Hilbert空间中由Lévy过程驱动的带有局部单调系数的SPDE(英文)
微积分calculus英文单词

微积分英语单词Absolute convergence :绝对收敛Absolute extreme values :绝对极值Absolute maximum and minimum :绝对极大与极小Absolute value :绝对值Absolute value function :绝对值函数Acceleration :加速度Antiderivative :反导数Approximate integration :近似积分Approximation :逼近法Arc length :弧长Area :面积Asymptote :渐近线Average speed :平均速率Average velocity :平均速度Axes, coordinate :坐标轴Axes of ellipse :椭圆之轴at a point :在一点处之连续性as the slope of a tangent :导数看成切线之斜率by differentials :用微分逼近between curves :曲线间之面积Binomial series :二项级数Cartesian coordinates :笛卡儿坐标一般指直角坐标Cartesian coordinates system :笛卡儿坐标系Cauch’s Mean Value Theorem :柯西均值定理Chain Rule :连锁律Change of variables :变数变换Circle :圆Circular cylinder :圆柱Closed interval :封闭区间Coefficient :系数Composition of function :函数之合成Compound interest :复利Concavity :凹性Conchoid :蚌线Cone :圆锥Constant function :常数函数Constant of integration :积分常数Continuity :连续性Continuous function :连续函数Convergence :收敛Coordinate :s :坐标Cartesian :笛卡儿坐标cylindrical :柱面坐标Coordinate axes :坐标轴Coordinate planes :坐标平面Cosine function :余弦函数Critical point :临界点Cubic function :三次函数Curve :曲线Cylinder :圆柱Cylindrical Coordinates :圆柱坐标Distance :距离Divergence :发散Domain :定义域Dot product :点积Double integral :二重积分Decreasing function :递减函数Decreasing sequence :递减数列Definite integral :定积分Degree of a polynomial :多项式之次数Density :密度Derivative :导数Determinant :行列式Differentiable function :可导函数Differential :微分Differential equation :微分方程Differentiation :求导法Directional derivatives :方向导数Discontinuity :不连续性Disk method :圆盘法domain of :导数之定义域differential :微分学Ellipse :椭圆Ellipsoid :椭圆体Epicycloid :外摆线Equation :方程式Even function :偶函数Expected Valued :期望值Exponential Function :指数函数Exponents , laws of :指数率Extreme value :极值Extreme Value Theorem :极值定理Factorial :阶乘First Derivative Test :一阶导数试验法First octant :第一卦限Focus :焦点Fractions :分式Function :函数Fundamental Theorem of Calculus :微积分基本定理from the left :左连续from the right :右连续Geometric series :几何级数Gradient :梯度Graph :图形Green Formula :格林公式Half-angle formulas :半角公式Harmonic series :调和级数Helix :螺旋线Higher Derivative :高阶导数Horizontal asymptote :水平渐近线Horizontal line :水平线Hyperbola :双曲线Hyperboloid :双曲面horizontal :水平渐近线Implicit differentiation :隐求导法Implicit function :隐函数Improper integral :瑕积分Increasing/Decreasing Test :递增或递减试验法Increment :增量Increasing Function :增函数Indefinite integral :不定积分Independent variable :自变数Indeterminate from :不定型Inequality :不等式Infinite point :无穷极限Infinite series :无穷级数Inflection point :反曲点Instantaneous velocity :瞬时速度Integer :整数Integral :积分Integrand :被积分式Integration :积分Integration by part :分部积分法Intercepts :截距Intermediate value of Theorem :中间值定理Interval :区间Inverse function :反函数Inverse trigonometric function :反三角函数Iterated integral :逐次积分integral :积分学implicit :隐求导法Laplace transform :Leplace 变换Law of Cosines :余弦定理Least upper bound :最小上界Left-hand derivative :左导数Left-hand limit :左极限Lemniscate :双钮线Length :长度Level curve :等高线L'Hospital's rule :洛必达法则Limacon :蚶线Limit :极限Linear approximation:线性近似Linear equation :线性方程式Linear function :线性函数Linearity :线性Linearization :线性化Line in the plane :平面上之直线Line in space :空间之直线Lobachevski geometry :罗巴切夫斯基几何Local extremum :局部极值Local maximum and minimum :局部极大值与极小值Logarithm :对数Logarithmic function :对数函数linear :线性逼近法Maximum and minimum values :极大与极小值Mean Value Theorem :均值定理Multiple integrals :重积分Multiplier :乘子Natural exponential function :自然指数函数Natural logarithm function :自然对数函数Natural number :自然数Normal line :法线Normal vector :法向量Number :数of a function :函数之连续性on an interval :在区间之连续性Octant :卦限Odd function :奇函数One-sided limit :单边极限Open interval :开区间Optimization problems :最佳化问题Order :阶Ordinary differential equation :常微分方程 Origin :原点Orthogonal :正交的Parabola :拋物线Parabolic cylinder :抛物柱面Paraboloid :抛物面Parallelepiped :平行六面体Parallel lines :并行线Parameter :参数Partial derivative :偏导数Partial differential equation :偏微分方程 Partial fractions :部分分式Partial integration :部分积分Partiton :分割Period :周期Periodic function :周期函数Perpendicular lines :垂直线Piecewise defined function :分段定义函数 Plane :平面Point of inflection :反曲点Polar axis :极轴Polar coordinate :极坐标Polar equation :极方程式Pole :极点Polynomial :多项式Positive angle :正角Point-slope form :点斜式Power function :幂函数Product :积polar :极坐标partial :偏导数partial :偏微分方程partial :偏微分法Quadrant :象限Quotient Law of limit :极限的商定律Quotient Rule :商定律rectangular :直角坐标Radius of convergence :收敛半径Range of a function :函数的值域Rate of change :变化率Rational function :有理函数Rationalizing substitution :有理代换法Rationalizing substitution :有理代换法Rational number :有理数Real number :实数Rectangular coordinates :直角坐标Rectangular coordinate system :直角坐标系Relative maximum and minimum :相对极大值与极小值Revenue function :收入函数Revolution, solid of :旋转体Revolution, surface of :旋转曲面Riemann Sum :黎曼和Riemannian geometry :黎曼几何Right-hand derivative :右导数Right-hand limit :右极限Root :根Saddle point :鞍点Scalar :纯量Secant line :割线Second derivative :二阶导数Second Derivative Test :二阶导数试验法Second partial derivative :二阶偏导数Sector :扇形Sequence :数列Series :级数Set :集合Shell method :剥壳法Sine function :正弦函数Singularity :奇点Slant asymptote :斜渐近线Slope :斜率Slope-intercept equation of a line :直线的斜截式Smooth curve :平滑曲线Smooth surface :平滑曲面Solid of revolution :旋转体Space :空间Speed :速率Spherical coordinates :球面坐标Squeeze Theorem :夹挤定理Step function :阶梯函数Strictly decreasing :严格递减Strictly increasing :严格递增Sum :和Surface :曲面Surface integral :面积分Surface of revolution :旋转曲面Symmetry :对称slant :斜渐近线spherical :球面坐标Tangent function :正切函数Tangent line :切线Tangent plane :切平面Tangent vector :切向量Total differential :全微分Trigonometric function :三角函数Trigonometric integrals :三角积分Trigonometric substitutions :三角代换法Tripe integrals :三重积分term by term :逐项求导法under a curve :曲线下方之面积vertical :垂直渐近线Value of function :函数值Variable :变数Vector :向量Velocity :速度Vertical asymptote :垂直渐近线Volume :体积X-axis :x 轴x-coordinate :x 坐标x-intercept :x 截距Zero vector :函数的零点Zeros of a polynomial :多项式的零点。
微积分英文词汇

文档收集于互联网,已重新整理排版.word 版本可编辑,有帮助欢迎下载支持.1文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.Value of function :函数值 Variable :变数 Vector :向量 Velocity :速度Vertical asymptote :垂直渐近线 Volume :体积 X-axis :x 轴x-coordinate :x 坐标 x-intercept :x 截距 Zero vector :函数的零点Zeros of a polynomial :多项式的零点 T:Tangent function :正切函数 Tangent line :切线 Tangent plane :切平面 Tangent vector :切向量 Total differential :全微分Trigonometric function :三角函数 Trigonometric integrals :三角积分 Trigonometric substitutions :三角代换法 Tripe integrals :三重积分 S:Saddle point :鞍点 Scalar :纯量Secant line :割线Second derivative :二阶导数Second Derivative Test :二阶导数试验法 Second partial derivative :二阶偏导数 Sector :扇形 Sequence :数列 Series :级数 Set :集合Shell method :剥壳法 Sine function :正弦函数 Singularity :奇点Slant asymptote :斜渐近线 Slope :斜率Slope-intercept equation of a line :直线的斜截式Smooth curve :平滑曲线 Smooth surface :平滑曲面 Solid of revolution :旋转体 Space :空间 Speed :速率Spherical coordinates :球面坐标 Squeeze Theorem :夹挤定理 Step function :阶梯函数 Strictly decreasing :严格递减 Strictly increasing :严格递增 Sum :和 Surface :曲面Surface integral :面积分 Surface of revolution :旋转曲面 Symmetry :对称 R:Radius of convergence :收敛半径 Range of a function :函数的值域 Rate of change :变化率 Rational function :有理函数Rationalizing substitution :有理代换法 Rational number :有理数 Real number :实数Rectangular coordinates :直角坐标 Rectangular coordinate system :直角坐标系Relative maximum and minimum :相对极大值与极小值Revenue function :收入函数 Revolution , solid of :旋转体 Revolution , surface of :旋转曲面 Riemann Sum :黎曼和Riemannian geometry :黎曼几何 Right-hand derivative :右导数 Right-hand limit :右极限 Root :根 P 、Q:Parabola :拋物线Parabolic cylinder :抛物柱面 Paraboloid :抛物面Parallelepiped :平行六面体 Parallel lines :并行线 Parameter :参数Partial derivative :偏导数Partial differential equation :偏微分方程 Partial fractions :部分分式 Partial integration :部分积分 Partiton :分割 Period :周期Periodic function :周期函数 Perpendicular lines :垂直线Piecewise defined function :分段定义函数Plane :平面Point of inflection :反曲点Polar axis :极轴Polar coordinate :极坐标Polar equation :极方程式Pole :极点Polynomial :多项式Positive angle :正角Point-slope form :点斜式Power function :幂函数Product :积Quadrant :象限Quotient Law of limit :极限的商定律 Quotient Rule :商定律M、N、O:Maximum and minimum values :极大与极小值Mean Value Theorem :均值定理 Multiple integrals :重积分Multiplier :乘子Natural exponential function :自然指数函数Natural logarithm function :自然对数函数Natural number :自然数Normal line :法线Normal vector :法向量Number :数Octant :卦限Odd function :奇函数One-sided limit :单边极限Open interval :开区间Optimization problems :最佳化问题 Order :阶Ordinary differential equation :常微分方程Origin :原点Orthogonal :正交的L:Laplace transform :Leplace 变换Law of Cosines :余弦定理 Least upper bound :最小上界Left-hand derivative :左导数Left-hand limit :左极限Lemniscate :双钮线Length :长度Level curve :等高线L'Hospital's rule : 洛必达法则 Limacon :蚶线Limit :极限Linear approximation:线性近似Linear equation :线性方程式Linear function :线性函数Linearity :线性Linearization :线性化Line in the plane :平面上之直线Line in space :空间之直线 Lobachevski geometry :罗巴切夫斯基几何Local extremum :局部极值Local maximum and minimum :局部极大值与极小值Logarithm :对数Logarithmic function :对数函数I:Implicit differentiation :隐求导法 Implicit function :隐函数Improper integral :瑕积分Increasing/Decreasing Test :递增或递减试验法Increment :增量Increasing Function :增函数 Indefinite integral :不定积分 Independent variable :自变数 Indeterminate from :不定型 Inequality :不等式Infinite point :无穷极限Infinite series :无穷级数Inflection point :反曲点Instantaneous velocity :瞬时速度 Integer :整数Integral :积分Integrand :被积分式Integration :积分Integration by part :分部积分法Intercepts :截距Intermediate value of Theorem :中间值定理Interval :区间Inverse function :反函数Inverse trigonometric function :反三角函数Iterated integral :逐次积分H:Higher mathematics 高等数学/高数E、F、G、H:Ellipse :椭圆Ellipsoid :椭圆体Epicycloid :外摆线Equation :方程式Even function :偶函数Expected Valued :期望值 Exponential Function :指数函数 Exponents , laws of :指数率Extreme value :极值Extreme Value Theorem :极值定理 Factorial :阶乘First Derivative Test :一阶导数试验法 First octant :第一卦限Focus :焦点Fractions :分式Function :函数Fundamental Theorem of Calculus :微积分基本定理Geometric series :几何级数Gradient :梯度Graph :图形Green Formula :格林公式Half-angle formulas :半角公式 Harmonic series :调和级数Helix :螺旋线Higher Derivative :高阶导数 Horizontal asymptote :水平渐近线 Horizontal line :水平线Hyperbola :双曲线Hyper boloid :双曲面D:Decreasing function :递减函数 Decreasing sequence :递减数列 Definite integral :定积分Degree of a polynomial :多项式之次数 Density :密度Derivative :导数of a composite function :复合函数之导数of a constant function :常数函数之导数directional :方向导数domain of :导数之定义域of exponential function :指数函数之导数higher :高阶导数partial :偏导数of a power function :幂函数之导数of a power series :羃级数之导数of a product :积之导数of a quotient :商之导数as a rate of change :导数当作变率right-hand :右导数second :二阶导数as the slope of a tangent :导数看成切线之斜率Determinant :行列式Differentiable function :可导函数 Differential :微分Differential equation :微分方程partial :偏微分方程Differentiation :求导法implicit :隐求导法partial :偏微分法term by term :逐项求导法Directional derivatives :方向导数 Discontinuity :不连续性Disk method :圆盘法Distance :距离Divergence :发散Domain :定义域Dot product :点积Double integral :二重积分change of variable in :二重积分之变数变换in polar coordinates :极坐标二重积分 C:Calculus :微积分differential :微分学integral :积分学Cartesian coordinates :笛卡儿坐标,一般指直角坐标Cartesian coordinates system :笛卡儿坐标系Cauch’s Mean Value Theorem :柯西均值定理Chain Rule :连锁律Change of variables :变数变换Circle :圆Circular cylinder :圆柱Closed interval :封闭区间Coefficient :系数Composition of function :函数之合成 Compound interest :复利Concavity :凹性Conchoid :蚌线Cone :圆锥Constant function :常数函数 Constant of integration :积分常数 Continuity :连续性at a point :在一点处之连续性of a function :函数之连续性on an interval :在区间之连续性from the left :左连续from the right :右连续Continuous function :连续函数 Convergence :收敛interval of :收敛区间radius of :收敛半径Convergent sequence :收敛数列 series :收敛级数Coordinate:s:坐标Cartesian :笛卡儿坐标cylindrical :柱面坐标polar :极坐标rectangular :直角坐标spherical :球面坐标Coordinate axes :坐标轴Coordinate planes :坐标平面Cosine function :余弦函数Critical point :临界点 Cubic function :三次函数Curve :曲线Cylinder:圆柱Cylindrical Coordinates :圆柱坐标A、B:Absolute convergence :绝对收敛 Absolute extreme values :绝对极值 Absolute maximum and minimum :绝对极大与极小Absolute value :绝对值Absolute value function :绝对值函数Acceleration :加速度Antiderivative :反导数Approximate integration :近似积分Approximation :逼近法by differentials :用微分逼近linear :线性逼近法by Simpson’s Rule :Simpson法则逼近法by the Trapezoidal Rule :梯形法则逼近法Arbitrary constant :任意常数Arc length :弧长Area :面积under a curve :曲线下方之面积between curves :曲线间之面积in polar coordinates :极坐标表示之面积of a sector of a circle :扇形之面积of a surface of a revolution :旋转曲面之面积Asymptote :渐近线horizontal :水平渐近线slant :斜渐近线vertical :垂直渐近线Average speed :平均速率Average velocity :平均速度Axes, coordinate :坐标轴Axes of ellipse :椭圆之轴Binomial series :二项级数。
小波分析考试题(附答案)汇编

似,因此系数c 可以反映这种波形的相关程度;步骤3: 把小波向右移,距离为 ,得到的小波函数为 ,然后重复步骤1和2。
再把小波向右移,得到小波 ,重复步骤1和2。
按上述步骤一直进行下去,直到信号 结束;步骤4: 扩展小波 ,例如扩展一倍,得到的小波函数为 ;步骤5: 重复步骤1~4。
五、阐述多分辨分析的思想并给出MALLAT 算法的表达式。
(10分)答:Meyer 于1986年创造性地构造出具有一定衰减性的光滑函数,其二进制伸缩与平移构成L2 (R )的规范正交基,才使小波得到真正的发展。
1988年S.Mallat 在构造正交小波基时提出了多分辨分析(Multi-Resolution Analysis )的概念,从空间的概念上形象地说明了小波的多分辨率特性, 将此之前的所有正交小波基的 构造法统一起来,给出了正交小波的构造方法以及正交小波变化的快速算法,即Mallat 算法。
Mallat 算法在小波分析中的地位相当于快速傅立叶变换算法在经典傅立叶分析中的地位。
定义:空间 L2 ( R) 中的多分辨分析是指 L2 ( R) 满足如下性质的一个空间序列Z ∈j j }{V :(1)单调性:ΛΛ⊂⊂⊂⊂-101V V V ;(2)逼近性:)(},0{2R L V V j Zj j Zj ==∈∈Y I ;(3)伸缩性:1)2()(+∈⇔∈j j V t f V t f ;(4)平移不变性:j j V t f V t f ∈-⇒∈)1()(,Z k ∈∀;(5)存在函数0)(V t g ∈,使得Z k k)}-{g(t ∈构成0V 的Riesz 基。
满足上述个条件的函数空间集合成为一个多分辨分析, 如果)(t g 生成一个多 分辨分析,那么称)(t g 为一个尺度函数。
关于多分辨分析的理解,我们在这里以一个三层的分解进行说明,其小波分解树如图所示。
从图可以明显看出,多分辨分析只是对低频部分进行进一步分解,而高 频部分则不予以考虑。
拉普拉斯算子

推广
拉普拉斯算子可以用一定的方法推广到非欧几里德空间,这时它就有可能是椭圆型算子,双曲型算子,或超 双曲型算子。
在闵可夫斯基空间中,拉普拉斯算子变为达朗贝尔算子。 达朗贝尔算子通常用来表达克莱因-高登方程以及四维波动方程。
谢谢观看
表示式
三维空间
二维空间
N维空间
其中x与y代表 x-y平面上的笛卡尔坐标: 另外极坐标的表示法为:
笛卡尔坐标系下的表示法 圆柱坐标系下的表示法 球坐标系下的表示法
在参数方程为(其中以及)的N维球坐标系中,拉普拉斯算子为: 其中是N− 1维球面上的拉普拉斯-贝尔特拉米算子。
பைடு நூலகம்
椭圆型偏微分方程
[elliptic partial differential equation] 椭圆型偏微分方程是偏微分方程的一个类型,简称椭圆型方程。这类方程主要用来描述物理中的平衡稳定状 态,如定常状态的电磁场、引力场和反应扩散现象等。 椭圆型方程是由方程中主部的系数来界定的。对两个自变量的二阶线性或半线性方程 在不等式成立的区域内,就称方程是椭圆型的。此时,可以通过自变量的非奇异变换将方程化为标准型 。 对于高阶线性方程,设阶线性偏微分算子为 其中,。该偏微分算子的主部是若对及任意非零向量都有,则称方程在点是椭圆型的。如果在中每一点都是 椭圆型的,就称该方程在中是线性椭圆型方程。 线型椭圆型方程的典型代表是拉普拉斯方程(也叫调和方程) 其中,这个算子叫拉普拉斯算子(Laplace operator),也叫调和算子。可以说,调和方程是最基本,同时 也是最重要的线性椭圆型方程。
拉普拉斯算子
二阶微分算子
目录
01 定义
03 椭圆型偏微分方程
02 表示式 04 推广
拉普拉斯算子(Laplace Operator)是n维欧几里德空间中的一个二阶微分算子,定义为梯度(▽f)的散 度(▽·f)。拉普拉斯算子也可以推广为定义在黎曼流形上的椭圆型算子,称为拉普拉斯-贝尔特拉米算子。
庞加莱本迪克森定理

庞加莱本迪克森定理庞加莱本迪克森定理(Poincaré-Bendixson theorem)是拓扑动力系统理论中的一个重要定理,描述了在二维微分方程系统中,闭轨道或者周期轨道的行为。
本文将介绍庞加莱本迪克森定理的背景、定义、证明和应用。
背景在研究动力系统时,我们常常关注系统的稳定性和轨道的行为。
庞加莱本迪克森定理提供了一种方法来判断二维微分方程系统中闭轨道或者周期轨道的存在性和稳定性。
定义在二维微分方程系统中,考虑一个区域D,包含某个点x0。
如果对于任意的ε > 0,存在一个足够小的δ > 0,使得对于所有满足0 < |t - t0| < δ的t,系统的解φ(t, x0)在D内的轨道都与φ(t0, x0)的轨道足够接近,那么我们称φ(t, x0)的轨道是渐近稳定的。
证明庞加莱本迪克森定理的证明相对复杂,需要借助一些拓扑学的工具和定理。
这里我们简要概述一下证明的思路。
首先,我们需要引入一个重要的概念:极限点。
对于一个动力系统的轨道,如果存在一个点p,对于任意的ε > 0,存在某个时间t,使得轨道上的点φ(t, x0)与p的距离小于ε,那么我们称p是轨道的一个极限点。
接下来,我们可以利用拓扑学中的Brouwer不动点定理,证明在某些条件下,闭轨道或者周期轨道一定存在。
然后,我们通过引入一些额外的条件,例如系统的Lienard方程,来保证闭轨道或者周期轨道是渐近稳定的。
具体的证明过程比较复杂,需要借助一些数学工具和技巧,超出了本文的范围。
如果读者对庞加莱本迪克森定理的证明感兴趣,可以参考相关的拓扑动力系统理论的教材或者研究论文。
应用庞加莱本迪克森定理在动力系统的研究中有广泛的应用。
它可以用来研究振动系统、非线性电路、生物系统等等。
通过判断闭轨道或者周期轨道的存在性和稳定性,我们可以更好地理解和预测系统的行为。
例如,在生物学中,我们可以将庞加莱本迪克森定理应用于描述食物链中的捕食者和被捕食者的相互作用。
微积分词汇英汉互译

第一部分英汉微积分词汇Part1 English-Chinese Calculus V ocabulary第一章函数与极限Chapter1 Function and Limit集合set元素element子集subset空集empty set并集union交集intersection差集difference of set基本集basic set补集complement set直积direct product笛卡儿积Cartesian product开区间open interval闭区间closed interval半开区间half open interval有限区间finite interval区间的长度length of an interval无限区间infinite interval领域neighborhood领域的中心centre of a neighborhood领域的半径radius of a neighborhood左领域left neighborhood右领域right neighborhood映射mappingX到Y的映射mapping of X ontoY满射surjection单射injection一一映射one-to-one mapping双射bijection算子operator变化transformation函数function逆映射inverse mapping复合映射composite mapping自变量independent variable因变量dependent variable定义域domain函数值value of function函数关系function relation值域range 自然定义域natural domain单值函数single valued function多值函数multiple valued function单值分支one-valued branch函数图形graph of a function绝对值函数absolute value符号函数sigh function整数部分integral part阶梯曲线step curve当且仅当if and only if(iff)分段函数piecewise function上界upper bound下界lower bound有界boundedness无界unbounded函数的单调性monotonicity of a function 单调增加的increasing单调减少的decreasing单调函数monotone function函数的奇偶性parity(odevity) of a function对称symmetry偶函数even function奇函数odd function函数的周期性periodicity of a function周期period反函数inverse function直接函数direct function复合函数composite function中间变量intermediate variable函数的运算operation of function基本初等函数basic elementary function初等函数elementary function幂函数power function指数函数exponential function对数函数logarithmic function三角函数trigonometric function反三角函数inverse trigonometric function 常数函数constant function双曲函数hyperbolic function双曲正弦hyperbolic sine双曲余弦hyperbolic cosine双曲正切hyperbolic tangent反双曲正弦inverse hyperbolic sine反双曲余弦 inverse hyperbolic cosine 反双曲正切 inverse hyperbolic tangent 极限 limit数列 sequence of number 收敛 convergence 收敛于 a converge to a 发散 divergent极限的唯一性 uniqueness of limits收敛数列的有界性 boundedness of aconvergent sequence子列 subsequence函数的极限 limits of functions函数()f x 当x 趋于x 0时的极限 limit of functions ()f x as x approaches x 0 左极限 left limit 右极限 right limit单侧极限 one-sided limits水平渐近线 horizontal asymptote 无穷小 infinitesimal 无穷大 infinity铅直渐近线 vertical asymptote 夹逼准则 squeeze rule单调数列 monotonic sequence高阶无穷小 infinitesimal of higher order 低阶无穷小 infinitesimal of lower order 同阶无穷小 infinitesimal of the same order 等阶无穷小 equivalent infinitesimal 函数的连续性 continuity of a function 增量 increment函数()f x 在x 0连续 the function ()f x is continuous at x 0左连续 left continuous 右连续 right continuous区间上的连续函数 continuous function 函数()f x 在该区间上连续 function ()f x is continuous on an interval 不连续点 discontinuity point第一类间断点 discontinuity point of the first kind第二类间断点 discontinuity point of thesecond kind初等函数的连续性 continuity of the elementary functions定义区间 defined interval最大值 global maximum value (absolute maximum)最小值 global minimum value (absolute minimum)零点定理 the zero point theorem 介值定理 intermediate value theorem第二章 导数与微分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential 速度 velocity匀速运动 uniform motion 平均速度 average velocity瞬时速度 instantaneous velocity 圆的切线 tangent line of a circle 切线 tangent line切线的斜率 slope of the tangent line 位置函数 position function 导数 derivative 可导 derivable函数的变化率问题 problem of the change rate of a function导函数 derived function 左导数 left-hand derivative 右导数 right-hand derivative 单侧导数 one-sided derivatives()f x 在闭区间【a,b 】上可导 ()f x isderivable on the closed interval [a,b] 切线方程 tangent equation 角速度 angular velocity 成本函数 cost function 边际成本 marginal cost 链式法则 chain rule隐函数 implicit function 显函数 explicit function 二阶函数 second derivative 三阶导数 third derivative 高阶导数 nth derivative莱布尼茨公式 Leibniz formula 对数求导法 log- derivative 参数方程 parametric equation相关变化率correlative change rata微分differential可微的differentiable函数的微分differential of function自变量的微分differential of independent variable微商differential quotient间接测量误差indirect measurement error 绝对误差absolute error相对误差relative error第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter3 MeanValue Theorem of Differentials and the Application of Derivatives罗马定理Rolle’s theorem费马引理Fermat’s lemma拉格朗日中值定理Lagrange’s mean value theorem驻点stationary point稳定点stable point临界点critical point辅助函数auxiliary function拉格朗日中值公式Lagrange’s mean value formula柯西中值定理Cauchy’s mean value theorem洛必达法则L’Hospital’s Rule0/0型不定式indeterminate form of type 0/0不定式indeterminate form泰勒中值定理Taylor’s mean value theorem泰勒公式Taylor formula余项remainder term拉格朗日余项Lagrange remainder term 麦克劳林公式Maclaurin’s formula佩亚诺公式Peano remainder term凹凸性concavity凹向上的concave upward, cancave up凹向下的,向上凸的concave downward’concave down拐点inflection point函数的极值extremum of function极大值local(relative) maximum最大值global(absolute) mximum 极小值local(relative) minimum最小值global(absolute) minimum目标函数objective function曲率curvature弧微分arc differential平均曲率average curvature曲率园circle of curvature曲率中心center of curvature曲率半径radius of curvature渐屈线evolute渐伸线involute根的隔离isolation of root隔离区间isolation interval切线法tangent line method第四章不定积分Chapter4 Indefinite Integrals原函数primitive function(antiderivative) 积分号sign of integration被积函数integrand积分变量integral variable积分曲线integral curve积分表table of integrals换元积分法integration by substitution分部积分法integration by parts分部积分公式formula of integration by parts有理函数rational function真分式proper fraction假分式improper fraction第五章定积分Chapter5 Definite Integrals曲边梯形trapezoid with曲边curve edge窄矩形narrow rectangle曲边梯形的面积area of trapezoid with curved edge积分下限lower limit of integral积分上限upper limit of integral积分区间integral interval分割partition积分和integral sum可积integrable矩形法rectangle method积分中值定理mean value theorem ofintegrals函数在区间上的平均值average value of a function on an integvals牛顿-莱布尼茨公式Newton-Leibniz formula微积分基本公式fundamental formula of calculus换元公式formula for integration by substitution递推公式recurrence formula反常积分improper integral反常积分发散the improper integral is divergent反常积分收敛the improper integral is convergent无穷限的反常积分improper integral on an infinite interval无界函数的反常积分improper integral of unbounded functions绝对收敛absolutely convergent第六章定积分的应用Chapter6 Applications of the Definite Integrals元素法the element method面积元素element of area平面图形的面积area of a luane figure直角坐标又称“笛卡儿坐标(Cartesian coordinates)”极坐标polar coordinates抛物线parabola椭圆ellipse旋转体的面积volume of a solid of rotation旋转椭球体ellipsoid of revolution, ellipsoid of rotation曲线的弧长arc length of acurve可求长的rectifiable光滑smooth功work水压力water pressure引力gravitation变力variable force第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter7 Space Analytic Geometry and Vector Algebra向量vector自由向量free vector单位向量unit vector零向量zero vector相等equal平行parallel向量的线性运算linear poeration of vector 三角法则triangle rule平行四边形法则parallelogram rule交换律commutative law结合律associative law负向量negative vector差difference分配律distributive law空间直角坐标系space rectangular coordinates坐标面coordinate plane卦限octant向量的模modulus of vector向量a与b的夹角angle between vector a and b方向余弦direction cosine方向角direction angle向量在轴上的投影projection of a vector onto an axis数量积,外积,叉积scalar product,dot product,inner product曲面方程equation for a surface球面sphere旋转曲面surface of revolution母线generating line轴axis圆锥面cone顶点vertex旋转单叶双曲面revolution hyperboloids of one sheet旋转双叶双曲面revolution hyperboloids of two sheets柱面cylindrical surface ,cylinder圆柱面cylindrical surface准线directrix抛物柱面parabolic cylinder二次曲面quadric surface椭圆锥面dlliptic cone椭球面ellipsoid单叶双曲面hyperboloid of one sheet双叶双曲面hyperboloid of two sheets旋转椭球面ellipsoid of revolution椭圆抛物面elliptic paraboloid旋转抛物面paraboloid of revolution双曲抛物面hyperbolic paraboloid马鞍面saddle surface椭圆柱面elliptic cylinder双曲柱面hyperbolic cylinder抛物柱面parabolic cylinder空间曲线space curve空间曲线的一般方程general form equations of a space curve空间曲线的参数方程parametric equations of a space curve螺转线spiral螺矩pitch投影柱面projecting cylinder投影projection平面的点法式方程pointnorm form eqyation of a plane法向量normal vector平面的一般方程general form equation of a plane两平面的夹角angle between two planes 点到平面的距离distance from a point to a plane空间直线的一般方程general equation of a line in space方向向量direction vector直线的点向式方程pointdirection form equations of a line方向数direction number直线的参数方程parametric equations of a line两直线的夹角angle between two lines垂直perpendicular直线与平面的夹角angle between a line and a planes平面束pencil of planes平面束的方程equation of a pencil of planes 行列式determinant系数行列式coefficient determinant第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter8 Differentiation of Functions of Several Variables and Its Application一元函数function of one variable多元函数function of several variables内点interior point外点exterior point边界点frontier point,boundary point聚点point of accumulation开集openset闭集closed set连通集connected set开区域open region闭区域closed region有界集bounded set无界集unbounded setn维空间n-dimentional space二重极限double limit多元函数的连续性continuity of function of seveal连续函数continuous function不连续点discontinuity point一致连续uniformly continuous偏导数partial derivative对自变量x的偏导数partial derivative with respect to independent variable x高阶偏导数partial derivative of higher order二阶偏导数second order partial derivative 混合偏导数hybrid partial derivative全微分total differential偏增量oartial increment偏微分partial differential全增量total increment可微分differentiable必要条件necessary condition充分条件sufficient condition叠加原理superpostition principle全导数total derivative中间变量intermediate variable隐函数存在定理theorem of the existenceof implicit function曲线的切向量tangent vector of a curve法平面normal plane向量方程vector equation向量值函数vector-valued function切平面tangent plane法线normal line方向导数directional derivative梯度gradient数量场scalar field梯度场gradient field向量场vector field势场potential field引力场gravitational field引力势gravitational potential曲面在一点的切平面tangent plane to a surface at a point曲线在一点的法线normal line to a surface at a point无条件极值unconditional extreme values 条件极值conditional extreme values拉格朗日乘数法Lagrange multiplier method拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier经验公式empirical formula最小二乘法method of least squares均方误差mean square error第九章重积分Chapter9 Multiple Integrals二重积分double integral可加性additivity累次积分iterated integral体积元素volume element三重积分triple integral直角坐标系中的体积元素volume element in rectangular coordinate system柱面坐标cylindrical coordinates柱面坐标系中的体积元素volume element in cylindrical coordinate system球面坐标spherical coordinates球面坐标系中的体积元素volume element in spherical coordinate system反常二重积分improper double integral曲面的面积area of a surface 质心centre of mass静矩static moment密度density形心centroid转动惯量moment of inertia参变量parametric variable第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter10 Line(Curve)Integrals and Surface Integrals对弧长的曲线积分line integrals with respect to arc hength第一类曲线积分line integrals of the first type对坐标的曲线积分line integrals with respect to x,y,and z第二类曲线积分line integrals of the second type有向曲线弧directed arc单连通区域simple connected region复连通区域complex connected region格林公式Green formula第一类曲面积分surface integrals of the first type对面的曲面积分surface integrals with respect to area有向曲面directed surface对坐标的曲面积分surface integrals with respect to coordinate elements第二类曲面积分surface integrals of the second type有向曲面元element of directed surface高斯公式gauss formula拉普拉斯算子Laplace operator格林第一公式Green’s first formula通量flux散度divergence斯托克斯公式Stokes formula环流量circulation旋度rotation,curl第十一章无穷级数Chapter11 Infinite Series一般项general term部分和partial sum余项remainder term等比级数geometric series几何级数geometric series公比common ratio调和级数harmonic series柯西收敛准则Cauchy convergence criteria, Cauchy criteria for convergence正项级数series of positive terms达朗贝尔判别法D’Alembert test柯西判别法Cauchy test交错级数alternating series绝对收敛absolutely convergent条件收敛conditionally convergent柯西乘积Cauchy product函数项级数series of functions发散点point of divergence收敛点point of convergence收敛域convergence domain和函数sum function幂级数power series幂级数的系数coeffcients of power series 阿贝尔定理Abel Theorem收敛半径radius of convergence收敛区间interval of convergence泰勒级数Taylor series麦克劳林级数Maclaurin series二项展开式binomial expansion近似计算approximate calculation舍入误差round-off error,rounding error欧拉公式Euler’s formula魏尔斯特拉丝判别法Weierstrass test三角级数trigonometric series振幅amplitude角频率angular frequency初相initial phase矩形波square wave谐波分析harmonic analysis直流分量direct component基波fundamental wave二次谐波second harmonic三角函数系trigonometric function system 傅立叶系数Fourier coefficient傅立叶级数Forrier series周期延拓periodic prolongation正弦级数sine series 余弦级数cosine series奇延拓odd prolongation偶延拓even prolongation傅立叶级数的复数形式complex form of Fourier series第十二章微分方程Chapter12 Differential Equation解微分方程solve a dirrerential equation 常微分方程ordinary differential equation 偏微分方程partial differential equation,PDE微分方程的阶order of a differential equation微分方程的解solution of a differential equation微分方程的通解general solution of a differential equation初始条件initial condition微分方程的特解particular solution of a differential equation初值问题initial value problem微分方程的积分曲线integral curve of a differential equation可分离变量的微分方程variable separable differential equation隐式解implicit solution隐式通解inplicit general solution衰变系数decay coefficient衰变decay齐次方程homogeneous equation一阶线性方程linear differential equation of first order非齐次non-homogeneous齐次线性方程homogeneous linear equation非齐次线性方程non-homogeneous linear equation常数变易法method of variation of constant暂态电流transient stata current稳态电流steady state current伯努利方程Bernoulli equation全微分方程total differential equation积分因子integrating factor高阶微分方程differential equation of higher order悬链线catenary高阶线性微分方程linera differential equation of higher order自由振动的微分方程differential equation of free vibration强迫振动的微分方程differential equation of forced oscillation串联电路的振荡方程oscillation equation of series circuit二阶线性微分方程second order linera differential equation线性相关linearly dependence线性无关linearly independce二阶常系数齐次线性微分方程second order homogeneour linear differential equation with constant coefficient二阶变系数齐次线性微分方程second order homogeneous linear differential equation with variable coefficient特征方程characteristic equation无阻尼自由振动的微分方程differential equation of free vibration with zero damping 固有频率natural frequency简谐振动simple harmonic oscillation,simple harmonic vibration微分算子differential operator待定系数法method of undetermined coefficient共振现象resonance phenomenon欧拉方程Euler equation幂级数解法power series solution数值解法numerial solution勒让德方程Legendre equation微分方程组system of differential equations常系数线性微分方程组system of linera differential equations with constant coefficient。
数学专业英语词汇(P)_数学物理英语词汇
p adic algebra p进代数p adic fraction p进分数p adic integer p进整数p adic number p进数p adic representation p进表示p adic system p进法p adic valuation p进赋值pack 束pair 对paired comparison 成对比较法paired samples 成双样本pairing 配对pairwise 两两的pairwise independent events 互相独立事件paleogeometry 古几何学pantograph 比例画器放大器parabola 抛物线parabola of order n n阶抛物线parabolic coordinates 抛物线坐标parabolic curve 抛物曲线parabolic cusp 抛物尖点parabolic cylinder 抛物柱面parabolic cylinder function 抛物柱面函数parabolic differential equation 抛物型微分方程parabolic folium 抛物叶形线parabolic orbit 抛物线轨道parabolic point 抛物点parabolic regression 抛物回归parabolic segment 抛物线段parabolic spiral 抛物螺线parabolic type 抛物型parabolograph 抛物图形paraboloid 抛物面paraboloid of revolution 回转抛物面paraboloidal coordinates 抛物面坐标paracompact space 仿紧空间paradox 悖论paradoxical 荒谬的paradoxical set 不合理集合parallactic displacement 视差位移parallel 平行线parallel algorithm 并联算法parallel angle 平行角parallel axiom 平行公理parallel body 平行体parallel circle 平行圆parallel coordinates 平行坐标parallel curve 平行曲线parallel displacement 平行位移parallel edge 平行棱parallel line 平行线parallel operation 并行运算parallel plane 平面平行的parallel projection 平行射影parallel rule 平行直尺parallel shift 并行进位parallel slit 平行缝隙parallel slit domain 平行裂纹域parallel strip 平行带parallel subspace 平行子空间parallel surface 平行曲面parallel translation 并行进位parallelepiped 平行六面体parallelepipedal neighborhood 平行六面体邻域parallelism 平行parallelizability 可平行性parallelizable 可平行的parallelizable manifold 可平行廖parallelizable variety 可平行廖parallelogram 平行四边形parallelogram axiom 平行四边形公理parallelogram identity 平行四边形恒等式parallelogram law 平行四边形定律parallelogram of forces 力的平行四边形parallelotope 超平行体parallels of latitude 纬度线parameter 参数parameter curve 参数曲线parameter group 参数群parameter integral 参数积分parameter representation 参数表示parameter space 参数空间parameter variety 参数簇parametric curvature 参数曲率parametric curve 参数曲线parametric equation 参数方程parametric estimation 参数估计parametric hypothesis 参数假设parametric optimal solution 参数最优解parametric optimization 参数最优化parametric programming 参数规划parametric representation 参数表示parametric surface 参数曲面parametric test 参数检验parametric variable 参变数parametrics 参数学parametrix 拟基本解parametrization 参数化法parametron 变参数元件parastatistics 仲统计法paraxial 旁轴的paraxial rays 旁轴光线parent population 母体parenthesis 圈括弧parenthesize 引入括弧内parity 奇偶性parity check 奇偶校验parity digit 奇偶校验位parseval equality 帕谢互尔等式parted hyperboloid 双叶双曲面partial 部分的partial carry 部分进位partial confounding 部分混区partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial cross section 部分截面partial denominator 偏分母partial derivative 偏导数partial difference 偏差partial difference equation 偏差分方程partial difference quotient 偏差商partial differential 偏微分partial differential coefficient 偏导数partial differential equation 偏微分方程partial differential equation of elliptic type 椭圆型偏微分方程partial differential equation of first order 一阶偏微分方程partial differential equation of hyperbolic type 双曲型偏微分方程partial differential equation of mixed type 混合型偏微分方程partial differential equation of parabolic type 抛物型偏微分方程partial differential operator 偏微分算子partial differentiation 偏微分法partial fraction 部分分数partial fraction decomposition 部分分数展开partial fraction expansion 部分分数展开partial function 部分函数partial functor 部分函子partial graph 部分图partial linear differential equation 线性偏微分方程partial mapping 部分映射partial matrix 子阵partial numerator 偏分子partial ordering 偏序partial product 部分积partial rank correlation coefficient 偏等级相关系数partial recursive function 部分递归函数partial recursive scheme 部分递归格式partial regression 偏回归partial subgraph 部分子图partial sum 部分和partially adjoint operator 部分伴随算子partially computable function 部分可计算的函数partially differentiable function 可偏微函数partially isometric operator 部分等距算子partially ordered set 半序集partially ordered space 半序空间particular 特别的particular integral 特别积分particular solution 特解partition 分划partition function 分折函数partition of an integer 整数的分拆partition of unity 单位分解partition problem 划分问题partly well ordered set 半良序集pascal distribution 帕斯卡分布pascal hexagon 帕斯卡六边形pascal line 帕斯卡线pascal triangle 帕斯卡三角形passive 被动的path 道路path component 道路连通区path connected space 道路连通空间path matrix 道路矩阵path of a projectile 弹道path of integration 积分路线path space 道路空间pathological function 病态函数pattern 图形pauli matrices 泡利阵payoff 支付payoff function 支付函数payoff matrix 支付阵peak 峰pearson distribution 皮尔逊分布pedal 垂足线pedal circle 垂足圆pedal curve 垂足线pedal surface 垂足曲面pedal transformation 垂足变换pedal triangle 垂足三角形peirce decomposition 皮尔斯分解penalty function 罚函数penalty method 补偿法pencil 束pencil of circles 圆束pencil of conics 二次曲线束pencil of curves 曲线束pencil of lines 线束pencil of parallel lines 平行线束pencil of planes 面束pencil of spheres 球束pendulum 摆pentad 拼五小组pentadecagon 十五边形pentagon 五角形pentagonal number 五角数pentagonal pyramid 五角锥pentagram 五角星pentahedron 五面体pentaspherical coordinates 五球坐标percent 百分率percent error 百分误差percentage 百分率percentile 百分位数perfect cube 完全立方perfect field 完全域perfect form 完全型perfect group 完全群perfect information 完全信息perfect magic square 完全幻方perfect mapping 完全映射perfect matching 全匹配perfect number 完全数perfect number of the second kind 第二类完全数perfect set 完备集perfect space 完全空间perfect square 完全平方perfectly normal space 完全正规空间perigon 周角perimeter 周围period 周期period matrix 周期矩阵period of a function 函数的周期period of oscillation 振荡的周期period relations 周期关系式period strip 周期带periodic 周期的periodic distribution 周期广义函数periodic element 周期元素periodic error 周期误差periodic function 周期函数periodic group 周期群periodic law 周期律periodic motion 周期运动periodic orbit 周期轨道periodic solution 周期解periodic system 周期系periodical decimal fraction 循环十进小数periodicity 周期性periodicity interval 周期性区间periodicity of function 函数的周期性periodogram 周期图periodogram analysis 周期图分析periodograph 周期图periodparallelogram 周期平行四边形peripheral 周边的peripheral device 外围设备peripheral unit 外围设备periphery 周边permanently convergent series 永久收敛级数permissible error 容许误差permissible function 容许函数permissible value 容许值permutation 置换permutation group 置换群permutation homeomorphism 置换同胚permutation operator 置换算子permutation without repetition 无重复排列permute 排列perpendicular 垂直线perpendicular at midpoint 垂直等分线perpendicular plane 垂直面perpendicularity 正交性perpetuity 永久personal error 个人误差personal move 个人步personal probability 诸概率perspective 透视perspective affine figure 仿射图形perspectivity 透视性pert 程序监定技术perturb 扰动perturbation 扰动perturbation function 摄动函数perturbation method 摄动法perturbation of linear operators 线性算子的摄动perturbation parameter 摄动参数perturbation theory 摄动理论perturbed motion 摄动运动perturbed system 摄动组pfaffian equation 普法夫方程phase 位相phase angle 相角phase boundary 相界phase condition 相位条件phase coordinates 相坐标phase diagram 平衡图phase difference 相差phase integral 相积分phase modulation 相位灯phase plane 相位平面phase shift 相移phase shift analysis 相移分析phase space 相空间phase transition 相转移phase vector 相向量phase velocity 相位速度phenomenon 现象photogeometry 摄影几何学physical constant 物理常数physical coordinates of vector field 向量场的物理坐标physics 物理学picard exceptional value 皮卡例外值picard group 皮卡群picard integral 皮卡积分picard manifold 皮卡簇picard variety 皮卡簇pictogram 象形图piecewise continuity 分段连续性piecewise continuous function 分段连续函数piecewise differentiable function 分段可微函数piecewise linear element 分段线性元素piecewise linear function 分段线性函数piecewise linear map 分段线性映射piecewise linearization 分段线性化piecewise monotonic function 分段单弹数piecewise regular boundary 分段正则边界piecewise regulated function 分段正则函数piecewise smooth 分段光滑的piecewise smooth contour 分段光滑围道piecewise smooth curve 分段光滑曲线pilot survey 试验甸pivot 知pivot column 知列pivot element 知pivot row 枢轴行pivoting 旋转place 位place value 位值plan of experiment 实验计划planar developable surface 平面可展曲面planar graph 平面图planar point 平面点plane 平面plane angle 平面角plane at infinity 无穷远平面plane concave 平凹的plane configuration 平面构形plane convex 平凸的plane coordinates 面坐标plane curve 平面曲线plane dihedral angle 平面二面角plane domain 平面域plane figure 平面图形plane geometry 平面几何plane graph 平面图plane of coordinates 坐标平面plane of incidence 入射面plane of perspectivity 透视平面plane of projection 射影平面plane of similarity 相似平面plane of support 支柱的平面plane of symmetry 对称面plane of the section 截口平面plane projective geometry 平面射影几何plane surface 平曲面plane symmetry 平面对称plane triangle 平面三角形plane trigonometry 平面三角学plane vector field 平面向量场planimeter 面积仪planimetry 测面积学planisphere 平面球形图plano concave 平凹的plano convex 平凸的plasticity 塑性plateau problem 平稳问题platykurtic distribution 低峰态分布platykurtosis 低峰态player 局中人plurigenus 多狂pluriharmonic 多重低的pluriharmonic function 多重低函数plurisubharmonic 多重次低的plurisubharmonic function 多重次低函数plurisuperharmonic 多重上低的plus 加plus infinity 正无穷大plus sign 正号poincare conjecture 庞加莱猜想poincare half plane 上半平面poincare lemma 庞加莱引理poincare manifold 庞加莱廖poincare matrix 庞加菜矩阵poincare model 庞加莱模型poincare series 庞加莱级数point 点point at infinity 无穷远点point circle 点圆point diagram 点图表point ellipse 零椭圆point equation 点方程point estimation 点估计point finite cover 点有限覆盖point function 点函数point group 点群point ideal 点理想point involution 点列对合point lattice 点格point mass 点质量point measure 点测度point of adherence 接触点point of closure 触点point of condensation 凝聚点point of continuity 连续点point of convergence 收敛点point of determinacy 确定点point of discontinuity 不连续点point of divergence 发散点point of division 分点point of indeterminacy 歧点point of infinity 无穷远点point of inflection 拐点point of intersection 交点point of irreducibility 不可约性点point of semicontinuity 半连续点point of support 支撑点point of tangency 切点point of uniform convergence 一致收敛点point pair 点偶point process 点过程point range 点列point sequence 点序列point set 点集point slope form 点斜式point spectrum 点谱point sphere 点球point symmetry 点对称pointed complex 有点复形pointed cone 尖锥pointed set 有点集pointed simplicial complex 有点单纯复形pointer 地址计数器pointwise bounded sequence 点态有界序列pointwise continuity 点态连续性pointwise continuous function 点态连续函数pointwise convergence 点态收敛pointwise convergent family 点态收敛族pointwise convergent sequence 点态收敛序列pointwise discontinuity 点态不连续性pointwise monomorphism 点态单射pointwise relaxation 点态松弛poisson bracket 泊松括号poisson distribution 泊松分布poisson equation 泊松方程poisson ratio 泊松比poisson summation 泊松求积poisson summation formula 泊松求和公式polar 极的polar angle 极角polar axis 极轴polar circle 极圆polar conic 极圆锥曲线polar coordinate chart 极坐标图polar coordinate paper 极坐标图polar coordinates 极坐标polar curve 配极曲线polar decomposition 极分解polar developable 配极可展曲面polar diagram 极线图polar distance 极距polar equation 极方程polar form 极形式polar form of complex number 复数的极式polar integral equation 极性积分方程polar line 极线polar normal 极法线polar of a quadratic form 二次形式的极polar plane 极面polar planimeter 极面积仪polar radius 极半径polar reciprocal body 配极体polar set 极集polar subtangent 极次切距polar surface 极曲面polar system 极系polar tetrahedron 配极四面体polar theory 配极论polar triangle 极三角形polar trihedral 极三面形polar vector 极向量polarity 配极polarization identity 极化恒等式polarized abelian variety 配极阿贝耳簇polarized variety 配极簇pole 极pole of a function 函数的极pole of resolvent 预解式的极policy 策略policy iteration 策略迭代法polycylinder 多圆柱polygamma function 多函数polygon 多角形polygon of forces 力的多角形polygonal domain 多角形域polygonal line 折线polygonal net 多角形网polygonal number 多角数polygonal set 多角集polyharmonic equation 多重低方程polyharmonic function 多重低函数polyhedral angle 多面角polyhedral complex 多面复形polyhedral domain 多面体域polyhedral game 多面体对策polyhedral group 多面体群polyhedral set 多面集polyhedron 多面体polyhex 六面体polynomial 多项式polynomial approximation 多项式近似polynomial coefficient 多项式系数polynomial distribution 多项分布polynomial equation 多项式方程polynomial expansion 多项展开式polynomial game 多项式对策polynomial model 多项式模型polynomial of a variable 一变量多项式polynomial of best approximation 最佳逼近多项式polynomial of degree n n次多项式polynomial of n th degree n次多项式polynomial polyhedron 多项式多面体polynomial representation 多项式表示polynomial ring 多项式环polynomial solution 多项式解polynomial theorem 多项式定理polynomial trend 多项式瞧polytropic curve 多变曲线polytropic line 多变曲线pontryagin maximum principle 庞特里雅金极大原理pooled error 合并误差population 母体population genetics 总体遗传学population mean 总体均值population parameter 总体参数population statistics 人口统计position 位置position function 位置函数position of a relative maximum 相对极大点position of an extremum 极值点position parameter 位置参数position vector 位置向量positional game 位置对策positional notation 位置记数法positive angle 正角positive component 正分量positive cone 正锥positive correlation 正相关positive definite eigenvalue problem 正定特盏问题positive definite form 正定型positive definite kernel 正定核positive definite matrix 正定矩阵positive definite operator 正定算子positive definite quadratic form 正定二次型positive direction 正方向positive function 正函数positive integer 自然数positive linear operator 正线性算子positive logic 正逻辑positive matrix 正阵positive number 正数positive operator 正算子positive part 正部分positive real function 正实函数positive real number 正实数positive root 正根positive semidefinite form 半正定型positive semidefinite matrix 非负半正定阵positive sign 正号positive term series 正项级数positive variation 正变差positively definite eigenvalue problem 正定特盏问题positively definite sequence of numbers 正定数列positively definite variational problem 正定变分问题positively related 正相关的possibility 可能性posterior distribution 后验分布posterior probability 后验概率postnikov system 波斯特尼科夫系postulate 公设postulation 假定potency 基数potency of a set 集的势potential 位势potential difference 位势差potential energy 势能potential field 位势场potential flow 位势流potential function 位势函数potential gradient 位势梯度potential infinity 潜无穷potential scattering 位势散射potential theoretical 位势论的potential theory 位势论power 幂power associative algebra 幂结合代数power density 谱线密度power expansion 按幂展开power exponent 幂指数power function 幂函数;功效函数power mean 幂平匀power of set 集的势power residue symbol 幂剩余符号power series 幂级数power series expansion 幂级数展开power series method 幂级数法power series ring 幂级数环power set 幂集power spectrum 功率谱practical unit 实用单位pre hilbert norm 准希耳伯特模pre hilbert space 准希耳伯特空间preadditive category 预加性范畴precession 进动precise 精确的precision 精度precompact linear mapping 准紧线性映射precompact set 准紧集precompact space 准紧空间precompactness 准紧性predecessor 前趋predecessor function 前钳数predicate 谓词predicate calculus 谓词演算predicate calculus of the third order 三阶谓词演算predicate calculus with identity 带恒等式的谓词演算predicate constant 谓词常数predicate logic 谓词演算predicate symbol 谓词符号predicate variable 谓词变项prediction law 预报律prediction theory 预报理论predictor 预示predictor corrector method 预示校正法predual 预对偶preference relation 选择关系preference testing 选择检验prefix 前束prehistory 履历preimage 逆象premise 前提prenex formula 前束式prenex normal form 前束范式preorder 拟序preradical 预根式prescheme 前概型preservation 保存preserve 保存preset parameter 预置参数presheaf 预层pressure 压力presume 假定presumption 假定presuppose 假定presupposition 假定price 价格primal problem 原始问题primal simplex method 原来单形法primal solution 原来问题解primal variable 原来变量primary abelian group 准素阿贝耳群primary component 准素分支primary decomposition 原始分解primary difference 第一差别类primary ideal 准素理想primary minimum 肢小primary obstruction 第一障碍类primary ring 准素环primary submodule 准素子模prime component 素分量prime conjunction 素连接prime divisor 素因子prime dual ideal 素对偶理想prime element 素元prime factor 素因数prime factorization 素因子分解prime field 素域prime filter 素滤子prime formula 原始公式prime graph 素图prime ideal 素理想prime ideal theorem 素理想定理prime number 素数prime number problem 素数问题prime number theorem 素数定理prime pair 素数对prime polynomial 素多项式prime polynomial ideal 素多项式理想prime power 素数幂prime spot 素点primitive cohomology 原始上同调primitive element 本原元素primitive equation 本原方程primitive function 原函数primitive group 本原群primitive idempotent element 本原幂等元素primitive period 原始周期primitive period parallelogram 原始周期平行四边形primitive period system 原始周期primitive periods 原始周期primitive polynomial 本原多项式primitive recursive attribute 原始递归属性primitive recursive function 原始递归函数primitive recursive isomorphism 原始递归同构primitive recursive predicate 原始递归渭词primitive root 原根principal adele 症代尔principal anti automorphism 执自同构principal axes of stress 应力轴principal axis 轴principal axis transformation 轴变换principal branch 殖principal branch of general power 一般幂的枝principal branch of natural logarithm 自然对数的枝principal branch of radical 根基的枝principal bundle 衷principal character 重贞principal circle 植principal coincidence curve 筑合素曲线principal component 种量principal congruence subgroup 脂余子群principal curvature 助率principal curve 助线principal diagonal 衷角线principal direction 纸向principal distribution parameter 种布参数principal divisor 烛子principal factor 烛子principal fibration 炙维化principal filter 炙子principal fractionary ideal 种式理想principal genus 竹principal ideal 猪想principal ideal domain 猪想整环principal ideal ring 猪想环principal ideal theorem 猪想定理principal isobaric surfaces 标准等压面principal map 殖射principal matrix 重阵principal maximum 肢小principal minor 钟行列式principal moment of inertia 知动惯量principal normal 吱线principal normal bundle 吱线丛principal normal vector 吱线向量principal part 挚principal part of laurent series 罗郎级数的挚principal plane 纸面principal point 帚principal series 烛列principal solution 肘principal surface 助面principal tangent 中线principal term 诸principal trace 郑principal uniformization 芝值化principal value 值principal value of argument 辐角的值principal value of integral 积分的值principal value of power 幂的值principal value of radical 根基的值principal variable 咒数principle 原理principle of abstraction 抽象原理principle of balayage 扫除原理principle of choice 选择公理principle of comparison 比较原理principle of continuity 连续原理principle of correspondence 对应原则principle of counting constants 常数计数原理principle of domination 优势原理principle of duality 对偶原理principle of energy 能量原理principle of equilibrium 平衡原理principle of harmonic measure 低测度原理principle of indeterminancy 测不准原理principle of least action 最小酌原理principle of least curvature 最小曲率原理principle of mathematical induction 数学归纳法原理principle of reflection 反射原理principle of relativization 相对化原理principle of transfinite induction 超限归纳原理principle of variation 变分原理principle of virtual displacement 虚位移原理prior distribution 先验分布prior probability 先验概率prism 角柱prismatic 棱柱的prismatic surface 棱柱曲面prismatoid 旁面三角台prismoidal formula 似棱体公式pro finite group 射有限群probabilistic 概率的probabilistic method in statistical mechanics 统计力学中的概率方法probability 概率probability curve 概率曲线probability density 概率密度probability distribution 概率分布probability distribution function 分布函数probability element 概率元素probability field 概率场probability function 概率函数probability generating function 概率母函数probability integral 概率积分probability matrix 随机阵probability measure 概率测度probability model 随机性模型probability of occurrence 事件概率probability paper 概率纸probability sampling 概率抽样probability space 概率空间probability theory 概率论probability unit 概率单位probability vector 概率向量probable deviation 概差probable ellipse 概率椭圆probable ellipsoid 概率椭球probable error 概差probit 概率单位probit analysis 概率单位分析problem of contact 接触问题problem of fixed points 不动点问题problem of geometrical construction 几何准问题problem of moments 矩问题problem of prime twins 孪生素数问题problem on obstacle 障碍问题process 过程process control 过程控制process with independent increments 独立增量过程processing 处理producer's risk 厂方风险product 积product algebra 积代数product bundle 积丛product category 积范畴product complex 积复形product directed set 积有向集product formula 乘积公式product integral 乘积积分product mapping 积映射product measure 乘积测度product metric 乘积度量product module 积模product moment 积矩product moment correlation 积矩相关product of events 事件的积product of relation 关系的积product preserving functor 积保存函子product representation of equation 方程的积表示product series 积级数product set 积集product sign 乘号product space 积空间product topology 积拓扑product transformation 积变换product uniformity 积一致性product variety 积簇production 生成profit 利益program 程序program library 程序库program parameter 程序参数program register 程序寄存器program tape 程序带program test 程序检验programmer 程序设计员programming 程序设计progression 级数project 射影projecting cone 射影锥projecting plane 射影面projection 射影projection gradient method 投影梯度法projection matrix 射影矩阵projection plane 射影平面projective algebraic variety 射影代数簇projective arc length 射影弧长projective collineation 射影直射变换projective cone 射影锥projective conic 射影圆锥曲线projective connection 射影联络projective coordinate system 射影坐标系projective coordinates 射影坐标projective cover 射影覆盖projective curvature tensor 射影曲率张量projective deformation 射影变形projective differential geometry 射影微分几何学projective dimension 射影维数projective general linear group 射影一般线性群projective generation 射影产生projective geometry 射影几何学projective group 射影群projective limit 逆向极限projective line 射影直线projective line element 射影线元projective mapping 射影映射projective metric 射影度量projective minimal surface 射影极小曲面projective module 射影模projective normal 射影法线projective object 射影对象projective parameter 射影参数projective pencil of lines 射影线束projective plane 射影平面projective principal normal 射影吱线projective property 射影性质projective quadric 射影二次曲面projective relation 射影关系projective representation 射影表示projective set 射影集合projective space 射影空间projective tensor 射影张量projective theorem 射影定理projective transformation 射影变换projective variety 射影簇projective vector 射影向量projectively flat space 射影平坦空间projectivity 射影关系projector 射影算子prolate cycloid 长辐旋轮线prolate ellipsoid 长椭球prolate spheroid 长椭球prolongation 开拓promotion of convergence 收敛的促进proof 证明proof of existence 存在证明proof theory 证蜜propagation 传播propagation of errors 误差传播proper class 本原元素proper convex body 固有凸体proper convex function 特展函数proper divergence 定发散proper dual ideal 固有对偶理想proper face 真面proper factor 真因子proper factor group 真剩余群proper fraction 真分数proper fractional function 真分数函数proper frequency 固有频率proper function 特寨数proper lorentz group 正常洛伦茨群proper morphism 真射proper motion 固有运动proper movement 固有运动proper orthogonal group 特殊正交群proper orthogonal matrix 特正交矩阵proper point 固有点proper point of inflection 固有变曲点proper quadric 真二次曲面proper subgraph 真子图proper subgroup 真子群proper subset 真子集proper subspace 本沼空间proper value 特盏proper vector 特镇量properly discontinuous 纯不连续的properly discontinuous group 纯不连续群properly divergent sequence 正常发散序列properly divergent series 正常发散级数proportion 比例proportional 比例的proportional allocation 比例配置proportional compasses 比例规proportional component 比例分量proportional counter 正比计数器proportional part 比例部分proportional quantities 比例量proportional region 正比区proportional sampling 比例抽样proportionality 比例proportionality coefficient 比例系数proportionality factor 比例系数proportionality limit 比例极限proposition 命题propositional algebra 命题代数propositional calculus 命题演算propositional connective 命题联结词propositional function 命题函数propositional inference 命题推演propositional logic 命题逻辑propositional variable 命题变元protractor 量角器分度规provability 可证迷provable 可证媚;可证的provable formula 可证公式prove 证明论证proximity 附近proximity relation 邻近关系proximity space 邻近空间pseudo abelian category 伪阿贝耳范畴pseudo euclidean space 伪欧几里得空间pseudo random number 伪随机数pseudo tensor 伪张量pseudoanalytic function 伪解析函数pseudoarc 伪弧pseudobasis 伪基pseudocatenary 伪悬链线pseudocatenoid 伪悬链曲面pseudocode 伪码pseudocoherent sheaf 伪凝聚层pseudocompact 伪紧的pseudocomplement 伪余pseudocomplemented lattice 伪有余格pseudocomplex manifold 伪复廖pseudoconformal geometry 伪保角几何pseudoconformal mapping 伪保角映射pseudoconvex 伪凸的pseudoconvex domain 伪凸域pseudoconvex function 伪凸函数pseudoconvexity 伪凸性pseudocycle 伪循环pseudocycloid 伪旋轮线pseudodifferential operator 伪微分算子pseudodistance 伪距离pseudoelliptic function 伪椭圆函数pseudoelliptic integral 伪椭圆积分pseudofunctor 伪函子pseudogroup of transformations 伪变换群pseudoharmonic function 伪低函数pseudoinverse operator 伪逆算子pseudomanifold 伪廖pseudomeasure 伪测度pseudometric 伪度量pseudometric space 伪度量空间pseudometric uniformity 伪度量一致性pseudometrizable uniform space 伪可度量化的一致空间pseudonorm 伪范数pseudonormed space 伪赋范空间pseudoperiod 伪周期pseudoperiodic function 伪周期函数pseudoprime number 伪素数pseudoproduct 伪积pseudorandom number 伪随机数pseudorecurrence 伪递推pseudoscalar 伪纯量pseudoscalar coupling 伪标量耦合pseudosphere 伪球面pseudospherical space 伪球形空间pseudospherical surface 伪球形曲面pseudospiral 伪螺线pseudotensor 伪张量pseudotractrix 伪曳物线pseudotriangle 伪三角形pseudovaluation 伪赋值pseudovector 伪向量psi function 双函数psychometrics 计量心理学puiseux series 皮瑟级数pulsation 脉动pulse 脉冲pulse length 脉冲长度punch card 穿孔卡片punch position 穿孔位置punch tape 穿孔带punched hole 穿孔punctured disk 有孔圆盘puppe exact sequence 普佩正合序列pure complex 纯复形pure continuous spectrum 纯连续谱pure geometry 综合几何学pure mathematics 抽象数学pure point spectrum 纯离散谱pure predicate calculus of first order 一阶纯谓词演算pure set theory 一般集合论pure state 纯状态pure strategy 纯策略pure surd 纯不尽根purely discrete spectrum 纯离散谱purely imaginary number 虚数purely inseparable 纯不可分的purely inseparable element 纯不可分元素purely inseparable extension 纯不可分扩张purely transcendental extension 纯超越扩张pursuit curve 追踪曲线pyramid 角锥pyramidal 角锥的pyramidal surface 棱锥曲面pythagoras theorem 毕达哥拉斯定理pythagorean field 毕达哥拉斯域pythagorean numbers 毕达哥拉斯数。
希尔伯特曲线 空间索引
希尔伯特曲线空间索引希尔伯特曲线是一种用于空间索引的曲线。
它是由德国数学家David Hilbert在20世纪初提出的,并被广泛应用于计算机科学领域。
希尔伯特曲线具有压缩和空间局部性等优点,适合用于多维空间中的数据索引和查询。
希尔伯特曲线是一条连续的曲线,被用于将多维空间的坐标映射到一维空间中。
这种映射方式使得相邻的数据在一维空间中的位置尽可能接近,从而提高了数据的局部性。
希尔伯特曲线的构建是通过重复应用一种特定的模式来完成的。
具体来说,希尔伯特曲线是通过将二维平面中的点映射到一维空间中的一条曲线上。
在构造过程中,将平面分成四个等分,并按照特定的顺序连接这四个小块,形成一条分形曲线。
然后,再将每个小块按照同样的方式划分,重复上述过程,直到达到所需的精度。
通过这种方式,平面中的点可以被映射到曲线上,并保持它们在曲线中的相对邻近性。
希尔伯特曲线的具体构造方式可以通过迭代算法来实现。
在每一次迭代中,需要将平面分成四个等分,并根据特定的连接顺序将这四个小块连接起来。
通常,这种连接顺序可以由一个二进制编码来表示,其中每一位表示用于连接的小块的位置。
一旦构建完成了希尔伯特曲线,就可以将多维空间中的数据点映射到曲线上。
这种映射方式可以用于索引和查询多维空间中的数据。
例如,在二维空间中,可以将每个数据点的坐标映射到希尔伯特曲线上,并使用曲线上的位置来代表该数据点。
这样,相邻的数据点在曲线上也会相互靠近,从而提高查询效率。
希尔伯特曲线在计算机科学领域有广泛的应用。
一方面,它被用于提高空间数据的存储和查询效率。
例如,在地理信息系统中,可以使用希尔伯特曲线对地理空间数据进行索引,从而快速地查询特定区域内的数据。
另一方面,希尔伯特曲线也可以用于数据压缩和图像处理等领域。
通过将二维空间中的数据点映射到一维空间中,可以减少数据的维度,并提高处理效率。
总而言之,希尔伯特曲线是一种用于空间索引的有效工具。
它能够将多维空间中的数据点映射到一维空间中的曲线上,并保持它们在曲线上的相邻性。
高等数学(微积分学)专业术语名词、概念、定理等英汉对照.
目录第一部分英汉微积分词汇Part 1 English-Chinese Calculus Vocabulary第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 function and Limit (1)第二章导数与微分Chapter 2 Derivative and Differential (2)第三章微分中值定理Chapter 3 Mean Value theorem of differentials and theApplicati on of Derivatives (3)第四章不定积分Chapter 4 Indefinite Intergrals (3)第五章定积分Chapter 5 Definite Integral (3)第六章定积分的应用Chapter 6 Application of the Definite Integrals (4)第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter 7 Space Ana lytic Geomertry and Vector Algebra (4)第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter 8 Differentiation of functions Several variablesand Its Application (5)第九章重积分Multiple Integrals (6)第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter 10 Line(Curve ) Integrals and Sur face Integrals……………………6 第十一章无穷级数Chapter 11 Infinite Series……………………………………………………6 第十二章微分方程Chapter 12 Differential Equation (7)第二部分定理定义公式的英文表达 Part 2 English Expression for Theorem, Definition and Formula第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 Function and L imit (19)1.1 映射与函数(Mapping and Function ) (19)1.2 数列的极限(Limit of the Sequence of Number) (20)1.3 函数的极限(Limit of Function) (21)1.4 无穷小与无穷大(Infinitesimal and Inifinity) (23)1.5 极限运算法则(Operation Rule of L imit) (24)1.6 极限存在准则两个重要的极限(Rule for theExistence of Limits Two Important Limits) (25)1.7 无穷小的比较(The Comparison of infinitesimal) (26)1.8 函数的连续性与间断点(Continuity of FunctionAnd Discontinuity Points) (28)1.9 连续函数的运酸与初等函数的连续性(OperationOf Continuous Functions and Continuity ofElementary Functions) (28)1.10 闭区间上联系汗水的性质(Properties ofContinuous Functions on a Closed Interval) (30)第二章导数与数分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential (31)2.1 导数的概念(The Concept of Derivative) (31)2.2 函数的求导法则(Rules for Finding Derivatives) (33)2.3 高阶导数(Higher-order Derivatives) (34)2.4 隐函数及由参数方程所确定的函数的导数相关变化率(Derivatives of Implicit Functions and Functions Determined by Parametric Equation and Correlative Change Rate) (34)2.5 函数的微分(Differential of a Function) (35)第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter 3 Mean Value Theorem of Differentials and theApplication of Derivatives (36)3.1 微分中值定理(The Mean Value Theorem) (36)3.2 洛必达法则(L’Hopital’s Rule) (38)3.3 泰勒公式(Taylor’s Formula) (41)3.4 函数的单调性和曲线的凹凸性(Monotonicityof Functions and Concavity of Curves) (43)3.5 函数的极值与最大最小值(Extrema, Maximaand Minima of Functions) (46)3.6 函数图形的描绘(Graphing Functions) (49)3.7 曲率(Curvature) (50)3.8 方程的近似解(Solving Equation Numerically) (53)第四章不定积分Chapter 4 Indefinite Integrals (54)4.1 不定积分的概念与性质(The Concept andProperties of Indefinite Integrals) (54)4.2 换元积分法(Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals) (56)4.3 分部积分法(Integration by Parts) (57)4.4 有理函数的积分(Integration of Rational Functions) (58)第五章定积分Chapter 5 Definite Integrals (61)5.1 定积分的概念和性质(Concept of Definite Integraland its Properties) (61)5.2 微积分基本定理(Fundamental Theorem of Calculus) (67)5.3 定积分的换元法和分部积分法(Integration by Substitution andDefinite Integrals by Parts) (69)5.4 反常积分(Improper Integrals) (70)第六章定积分的应用Chapter 6 Applications of the Definite Integrals (75)6.1 定积分的元素法(The Element Method of Definite Integra (75)6.2 定积分在几何学上的应用(Applications of the DefiniteIntegrals to Geometry) (76)6.3 定积分在物理学上的应用(Applications of the DefiniteIntegrals to Physics) (79)第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter 7 Space Analytic Geometry and Vector Algebar (80)7.1 向量及其线性运算(Vector and Its Linear Operation) (80)7.2 数量积向量积(Dot Produc t and Cross Product) (86)7.3 曲面及其方程(Surface and Its Equation) (89)7.4 空间曲线及其方程(The Curve in Three-space and Its Equation (91)7.5 平面及其方程(Plane in Space and Its Equation) (93)7.6 空间直线及其方程(Lines in and Their Equations) (95)第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter 8 Differentiation of Functions of SeveralVariables and Its Application (99)8.1 多元函数的基本概念(The Basic Concepts of Functionsof Several Variables) (99)8.2 偏导数(Partial Derivative) (102)8.3 全微分(Total Differential) (103)8.4 链式法则(The Chain Rule) (104)8.5 隐函数的求导公式(Derivative Formula for Implicit Functions). (104)8.6 多元函数微分学的几何应用(Geometric Applications of Differentiationof Ffunctions of Severalvariables) (106)8.7方向导数与梯度(Directional Derivatives and Gradients) (107)8.8多元函数的极值(Extreme Value of Functions of Several Variables) (108)第九章重积分Chapter 9 Multiple Integrals (111)9.1二重积分的概念与性质(The Concept of Double Integralsand Its Properities) (111)9.2二重积分的计算法(Evaluation of double Integrals) (114)9.3三重积分(Triple Integrals) (115)9.4重积分的应用(Applications of Multiple Itegrals) (120)第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapte 10 Line Integrals and Surface Integrals………………………………121 10.1 对弧长的曲线积分(line Intergrals with Respect to Arc Length) ………121 10.2 对坐标的曲线积分(Line Integrals with respect toCoordinate Variables) ……………………………………………………123 10.3 格林公式及其应用(Green's Formula and Its Applications) ………………124 10.4 对面积的曲面积分(Surface Integrals with Respect to Aarea) ……………126 10.5 对坐标的曲面积分(Surface Integrals with Respect toCoordinate Variables) ………………………………………………………128 10.6 高斯公式通量与散度(Gauss's Formula Flux and Divirgence) …… 130 10.7 斯托克斯公式环流量与旋度(Stokes's Formula Circulationand Rotation) (131)第十一章无穷级数Chapter 11 Infinite Series (133)11.1 常数项级数的概念与性质(The concept and Properties ofThe Constant series) ………………………………………………………133 11.2 常数项级数的审敛法(Test for Convergence of the Constant Series) ……137 11.3 幂级数(powe r Series). ……………………………………………………143 11.4 函数展开成幂级数(Represent the Function as Power Series) ……………148 11.5 函数的幂级数展开式的应用(the Appliacation of the Power Seriesrepresentation of a Function) (148)11.6 函数项级数的一致收敛性及一致收敛级数的基本性质(The Unanimous Convergence of the Ser ies of Functions and Its properties) (149)11.7 傅立叶级数(Fourier Series).............................................152 11.8 一般周期函数的傅立叶级数(Fourier Series of Periodic Functions) (153)第十二章微分方程Chapter 12 Differential Equation……………………………………………155 12.1 微分方程的基本概念(The Concept of DifferentialEqu ation) ……155 12.2 可分离变量的微分方程(Separable Differential Equation) ………156 12.3 齐次方程(Homogeneous Equation) ………………………………156 12.4 一次线性微分方程(Linear Differential Equation of theFirst Order) (157)12.5 全微分方程(Total Differential Equation) …………………………158 12.6 可降阶的高阶微分方程(Higher-order DifferentialEquation Turned to Lower-order DifferentialEquation) (159)12.7 高阶线性微分方程(Linear Differential Equation of Higher Order) …159 12.8 常系数齐次线性微分方程(Homogeneous LinearDifferential Equation with Constant Coefficient) (163)12.9 常系数非齐次线性微分方程(Non HomogeneousDifferential Equation with Constant Coefficient) (164)12.10 欧拉方程(Euler Equation) …………………………………………164 12.11 微分方程的幂级数解法(Power Series Solutionto Differential Equation) (164)第三部分常用数学符号的英文表达Part 3 English Expression of the Mathematical Symbol in Common Use第一部分英汉微积分词汇Part1 English-Chinese Calculus Vocabulary映射 mappingX到Y的映射 mapping of X ontoY 满射 surjection 单射 injection一一映射 one-to-one mapping 双射 bijection 算子 operator变化 transformation 函数 function逆映射 inverse mapping复合映射 composite mapping 自变量 independent variable 因变量 dependent variable 定义域 domain函数值 value of function 函数关系 function relation 值域 range自然定义域 natural domain 单值函数 single valued function 多值函数 multiple valued function 单值分支 one-valued branch 函数图形 graph of a function 绝对值函数 absolute value 符号函数 sigh function 整数部分 integral part 阶梯曲线 step curve 第一章函数与极限Chapter1 Function and Limit 集合 set元素 element 子集 subset 空集 empty set 并集 union交集 intersection 差集 difference of set 基本集 basic set补集 complement set 直积 direct product笛卡儿积 Cartesian product 开区间 open interval 闭区间 closed interval 半开区间half open interval 有限区间 finite interval区间的长度 length of an interval 无限区间 infinite interval 领域 neighborhood领域的中心 centre of a neighborhood 领域的半径 radius of a neighborhood 左领域left neighborhood 右领域 right neighborhood当且仅当 if and only if(iff) 分段函数 piecewise function 上界 upper bound 下界lower bound 有界 boundedness 无界 unbounded函数的单调性 monotonicity of a function 单调增加的 increasing 单调减少的decreasing单调函数 monotone function函数的奇偶性 parity(odevity) of a function对称 symmetry 偶函数 even function 奇函数 odd function函数的周期性 periodicity of a function 周期 period反函数 inverse function 直接函数 direct function 复合函数 composite function 中间变量 intermediate variable 函数的运算 operation of function基本初等函数 basic elementary function 初等函数 elementary function 幂函数 power function指数函数 exponential function 对数函数 logarithmic function 三角函数 trigonometric function反三角函数 inverse trigonometric function 常数函数 constant function 双曲函数hyperbolic function 双曲正弦 hyperbolic sine 双曲余弦 hyperbolic cosine 双曲正切hyperbolic tangent反双曲正弦 inverse hyperbolic sine 反双曲余弦 inverse hyperbolic cosine 反双曲正切 inverse hyperbolic tangent 极限 limit数列 sequence of number 收敛 convergence 收敛于 a converge to a 发散 divergent极限的唯一性 uniqueness of limits收敛数列的有界性 boundedness of aconvergent sequence子列 subsequence函数的极限 limits of functions函数f(x)当x趋于x0时的极限 limit of functions f(x) as x approaches x0 左极限 left limit 右极限 right limit单侧极限 one-sided limits水平渐近线 horizontal asymptote 无穷小 infinitesimal 无穷大 infinity铅直渐近线 vertical asymptote 夹逼准则 squeeze rule单调数列 monotonic sequence高阶无穷小 infinitesimal of higher order 低阶无穷小 infinitesimal of lower order 同阶无穷小 infinitesimal of the same order 等阶无穷小 equivalent infinitesimal 函数的连续性 continuity of a function 增量 increment函数f(x)在x0连续 the function f(x) is continuous at x0左连续 left continuous 右连续 right continuous区间上的连续函数 continuous function 函数f(x)在该区间上连续 function f(x) is continuous on an interval 不连续点 discontinuity point第一类间断点 discontinuity point of the first kind第二类间断点 discontinuity point of the second kind初等函数的连续性 continuity of the elementary functions定义区间 defined interval最大值 global maximum value (absolute maximum)最小值 global minimum value (absolute minimum)零点定理 the zero point theorem介值定理 intermediate value theorem 第二章导数与微分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential 速度 velocity匀速运动 uniform motion 平均速度 average velocity瞬时速度 instantaneous velocity 圆的切线 tangent line of a circle 切线 tangent line切线的斜率 slope of the tangent line 位置函数 position function 导数 derivative 可导derivable函数的变化率问题 problem of the change rate of a function导函数 derived function 左导数 left-hand derivative 右导数 right-hand derivative 单侧导数 one-sided derivativesf(x)在闭区间【a,b】上可导 f(x)isderivable on the closed interval [a,b] 切线方程 tangent equation 角速度 angular velocity 成本函数 cost function 边际成本 marginal cost 链式法则 chain rule隐函数 implicit function 显函数 explicit function 二阶函数 second derivative 三阶导数 third derivative 高阶导数 nth derivative莱布尼茨公式 Leibniz formula 对数求导法 log- derivative 参数方程 parametric equation 相关变化率 correlative change rata 微分 differential 可微的 differentiable 函数的微分 differential of function自变量的微分 differential of independent variable微商 differential quotient间接测量误差 indirect measurement error 绝对误差 absolute error相对误差 relative error第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter3 MeanValue Theorem of Differentials and the Application of Derivatives 罗马定理Rolle’s theorem 费马引理Fermat’s lemma拉格朗日中值定理Lagrange’s mean value theorem驻点 stationary point 稳定点 stable point 临界点 critical point辅助函数 auxiliary function拉格朗日中值公式Lagrange’s mean value formula柯西中值定理Cauchy’s mean value theorem洛必达法则L’Hospital’s Rule0/0型不定式 indeterminate form of type 0/0不定式 indeterminate form泰勒中值定理Taylor’s mean value theorem泰勒公式 Taylor formula 余项 remainder term拉格朗日余项 Lagrange remainder term 麦克劳林公式Maclaurin’s formula 佩亚诺公式 Peano remainder term 凹凸性 concavity凹向上的 concave upward, cancave up 凹向下的,向上凸的concave downward’ concave down拐点 inflection point函数的极值 extremum of function 极大值 local(relative) maximum 最大值global(absolute) mximum 极小值 local(relative) minimum 最小值 global(absolute) minimum 目标函数 objective function 曲率 curvature弧微分 arc differential平均曲率 average curvature 曲率园 circle of curvature 曲率中心 center of curvature 曲率半径 radius of curvature渐屈线 evolute 渐伸线 involute根的隔离 isolation of root 隔离区间 isolation interval 切线法 tangent line method第四章不定积分Chapter4 Indefinite Integrals原函数 primitive function(antiderivative) 积分号 sign of integration 被积函数integrand积分变量 integral variable 积分曲线 integral curve 积分表 table of integrals换元积分法 integration by substitution 分部积分法 integration by parts分部积分公式 formula of integration by parts有理函数 rational function 真分式 proper fraction 假分式 improper fraction第五章定积分Chapter5 Definite Integrals 曲边梯形 trapezoid with 曲边 curve edge窄矩形 narrow rectangle曲边梯形的面积 area of trapezoid with curved edge积分下限 lower limit of integral 积分上限 upper limit of integral 积分区间 integral interval 分割 partition积分和 integral sum 可积 integrable矩形法 rectangle method积分中值定理 mean value theorem of integrals函数在区间上的平均值 average value of a function on an integvals牛顿-莱布尼茨公式 Newton-Leibniz formula微积分基本公式 fundamental formula of calculus换元公式 formula for integration by substitution递推公式 recurrence formula 反常积分 improper integral反常积分发散 the improper integral is divergent反常积分收敛 the improper integral is convergent无穷限的反常积分 improper integral on an infinite interval无界函数的反常积分 improper integral of unbounded functions绝对收敛 absolutely convergent第六章定积分的应用Chapter6 Applications of the Definite Integrals元素法 the element method 面积元素 element of area平面图形的面积 area of a luane figure 直角坐标又称“笛卡儿坐标 (Cartesian coordinates)”极坐标 polar coordinates 抛物线 parabola 椭圆 ellipse旋转体的面积 volume of a solid of rotation旋转椭球体 ellipsoid of revolution, ellipsoid of rotation曲线的弧长 arc length of acurve 可求长的 rectifiable 光滑 smooth 功 work水压力 water pressure 引力 gravitation 变力 variable force第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter7 Space Analytic Geometry and Vector Algebra向量 vector自由向量 free vector 单位向量 unit vector 零向量 zero vector 相等 equal 平行parallel向量的线性运算 linear poeration of vector 三角法则 triangle rule平行四边形法则 parallelogram rule 交换律 commutative law 结合律 associative law 负向量 negative vector 差 difference分配律 distributive law空间直角坐标系 space rectangular coordinates坐标面 coordinate plane 卦限 octant向量的模 modulus of vector向量a与b的夹角 angle between vector a and b方向余弦 direction cosine 方向角 direction angle向量在轴上的投影 projection of a vector onto an axis数量积,外积,叉积 scalar product,dot product,inner product曲面方程 equation for a surface 球面 sphere旋转曲面 surface of revolution 母线 generating line 轴 axis圆锥面 cone 顶点 vertex旋转单叶双曲面 revolution hyperboloids of one sheet旋转双叶双曲面 revolution hyperboloids of two sheets柱面 cylindrical surface ,cylinder 圆柱面 cylindrical surface 准线 directrix抛物柱面 parabolic cylinder 二次曲面 quadric surface 椭圆锥面 dlliptic cone 椭球面ellipsoid单叶双曲面 hyperboloid of one sheet 双叶双曲面 hyperboloid of two sheets 旋转椭球面 ellipsoid of revolution 椭圆抛物面 elliptic paraboloid旋转抛物面 paraboloid of revolution 双曲抛物面 hyperbolic paraboloid 马鞍面 saddle surface椭圆柱面 elliptic cylinder 双曲柱面 hyperbolic cylinder 抛物柱面 parabolic cylinder 空间曲线 space curve空间曲线的一般方程 general form equations of a space curve空间曲线的参数方程 parametric equations of a space curve 螺转线 spiral 螺矩 pitch 投影柱面 projecting cylinder 投影 projection平面的点法式方程 pointnorm form eqyation of a plane法向量 normal vector平面的一般方程 general form equation of a plane两平面的夹角 angle between two planes 点到平面的距离 distance from a point to a plane空间直线的一般方程 general equation of a line in space方向向量 direction vector直线的点向式方程 pointdirection form equations of a line方向数 direction number直线的参数方程 parametric equations of a line两直线的夹角 angle between two lines 垂直 perpendicular直线与平面的夹角 angle between a line and a planes平面束 pencil of planes平面束的方程 equation of a pencil of planes行列式 determinant系数行列式 coefficient determinant第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter8 Differentiation of Functions of Several Variables and Its Application 一元函数 function of one variable 多元函数 function of several variables 内点 interior point 外点 exterior point 边界点 frontier point,boundary point 聚点 point of accumulation 开集 openset 闭集 closed set 连通集 connected set 开区域 open region 闭区域 closed region有界集 bounded set 无界集 unbounded setn维空间 n-dimentional space 二重极限 double limit 多元函数的连续性 continuity of function of seveal 连续函数 continuous function 不连续点 discontinuity point 一致连续 uniformly continuous 偏导数 partial derivative 对自变量x的偏导数 partial derivative with respect to independent variable x 高阶偏导数 partial derivative of higher order 二阶偏导数 second order partial derivative 混合偏导数 hybrid partial derivative 全微分 total differential 偏增量 oartial increment 偏微分 partial differential 全增量 total increment 可微分 differentiable 必要条件 necessary condition充分条件 sufficient condition 叠加原理 superpostition principle 全导数 total derivative中间变量 intermediate variable 隐函数存在定理 theorem of the existence of implicit function 曲线的切向量 tangent vector of a curve 法平面 normal plane 向量方程vector equation 向量值函数 vector-valued function 切平面 tangent plane 法线 normal line 方向导数 directional derivative梯度 gradient数量场 scalar field 梯度场 gradient field 向量场 vector field 势场 potential field 引力场 gravitational field 引力势 gravitational potential 曲面在一点的切平面 tangent plane to asurface at a point 曲线在一点的法线 normal line to asurface at a point 无条件极值 unconditional extreme values 条件极值 conditional extreme values 拉格朗日乘数法 Lagrange multiplier method 拉格朗日乘子 Lagrange multiplier 经验公式 empirical formula 最小二乘法 method of least squares 均方误差mean square error 第九章重积分 Chapter9 Multiple Integrals 二重积分 double integral 可加性 additivity累次积分 iterated integral 体积元素 volume element 三重积分 triple integral 直角坐标系中的体积元素 volumeelement in rectangular coordinate system 柱面坐标 cylindrical coordinates 柱面坐标系中的体积元素 volumeelement in cylindrical coordinate system 球面坐标 spherical coordinates 球面坐标系中的体积元素 volumeelement in spherical coordinate system 反常二重积分 improper double integral 曲面的面积 area of a surface 质心 centre of mass 静矩 static moment 密度 density 形心centroid 转动惯量 moment of inertia 参变量 parametric variable 第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter10 Line(Curve)Integrals and Surface Integrals对弧长的曲线积分 line integrals with respect to arc hength第一类曲线积分 line integrals of the first type对坐标的曲线积分 line integrals with respect to x,y,and z第二类曲线积分 line integrals of the second type有向曲线弧 directed arc单连通区域 simple connected region 复连通区域 complex connected region 格林公式Green formula第一类曲面积分 surface integrals of the first type对面的曲面积分 surface integrals with respect to area有向曲面 directed surface对坐标的曲面积分 surface integrals with respect to coordinate elements第二类曲面积分 surface integrals of the second type有向曲面元 element of directed surface 高斯公式 gauss formula拉普拉斯算子 Laplace operator 格林第一公式Green’s first formula 通量 flux散度 divergence斯托克斯公式 Stokes formula 环流量 circulation 旋度 rotation,curl第十一章无穷级数Chapter11 Infinite Series 一般项 general term 部分和 partial sum 余项 remainder term 等比级数 geometric series 几何级数 geometric series 公比 common ratio调和级数 harmonic series柯西收敛准则 Cauchy convergence criteria, Cauchy criteria for convergence 正项级数series of positive terms 达朗贝尔判别法D’Alembert test 柯西判别法 Cauchy test交错级数 alternating series 绝对收敛 absolutely convergent 条件收敛 conditionally convergent 柯西乘积 Cauchy product 函数项级数 series of functions 发散点 point of divergence 收敛点 point of convergence 收敛域 convergence domain 和函数 sum function 幂级数 power series幂级数的系数 coeffcients of power series 阿贝尔定理 Abel Theorem收敛半径 radius of convergence 收敛区间 interval of convergence 泰勒级数 Taylor series麦克劳林级数 Maclaurin series 二项展开式 binomial expansion 近似计算approximate calculation舍入误差 round-off error,rounding error 欧拉公式Euler’s formula魏尔斯特拉丝判别法 Weierstrass test 三角级数 trigonometric series 振幅 amplitude 角频率 angular frequency 初相 initial phase 矩形波 square wave谐波分析 harmonic analysis 直流分量 direct component 基波 fundamental wave 二次谐波 second harmonic三角函数系 trigonometric function system 傅立叶系数 Fourier coefficient 傅立叶级数 Forrier series 周期延拓 periodic prolongation 正弦级数 sine series 余弦级数cosine series 奇延拓 odd prolongation 偶延拓 even prolongation傅立叶级数的复数形式 complex form of Fourier series第十二章微分方程Chapter12 Differential Equation解微分方程 solve a dirrerential equation 常微分方程 ordinary differential equation偏微分方程 partial differential equation,PDE微分方程的阶 order of a differential equation微分方程的解 solution of a differential equation微分方程的通解 general solution of a differential equation初始条件 initial condition微分方程的特解 particular solution of a differential equation初值问题 initial value problem微分方程的积分曲线 integral curve of a differential equation可分离变量的微分方程 variable separable differential equation隐式解 implicit solution隐式通解 inplicit general solution 衰变系数 decay coefficient 衰变 decay齐次方程 homogeneous equation一阶线性方程 linear differential equation of first order非齐次 non-homogeneous齐次线性方程 homogeneous linear equation非齐次线性方程 non-homogeneous linear equation常数变易法 method of variation of constant暂态电流 transient stata current 稳态电流 steady state current 伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation全微分方程 total differential equation 积分因子 integrating factor高阶微分方程 differential equation of higher order悬链线 catenary高阶线性微分方程 linera differentialequation of higher order自由振动的微分方程 differential equation of free vibration强迫振动的微分方程 differential equation of forced oscillation串联电路的振荡方程 oscillation equation of series circuit二阶线性微分方程 second order linera differential equation线性相关 linearly dependence 线性无关 linearly independce二阶常系数齐次线性微分方程 second order homogeneour linear differential equation with constant coefficient二阶变系数齐次线性微分方程 second order homogeneous linear differential equation with variable coefficient 特征方程 characteristic equation无阻尼自由振动的微分方程 differential equation of free vibration with zero damping 固有频率 natural frequency简谐振动 simple harmonic oscillation,simple harmonic vibration微分算子 differential operator待定系数法 method of undetermined coefficient共振现象 resonance phenomenon 欧拉方程 Euler equation幂级数解法 power series solution 数值解法 numerial solution 勒让德方程 Legendre equation微分方程组 system of differential equations常系数线性微分方程组 system of linera differential equations with constant coefficient第二部分定理定义公式的英文表达Part2 English Expression for Theorem, Definition and Formula第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 Function and Limit1.1 映射与函数 (Mapping and Function)一、集合 (Set)二、映射 (Mapping)映射概念 (The Concept of Mapping) 设X, Y是两个非空集合 , 如果存在一个法则f,使得对X中每个元素x,按法则f,在Y中有唯一确定的元素y与之对应 ,则称f为从X到 Y的映射 , 记作f:X→Y。
Hilfer_分数阶脉冲随机发展方程的平均原理
第 63 卷第 1 期2024 年 1 月Vol.63 No.1Jan.2024中山大学学报(自然科学版)(中英文)ACTA SCIENTIARUM NATURALIUM UNIVERSITATIS SUNYATSENIHilfer分数阶脉冲随机发展方程的平均原理*吕婷1,杨敏1,王其如21. 太原理工大学数学学院,山西太原 0300242. 中山大学数学学院,广东广州 510275摘要:利用分数阶微积分理论、半群性质、不等式技巧和随机分析理论,建立了分数布朗运动驱动的Hilfer 分数阶脉冲随机发展方程的平均原理,证明了原方程的适度解均方收敛于无脉冲平均方程的适度解,并通过实例说明了所得理论结果的适用性.关键词:平均原理;Hilfer分数阶导数;脉冲随机发展方程;分数布朗运动中图分类号:O211.63 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2097 - 0137(2024)01 - 0145 - 09Averaging principle for Hilfer fractional impulsivestochastic evolution equationsLÜ Ting1, YANG Min1, WANG Qiru21. School of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China2. School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaAbstract:By using fractional calculus,semigroup theories,inequality techniques and stochastic analysis theories, an averaging principle for Hilfer fractional impulsive stochastic evolution equations driven by fractional Brownian motion is established. The mild solution of the original equations converges to the mild solution of the reduced averaged equations without impulses in the mean square sense is proved. And an example is presented to illustrate the applicability of our obtained theoretical results.Key words:averaging principle; Hilfer fractional derivative; impulsive stochastic evolution equations;fractional Brownian motion在实际生活中,系统常受外力影响或内部产生的“噪声”干扰,所以,随机微分方程可以更加准确的刻画系统的变化特征,因而研究随机微分方程是很有必要的且存在实际的应用价值. 另外,现实生活中的许多现象都有长期后效作用,Mandelbrot et al.(1968)研究表明分数布朗运动可以较好的描述长期后效现象,这推动了更多学者们对分数布朗运动驱动的随机微分方程的广泛关注. 分数布朗运动(fBm)最早是由Kolmogorov(1940)提出的一个依赖于Hurst参数H∈(0,1)的高斯随机过程,当H=1/2时,分数布朗运动简化为标准布朗运动;当H≠1/2时,分数布朗运动既不是半鞅也不是Markov过程;当H >1/2 时,分数布朗运动具有自相似性、长时记忆性等特征,这些性质使分数布朗运动可以引入到数理金融(Bollerslev et al.,1996)、网络通信(Leland et al.,1994)、生物医学工程(de la Fuente et al.,2006;Boudrahem et al.,2009)等随机模型中作为随机噪声项,得以更好的描述系统特征和保证模型性能. 除此之外,具有脉冲干扰的微分方程能准确的呈现出系统的瞬时变化规律,因此,脉冲随机微分方程吸引了很多学者的关注,详见文DOI:10.13471/ki.acta.snus.2023A006*收稿日期:2023 − 01 − 16 录用日期:2023 − 03 − 22 网络首发日期:2023 − 11 − 15基金项目:国家自然科学基金(12001393,12071491);山西省自然科学基金(201901D211103)作者简介:吕婷(1999年生),女;研究方向:分数阶随机微分方程;E-mail:********************通信作者:杨敏(1986年生),男;研究方向:泛函微分方程理论及其应用;E-mail:******************第 63 卷中山大学学报(自然科学版)(中英文)献(Sakthivel et al.,2013;Ren et al.,2014;Liu et al.,2020).另一方面,平均原理作为一种高效、准确的近似分析方法,在非线性动力系统的研究中发挥着重要作用. 它的主要思想是对原始动力系统进行简化得到一个平均系统,并且这个简化后的平均系统可以反映原系统的动力学行为. 目前为止,随机微分系统的平均原理理论已经获得了极大的发展. 例如,Cerrai et al.(2009)研究了一类随机反应扩散模型的平均原理;Ma et al.(2019)研究了Lévy 噪声驱动的脉冲随机微分方程的周期平均原理;Cui et al.(2020)在非Lipschitz 系数条件下,考虑了脉冲中立型随机微分方程的平均原理;Ahmed et al.(2021)探索出含泊松跳和时滞的Hilfer 分数阶随机微分方程的平均原理;Liu et al.(2022a )在非Lipschitz 系数条件和无周期条件下,考虑了由分数布朗运动驱动的脉冲随机微分方程的平均原理.但现有研究存在两方面不足:一是大多数平均原理建立在有限维空间上,很少考虑空间是无穷维的情形(Xu et al.,2020;Liu et al.,2022b ),二是Caputo 分数阶脉冲随机微分方程已有相应的平均原理研究(Wang et al.,2020;Xu et al.,2011;刘健康等,2023),但Hilfer 分数阶脉冲随机发展方程的平均原理尚未见到研究结果. 基于上述讨论,本文在Hilbert 空间上考虑如下Hilfer 分数阶脉冲随机发展方程的平均原理ìíîïïïïïïD γ,β0+x (t )=Ax (t )+f (t ,x t )+h (t ,x t )d B H Q (t )d t , t ≠t k , t ∈J =(0,b ],Δx (t k )=I k (x (t k ))=x (t +k )-x (t -k ), t =t k ,k =1,2,⋯,m ,x (t )=φ(t ), -λ≤t <0,I (1-β)(1-γ)0+x (0)=φ0,(1)其中D γ,β是Hilfer 分数阶导数,γ∈[]0,1,β∈()12,1,x (⋅)取值于实可分Hilbert 空间X . 闭线性算子A :D (A )⊂X →X 是强连续算子半群{S (t )}t ≥0的无穷小生成元. B H Q (t )是定义在实可分Hilbert 空间Y 上的分数布朗运动,其中Hurst 参数H ∈()12,1. P C ()[]-λ,0;X 指从[]-λ,0到X 上所有具有càdlàg 路径的连续函数φ构成的空间,其范数 φP C =sup-λ≤t ≤0φ(t )<+∞,x t =x (t +τ)(τ∈[-λ,0])是P C -值的随机过程. x (t -k )和x (t +k )分别表示x (t )在t =t k 时的左极限和右极限,I k 表示x (t )在t =t k 时刻的脉冲扰动,脉冲时间序列{t k }满足0<t 1<⋯<t m <t m +1=b . 系数函数 f :J ×P C →X ,h :J ×P C →L 02(Y ,X ). 1 预备知识假设(Ω,F ,{F t }t ≥0,P )是一个带流的完备概率空间,其中{F t }t ≥0满足通常条件,即{F t }t ≥0是右连续的且F 0包含所有零测集. {B H (t )}t ∈R 是带有Hurst 参数H ∈()12,1的一维分数布朗运动,即B H (t )是一个中心高斯过程且具有以下协方差函数R H (t ,s )=E (B H (t )B H (s ))=12()t 2H +s 2H -|t -s |2H, t ,s ∈R =(-∞,+∞).记X 和Y 是两个实可分Hilbert 空间,L (Y ,X )是从Y 映射到X 上所有有界线性算子构成的空间. Q ∈L (Y )是一个非负自伴算子,满足Qe n =λn e n ,有限迹tr Q =∑n =1∞λn <+∞,其中{λn }≥0,(n =1,2,⋯)是一个非负有界实数序列,{e n }(n =1,2,⋯)是空间Y 上一组标准正交基. {B H n (t )}n ∈N +是独立于完备概率空间(Ω,F ,P )的一维标准分数布朗运动序列,现在我们在空间Y 上定义无穷维分数布朗运动如下:B HQ(t )=∑n =1∞B H n(t )Q 12e n =∑n =1∞B H n (t )λn e n , t ≥0,则B H Q (t )∈L 2(Ω,Y )且在空间Y 中收敛,其中L 2(Ω,Y )表示所有强可测,平方可积的Y -值随机过程组成的146第 1 期吕婷,等:Hilfer 分数阶脉冲随机发展方程的平均原理空间.若ψ∈L (Y ,X )并且使得ψQ 12是Hilbert-Schmidt 算子,满足范数 ψ2L 02=∑n =1∞λn ψe n 2<+∞,则ψ被称为从Y 映射到X 的Q -Hilbert-Schmidt 算子. 记L 02≔L 02(Y ,X )是所有Q -Hilbert-Schmidt 算子ψ∈L (Y ,X )构成的空间,定义空间L 02的内积为ψ1,ψ2L 02=∑n =1∞ψ1e n ,ψ2e n ,则L 02(Y ,X )是一个可分Hilbert 空间. 引理1(Abouagwa et al.,2021) 对任意ϕ:J →L 02(Y ,X ),∫0bϕ(s )2L 02d s <+∞成立, 当t ∈J ,∑n =1∞ϕ(t )Q 12e n 一致收敛,则对任意t 1,t 2∈J 且t 2>t 1,有E∫t 1t 2ϕ(s )d B H Q(s )2≤2H (t 2-t 1)2H -1∫t 1t 2ϕ(s )2L 02d s .定义1(Yang et al.,2017a ) 函数f :[a ,+∞)→R 是一个Lebesgue 可积函数,对任意β∈(0,1),函数f 的β阶Riemann-Liouville 积分定义为I βa +f (t )=1Γ(β)∫a t (t -s )β-1f (s )d s , t >a ,β>0,其中Γ(⋅)是Gamma 函数.定义2(Yang et al.,2017a ) 函数f :[a ,+∞)→R 的β阶Riemann-Liouville 分数阶导数定义为LD βa +f (t )=1Γ(n -β)d nd t n∫at (t -s )n -1-βf (s )d s , t >a , n -1<β<n ,其中n ∈N +. 定义3(Yang et al.,2017a ) 函数f :[a ,+∞)→R 且f ∈C n [a ,+∞),f 的β阶Caputo 分数阶导数定义为CD βa +f (t )=1Γ(n -β)∫at (t -s )n -1-βf (n )(s )d s , t >a , n -1<β<n ,其中C n [a ,+∞)表示在区间[a ,+∞)上n 次连续可微的函数构成的空间,n ∈N +.定义4(Sheng et al.,2022) 函数f :[a ,+∞)→R 的Hilfer 分数阶导数定义为D γ,βa+f (t )=I γ(1-β)a +d d t I (1-γ)(1-β)a+f (t ), 0≤γ≤1,0<β<1.注1(Sheng et al.,2022) 当γ=0,0<β<1,a =0,则Hilfer 分数阶导数对应经典的Riemann-Liou ‐ville 分数阶导数D 0,β+f (t )=d d tI 1-β0+f (t )=L D β0+f (t ).当γ=1,0<β<1,a =0,则Hilfer 分数阶导数对应经典的Caputo 分数阶导数D 1,β0+f (t )=I 1-β0+dd tf (t )=C D β0+f (t ).引理2 方程(1)等价于如下的积分方程x (t ) = φ0t (γ-1)(1-β)Γ(γ(1-β)+β)+1Γ(β)∫0t (t -s )β-1(Ax (s )+f (s ,x s ))d s+1Γ(β)∫0t (t -s )β-1h (s ,x s )d B H Q(s )+t (γ-1)(1-β)Γ(γ(1-β)+β)∑0<t k <tIk(x t k). (2)证明 可参考文献(Yang et al.,2017a ;Ahmed et al.,2018). 为了给出方程(1)的适度解,引入以下Wright-type 函数M β(θ)=∑n =1∞(-θ)n -1(n -1)Γ(1-βn ), 0<β<1,θ∈C .147第 63 卷中山大学学报(自然科学版)(中英文)引理3(Yang et al.,2017a ) 若积分等式(2)成立,其等价于如下的等式:x (t )=S γ,β(t )φ0+∫0t Tβ(t -s )f (s ,x s )d s +∫0t Tβ(t -s )h (s ,x s )d B H Q (s )+∑0<t k <tSγ,β(t -t k )I k (x t k)=S γ,β(t )φ0+∫0t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )f (s ,x s )d s +∫0t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )h (s ,x s )d B H Q (s )+∑0<t k <tSγ,β(t -t k )I k (x t k),(3)其中P β(t )=∫∞βθM β(θ)S (t βθ)d θ,T β(t )=t β-1P β(t ),S γ,β(t )=I γ(1-β)0+T β(t ).定义5 若一个P C -值的随机过程x :[-λ,b ]→X 满足以下条件,则称x (t )是方程(1)的适度解.(i ) x (t )是F t -适应的且∫0bE x (s )2d s <+∞几乎必然成立;(ii ) x (t )=φ(t ),-λ≤t ≤0;(iii ) 当t ∈J 时,x (t )具有càdlàg 路径且对任意t ∈J 有x (t )=S γ,β(t )φ0+∫0t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )f (s ,x s )d s+ ∫t(t -s )β-1P β(t -s )h (s ,x s )d B H Q (s )+∑0<t k <tSγ,β(t -t k )I k (x t k). (4)本文中,我们假设如下条件成立:(H0)当t ≥0时,S (t )是一致算子拓扑连续的,且S (t )是一致有界的,即存在M >1,使得supt ∈[0,+∞)S (t )<M .引理4(Yang et al.,2017b ) 在条件(H0)下,对任意t >0,{P β(t )}t >0和{S γ,β(t )}t >0是线性算子,且对任意x ∈X 有P β(t )x ≤M Γ(β) x , S γ,β(t )x ≤Mt (γ-1)(1-β)Γ(γ(1-β)+β) x .定义6(Liu ,2007) 设X n (n ≥1),X 是同一概率空间(Ω,F ,P )上的随机变量,若E (|X n |2)<+∞,且lim n →∞E (|X n -X |2)=0成立,则称X n 均方收敛于X .2 平均原理接下来,我们建立Hilfer 分数阶脉冲随机发展方程的平均原理.首先,定义方程(1)的扰动形式为ìíîïïïïïïD γ,β0+x ε(t )=Ax ε(t )+εf (t ,x ε,t )+εHh (t ,x ε,t )d B H Q (t )d t , t ≠t k ,t ∈J =(0,b ],Δx ε(t k)=x ε(t +k )-x ε(t -k )=εI k (x ε(t k )), t =t k ,k =1,2,⋯,m ,x ε(t )=φ(t ), -λ≤t <0,I (1-β)(1-γ)0+x ε(0)=φ0.(5)然后根据方程(1)适度解的定义,可以得到方程(5)的适度解为:x ε(t )=S γ,β(t )φ0+ε∫0t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )f (s ,x ε,s )d s+ εH∫0t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )h (s ,x ε,s )d B HQ (s )+ε∑0<t k <tSγ,β(t -t k )I k (x ε,t k), (6)其中ε∈(0,ε0]是一个很小的正参数,ε0是一个固定的常数.为了得出本文的主要结果,假设系数函数f ,h 具有周期T ,则存在正整数m ∈N +,使得0<t 1<…<t m <T ,那么对整数k >m ,有t k =t k -m +T ,I k =I k -m . 现引入可测的系数函数f ˉ:P C →X ,h ˉ:148第 1 期吕婷,等:Hilfer 分数阶脉冲随机发展方程的平均原理P C →L 02(Y ,X ),-I k :P C →X ,其中f ˉ(x )=1T∫T f (s ,x )d s ,hˉ(x )=1T∫Th (s ,x )d s ,-I (x )=1T ∑k =1m I k (x ). 另外,我们做如下假设:(H1) 对任意x ,y ∈P C ,t ∈J ,存在正常数M 1使得f (t ,x )-f (t ,y )2∨ h (t ,x )-h (t ,y )2L 02≤M 21 x -y 2.(H2) 对任意的x ,y ∈P C ,存在正常数c k 和d k ,使脉冲函数I k 满足I k (x )2≤c k , I k (x )-I k (y )2≤d k x -y 2.(H3) 对所有T ∈J ,x ∈P C ,存在有界函数ρi (T )>0(i =1,2)使得1T ∫0T f (s ,x )-f ˉ(x )2d s ≤ρ1(T )()1+ x 2,1T∫0T h (s ,x )-h ˉ(x )2d s ≤ρ2(T )()1+ x 2,其中lim T →∞ρi (T )=0(i =1,2).则方程(5)对应如下无脉冲项平均系统:ìíîïïïïD γ,β0+z ε(t )=Az ε(t )+εf ˉ(z ε,t )+ε-I (z ε,t )+εH h ˉ(z ε,t)d B H Q (t )d t , t ∈J =(0,b ],I (1-β)(1-γ)0+z ε(0)=φ0,z ε(t )=φ(t ),-λ≤t <0.(7)参考文献(Gu et al.,2015)中引理2.12的证明,可以得到方程(7)的适度解z ε(t )为z ε(t )=S γ,β(t )φ0+ε∫0t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )f ˉ(z ε,s )d s+ εH∫t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )h ˉ(z ε,s )d B H Q (s )+ε∫t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )-I (z ε,s )d s . (8)定理1 假设条件(H0)~(H3)成立,则当ε趋于零时,方程(5)的适度解x ε(t )均方收敛于平均方程(7)的适度解z ε(t ). 即任意给定一个很小的数δ>0,存在M 0>0,α∈(0,1)以及ε1∈(0,ε0],使得当ε∈(0,ε1]时有E()sup t ∈[-λ,M 0ε-α]x ε(t )-z ε(t )2≤δ.证明 由式(6)和式(8),有x ε(t )-z ε(t )=ε∫0t(t -s )β-1P β(t -s )[f (s ,x ε,s)-f ˉ(z ε,s)]d s + εH∫0t(t -s )β-1P β(t -s )[]h (s ,x ε,s )-hˉ(z ε,s)d B HQ(s )+ ε()∑0<t k <tSγ,β(t -t k )I k (x ε,t k)-∫0t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )-I (z ε,s )d s ,(9)从而对任意ν∈(0,b ],利用基本不等式得到E ()sup 0<t ≤νx ε(t )-z ε(t )2≤3ε2E ()sup 0<t ≤ν∫0t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )[]f (s ,x ε,s )-f ˉ(z ε,s )d s 2+ 3ε2HE ()sup 0<t ≤ν∫0t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )[h (s ,x ε,s )-h ˉ(z ε,s )]d B H Q(s )2+ 3ε2E ()sup 0<t ≤ν ∑0<t k<tS γ,β(t -t k )I k (x ε,t k)-∫0t(t -s )β-1P β(t -s )-I (z ε,s )d s 2≤N 1+N 2+N 3. (10)对于第1项,由引理4可得149第 63 卷中山大学学报(自然科学版)(中英文)N 1≤6M 2Γ2(β)ε2E ()sup 0<t ≤ν∫0t(t -s )β-1[]f (s ,x ε,s )-f (s ,z ε,s )d s 2 +6M 2Γ2(β)ε2E ()sup 0<t ≤ν∫0t(t -s )β-1[]f (s ,z ε,s )-f ˉ(z ε,s )d s 2≔N 11+N 12 . ()11利用假设条件(H1)和Cauchy-Schwarz 不等式得到N 11≤6M 2M 21ε2ν2β-1(2β-1)Γ2(β)∫νE()sup 0<s 1≤sx ε,s 1-z ε,s12d s =Λ11ε2ν2β-1∫νE()sup0<s 1≤sx ε,s 1-z ε,s12d s ,(12)其中Λ11=6M 2M 21(2β-1)Γ2(β).由假设条件(H3)得到N 12≤6M 2ε2ν2β-1(2β-1)Γ2(β)E ()sup 0<t ≤νt ⋅1t ∫0t f (s ,z ε,s )-f ˉ(z ε,s )2d s ≤Λ12ε2ν2β,(13)其中Λ12=6M 2(2β-1)Γ2(β)sup 0<t ≤νρ1(t )()1+E ()sup 0<t ≤νz ε,t2. 对于第2项,由引理4可以推出N 2≤6M 2Γ2(β)ε2HE ()sup 0<t ≤ν∫0t (t -s )β-1[]h (s ,x ε,s )-h (s ,z ε,s )d B HQ (s )2+ 6M 2Γ2(β)ε2HE ()sup 0<t ≤ν∫0t (t -s )β-1[]h (s ,z ε,s )-h ˉ(z ε,s )d B H Q(s )2≔N 21+N 22 . (14)由引理1、假设条件(H1)和Cauchy-Schwarz 不等式得到N 21≤12M 2H Γ2(β)ε2H ν2H -1E ()sup0<t ≤ν∫t (t -s )2(β-1) h (s ,x ε,s )-h (s ,z ε,s )2d s≤Λ21ε2H ν2(H +β-1)∫0νE()sup0<s 1≤sxε,s 1-z ε,s12d s ,(15)其中Λ21=12M 2M 21H(2β-1)Γ2(β).由引理1、假设条件(H1)和假设条件(H3)得到N 22≤12M 2H (2β-1)Γ2(β)ε2H ν2(H +β-1)E ()sup 0<t ≤νt ⋅1t ∫0th (s ,z ε,s)-h ˉ(z ε,s )2d s ≤Λ22ε2H ν2H +2β-1,(16)其中Λ22=12M 2H(2β-1)Γ2(β)sup 0<t ≤νρ2(t )()1+E ()sup 0<t ≤νz ε,t 2. 对于第3项,由基本不等式得到N 3≤6ε2E ()sup 0<t ≤ν∑0<t k<t S γ,β(t -t k )I k (x ε,t k)2+ 6ε2E ()sup 0<t ≤ν∫0t (t -s )β-1P β(t -s )-I (z ε,s )d s 2≔N 31+N 32, (17)由引理4、假设条件(H2)和Cauchy-Schwarz 不等式得到N 31≤6ε2M 2ν2(γ-1)(1-β)Γ2(γ(1-β)+β)E ()sup 0<t ≤ν∑0<t k<t I k (x ε,tk)2≤6ε2M 2mν2(γ-1)(1-β)Γ2(γ(1-β)+β)E ()sup 0<t ≤ν∑k =1m I k (x ε,t k)2≤6ε2M 2m 2c k ν2(γ-1)(1-β)Γ2(γ(1-β)+β)=Λ31ε2ν2(γ-1)(1-β), (18)其中Λ31=6m 2M 2c kΓ2(γ(1-β)+β).150第 1 期吕婷,等:Hilfer 分数阶脉冲随机发展方程的平均原理N 32≤6M 2ε2Γ2(β)E ()sup 0<t ≤ν∫0t(t -s )β-1I ˉ(z ε,s )d s 2≤6M 2ε2ν2β-1(2β-1)Γ2(β)E ()sup 0<t ≤ν∫0tI ˉ(z ε,s)2d s≤6M 2mε2ν2β-1(2β-1)T 2Γ2(β)E ()sup 0<t ≤ν∑k =1m∫0tI k(zε,s)2d s ≤6M 2m 2c k ε2ν2β-2(2β-1)Γ2(β)=Λ32ε2ν2(β-1), (19)其中Λ32=6M 2m 2c k(2β-1)Γ2(β).将估计式(11)~(19)代入式(10),则对任意ν∈(0,b ],得到不等式E ()sup 0<t ≤νx ε(t )-z ε(t )2≤Λ12ε2ν2β+Λ22ε2H ν2H +2β-1+Λ31ε2ν2(γ-1)(1-β)+Λ32ε2ν2(β-1)+ (Λ11ε2ν2β-1+Λ21ε2Hν2(H +β-1))∫0νE()sup0<s 1≤sxε,s 1-z ε,s12d s . (20)令Ξ(ν)=E ()sup 0<t ≤νx ε(t )-z ε(t )2,由于E()sup -λ≤t <0x ε(t )-z ε(t )2=0,则Ξ(s +τ)=E()sup0<s 1≤sx ε,s 1-z ε,s12=E()sup 0<s 1≤sx ε(s 1+τ)-z ε(s 1+τ)2, τ∈[-λ,0),因此,Ξ(ν)≤Λ12ε2ν2β+Λ22ε2H ν2H +2β-1+Λ31ε2ν2(γ-1)(1-β)+Λ32ε2ν2(β-1) + (Λ11ε2ν2β-1+Λ21ε2Hν2(H +β-1))∫0νΞ(s +τ)d s . (21)对任意ν∈(0,b ],令Θ(ν)=sup -λ≤t ≤νΞ(t ),则Ξ(t )≤Θ(t ),Ξ(t +τ)≤Θ(t ),τ∈[-λ,0). 从而得到Θ(ν)=sup -λ≤t ≤νΞ(t )≤max{}sup -λ≤t ≤0Ξ(t )+sup 0<t ≤νΞ(t )≤Λ12ε2ν2β+Λ22ε2H ν2H +2β-1+ Λ31ε2ν2(γ-1)(1-β)+Λ32ε2ν2(β-1)+()Λ11ε2ν2β-1+Λ21ε2Hν2(H +β-1)∫0νΘ(s )d s . (22)由Gronwall 不等式,可推出Θ(ν)≤()Λ12ε2ν2β+Λ22ε2H ν2H +2β-1+Λ31ε2ν2(γ-1)(1-β)+Λ32ε2ν2(β-1)exp ()Λ11ε2ν2β+Λ21ε2H ν2H +2β-1, (23)即有E()sup -λ<t ≤νx ε(t )-z ε(t )2≤()Λ12ε2ν2β+Λ22ε2H ν2H +2β-1+Λ31ε2ν2(γ-1)(1-β)+Λ32ε2ν2(β-1)× exp ()Λ11ε2ν2β+Λ21ε2H ν2H +2β-1. (24)即存在M 0>0和α∈(0,1),使得对所有t ∈(0,M 0ε-α]⊂(0,b ]满足E()sup 0<t ≤M 0ε-αx ε(t )-z ε(t )2≤με1-α,其中常数μ=(Λ12M 2β0ε1+α-2αβ+Λ22M 2H +2β-10ε2α(1-H -β)+2H -1+Λ31M 2(γ-1)(1-β)0ε2α(1-γ)(1-β)+α+1)+Λ32M 2(β-1)0ε3α-2αβ+1exp ()Λ11M 2β0ε2-2αβ+Λ21M 2H +2β-10ε2H -α(2H +2β-1) . (25)所以对任意给定的数δ>0,存在ε1∈(0,ε0],使得对任意ε∈(0,ε1]和t ∈[-λ,M 0ε-α]⊂ [-λ,b ],有E()supt ∈[-λ,M 0ε-α]x ε(t )-z ε(t )2≤δ.定理1证毕.注2 现有文献考虑的是有限维空间上含泊松跳以及Wiener 过程的无脉冲扰动的Hilfer 分数阶随机微分方程的平均原理(Ahmed et al.,2021;Luo et al.,2021),与之相比,本文考虑了分数布朗运动驱动的含脉冲项的Hilfer 分数阶随机微分方程. 更为重要的是,我们在Hilbert 空间上建立了具有算子的Hilfer 分数阶151第 63 卷中山大学学报(自然科学版)(中英文)脉冲随机发展方程的平均原理,一定程度上丰富了Hilfer 分数阶随机微分方程的平均原理的相关理论.3 实例为了说明所得结果的适用性,我们考虑以下含脉冲的Hilfer 分数阶随机发展方程ìíîïïïïïïïïïïD γ,23x ε(t ,z )=∂2∂z2x ε(t ,z )+εsin 2(t )x ε,t (z )+2εH cos 2(t )x ε,t(z )d B H Q (t )d t , I 13(1-γ)x ε(0,z )=φ0,Δx ε(t k ,z )=εx ε(t k ,z )(4+k )(5+k ), z ∈[0,π],k ∈1,2,⋯,m ,x ε(θ,z )=φ(θ,z ), θ∈[-λ,0],z ∈[0,π],x ε(t ,0)=x ε(t ,π)=0, t ∈(0,m π].(26)令空间X =Y =L 2[0,π],系数函数f ()t ,x ε,t =sin 2(t )x ε,t (z ),h ()t ,x ε,t =2cos 2(t )x ε,t (z ),脉冲函数I k =x ε(t k ,z )(4+k )(5+k ).定义算子A :D (A )→X ,Ax ε(t ,z )=∂2∂z2x ε(t ,z ),其中定义域D (A )={}x ∈X , x ,x '全连续,x ″∈X , x (0)=x (π)=0,则A 是强连续算子半群{S (t )}t ≥0的无穷小生成元,且对任意t ≥0,S (t )是紧的、解析且自伴的,由一致有界定理可知存在一个常数M >0,使得 S (t )≤M ,且A 有离散谱,其特征值是-n 2,n ∈N +,对应的标准正交特征向量为ωn (z )=(nz ),n =1,2,⋯,则当x ∈D (A )时,Ax =-∑n =1∞n 2x ,ωn ωn . 为了定义算子Q :Y →Y ,选择一组非负有界实数序列{λn }n ≥1,并在Y 中选取标准正交基{e n }n ≥1,使得Qe n =λn e n 成立,并且假设tr (Q )=∑n =1∞λn <+∞,从而可以定义随机过程B H Q(t )=∑n =1∞λn B H n (t )e n ,其中H ∈()1/2,1,{B Hn(t )}n ∈N +,是一个独立于完备概率空间(Ω,F ,P )的一维标准分数布朗运动序列.取T =π,则f ˉ(x )=1π∫πf (s ,x )d s =12x , h ˉ(x )=1π∫0πh (s ,x )d s =x ,I ˉ(x )=1π∑k =1m x (4+k )(5+k )=mx 5(5+m )π,于是方程(26)的平均系统为ìíîïïïïïïïïïïïïD γ,23y ε(t ,z )=Ay ε(t ,z )+ε()m 5(5+m )π+12y ε,t (z )+y ε,t εH (z )d B H Q (t )d t ,I 13(1-γ)y ε(0,z )=φ0,y ε(θ,z )=φ(θ,z ), θ∈[-λ,0],z ∈[0,π],y ε(t ,0)=y ε(t ,π)=0.(27)显然,平均系统(27)比原系统(26)简单. 假设条件(H0)~(H3)满足,根据定理1,当ε趋于零时,系统 (26)的适度解均方收敛于平均系统(27)的适度解.参考文献:刘健康,王进斌,徐伟,2023. 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