Making Correct and Effective Sentences
(3.1-3)英语写作教学大纲
《英语写作》课程教学大纲课程代码: 3040107课程名称：英语写作英文名称：A Handbook of Writing课程类型: 必修课总学时： 64 讲课学时：32 实验学时：32学分： 4适用对象: 英语专业高年级学生先修课程：综合英语一、课程性质、目的和任务本课程适用于大学专科英语专业学生。
通过本课程的教学，学生可以了解必要的英语写作基础知识，培养熟练的英语写作能力，提高学生在信息时代用英语进行信息交流的能力。
学习本课程，要求学生具备一定的英语、阅读及写作方面的知识，要求学生掌握概要、摘要的写作规范和一般要求；掌握读书报告或其他种类报告的书写规范，并且内容切题，结构严谨，条理清楚，语法正确，语言通顺，表达得体；写作课结束时，学生应能够了解英语论文写作，并初步掌握基本修辞方法进行高一级的英语写作。
二、教学基本要求通过本门课程的系统学习，学生应了解基本的英语写作理论知识，即写作格式、遣词造句、修辞法、工具书的使用、句型等基本语言理论知识，合格文章的标准，即切题、连贯、简洁和长短句结合等写作技巧，以及主题句的写法、段落的结构和小结的写法等。
在实例分析的基础上，学生必须掌握各种句型的使用、主题句的含义和运用、段落的结构和写法等。
教学的重点是段落的写作，尤其要注重主题句的写法和展开。
三、教学内容及要求本课程教学总时数为64学时，其中讲授学时为32时，实践教学为32学时。
第一章：Using Proper Words教学时数：4学时教学重点：词的基本种类以及如何进行词的选择。
教学难点：近义词的辨析教学内容：第一节：Types of Words第二节：Choice of Words第三节：Synonyms第四节：Some Good Dictionaries第二章：Making Correct and Effective Sentences教学时数：12学时教学重点：1. 句子结构的完整性、主谓的一致性、如何用连词连接句子、复合句中的主句以及正确使用时态；2.有效的句子，包括句子的统一性、连贯性、准确性；句子的变化和句子的强调。
语法知识
Reworded sentences:
She put into her bag many toys, which she was going to give to the children in the kindergarten. He has been recommended by Mr Smith as a man who knows how to fix cars. (Mr Smith, who knows how to fix cars, has recommended him.)
Reworded sentences:
He is going to talk about the man, for the man is a well-known writer. Leave out the word because with it the sentence would be too difficult. She told my sister that her own idea (my sister’s) idea was practicable. Everybody should return the books he or she has (they have) borrowed within a week.
Corrected sentences: (*Mark Twain whose experience as a sailor
on the Mississippi provided him with abundant material for the novels he was to write.) Mark Twain’s experience as a sailor on the Mississippi provided him with abundant material for the novels he was to write.
英语写作
g. It took them one and a half days to complete the work.
h. These astronomical phenomenon have been a mystery to astronomers for centuries.
h. These astronomical phenomena have been a mystery to astronomers for centuries.
Which among the three statements is of a Dangling Modifier?
e. After three hours of practice, a drink was what the thirsty dancers wanted. Having practiced for three hours, the thirsty dancers wanted a drink. A drink was what the thirsty dancers wanted after they had practiced for three hours. f. While visiting the Jungle Park, I saw a baboon scrambling onto the hood of my car. While visiting the Jungle Park, a baboon scrambled onto the hood of my car. While I was visiting the Jungle Park, a baboon scrambled onto the hood of my car.
b. Swimming in a pool is not as much fun as (swimming) in a river.
英语写作基础教程(1)
第 二 章 用 词 (Using Proper Words)
第三章造句
(Making Correct and Effective Sentences)
第四章
段 落 (Developing Paragraphs)
第 六 章 完 整 的 作 文 (Composing Essays)
第七章 应用文(Writing for Practical Purposes)
Chapter one
Manuscript Form and Punctuation 1. why is it important to write in correct
manuscript? 2. What are the rules for titles?
Focus 1 Manuscript Form (P1)
学习方法例举
根据自己的情况，选择不同的学习方式： 方式一：如果你能够写出语法基本正确的句子和
段落，那么，你就可以直接开始学习第六章（完整的 作文）或第七章（应用文写作）。将前面四章的学习 内容作为自学内容，如：标点符号的运用、信件的格 式等；
方式二：如果还没有自信能写出语法基本正确的 句子和段落的同学，可以从第一章开始逐章学习。基 础学习准备好后，对教学重点的内容也就容易把握了。
教学重点
1. 第六章“短文的写作” (Composing Essays) 2. 第七章“应用文的写作” (Writing for Practical Purposes)
巴基斯坦驻华大使鸿德致辞
非常感谢院长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很 高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到贵校访问感到 荣幸。感谢贵校对我们的欢迎，特别感谢鸿德学院的热情接待， 我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们，我们此行带来了大使馆统和 巴基斯坦人民的良好祝愿。
基础写作课程教学大纲
基础写作课程教学大纲课程名称：基础写作/ English Writing学时/学分：72学时/3.5学分(36/1.5, 36/2)适用专业：英语专业开课单位：外语学院第一部分大纲说明一、课程简介基础写作是英语专业必修课。
开设英语写作课程能够对学生进行系统的写作训练，使学生具有较高的英语运用水平与能力。
基础写作课程与其他英语笔头训练有着根本的区别。
其他笔头训练侧重语言项目的掌握，而写作要求表达清晰完整的思想；写作课程的主要目的不是帮助学生熟悉某些语法项目或词汇，而是提高用英语表达思想的能力。
在写作过程中，学生自然会复习到旧的语法与词汇，而且也会接触并促进新的语法与词汇的掌握，但是这种复习与学习是以有助于表达思想为前提的。
因此，写作课不像语法课或词汇课那样以基础知识传授为主，而是研究如何表达思想的课程。
基础写作课程安排的总学时为72学时，总学分为3.5学分。
每学期各36学时，教学形式以讲授为主，适量的实训为辅。
二、与相关课程的关系基础写作课程是英语专业本科二年级学生的必修课，是英语专业学生在学习基础英语、阅读、语法的基础之上进一步接受英语写作课程训练的一门重要的理论与技能接续学习课程，能够为将来学习文学、语言学等高年级的课程，甚至能为将来的专业八级和研究生考试打下坚实的基础。
三、教学方法及教学形式建议写作课程的教学方法与学习方法是根据写作课程自身规律和特点而定的，因为该课程是一门实践性很强的课，是理论指导下的实践技能课程，既不能上成理论课也不能变成完全意义上的实践课。
学习研究写作规律、注重写作过程体验、学习写作技巧、重视语言基本功训练是写作课程的学习重点。
教师应力求遵循以下教学原则：1．将语言能力训练与教学能力训练相结合，所有的实践活动（包括课堂讨论）尽可能采用目标语。
2．将教学技能训练与写作模式学习训练相结合，强调各种技能的综合运用，课堂学习与自我感悟相结合，形成对写作课程的深刻理解。
3．力求所有的教学活动具有比较真实的教学任务。
Chapter three making correct and effective sentences
5. Clear pronoun reference
Sentences with ambiguous pronoun reference: 1)I’m going to talk on jazz music for he is a well-known composer. 2)Leave out the word in that sentence because it is too difficult. 3)She told my sister that her idea was practicable. 4)He is the man recommended by Mr. Smith who knows how to fix cars. ★when we use personal and relative pronouns, we should make sure that their reference is clear.
2 The Right Subject Examples: P46
1) On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!” 2)After finishing her composition, the translation exercise was taken up. 3)Hurrying to the conference room, no one was there. 4)Returning home after work, supper was waiting for him in the kitchen. 5)To look at a map, the importance of this new railway will be seen.
How-to-Make-Correct-and-Effective-Sentences
How to Make Correct and Effective SentencesTo make correct and effective sentences when we are writing, three aspects must be done well, including completeness, correctness and effective of a sentence. Good English thinking habits is helpful to make correct sentences and the key to learn English well. English writing plays an important role in our Learning career. It is an exploration and a reconstruction of memory, which can improve one’s thinking ability. But if we want to write good English passage, starting from the foundation is necessary, that is to say “making correct and effective sentences”. So let us talk about “How to make correct and effective sentences”.Completeness is of great importance in sentence making, which refers to the sentence should at least contain subject and predicate verb. If the verb is transitive, there must be an object. If there is a link-verb, there must be a predicative or complement. Only when a sentence is complete can others understand its meaning. And it should be noted that a sentence is structurally complete, whether long or short, it should end with a full stop. Correctness is as important as completeness when writing the sentences, mainly including the right subjects and agreement between the subject and predicate verb. For example, the sentence of “Reading aloud are helpful to learn English” is wrong, because gerund is subject, predicate verb should use singular form. In other words, it is proper to correct “are” to “is”.In addition to the above mentioned, the effectiveness of a sentence is also vital. There are three aspects need attention——coherence, conciseness and avoiding Chinglish. Specifically, all parts of a sentence must clear and reasonable. A sentenceshould contain no unnecessary words. For example, “my father is 45years old, and he is a teacher in the university. He read a lot of books every day to enrich himself” is not coherent and concise. The word that expresses “he” appears three times, which lead to the sentence is not clear. It would be better if it were changed to “My father, a teacher of 45years old in the university, read a lot of books every day to enrich him.”Due to the differences between Chinese and Chinese, the components of the two languages cannot be one-to-one corresponded. So Chinglish should also be avoided, otherwise, writing good sentences are difficult.It’s not hard to see that completeness, correctness and effective of a sentence are critical to make correct and effective sentences. Through the study of this course, I have a new understanding of English writing, and also have a strong interest to make sentences. For my current English level, my grammar is not well, which leads to I always can’t make correct and effective sentences. In response to this, I will work on grammar exercises to write better sentences. What’s more, long sentences are easy to write incorrectly for me. Therefore, I intend to learn to expand basic sentences into more elaborate ones so as to improve sentence writing ability step by step. Besides, I will read as much as I can and keep a diary in English to integrate English into daily life and to a foundation for future English learning.。
Chapter 3 Making correct and effective sentences12
Chapter 3 Making correct and effective sentences造正确有效的句子2008.12/128 A Main Clause in a Complex SentenceIn a Complex sentence there must be a main clause, whether it is at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.9 Proper Use of ComparisonsAdjectives or adverbs of the comparative degree should be used only when there is comparison.But we should not use adjectives or adverbs of the comparative degree when there is no comparison, explicit or implied.In addition, we should remember that only things of the same kind can be compared.10 Correct Use of the TenseSince a predicate verb must be used in a certain tense, we should learn to use the tensescorrectly. Tenses tell the action of the verb takes place. Whenever we make a sentence, we should ask ourselves when the thing mentioned in the sentence happens, and use the right tense to report it. Perhaps the perfect tenses are more difficult than the other tenses and deserve greater attention. When we talk about something that happened in the past, but its result remains at present, we should use the present perfect.So far we have been talking about the requirements of correct sentences and a few common mistakes. There are of course many other types of mistakes. The best way to deal with them is to review grammar and study the entries we are not clear about in a dictionary, and observe the use of words, while we are learning new things, we can discover and correct our old mistakes.Focus 2 Coordination and SubordinationWhen we mention two or more things or ideas of equal importance, we often use coordination clause joined with a coordinating conjunction(and, but, or, nor, yet, so, or, for). This form or method is called coordination.When we express an important idea in a main clause and one or more less important ideas in subordinate clauses, we are using method of subordination.It is clear that the choice of coordination or subordination is mainly decided by the relationship between the ideas to be expressed. In each of the following sentences more than one fact or idea is mentioned.There is one thing we should pay attention to: the use of conjunctive verbs such as however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, and besides.In the new versions not only clauses, but also parallel predicate verbs and participial and infinitive phrases are used in place of sentences. This shows that coordinating andsubordinating are not only ways of combining sentences. Sometimes complete sentences may be turned into phrases or single verbs without loss in meaning.Short sentences are not only emphatic, but effective in describing a series of quick movements and actions. Generally speaking, both short and long sentences should be used ; using one type of sentences continuously would be monotonous.Focus 3 Effective SentencesA correct sentence may not express the idea it intends to express very clearly or forcefully. Correctness alone can not make a good sentence. It has to be effective at the same time. Effective sentences have some or all the following qualities: unity, coherence, conciseness, emphasis, and variety.1 UnityUnity refers to two qualities: there is only one main idea in a sentence, and that idea iscomplete.This does not mean that all sentences have to be short and simple. It is often necessary to write a long sentence with many parts in it. Such a sentence expresses a central idea supported or modified by various subordinate ideas, or two or more related parallel ideas. In other words, ideas that are closely connected can be expressed in one sentence, while ideas that are not closely connected should not be put into one sentence.2 CoherenceCoherence means clear and correct arrangement of the parts of a sentence. Since the meaning of English sentences mainly depends on word order, the arrangement of the parts of a sentence is especially important to accurate expression of ideas. A coherent sentence is easy to understand and its meaning cannot be mistaken, because the connection between its words conforms to grammar rules and usage.A participial phrase expresses an action done by the person or the thing denoted by the noun it modifies.A modifier should be placed as close as possible to the word it modifies. If they are far from each other, misunderstanding may arise.Similarly, we should also be careful when we make changes in tense, voice and mood.Wherever possible, parallel ideas should be expressed in parallel constructions, which give the reader the feeling that the ideas are equally important.In short, coherence is essential to the accurate and clear expression of ideas. So it is a good habit to reread the sentences we have written to see whether they are coherence, and make necessary changes if they are not.3 ConcisenessWe write sentences to express ideas. The use of words in a sentence, therefore, is decided by the idea it expresses. Needless words do not help express ideas; on thecontrary, they obscure the meaning and confuse the reader. So one of the rules of sentence-making is to use only the necessary words, or as few words as possible so long as the meaning is fully expressed.But often we tend to put a superfluous多余的word here and there in a sentence. This habit may come from the way we talk. It is common in speaking to repeat a word, use words of similar meaning together, and change words we have said and even the structure of a sentence in the middle of it. But we should not do so in writing. This is possible because when we write we have time to check what we have written and delete all the words that are not needed for the expression of ideas, or to make our sentences concise.Here are a few hints for making concise and clear sentences;A, Use a pronoun instead of repeating a noun; B, Use a word instead of a phrase with the same meaning, and use a phrase instead of aclause with the same meaningC, Do not repeat words or phrases, if possible, in a sentence or in one that follows;D, Do not use different words or phrases with similar meanings in the same sentence;E, Do not repeat the same idea in different sentences except for emphasis.4 EmphasisWhen we talk, we emphasize an important idea by raising our voices or making a gesture. When we write, we also have ways to lay emphasis on certain words or phrases. PlacingThe end and the beginning of a sentence usually attract the reader’s attention, so important elements of a sentence should be put at these tao places, especially the end. Climactic sequenceIn enumerating列举things or ideas, we should start from the least important and end with the most important, or in the climactic高潮的sequence.The use of verbs in the active voiceVerbs are generally more emphatic than nouns or any other part of speech. SubordinationWe have talked about subordination and coordination. Subordinating a part of a sentence is a way of giving emphasis to the main idea in the sentence.Repeating important wordsRepetition as a rule should be avoided, but occasionally important words can be repeated for the sake of emphasis.Short sentencesShort sentences are often emphatic, especially after longer ones.Balanced sentencesA balanced sentence is one that consists of two parts of the same structure and roughly the same length, and with contrasted(or similar) ideas.Periodic sentences圆周句(指主要意义至句尾始明白的句子)A periodic sentence is one that is not complete in structure or meaning until it reaches the last word, which is the most important word of the sentence.A sentence in which the main clause or its predicate is withheld until the end; for example,周期句：主句或谓语在句末的句子；例如：Despite heavy winds and nearly impenetrable ground fog, the plane landed safely.尽管有强风和无法看透的地雾，飞机安全着陆When we read this sentence we are not kept in suspense for the main meaning, as we are when reading the periodic one, and we fell its force is weaker. But the loose sentence may sound more natural and may be easier to understand.Negative-positive statementsWhen a negative statement is followed by a positive one, the meaning is emphasized by the contrast.Rhetorical questions反问They are questions in form but emphatic statements in meaning. They are not asked to be answered.5 VarietyA series of sentences of the same structure and length with the same noun or pronoun as the subjects produce monotony. It is often good to vary structures and mix short and long, simple and compound or complex, loose and periodic sentences, so long as the meaning is properly expressed.。
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1.4 Agreement Between the Pronoun and Antecedent
• • • • • • • • • • •
10. 形容词名词化作主语 The+形容词 表一类人+复数V. The +形容词 表一类物+单数V. The new is sure to replace the old. 11. 非谓语形式 1）单独的的不定式、Ving作主语+单数V. 2）由连词连接多个非谓语动词 如果表达一个概念+单数V. To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 如表达不同概念+复数V. To work and to live are two different things.
• 6. such 作主语，谓语动词单复数由其意义决定。 • Such is Stephen who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much. • Such are the difficulties that we are now faced with. • 7. 集体名词 • 1）单复数皆可 • 2）the+表示国家、民族的形容词表示复数的含义 +复数V.
• B.单复同型的名词作主语，谓语动词据其单复数 而定 • 如：means 方法、手段；works 工厂；sheep 羊； deer 鹿；crossroads十字路口 • 注：work 在作“作品”讲的时候，单数为work, 复数为works. • Each means has been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective. • There are various means of communicating with a stranger.
• • • • •
2) a group of …/a couple of +复数名词+复数V. 3)只修饰可数名词的量词 Several, a few, quite a few, a great many 单用或修饰可数名词复数+复数V. 4）some, plenty of, a lot of, lots of +单数N.(不可 数名词)+单数V. /复数名词+复数V. • 5）只修饰不可数名词的量词 • a great/good deal of …/ a large amount of …/ a little of …+单数V.
• • • •
A horse and cart马车 A knife and fork餐叉 A cup and saucer茶盘 A watch and chain手表
• 2. each…and each…; every…and every…; no…and no…+单数V.
• III.其他情况 • 1. 假性主语,谓语动词由原主语决定 • With; together with; along with; like; such as; as much as; no less than; rather than; including; besides; but; except; In addition to…
• 8.以复数形式结尾的特殊名词 • 1）以-ics结尾的学科名称名词+单数V. • 注：若这类词在句中表示学科能力，谓语动词用 复数。 • Her mathematics are weak. • 2)形式上是复数的专有名词 • 如：国名、人名、书名、组织机构等+单数V. • The New York Times has a wide circulation.
• 2. 算式中的主谓一致 • 1）两数相加、相乘+单、复数V. • Fifteen and (times) five is/are /makes/make /equals/equal/ is equal to/ are equal to twenty (seventy-five). • 2）两数相减、相除+单数V. • Fifteen minus five is பைடு நூலகம்makes/ leaves /equals/ is equal to ten . • Fifteen divided by five is /makes/ leaves /equals/ is equal to three.
• • • • • •
A good fame is better than a good face. 美名胜过美貌。 A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。
Chapter 3 Making Correct and Effective Sentences
Basic English Writing
Week 10
Proverb
• Knowing something of everything and everything of something. • 通百艺而专一长。 • From small beginning come great things. 伟大始于渺小。 • Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. • 无热情成就不了伟业。
• 9) the rest (of)…, part (of)…, one half (of)…, the remaining • 谓语动词据其所修饰的名词的单复数而定 • 10）几分之几/百分之几+of +名词 • 谓语动词据其所修饰的名词的单复数而定 • 11）one and a half+可数名词复数+单数V. • One and a half apples is a good meal for this child. • 12）one in ten…+单数V. • It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.
• 9.含有修饰语的名词作主语 • 1）含有量词的 • A pair of…/ a suit of…/a set of …/a series of …/ a quantity of…等由其量词的单复数而定。 • Pile, mountain, row, mass, cup, basket, box, pack, packet, parcel等由其量词的单复数而定。 • This pair of glasses is very expensive. • Two pieces of good news have been published on today’s evening paper. • Piles of rubbish have not only blocked the way, but polluted the air as well. • Masses of work are to be done to welcome the new year. • A packet of letters needs mailing.
• 5. each • Each+N.单数+单数V. • Each student has a walkman which helps them improve their listening. • Each of +N.+单数V. • Each of the class has been given a gift. • 复数代词（they）+each +复数V. • They each have won a prize.
• • • • • • • • •
6) more than one+单数N.+单数V. More than one person is injured in the accident. More +复数名词than one+复数V. More members than one are against the proposal. 注：more than one hundred指代复数作主语或修饰可数 名词复数作主语+复数V. 7）many a +单数N .+单数V. 8) one or two +复数名词+复数V. a/an+单数N .or two+单数V. A day or two is enough for this work.
• 2. neither /either of+ 复数名词/复数形式的代词+单数/复 数V • Either of the two stories is/are interesting. • Neither of us has/have received postcards this Christmas. • 3. the other two…/another two…/both+复数V. • I keep only one apple for myself, and the other two are yours. • 4. all指人+复数V. • all指物+单数V. • All are present besides the professor. • All is going on well .
• 3）以-S结尾的海峡、山脉、群岛等+复数 V. • The Himalayas extend along the border of India and China. • 4）以复数形式结尾的其他名词 • A. 谓语动词只能用复数 • Savings 储蓄；belongings 财产，所有物， 相关事物；earnings所得，收入；thanks感 谢；goods货物；leavings剩余，残渣； clothes, trousers, scissors,