非谓语用法比较总结

非谓语总结
一.分词
1.表语
1.The window is broken.
2.I’m surprised to hear that.
3.This book is interesting.
4.He is swimming
总结:现在分词表示主语的性质或正在进行的动作
过去分词表示主语所处于的状态
2.定语
falling leaves------fallen leaves
boiling water------boiled water
区别：现在分词表示正在进行的动作，
过去分词表示已经完成的动作。

总结: 动名词表示所修饰名词的用途=n+for+doing
现在分词表示所修饰名词的性质和正在进行
的动作
不定式放于所修饰名词后表示将进行的动作。

=定语从句
过去分词表示已经完成的被动的动作或状态
1.a walking stick=a stick for walking
2.a falling leave=a leave which is falling
3.an interesting story=a story which is interesting
4.Is there anyone to go with me?=Is there anyone who will go with me?
5.a lost boy=a boy who has been lost
6.a respected teacher=a teacher who is respected
3、宾语补足语：其前的谓语动词多是感官动词和使让动词
1.He had his arm broken.
2.He heard the door locked.
3.He kept water running.
4,I see him playing the fire now.
总结: 1)感官动词后面
现在分词表示正在进行的动作
过去分词表示被动状态。

不定式表示已经完成的动作
1.I hear him singing in the next room.
2.I found him lost in the thought.
3.I see him cross the road and run.
2)使让动词后面
现在分词表示该动作持续一段时间
过去分词表示让别人做或被动动作
不定式表示将去做的动作。

1.Sorry to have kept you waiting a long time.
2.Please have your hair cut tomorrow.
3.Yesterday I had my bike stolen.
4.状语
1)时间状语
1.Walking along the street, he met his old friend.
=When he was walking along the street,he met his old friend.
2.Seen from the hill,the city looks beautiful.
=When it is seen from hill,the city looks beautiful.
总结：1。

分词等于when,while,after引起的时间状语从句
2。

在分词前可以加when,while,after.
2) 原因状语
1.Living in the country,we had few amusements.
=As we lived in the country,we had few amusements.
2. Born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling
=As he was born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling.总结：分词等于as,since,because引起的原因状语从句
3)条件状语
1.Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.
=If I know anything about it,I will tell you all.
2.Given more time,we are sure to finish it.
=If we are given more time,we are sure to finish it.
总结：1、分词等于if引起的条件状语从句
2、有时可以在分词前加if
4)让步状语
1.Buying a lot of books for the exam,he failed in it because of
the learning method.
=Although he had bought a lot of books for the exam,he
failed in it because of the learning method.
ughed at by everybody,he had my sympathy
=Though he was laughed at by everybody,he had my
sympathy .
总结：分词等于although,though,even if,even though引起的状语从句，常用于句首。

6)方式状语
They eat using their fingers.
The lichens came borne by storms.
这些地衣是暴风雨带来的。

7)伴随状语
He sits there listening to the teacher .
Train in this country spend too much time stopped, waiting for other trains.
在这个国家，火车停留等待其它火车的时间太长了。

8)结果状语
It rained for two days, delaying our trip.
4.He always have his mother wash his clothes.
二、状语的逻辑主语
一）、逻辑主语通常就是句子中的主语。

二）、结果状语的逻辑主语可以是前边的整个句子
三）、逻辑主语与句子里的主语不一致
1.独立主格结构：分词或不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词和代词，置于分词之前。

二者构成一种独立结构，在句中做状语，放于句首，句末，偶尔也置于句中。

1.This done,we went home.
2.Table set,they began to have lunch.
3.Time permiting,we will go for a walk.
4. A lot work to do ,I have to stay at home.
2、With结构：分词独立结构之前可用介词with\without，介词在此没有什么意义，这种结构比较口语化。

1.He was brought in with hands tied behind.
2.The old man stood there with a finger pointing to the front.
3.He was lying in bed without anything to do.
三、总结
一）主语、宾语、表语
动名词表示泛指或习惯性的动作
不定式表示一次具体的动作
二）定语（见上文）
三）宾语补足语（见上文）
四）时态及语态
五）状语
——To have been doing
完成进行式
——To be doing
进行式
To have been done To have done
完成式
To be done To do
一般式
被动语态主动语态
语态时态
六）词性及句子成分
*
* 让步 *
* 伴随
*
*
*
*
*
过去
* * * * * 现在 * * * * 不定方式 目的 结果 原因 条件 时间 状语 Not having been done
Having been done Not having done Having done 完成式
not being done
being done not doing doing 一般式 否定式
肯定式 否定式 肯定式 被动式
主动式 语态
时态
*
* * 宾补
*
* * 状语
*
*
过去分词
* * 现在分词 * * * * 不定式 * * * * 动名词 定语 表语 宾语 主语
词性 *
*
过去分词
* * 现在分词 * * * 动词不定式 *
动名词 副词
形容词 名词 词性。