你把我成当靶子You are disgustin‘ me 你另我很是厌恶Just want your cut from me 你只想中伤于我But too bad, too bad 但可惜啊，可惜Look who just walked in the place 看是谁在丢人现眼Dead and stuffy in the face 沉闷死板的一张脸Look who‘s standing if you please 看看是谁坚挺不拔Though you tried to bring me to my knees 尽管试图另我屈膝Too bad too bad about it 可惜，真是可惜Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Too bad too bad about it 可惜，为你遗憾Why don‘t you just scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Too bad too bad about it 可惜，真是可惜Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Too bad too bad about it 可惜，为你遗憾Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Hell all up in Hollywood 好莱坞是个地狱Sayin‘ that you got it good 却说它很适合你Creepin‘ from a dusty hole 浑浊不堪中求生Tales of what somebody told 流言蜚语满天飞What do you want from me? 你到底想干嘛？What do you want from me? 你到底想干嘛？Tired of you haunting me, 厌倦了与你纠缠yeah yeahYou‘re aiming just for me 你把我当成靶子You are disgustin‘ me 你另我很是厌恶You got blood lust for me 你对我有杀戮欲But too bad, too bad 但可惜啊，可惜Look who got slapped in the face 看看谁在给自己掌嘴It‘s dead and stuffy in the place 这有多么沉闷兼乏味I‘m right back where I wanna be 我能马上回到状态中I‘m standin‘ though you‘re kickin‘ me 你踢不倒一个不倒翁Too bad too bad about it 可惜，真是可惜Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不抓狂Too bad too bad about it 可惜、为你遗憾Why don‘t you just scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Too bad too bad about it 可惜，真是可惜Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不抓狂Too bad too bad about it 可惜、为你遗憾Why don‘t you just scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Too bad too bad about it 可惜，真是可惜Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不抓狂Too bad too bad about it 可惜、为你遗憾Why don‘t you just scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Too bad too bad about it 可惜，真是可惜Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不抓狂Too bad too bad about it 可惜、为你遗憾Why don‘t you just scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Too bad too bad about it 可惜，真是可惜Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不抓狂Too bad too bad about it 可惜、为你遗憾Why don‘t you just scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Too bad too bad about it 可惜，真是可惜Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不抓狂Too bad too bad about it 可惜、为你遗憾Why don‘t you just scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Too bad too bad about it 可惜啊，真是可惜Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不抓狂Too bad too bad about it 可惜、我为你遗憾Why don‘t you just scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地Too bad too bad about it 可惜啊，真是可惜Why don‘t you scream and shout it 你怎么不抓狂Too bad too bad about it 可惜、我为你遗憾Why don‘t you just scream and shout it 你怎么不呼天抢地收录于《History Past Present and Future Book 2》（Released: 1995）、《Blood on the DanceFloor(HIStory In The Mix)》（Released: 1997）。
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If I didn’t have you
Life would be blue
I’d be Dr.w ho without the T ARDIS
A candle without a w i c h
A Watson without a Crick
I’d be one of my outfits without a di c k-ie
I’d be cheese w i t hout the mac
Jobs w ithout the Wozniak
I’d be solving exponential equations
That use bases not found on your calculator
Making it much harder to crack
I’d be an atom w ithout a bomb
A dot without the com
And I’d probably still live w ith my mom
And he’d probably still live w ith his mom(together)
E ver since I met you ,you turned my worldaround
You supported all my dreams and all myhopes
You’re like uranium-235 and I’m uranium-238
Almost inseparable isotopes
I couldn’t have imagined
How good my life would get
From the moment that I met you
Bernadette
If I did’t have you
Life would be dreary
I’d be string theory w ithout any string
I’d be binary code without a one
A cathode ray tube without an electron gun
A’d be Firefly, Buffy and A vengers w ithoutJoss Whedon I’d speak a lot more Klingon
Heghlu’me H QaQ jajvam
And he’definetel y still live w ith his mom(together)
E ver since I met you ,you turned my worldaround You’re my best friend and my lover
We’re like changing electric and magneticfields
You can’t have one
Without the other
I could’t have imagined
How good my life would get From the moment that I met you Bernadette
(together)
Oh, w e couldn’t have imagined How good our lives w ould get From the moment that w e met you。