老托福阅读真题及答案PASSAGE1
2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周的托福考试已经顺利结束，参加考试的考生对答案肯定很关注。
接下来就和看一看2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage 1 Megafauna Extinctions in Ancient Australia古澳大利亚大型哺乳动物的灭绝（重复2018.12.01）话题重复2018.03.11 The Australian Megafauna Extinctions。
生物史上大型动物的灭绝在各个地方情况有所不同。
而究其灭绝原因，科学家提出了两种说法，一是climate，一是认为hunt。
Passage 2 The Formation of Early Earth早期地球的形成（首考新题）Passage 3 Colonial America and the Navigation Acts 殖民时期的美国和航海法案（重复2015.03.07）先讲了早期英国殖民者对美洲的殖民引起了一些不满，因为收税过高且限制他们的一些产品与英国竞争。
后面着重讲其实这种殖民统治也对美国经济有好处，如帮他们买产品到欧洲，有英国海军保护等。
最后说美国农民虽然参与市场经济，但前提还是满足自己，所以也会通过生产来和别人换。
Passage 4 Mexican Mural Art墨西哥壁画艺术（重复2015.09.19）第一段：壁画艺术出现及原因分析。
墨西哥壁画艺术的主题主要涉及社会政治问题，伴随呼唤打破以欧洲为中心的文化依赖，寻求真正的自我表达的艺术形式，这是拉美第一个现代艺术运动，影响深远。
该艺术的出现紧跟在墨西哥革命之后，原因是多样的：1.受到革命乐观主义的影响；2.文化上追求突破欧洲为中心的传统，去寻找艺术的自由表达尝试；3.由一批成熟有力的艺术家领导；4.收到有远见的教育部长的支持，拨钱拨场地给艺术家去使用。
第二段：风格定性。
艺术家的共同信仰：墨西哥壁画艺术家都相信艺术的力量去改造成为一个更好的社会、去挑战陈规旧习、去丰富国民的文化生活；现代性：该艺术也是现代的，因为其创作目的是去挑战老旧传统；大众性：该艺术还是一种平易近人的大众艺术，是为了教育启蒙大众，尤其是工人阶级。
2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析
2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析最新一期的托福考试已经圆满结束，这次的考试引发了大家的热议。
今天就和一起看看2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析。
Passage1 Isolation and Diversification in the Tropical Rainforest热带雨林物种隔离与多样性（重复2016.07.10）热带雨林物种多，那里的植被超过1000种，欧洲有40种。
由于大平原的动物要走很久才能寻找到合适的生活地点，热带雨林的动物不能，他们被限制在有限的空间内，所以热带雨林物种很多。
热带雨林里的屏障阻碍动物们的扩散，描述了如何阻碍。
树冠（canopy）是热带雨树中浓密的树叶和枝干各种交织形成的，动物们很难突破这层canopy，只能在最高层的这层canopy之下活动，所以无法扩散到外界。
所以限制在内的植物们就多样化（diversify）。
50-70米是超级高的且喜阳光的树种们为了晒太阳浴而拼命生长突破最高canopy形成的。
因此有种s鸟就生活在这里，他们可以去任何地方，所以列举了三个州有这种鸟，而且种类较少，他们俯瞰着森林。
紧接着讲k这种树，因为突破canopy长得高，可以将种子散播更远，于是south American都有这种树。
Passage 2 The Theories of Megafauna Extinction大型动物灭绝理论（重复2018.08.26，2017.01.07）讲的是某一时期哺乳动物大范围灭绝的原因：先说可能是由于气候变化，但是文章后面进行了否定，因为之前也有气候变化，但是也没有灭绝。
然后猜测和人类捕杀有关，但澳洲等一些地方的考古证明一些灭绝的动物已经和人类和平共处了上千年，而且一些人类更爱捕杀的动物如reindeer反而没有灭绝。
最后说人类活动间接导致了这些动物的灭绝。
Passage 3 Flightless Bird不会飞的鸟（重复2019.01.26，2018.03.10）岛屿上退化掉飞行能力的鸟。
托福TPO35阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO35阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO35阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Memphis:United Egypt's First Capital[1]The city of Memphis,located on the Nile near the modern city of Cairo,was founded around 3100 B.C.as the first capital of a recently united Egypt.The choice of Memphis by Egypt's first kings reflects the site's strategic importance.■First,and most obvious,the apex of the Nile River delta was a politically opportune location for the state's administrative center,standing between the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and offering ready access to both parts of the country.The older predynastic(pre-3100BC)centers of power,This and Hierakonpolis,were too remote from the vast expanse of the delta,which had been incorporated into the united state.■Only a city within easy reach of both the Nile valley to the south and the more spread out,difficult terrain to the north could provide the necessary political control that the rulers of early dynastic Egypt(roughly 3000-2600 B.C.)required.■[2]The region of Memphis must have also served as an important node for transport and communications,even before the unification of Egypt.The region probably acted as a conduit for much,if not all,of the river-based trade between northern and southern Egypt.■Moreover,commodities(such as wine,precious oils,and metals)imported from the Near East by the royal courts of predynastic Upper Egypt would have been channeled through the Memphis region on their way south.In short,therefore,the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm,anessential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on the movement of goods.[3]Equally important for the national administration was the ability to control communications within Egypt.The Nile provided the easiest and quickest artery of communication,and the national capital was,again,ideally located in this respect.Recent geological surveys of the Memphis region have revealed much about its topography in ancient times.It appears that the location of Memphis may have been even more advantageous for controlling trade,transport,and communications than was previously appreciated.Surveys and drill cores have shown that the level of the Nile floodplain has steadily risen over the last five millenniums.When the floodplain was much lower,as it would have been in predynastic and early dynastic times,the outwash fans(fan-shaped deposits of sediments)of various wadis(stream-beds or channels that carry water only during rainy periods)would have been much more prominent features on the east bank.The fan associated with the Wadi Hof extended a significant way into the Nile floodplain,forming a constriction in the vicinity of Memphis.The valley may have narrowed at this point to a mere three kilometers,making it the ideal place for controlling river traffic.[4]Furthermore,the Memphis region seems to have been favorably located for thecontrol not only of river-based trade but also of desert trade routes.The two outwash fans in the area gave access to the extensive wadi systems of the eastern desert.In predynastic times,the Wadi Digla may have served as a trade route between the Memphis region and the Near East,to judge from the unusual concentration of foreign artifacts found in the predynasticsettlement of Maadi.Access to,and control of,trade routes between Egypt and the Near East seems to have been a preoccupation of Egypt's rulers during the period of state formation.The desire to monopolize foreign trade may have been one of the primary factors behind the political unification of Egypt.The foundation of the national capital at the junction of an important trade route with the Nile valley is not likely to have been accidental.Moreover,the Wadis Hof and Digla provided the Memphis region with accessible desert pasturage.As was the case with the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab,the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land(land suitable for growing crops)was a particularly attractive one for early settlement;this combination no doubt contributed to the prosperity of the Memphis region from early predynastic times.1.The word"trivial"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.similarB.inaccurateC.smallD.significantParagraph 1 is marked with?答案：C选项正确解析：本题为词汇题，根据所给单词trivial定位到第一段More important than the amount of time Herodotus computed,which turns out to be trivial compared with the age of Earth,was the notion that one could estimate ages of geologic features by determining rates of the processes responsible for such features,and then assuming the rates to be roughly constant overtime.本句大致意思为：与地球的年龄相比，Herodotus这个人计算出来的时间量是trivial的，与其相比更重要的是一个概念，这个概念是一个人可以通过估计相应地理特征的某种过程的速度来估计地理特征的年龄……再以Herodotus为关键词定位这个time是什么，找到本段第三句，发现他是推测Nile Delta花了几千年形成的。
托福TPO1阅读文本及题目答案Part1
托福TPO1阅读文本及题目答案Part1托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO1阅读文本及题目答案Part1，希望大家喜欢。
托福TPO1阅读文本Part1TPO1 GroundwaterGroundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the "solid" ground underfoot to hold all this water.The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles-sand grains and tiny pebbles-of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as thecurrent slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water's upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the "solid" ground underfoot to hold all this water.托福TPO1阅读题目Part11. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.2. The word "incredible" in the passage is closest in meaning to○confusing○comforting○unbelievable○interestingParagraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles-sand grains and tiny pebbles-of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.3. The word "out of sight" in the passage is closest in meaning to○far away○hidden○partly visible○discovered4. According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?○Inside pieces of sand and gravel○On top of beds of rock○In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil○In spaces between pieces of sediment5. The phrase "glacial outwash" in the passage refers to○fast rivers○glaciers○the huge volumes of w ater created by glacial melting○the particles carried in water from melting glaciersParagraph 3: The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT ○A mountain valley○Flat land○A lake floor○The seafloorParagraph 4: In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water's upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.7. The word "overlie" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ cover○ change○ se parate○ surroundParagraph 5: So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.8. The phrase "So much for" in the passage is closest in meaning to○that is enough about○now let us turn to○of greater concern are○this is related to9. The word "plugged" in the passage is closet in meaning to○washed○dragged○filled up○soaked throughParagraph 6: Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.Paragraph 7: The proportion of empty space in a rock isknown as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?○It is unusually solid.○It often has high porosity.○It has a low proportion of empty space.○It is highly permeable.11. What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?○To explain why water can flow through rock○To emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rock ○To point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeable○To distinguish between two related properties of rockParagraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold onto thin films of water in rocks with small pores.○Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.○Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.○If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.Paragraph 8: Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.13. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.Answer choices○Sediments that ho ld water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.○Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.○The size of a saturated rock's pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.○Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.○Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.○Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater托福TPO1阅读答案Part1托福TPO1阅读答案：1. ○32. ○33. ○24. ○45. ○46. ○17. ○18. ○19. ○310. ○211. ○412. ○113. ○414. Sediments that hold water…Water is stored underground…The size of a saturated rock's…参考托福TPO1阅读翻译：地下水地下水是指渗入到地下并将所有岩石孔隙填满的水。
官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析（原TPO）
官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析(原TPO)现在大家在进行托福备考时官方真题Official托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了，对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的。
托福听力可以说是整个托福考试当中比较重要的一个部分，如何利用现有资料官方真题Official模考软件来提升大家的托福成绩呢?今天小编在这里整理了官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析来分享给大家，希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。
官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTwo species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, andother arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. T o keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But forthe black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1题目Question 1 of 14According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.Question 2 of 14It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditionsA. cause some deer to hibernateB. make food unavailable in the highlands for deerC. make it easier for deer to locate understory plantsD. prevent deer from migrating during the winterQuestion 3 of 14The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning toA. consists ofB. combinesC. restrictsD. establishesQuestion 4 of 14The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning toA. impatientlyB. humorouslyC. continuouslyD. immediatelyQuestion 5 of 14The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the UnitedStates than in the West.D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.Question 6 of 14According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?A. The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.B. Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.C. Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.D. Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.Question 7 of 14Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?A. To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population declineB. To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environmentC. To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlementD. To argue that some deer species must be given a protected statusQuestion 8 of 14The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to periodA. whose end has not been determinedB. that does not begin when expectedC. that lasts only brieflyD. whose importance remains unknownQuestion 9 of 14Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.Question 10 of 14The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. declineB. recoveryC. exchangeD. movementQuestion 11 of 14Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacif ic Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.B. Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.C. Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to findadditional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.D. According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.Question 12 of 14Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?A. A reduction in the number of predatorsB. Restrictions on huntingC. The effects of logging and fireD. Laws that protected feeding grounds of deerQuestion 13 of 14Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the winter..Question 14 of 14Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.A.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in thedeer populations of the areas at that time.C.In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.E.Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.F.Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1解析Question 1 of 14正确答案：D题目解析：以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确。
2012年11月10日托福阅读真题解析
2012年11月10日托福阅读真题解析第一篇：EARTH AGE第一篇是讲的早期科学家们估计地球寿命。
首先说人们很早就在预估地球寿命了；之后一段讲的近代一位科学家采用生物一代代进化速度的方式预估了三叠纪的长度，但基于的假设是进化速率基本相同，其估计已经有一定准确度了。
后来讲科学家利用这种方式预估地球寿命，其弱点是有部分化石找不到而且更基本的错误是地球在生物诞生之前那段时间无法估计。
（这里有插空题）之后讲了科学家用其他方式预估，有种是采用测算地壳沉积岩石厚度的方法，但问题是没有考虑板块运动以及腐蚀。
另一种是计算海水盐度发，理想地认为一开始地球海洋是淡水，不断地填充盐才有了现在这样子，但这也忽略了盐分与海底大陆架之间的复杂作用以及其他（这里会考题问科学家忽略了什么）。
但作者对于科学家基于盐度推出的几千万年的寿命还是给予肯定的。
因为这已经验证了地球寿命远比原先预计的几百万年要多得多。
而且也有一批科学家从其他领域验证了这个结果。
The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years.This age is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the ages of theoldest-known terrestrial and lunarsamples. Following the scientific revolution and the development of radiometric age dating, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old.Because the exact accretion time of Earth is not yet known, and the predictions from different accretion models range from a few millions up to about 100 million years, the exact age of Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages.【岩层研究法】Studies of strata, the layering of rocks and earth, gave naturalists an appreciation that Earth may have been through many changes during its existence. These layers often contained fossilized remains of unknown creatures, leading some to interpret a progression of organisms from layer to layer.In the 1790s, the British naturalist William Smith hypothesized that if two layers of rock at widely differing locations contained similar fossils, then it was very plausible thatthe layers were the same age. William Smith's nephew and student, John Phillips, later calculated by such means that Earth was about 96 million years old.The naturalist Mikhail Lomonosov, regarded as the founder of Russian science, suggested in the mid-18th century that Earth had been created separately from the rest of the universe, several hundred thousand years before. Lomonosov's ideas were mostly speculative, but in 1779, the French naturalist the Comte du Buffon tried to obtain a value for the age of Earth using an experiment: He created a small globe that resembled Earth in composition and then measured its rate of cooling. This led him to estimate that Earth was about 75,000 years oldIn 1862, the physicist William Thomson （who later became Lord Kelvin）of Glasgow published calculations that fixed the age of Earth at between 20 million and 400 million years. He assumed that Earth had formed as a completely molten object, and determined the amount of time it would take for the near-surface to cool to its present temperature. His calculations did not account for heat produced via radioactive decay （a process then unknown to science）or convection inside the Earth, which allows more heat to escape from the interior to warm rocks near the surface.【生物进化方法】Geologists had trouble accepting such a short age for Earth. Biologists could accept that Earth might have a finite age, but even 100 million years seemed much too short to be plausible. Charles Darwin, who had studied Lyell's work, had proposed his theory of the evolution of organisms by natural selection, a process whose combination of random heritable variation and cumulative selection implies great expanses of time. （Geneticists have subsequently measured the rate of genetic divergence of species, using the molecular clock, to date the last universal ancestor of all living organisms no later than 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago）。
历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案
0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 )generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10)this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodiesresembled the reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer supportspontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument against the theory of spontaneous generation .2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen onsome food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the (a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word “it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(c)Heat(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employeda swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of air Questions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agricultural products.For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and governmentinducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an example of(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development15.The phrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agricult ure was a vital part of the nation’s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acidcontent) nor alkaline(higher in saltcontent).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. Arid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10) water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleafdeciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As oneproceeds toward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The wide variety of climates(B) Soil types and vegetation patterns(C) Improved irrigation methods and the expansion ofagriculture(D) The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is clo sest in meaning to(A) distinguish(B) eliminate(C) protect(D) create23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) division(B) modification(C) opening(D) circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B) an increase in farming(C) large amounts of rain(D) glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) implied(B) increased(C) indicated(D) informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A) It redistributed the soil types(B) It added salt to the soil(C) It made the soil more neutral in content(D) It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A) movements of glacial deposits(B) patterns of natural vegetation(C) human modification of the North American environment(D) distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) elevation(B) change(C) advantage(D) condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by thepresence of deserts(B) Most of Canada and the northeastern United Statesconsists of short-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the result ofirrigation(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from muchof the Mississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 )photographic flash can therefore be used to capturehigh-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surroundinglighting. Photoflash is now generated electronically, butthe earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bagcontainingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash.A contemporary observer reported(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have donenothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality andodd poses.”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure,were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the earliest type,the metal(15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. Theflash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact withthe metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electricbattery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations,such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In eachcase enough energy is given out to(20)heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hotemission of visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but sincethey are white, they contribute to the brilliance byreflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors.A slightly bigger formof the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of the photoflash(B) Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C) The technology of modern photography(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A) recording of an image on film(B) generation of artificial light(C) creation of a photographic emulsion(D) human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A) can produce repeated bursts of light(B) intensities colors in photographs(C) is short enough not to bother human eyes(D) supplements existing lighting33 The w ord “ignited” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) set on fire(B) cut into(C) opened(D) shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A)”appreciable period”(line 1)(B)”photographic emulsion”(line 3)(C)”high-speed movement”(li ne 5)(D)”odd poses”(line 11)35 The word “evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) publicity(B) adoption(C) development(D) manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash(B) magnify the light produced by the flash(C) protect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word “it” in line 18 refers to(A) oxygen(B) battery(C) wire(D) current38 The word “momentarily” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) effortlessly(B) briefly(C) electronically(D) gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A) rapid cooling(B) bright illumination(C) electrical conductivity(D) intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A) thicker wire(B) more oxygen(C) thinner glass(D) continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s. The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight andshade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.(15) Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called(20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewedthrough hostile eyes,Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, art critics extended the term “Impressionism” to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25) From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal ofa “church”, as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fastpace of life(B) The differences between two major styles of art(C) A technological advance in the materials used byartists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach toart42 The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) reorganize(B) deform(C) represent(D) justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B) The way the subjects were presented from multipleangles(C) The focus on small solid objects(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A) They began by making sketches of their subjects(B) They painted their subjects out-of-doors(C) They preferred to paint from memory(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) achievement(B) acceptance(C) arrival(D) advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT(A) attracting attention from the public(B) a negative reaction from the press(C) an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D) creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) insult(B) encouragement(C) return(D) credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A) The small number of paintings on display(B) Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C) The similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who(A) became as famous as Monet(B) was consistently praised by art critics(C) described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists fortheir work(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word “others” in line 27 refers to(A) art critics(B) fellow artists(C) individual differences(D) new styles0308答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABA CACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。
TPO53托福阅读Passage1原文及答案解析
TPO53托福阅读Passage1原文及答案解析现在大家在进行托福备考时TPO托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了，对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的今天小编在这里整理了TPO53托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析来分享给大家，希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。
TPO53托福阅读Passage1原文文本Questions About A Drama ClassListen to a conversation between a student and his drama professor.Professor: Hi Robert. So how's your paper going?Robert: Pretty well. It's a lot of work, but I’m getting into it, so I don't mind. I’ll probably have some questions for you in the next week or so.Professor: Okay. Glad to hear you’re progressing so well.Robert: Um… There was something you said at the end of the lecture on Tuesday, something about there not really being any original plays.Professor: There’s no such thing as an origi nal play. Yes. That's the direct quote from Charles Mee.Robert: Mee… that's with two “e”s, right?Professor: Yep. M-E-E. You'll probably be hearing a lot about him. He's becoming a pretty famous playwright.Robert: Yeah，well, I’ve been thinking about his quote. I mean there must be some original plays out there.Professor: I’ll grant that he's overstating things somewhat. But the theater does have a long tradition of borrowing. Take Shakespeare. Like most writers of his day, he borrowed plots from other sources unabashedly. And the ancient Greeks, all the plays they wrote were based on earlier plays, poems and myths.Robert: And borrowing applies to plays being written nowadays, too?Professor: T o some extent, yes. Mee, for example, he's made a career out o f remaking plays, one of which we’ll be studying soon. It’s called Full Circle and Mee based it on an earlier play by a German playwright.Robert: Oh Full Circle… Wasn't that based on the Caucasian Chalk Circle?Professor: That's right.Robert: I remember hearing about that play from my acting coach.Professor: Okay. Well, the Caucasian Chalk Circle was based on a play by yet another German playwright, someone who was fascinated by the ancient literatures of China, India and Persia, and many of his works were adapted from those literatures, including his version of the Chalk Circle which was based on an early Chinese play.Robert: So this Full Circle play, by Charles Mee, the one we're going to study, it's like the third or fourth remake. Wow… And we complain that Hollywood keeps making the same movies over and over again.Professor: Well, part of what Mee’s trying to do is drive home the point that: One, theater’s always a collaborative effort.Robert: Well, yeah, the playwright, the director, the actors, people have to work together to produce a play.Professor: Yes, of course. But Mee means historically. The dramatic literature of early periods is hugely influential in shaping later dramatic works.Robert: So it's like when the playwright bases a play on a previous playwright's theme or message.It's like they're talking toeach other, collaborating. Uh, just not at the same time right?Professor: Exactly. And the second point Mee's trying to make, I think, is that it's legitimate to retell an old story in a new way, in a way that’s, uh… more in line with contemporary concerns. So when playwrights reinvent or update an earlier play, it shouldn't be construed as a lack of imagination or an artistic failure.TPO53托福阅读Passage1题目Question 1 of 5Why does the man go to see the professor?A. To discuss a play he heard aboutB. To get feedback on a paper he is writingC. To ask about a point made in classD. To get information about an acting coachQuestion 2 of 5Why does the professor mention Shakespeare and the ancient Greek playwrights?A. To support her statement that some original plays do existB. To show that playwrights historically have used themes from earlier playsC. To point out that Shakespeare was greatly influenced by ancient Greek playsD. To give examples of playwrights whose plays have inspired later playwrightsQuestion 3 of 5What does the professor imply about the play Full Circle by Charles Mee?A. It served as the basis for a Hollywood film.B. It is indirectly based on a Chinese play.C. It has influenced a more recent play.D. It uses themes from ancient Greek literature.Question 4 of 5What two points does Charles Mee make about playwriting? Click on 2 answersA. Rewriting old plays to deal with modern issues is a respectable practice.B. Playwrights should preserve as much of the original as possible when updating an older play.C. Older plays tend to show more imagination than newer plays.D. In a way, modern playwrights work with playwrights of the past.Question 5 of 5What does the man imply when he says this:A. He thinks the professor misunderstood his point.B. He has written some original plays himself.C. He doubts that what Charles Mee said is true.D. He has read some original plays by Charles Mee.TPO53托福阅读Passage1解析正确答案：C题目解析：本题定位到原文：Robert: Um… There was something you said at the end of the lecture on Tuesday, something about there're not really being any original plays. 此处原文的大意是：学生提到教授上节课说其实没有完全原创的戏剧。
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老托福阅读真题及答案PASSAGE1为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 1，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm abouttwenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word "icebox" become part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before theinvention of the icebox5. The word "it" in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly successful10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) markets正确答案：BBACC DBCDA B托福阅读技巧之如何巧用关键词?托福考试阅读部分一篇文章一般较长，所以一般是以段落为单位的。
有时候可能会有学生说我做题的时候并不会去看整段啊，或者有学生说我看懂了哎，但题目就是没做对啊!其实我们在阅读一个段落时要学会使用方法，是什么方法可以帮助我们快速阅读呢?要读懂一个段落我们只需要抓住几个关键词而已。