同济考博英语真题(1)

同济大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题 编号：101 考试科目：英语A(含听力) 答题要求：答案一律写在答题纸上。

Ⅰ. Listening comprehension (20%) Part A For Questions 1-5, you will hear a personal life story. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you ’ve heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box Part B For questions 6-10, you will hear an interview about job satisfaction. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording once. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. What is Mr. James Wright ’s job? 6 ______________________________ The money ’s terrible and it ’s only with tips and free meals that he manages 7______________________________ By the time he gets home, he ’s usually too tired to do anything 8______________________________ For several times the restaurant manager has threatened 9______________________________ What other job would he like to do if he didn ’t do this job? 10______________________________ Part C You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C, or D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about the linguistic change in England. You now have 15 seconds to read question. 11.What was the position of French in England in the middle Ages? A. The second language. B. A foreign language. C. A local language. D. The native language.D. They are the products of individualism.20. Ehrenreich started writing because she A. wanted to be a writer B. was assigned a job as a writer. C. felt she ought to write. D. realized being a writer was fun. Ⅱ.Vocabulary (15%) 1. One of the most interesting things to come out of the environmental issues meeting was the fact that we certainly do not have a ________ of energy sources; therefore, we must ________ what we do have.A. p lethora … husbandB. microcosm … mitigateC. dearth … libelD. gamut … obfuscate2. She, on the other hand, when considering the situation, had a ________ of danger and uttered a severe ________.A. f orgery … culminationB. c ovenant … fortitudeC. i nnuendo … castigationD. p remonition … ad monition3. A(n) ________ attitude at a critical time such as this is not justified by the ________ news reaching us from the war frontA. p essimistic … somberB. s anguine … somberC. sal ubrious … optimisticD. a rbitrary … gloomy 4. Even the most arbitrary and ________ corporation today must be aware of the attitudes of its employees; management may at times be more or less ________, but all must respect the power of an organized work forceA. i nfluential … outragedB. p rosperous … precipitousC. f lexible … patronizingD. a uthoritarian … responsive5. His ________ should not be confused with cowardice; during the war, I saw him on several occasions risk his own life while rescuing members of his unit A. notoriety B caution C heroism D indifference6. Not content with being ________ himself, he openly ________ the prohibition of the sale of intoxicating beverages so that all could be soberA. monastic … urged B ascetic … proposed C abstemious … advocated D sober … rejected 7. Bill’s vulgar behavior affected Jane, who is very _____, and therefore, easily _______ A. decorous … affronted B garrulous … gratified C. disinterested … biased D euphoric … ingratiated 8. She was afraid that unless the train speeded up she would lose her ________ to Scotland. A. ticketB. placeC. connectionD. seat 9. The lost car was found ________ in the woods off the highway. A. vanished B. abandoned C. scattered D rejected 10. Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves ________ know where to look. A. invariably B. virtually C. variously D. unavoidably11. I’m afraid this painting is not by Picasso. It’s only a copy and so it’s _________A. pricelessB. invaluableC. unworthyD. worthless12. It was a long time before the cut on my hand ________ completely.A. healedB. curedC. improvedD. recovered13. In a typhoon, winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.A. accomplishB. attainC. assumeD. assemble14. The rocks are very big with ________ of colors on them.A. shapesB. rails C bands D. marks15. There is hardly a genera lization that can be made about people’s social behavior and the valuesinforming it that cannot be ________ from one or another point of view, or even ________ as simplistic or vapidA. a ccepted … praisedB. intuited … exposedC. harangued … retractedD.challenged … dismissed16. Although any destruction of vitamins caused by food irradiation could be ________ the use ofdiet supplements, there may be no protection from carcinogens that some fear might be introduced into foods by the process.A. counterbalanced byB. attributed toC. inferred fromD augmented with17. Though he refused any responsibility for the failure of the negotiations, Stevenson had no rightto _________ himself: it was his ________ that had caused the debacle.A. blame … skil lB. c ongratulate … modestyC. berate … largesseD. absolve … acrimony18. The prevailing union of passionate interest in detailed facts with equal devotion to abstract________ is a hallmark of our present society; in the past this union appeared, at best, ________and as if by chanceA. data … extensivelyB. philosophy … cyclicallyC. generalization … sporadicallyD. evalua tion … opportunely19. A century ago the physician’s word was ________ to doubt it was considere d almostsacrilegious.A. inevitableB. intractableC. incontrovertibleD. objective20. So much of modern fiction in the United States is autobiographical, and so much of theautobiography fictionalized, that the________ sometimes seem largely ________.A. authors … ignoredB. needs … unrecognizedC. genres … interchangeableD. intentions … misunderstood21. Robin’s words were not without emotion: they retained their level tone only by acareful________ imminent extremes.A. equipoise betweenB. embrace ofC. balance betweenD.equivalence to22. While many Russian composers of the nineteenth century contributed to an emerging nationalstyle, other composers did not ________ idiomatic Russian musical elements, ________ instead the traditional musical vocabulary of Western European Romanticism.A. utilize… rejectingB. incorporate… preferringC. exclude… avoidingD. repudiate… expanding23. Because the painter Albert Pinkham Ryder was obsessed with his ________ perfection, he wasrarely ________ a painting, creating endless variations of a scene on one canvas, one on top of another.A. quest for… satisfied withB. insistence on … displeased withC. contempt for … disconcerted byD. alienation from … immersed in24. Objectively set standards can serve as a ________ for physicians, providing them ________unjustified malpractice claims.A. trial.. evidence ofB. model.. experience withC. criterion.. reasons forD. safeguard.. protection from25. In spite of _____ reviews in the press, the production of her play was ________ almost certainoblivion by enthusiastic audiences whose acumen was greater than that of the critics.A. lukewarm.…condemned toB. scathing… exposed toC. lackluster… rescued fromD. sensitive… reduced to26. The passions of love and pride are often found in the same individual, but having little incommon, they mutually ________, not to say destroy , each other .A.reinforceB annihilateC enhanceD weaken27. The necessity of establishing discrete categories for observations frequently leads to attemptsto make absolute _______ when there are in reality only________.A. analyses… hypothesesB. correlations… digressionsC. distinctions… gradationsD. complications … ambiguities28. A unique clay disk found at the Minoan site of Phaistos is often ________ as the earliestexample of printing by scholars who have defended its claim to this status despite equivalent claims put forward for other printing artifacts.A. questionedB. overlookedC. adducedD. conceded29. Punishment for violating moral rules is much more common than reward for following them;thus, _______ the rules goes almost ______ in society.A. association with … undefendedB. adherence to … unnoticedC. affiliation of .. uncorrectedD. opposition to .. unchecked30. Compassion is a great respecter of justice: we pity those who suffer ________.A. shamelesslyB. unwittinglyC. vicariouslyD. undeservedlyⅢ. Reading Comprehension (40%)Passage 1Much of the research on hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD has focused on the neurotransmitter serotonin, a chemical that when released from a presynaptic serotonin-secreting neuron causes the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse to an adjacent postsynaptic, or target, neuron. There are two major reasons for this emphasis. First, it was discovered early on that many of the major hallucinogens have a molecular structure similar to that of serotonin. In addition, animal studies of brain neurochemistry following administration of hallucinogens invariably reported changes in serotonin levels.Early investigators correctly reasoned that the structural similarity to the serotonin molecule might imply that LSD’s effects are brought about by an action on the neurotransmission of serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, the level of technical expertise in the field of brain research was such that this hypothesis had to be tested on peripheral tissue (tissue outside the brain). Two different groups of scientists reported than LSD powerfully blockaded serotonin’s action, their conclusions were quickly challenged, however. We now know that the action of a drug at one site in the body does not necessarily correspond to the drug’s action at another site, especially when one site is in the brain and the other is notBy the 1960’s technical advance s permitted the direct testing of the hypothesis that LSD and related hallucinogens act by directly suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons themselves—the so–called presynaptic hypothesis. Researchers reasoned that if the hallucinogenic drugs act by suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons, then drugs administered after these neurons had been destroyed should have no effect on behavior, because the system wouldalready be maximally suppressed. Contrary to their expectations, neuron destruction enhanced the effect of LSD and related hallucinogens on behavior. Thus hallucinogenic drugs apparently do not act directly on serotonin-secreting neurons.However, these and other available data do support an alternative hypothesis, that LSD and related drugs act directly at receptor sites on serotonin target neurons (the postsynaptic hypothesis). The fact that LSD elicits “serotonin syndrome” ---- that is, causes the same kinds of behaviors as does the administration of serotonin—in animals whose brains are depleted of serotonin indicates that LSD acts directly on serotonin receptors, rather than indirectly through the release of stores of serotonin. The enhanced effect of LSD reported after serotonin depletion could be due to a proliferation of serotonin receptor sites on serotonin target neurons. This phenomenon often follows neuron destruction or neurotransmitter depletion; the increase in the number of receptor sites appears to be a compensatory response to decreased input. Significantly, this hypothesis is supported by number of different laboratories,1. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the primary factors that led researchers studying hallucinogenic drugs to focus on serotonin?A. The suppression of the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons by the administration ofhallucinogens.B. The observed similarities in the chemical structures of serotonin and hallucinogens.C. The effects the administration of hallucinogens has on serotonin production in the humanbrain.D. Serotonin-induced changes in the effects of hallucinogens on behavior.2. It can be inferred that researchers abandoned the presynaptic hypothesis because _______.A. a new and more attractive hypothesis was suggestedB. no research was reported that supported the hypothesisC. research results provided evidence to counter the hypothesisD. the hypothesis was supported only by studies of animals and not by studies of human beings3. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?A. Research has suggested that the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for the effects ofhallucinogenic drugs on the brain ant on behavior.B. Researchers have spent an inadequate amount of time developing theories concerning the wayin which the effects of hallucinogenic drugs occur.C. Research results strongly suggest that hallucinogenic drugs create their effects by acting on theserotonin receptor sites located on target neurons in the brain.D. Researchers have recently made valuable discoveries concerning the effects of depleting theamount of serotonin in the brain.4. The research described in the passage is primarily concerned with answering which of the following questions?A. How can researchers control the effects that LSD has on behavior?B. How are animals’ reactions to LSD different from those human beings?C. What triggers the effects that LSD has on human behavior?D. What technical advances would permit researchers to predict more accurately the effects ofLSD on behavior?Passage 2When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line, shape, and so forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea, disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although I am, in fact, rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed byposters and advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages.Painting is taught in school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks that would have looked like sheet magic to the fourteenth-century painter Giotto. Even the crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries gasp. Perhaps there are people who conclude from this that the cereal box is superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics.In this connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call “pictures.”Even comics and advertisements rightly viewed, provide food for though. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by inquiry into the “linguistics”of the visual image. The way the language of art refers to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely unknown except to artist who use it as we use all language-without needing to know its grammar and semantics.5. The author of the passage explicitly disagrees with which of the following statements?A. In modern society even nonartists can master techniques that great artists of the fourteenthcentury did not employ.B. The ability to represent a three-dimensional object on a flat surface has nothing to do withart.C. In modern society the victory of representational skills has created a problem for art critics.D. The way that artists are able to represent the visible world is an area that needs a great dealmore study before it can be fully understood.6. The author suggests which of the following about art historians?A. They do not believe that illusionist tricks have become trivial.B. They generally spend little time studying contemporary artists.C. They have not given enough consideration to how the representation of nature has becomecommonplace.D. They generally tend to argue about theories rather than address substantive issues.7. Which of the following best states the author’s attitude toward comics, as expressed in the passage?A. They constitute an innovative art form.B. They can be a worthwhile subject for study.C. They are critically important to an understanding of modem art.D. Their visual structure is more complex than that of medieval art.8. The passage asserts which of the following about commercial art?A. There are many examples of commercial art whose artistic merit is equal to that of greatworks of art of the past.B. Commercial art is heavily influenced by whatever doctrines are fashionable in the serious artworld of the time.C. The line between commercial art and great art lies primarily in how an image is used, not inthe motivation for its creation.D. The pervasiveness of contemporary commercial art has led art historians to undervaluerepresentational skills.Passage 3In prehistoric times brachiopods were one of the most abundant and diverse forms of life on Earth: more than 30,000 species of this chainlike creature have been cataloged from fossil records. Today brachiopods are not as numerous, and existing species are not well studied, partly because neither the animal’s fleshy inner tissue nor its shell has any commercial value. Moreover, in contrast to the greater diversity of the extinct species, the approximately 300 known surviving species are relatively, uniform in appearance. Many zoologists have interpreted this as a sign that the animal has been unable to compete successfully with other marine organisms in the evolutionary struggle.Several things, however, suggest that the conventional view needs revising. For example, the genus Lingula has an unbroken fossil record extending over more than half a billion years to the present. Thus, if longevity is any measure, brachiopods are the most successful organisms extant. Further, recent studies suggest that diversity among species is a less important measure of evolutionary success than is the ability to withstand environmental change, such as when a layer of clay replaces sand on the ocean bottom. The relatively greater uniformity among the existing brachiopod species may offer greater protection from environmental change and hence may reflect highly successful adaptive behavior.The adaptive advantages of uniformity for brachiopods can be seen by considering specialization, a process that occurs as a result of prolonged colonization of a uniform substrate. Those that can survive on many surfaces are called generalists, while those that can survive on a limited range of substrates are called specialists. One specialist species, for example, has valves weighted at the base, a characteristic that assures that the organism is properly positioned for feeding in mud and similar substrates; other species secrete glue allowing them to survive on the face of underwater cliffs. The fossil record demonstrates that most brachiopod lineages have followed a trend toward increased specialization. However, during periods of environmental instability, when a particular substrate to which a specialist species has adapted is no longer available, the species quickly dies out. Generalist, on the other hand are not dependent on aparticular substrate, and are thus less vulnerable to environmental change. One study of the fossil record revealed a mass extinction of brachiopods following a change in sedimentation from chalk to clay. Of the 35 brachiopod species found in the chalk, only 6 survived in the clay, all of them generalists.As long as enough generalist species are maintained, and studies of arctic and subarctic seas suggest that generalists are often dominant members of the marine communities there, it seems unlikely that the phylum is close to extinction.9. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with ____.A. rejecting an earlier explanation for the longevity of certain brachiopod speciesB. reevaluating the implications of uniformity among existing brachiopod speciesC. describing the varieties of environmental change to which brachiopods are vulnerableD. reconciling opposing explanations for brachiopods’ lack of evolutionary success10. It can be inferred from the passage that many zoologists assume that a large diversity among species of a given class of organisms typically leads to which of the following?A. Difficulty in classification.B. A. discontinuous fossil record.C. A greater chance of survival over time.D. Numerical abundance.11. The second paragraph makes use of which of the following?A. Specific examples.B. Analogy.C. Metaphor.D. Quotation.12. It can be inferred from the passage that the decision to study an organism may sometimes beinfluenced by ________.A. its practical or commercial benefits to societyB. the nature and prevalence of its fossilized remainsC. the relative convenience of its geographical distributionD. its similarity to one or more better known speciesPassage 4At the time Jane Austin’s novels were published—between 1811 and 1818—English literature was not part of any academic curriculum. In addition, fiction was under strenuous attack. Certain religious and political groups felt novels has the power to make so-called immoral characters so interesting that young readers would identify with them: these groups also considered novel to be of little practical use. Even Coleridge, certainly no literary reactionary, spoke for many when he asserted that “novel-reading occasions the destruction of the mind’s power”These attitudes toward novels help explain why Austin received little attention from early 19-century literary critics. The literary response that was accorded her, however, was often as incisive as 20th century criticism. In his attack in 1816 on novelistic portrayal “outside of ordinary experience”, for example, Scott made an insightful remark about the merits of Austin’s fiction. Her novels, wrote Scott, “present to the reader an accurate and exact picture of ordinary everyday people and places, reminiscent of 17th century Flemish Painting.” Scott did not use the word“realism”, but he undoubtedly used a standard of realistic probability in judging novels. The critic Whately did not use the word realism either, but he expressed agreemen t with Scott’s evaluation, and went on to suggest the possibilities for moral instruction what we have called Austin’s realistic method. Her characters, wrote Whately, are persuasive agents for moral truth since they are ordinary persons “so clearly evoked that we feel an interest in their fate as if it were our own.”Moral instruction, explained Whately, is more likely to be effective when conveyed through recognizably human and interesting characters than when imparted b a sermonizing narrator. Whately especially praised Austin’s ability to create characters who “mingle goodness and villainy, weakness and virtue, as in life they are always mingled.”Whitely concluded this remarks by comparing Austin’s art of characterization to Dickens’, stating his preference to Austin’s.Yet the response of 19-century literary critics to Austin was not always so laudatory, and often anticipated the reservations of 20th century critics. An example of such a response was Lewes’ complaint in 1859 that Austin’ range of subjects and characters was too narrow. Praising her verisimilitude, Lewes added that nonetheless her focus was too often upon only the unlofty and the commonplace. (20th century Marxists, on the other hand, were to complain about what they saw as her exclusive emphasis on a lofty upper-middle class.) In any case, having been rescued by some literary critics from neglect and indeed gradually lionized by them, Austin steadily reached, by the mid-nineteenth century, the enviable pinnacle of being considered controversial.13. The author mentions that English literature “was not part of any academic curriculu m” in theearly 19th century in order to ________.A. emphasize the need for Jane Austin to create ordinary, everyday characters in her novels.B. give support to those religious and political groups that had attacked fiction.C. suggest the superiority of an informal and unsystematized approach to the study of literature.D. give one reason why Jane Austin’s novels received little critical attention in the early 19thcentury.14. The author quotes Coleridge in order to ________.A. refute the literary opinions of certain religious and political groups.B. make a case for the inferiority of novels to poetry.C. indicate how widespread was the attack on novels in the early 19th century.D. illustrate the early 19th century belief that fiction was especially appealing to young readers.15. It can be inferred from the passage that Whately found Dickens’ characters to be ________.A. especially interesting to young readers.B. less liable than Jane Austin’s characters to have a realistic mixture of moral qualities.C. ordinary persons in recognizably human situations.D. more often villainous and weak than virtuous and good.16. The author would most likely agree which of the following is the best measure of a writer’sliterary success?A. Inclusion of the writer’s work in an academic curriculum.B. Publication of the writer’s work in the writer’s own name.C. Praise of the writer’s work by religious and political groups.D. Existence of debate among critics about the writer’s work.Passage 5Pardon one: how are your manners?The decline of civility and good manners may be worrying people more than crime, according to Gentility Recalled, edited by Digby Anderson, which laments the breakdown of traditional codes that once regulated social conduct. It criticizes the fact that “manners”are scorned as repressive and outdated.The result, according to Mr. Anderson-director of the Social Affairs Unit, an independent think-tank－is a society characterized by rudeness: loutish behaviour on the streets, jostling in crowds, impolite shop assistants and bad-tempered drivers.Mr. Anderson says the cumulative effect of these－apparently trivial, but often offensive－is to make everyday life uneasy, unpredictable and unpleasant. As they are encountered far more often than crime, they can cause more anxiety than crime.When people lament the disintegration of law and order, he argues, what they generally mean is order, as manifested by courteous forms of social contact. Meanwhile, attempts to re-establish restraint and self-control through “politically correct” rules are artificial.The book has contributions from 12 academic in disciplines ranging from medicine to sociology and charts what it calls the “coarsening”of Britain. Old- fashioned terms such as “gentleman” and “lady” have lost all meaningful resonance and need to be re-evaluated, it says. Rachel Trickett, honorary fellow and former principal of St Hugh’s College, Oxford, says that the notion of a “lady” protects women rather than demeaning them.Feminism and demands for equality have blurred the distinctions between the sexes, creating situations where men are able to dominate women because of their more aggressive and forceful natures, she says. “Women, without some code of deference or respect, become increasingly victims.”Caroline Moore, the first woman fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, points out that “gentleman” is now used only with irony or derision.“The popular view of a gentleman is poised somewhere between the imbecile parasite and the villainous one: between Woosteresque chinless wonders, and those heartless capitalist toffs who are … the stock-in-trade of television.”She argues that the concept is neither class-bound nor rigid; conventions of gentlemanly behavior enable a man to act naturally as and individual within shared assumptions while taking his place in society.“Politeness is no constraint, precisely because the manners … are no ‘code’ but a language, rich, flexible, restrained and infinitely subtle.”For Anthony O’Hear, professor of philosophy at the University of Bradford, manners are closely associated with the different forms of behavior appropriate to age and status. They curb both the impetuosity of youth and the bitterness of old age. Egalitarianism, he says, has led to people failing to act their age. “We have vice-chancellors with earrings, aristocrats as hippies …the trendy vicar on his motorbike.”Dr. Athena Leoussi, sociology lecturer at Reading University, bemoans the deliberate neglect by people of their sartorial appearance.Dress, she says, is the outward expression of attitudes and aspirations. The ubiquitousness of jeans “displays a utilitarian attitude” that has “led to the cultural impoverishment of everyday life”. Dr. Leoussi says that while clothes used to be seen as a means of concealing taboo forces of。