05 Ch04 Architectural Styles
Characteristics of Ancient Chinese Architectural Styles
Characteristics of Ancient Chinese Architectural Styles Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the characteristics of ancient Chinese architectural stylesCentral idea: There are five main characteristics of ancient Chinese architectural stylesAncient Chinese architecture enjoys a long history and great achievements. It mainly includes buildings built before 1911 as well as those latter-day buildings with ancient Chinese style. Together with European architecture and Arabian architecture, ancient Chinese architecture is an important component of the system of world architecture. However，what unique characteristics make ancient Chinese architecture enjoy so much prestige? And as a Chinese, do you know these characteristics?As a child, I have a strong interest in traditional Chinese culture and prefer the ancient architecture. In the university, I majored on civil engineering and did much research on ancient Chinese architecture. Now let's see the charming styles of ancient Chinese architecture. Below I'll cover five main characteristics of styles.First, the most important feature is the emphasis on the horizontal. In contrast to Western architecture tending to grow in height, Chinese architecture stresses the width of buildings. For example, the halls and palaces in the Forbidden City are rather lower than equivalent stately buildings in the West, but their external appearances suggest the all-embracing nature of imperial China.Second, Chinese architecture is based on the principle of balance and symmetry. Office buildings, residences, temples and palaces all follow the principle that the main structure is the axis. The secondary structures are positioned as two wings on either side to form the main room and yard. That is the most important thought of courtyard-style layout.Third, the practice of making houses face south is one of the most striking features. The reasons are obvious—to get more sunshine and avoid the prevailing winds, especially the cold wind from the north in winter.Forth, ancient Chinese architecture features unique timber framework with timber, bricks, and tiles as the main building materials. Pillars of timber bear all loadswhile walls are used for padding and separating space only so that windows and doors will not be restricted to certain locations on the walls.Fifth, but not the last, the distinctive roof of Chinese architectures has a great deal of symbolism involved. Symbolism is present in the roof forms, colored eaves decoration, roofing material, and roof top decorations. Gold is the most precious material, so the imperial roofs are gold/yellow in color.In conclusion, all above are just several main characteristics and there also are many cultural characteristics in ancient Chinese architectural styles. Ancient Chinese architecture is not only the important component of traditional Chinese culture, but also the gate to traditional Chinese culture. We should know more about it.References:1. Chang Junyue et al. An Outline of Chinese Culture. Peking University Press2. Liang Sicheng. Complete works of Liang Sicheng vol. 8: A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture. China architecture and building press3. Zhao Guangchao. Not Only Chinese Wooden Architecture. Shanghai Science and Technology Press。
中西方建筑文化差异中英文版
汇报人：XX
2024-01-24
• introduction • The History and Cultural Background of
Chinese and Western Architecture • The architectural styles and characteristics of
both Eastern and Western cultures • Differences in building materials and
structures between the East and the West
• The spatial layout and functional differences between Chinese and Western architecture
04
The Integration and Innovation of Eastern and Western Architectural Cultures
02
The History and Cultural Background of Chinese and Western Architecture
Pursuing personalization and artistry: Modern architectural design pursues the expression of personalization and artistry, showcasing the designer's creativity through unique shapes, colors, and materials.
Modern and Contemporary Architecture
我未来的房子英语作文
In envisioning my future house,I imagine a place that is not only a sanctuary for relaxation and comfort but also a space that reflects my personality and values.Heres a detailed description of what my dream home might look like:Location and Environment:My future house would be situated in a serene location,perhaps near a body of water, surrounded by lush greenery.The tranquility of the environment would provide a peaceful backdrop for my daily life,allowing me to enjoy the beauty of nature and the calming effect it has on the mind.Architectural Style:The architectural style of the house would be modern,with clean lines and large windows to maximize natural light.It would incorporate sustainable materials and energyefficient technologies,reflecting my commitment to environmental responsibility.Interior Design:Inside,the house would have an open floor plan,creating a sense of spaciousness and flow between living areas.The decor would be minimalist but warm,with a color palette of neutral tones accented by pops of color from artwork and accessories.The furniture would be comfortable yet stylish,chosen for both its aesthetic appeal and functionality.Living Room:The living room would be a cozy space with a large,comfortable sofa,a fireplace,and plenty of bookshelves.It would be a place where I can unwind after a long day,read a book,or entertain guests.Kitchen and Dining Area:The kitchen would be a gourmets dream,equipped with highquality appliances and ample counter space for cooking and baking.An island in the center would serve as a casual dining area and a workspace for food preparation.Adjacent to the kitchen,a formal dining area would be perfect for hosting dinner parties.Bedrooms:Each bedroom would be designed for comfort and relaxation,with large windows for natural light,soft bedding,and calming colors.The master suite would include a walkin closet and a spalike bathroom,creating a personal retreat within the house.Outdoor Spaces:The outdoor area would be an extension of the indoor living space,with a terrace for dining al fresco,a garden for growing herbs and vegetables,and perhaps a small pond orwater feature.A deck or patio with comfortable seating would be ideal for enjoying the sunset or stargazing on clear nights.Home Office:A dedicated home office would be essential,providing a quiet and organized space for work or study.It would be equipped with modern technology and ergonomic furniture to ensure productivity and comfort.Entertainment Area:For leisure and entertainment,the house would have a media room with a large screen and surround sound system,perfect for movie nights or gaming.Additionally,a home gym would be included for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.Security and Smart Home Features:Finally,the house would be equipped with the latest security systems and smart home technology,allowing me to control lighting,temperature,and security remotely,ensuring safety and convenience.In summary,my future house would be a blend of modern design,comfort,and sustainability,providing a perfect balance between relaxation and functionality.It would be a place where I can live,work,and entertain,while also being in harmony with the environment.。
石径毕业设计翻译
PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD FOR RESIDENTIAL COLD-FORMEDSTEEL FRAMINGSecond EditionPrepared forThe U.S. Department of Housingand Urban DevelopmentOffice of Policy Development and ResearchWashington, DCCo-Sponsored byThe American Iron and Steel InstituteWashington, DCandThe National Association of Home BuildersWashington, DCbyNAHB Research Center, Inc.400 Prince George's BoulevardUpper Marlboro, MD 20774-8731August 1997CONTENTS5.0 STEEL FLOOR FRAMING (21)5.1 Floor Construction (21)5.2 Floor to Foundation or Bearing Wall Connection (21)5.3 Allowable Joist Spans (21)5.4 Joist Bracing (21)5.5 Floor Cantilevers (22)5.6 Splicing (22)5.7 Framing of Floor Openings (22)5.8 Floor Trusses (22)5.0 STEEL FLOOR FRAMING5.1 Floor ConstructionCold-formed steel framing members shall comply with the provisions of Section 2.0. Steel floors shall be constructed in accordance with this section and Figure 5.1.5.1.1 Applicability LimitsThe applicability limits of Section 1.3 and Table 1.1 shall apply.5.1.2 In-Line Framing.Load bearing steel floor framing, wall framing, and ceiling/roof framing shall be constructedin-line with the vertical load bearing members (i.e. studs) located below. A maximum tolerance of 3/4 inch (19 mm) between the centerlines of the in-line members shall be permitted in accordance with Figure 1.2.5.2 Floor to Foundation or Bearing Wall ConnectionCold-formed steel floor framing shall be anchored to foundations, wood sills, or load bearing walls in accordance with Table 5.1 and Figures 5.1 through 5.10. Fastening of steel joists to other framing members shall be in accordance with Table 5.2.5.3 Allowable Joist SpansThe clear span of cold-formed steel floor joists shall not exceed the limits set forth in Table 5.3 for single spans and Table 5.4 for multiple spans. When continuous joist members are used for multiple spans, the interior bearing supports shall be located within two feet (0.6 m) of mid-span of the steel joists, and the individual spans shall not exceed the applicable spans in the table. Floor joists shall have a bearing support length of not less than 1.5 inches (38 mm) for exterior wall supports and 3.5 inches (89 mm) for interior wall supports. Bearing stiffeners shall be installed at each joist bearing location in accordance with Section 2.9. The thickness of joist tracks shall be a minimum of 33 mils (0.84 mm) thick except when used as part of floor header or trimmer in accordance with Section 5.7.5.4 Joist BracingThe top flanges of floor joists shall be laterally braced by the application of floor fastened to the joists in accordance with Table 5.2. Floor joists with spans that exceed 12 feet (3.7 m) shall have the bottom flanges laterally braced in accordance with one of the following:1. Gypsum board installed with minimum#6 screws in accordance withtheapplicable building code, or2. Continuous steel strapping installed in accordance with Figure 5.1 and 5.2.Steel straps shall be at least 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) in width and 33 mils(0.84 mm) in thickness. Straps shall be fastened to the bottom flange ofeach joist with at least one #8 screw and shall be fastened to blocking withat least two #8 screws. Blocking or bridging (X-bracing) shall be installedbetween joists at a maximum spacing of 12 feet (3.7m) measured along thecontinuous strapping (perpendicular to the joist run). Blocking orbridging shall also be located at the termination of all straps.5.5 Floor CantileversFloor cantilevers for the second floor of a two-story building or the first floor of a one-story building shall not exceed 24 inches (610 mm) as illustrated in Figure 5.1. Cantilevers shall support interior floor loading only. Cantilevers, not exceeding 24 inches (610 mm) and supporting one floor and roof (first floor of a two story building), shall be permitted provided that all cantilevered joists are doubled (nested or back-to-back). The doubled cantilevered joists shall extend a minimum of 6 feet (1.8 m) toward the inside and shall be fastened with a minimum of two #8 screws spaced at 24 inches (610 mm) on center through the webs (for back-to-back) or flanges (for nested joists). Approved design is required for cantilevered areas supporting uniform live loads greater than 40 psf (1.92 kN/m2).5.6 SplicingJoists and other structural members shall not be spliced without an approved design. Splicing of tracks shall conform with Figure 5.11.5.7 Framing of Floor OpeningsOpenings in floors shall be framed with header and trimmer joists. Header joist spans shall not exceed 8 feet (2.4 m) in length. Header and trimmer joists shall be fabricated from joist and track sections, which shall be of a minimum size and thickness as the adjacent floor joists and shall be installed in accordance with Figures 5.1, 5.12, and 5.13. Each header joist shall be connected to trimmer joists with a minimum of four 2 inch x 2 inch (51 mm x 51 mm) clip angles. Each clip angle shall be fastened to both the header and trimmer joists with four #8 screws evenly spaced on each leg of the clip angle. The clip angles shall have a thickness not less than that of the floor joist.5.8 Floor TrussesCold-formed steel floor trusses shall be designed, braced, and installed in accordance with an approved design. Truss members shall not be notched, cut, or altered in any manner unless by an approved design. All trusses shall be aligned with load carrying members (i.e. studs) in the wall. Refer to AISI publication RG-9518 [17] “Design Guide For Cold-Formed Steel Trusses” for additional guidance.Table 5.1For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 mph = 1.61 km/hr, 1 foot = 0.3m. 1Use the highest of the wind speed and exposure or the seismic requirements for a given site.2All screw sizes shown are minimumTable 5.2Floor Fastening Schedule1For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm1All screw sizes shown are minimum.2 Head styles shall be bugle-head, flat-head, or similar with a minimum head diameter of 0.29 inch(7 mm).Allowable Spans For Cold-Formed Steel Floor Joists1,2,3,4Single Span33 ksi SteelFor SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.3m.1Table provides the maximum clear span in feet and inches.2Bearing stiffeners shall be installed at all support points and concentrated loads. 3Deflection criteria: L/480 for live loads; L/240 for total loads.4Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.479 kN/m2)5 For actual size refer to Table 2.1.Allowable Spans For Cold-Formed Steel Floor Joists1,2,3,4,5,6Multiple Spans33 ksi SteelFor SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 psf = 0.0479 kN/m2, 1 foot = 0.3m.1 Table provides the maximum clear span in feet and inches to either side of the interior support.2Interior bearing supports for multiple span joists shall consist of structural (bearing) walls or beams.3Bearing stiffeners shall be installed at all support points and concentrated loads.4Deflection criteria: L/480 for live loads; L/240 for total loads.5Floor dead load = 10 psf (0.479 kN/m2)6Interior supports shall be located within two feet (610 mm) of mid span provided that each of the resulting spans does not exceed the appropriate maximum span shown in the table above.7For actual size refer to Table 2.1.冷弯型钢框架结构设计方法第二版为美国住房发展政策开发部门和华盛顿研究中心所准备由美国华盛顿钢铁研究所联合主办国家建筑协会，华盛顿NAHB研究中心，乔治王子的大道400号Marlboro.MD 20774-87311997.8目录5.0 钢楼板结构 (21)5.1 楼板结构 (21)5.2 楼板与基础或承重墙连接 (21)5.3安装托梁的允许间距 (21)5.4托梁支撑 (21)5.5 悬臂楼板 (22)5.6 接合 (22)5.7开洞楼板框架 (22)5.8 楼板桁架 (22)5.0钢楼板结构5.1 建筑楼板冷弯钢结构应该符合2.0部分提供的要求。
旅游古镇的名词解释英语
旅游古镇的名词解释英语Traveling in Ancient Towns: English GlossaryIntroduction:In recent years, with the surge in tourism, ancient towns have become sought-after destinations for both domestic and international travelers in China. These towns, rich in culture and history, often possess unique architectural styles, local delicacies, and traditional crafts, making them magnets for visitors. To help navigate through these fascinating places, this article provides an English glossary of terms commonly associated with traveling in ancient towns. Let's embark on this linguistic journey together!1. Ancient Town (古镇gǔ zhèn)An ancient town refers to a historic settlement that preserves its original architectural features, culture, and traditions. It serves as a testament to a bygone era, allowing visitors to experience the atmosphere of the past. Lijiang Ancient Town and Pingyao Ancient City are two world-renowned examples of ancient towns in China.2. Traditional Architecture (传统建筑chuán tǒng jiàn zhù)Traditional architecture refers to the style of buildings and structures constructed in accordance with local customs and traditions. It often reflects the cultural and historical background of a particular region. Ancient towns are renowned for their well-preserved traditional architecture, characterized by courtyards, wooden carvings, and gray-tiled roofs.3. Cobblestone Streets (鹅卵石街道é luǎn shí jiē dào)Cobblestone streets are paved with small, round stones called cobblestones. These streets are a hallmark of ancient towns, providing a charming and nostalgic ambiance.Walking on cobblestone streets creates a sense of journeying back in time, as countless footsteps have left their marks on these enduring stones.4. Cultural Relics (文物 wén wù)Cultural relics are objects or structures that have historical, cultural, or artistic value and are preserved for future generations. In ancient towns, cultural relics can be found in the form of temples, ancestral halls, ancient wells, and stone tablets. Exploring these relics provides valuable insights into the local history and customs.5. Local Cuisine (当地美食dāng dì měi shí)Local cuisine refers to unique dishes and culinary traditions specific to a particular region. Ancient towns boast a wide array of local delicacies, each showcasing the distinctive flavors and cooking techniques of the area. From street food vendors to quaint teahouses, indulging in local cuisine is an essential part of the ancient town experience.6. Traditional Crafts (传统工艺chuán tǒng gōng yì)Traditional crafts are artistic skills and techniques passed down through generations. Ancient towns are known for their traditional crafts, such as wood carving, embroidery, pottery, and paper cutting. Visitors can often witness artisans practicing these crafts firsthand and even try their hand at creating their own unique artwork.7. Cultural Festivals (文化节日 wén huà jié rì)Cultural festivals are celebrations of local customs and traditions, often rooted in historical or religious significance. Ancient towns frequently hold vibrant cultural festivals, highlighting traditional performances, music, dance, and costume displays. These festivals provide visitors with a chance to immerse themselves in the rich cultural tapestry of the ancient town.8. Local Products (土特产品tǔ tè chǎn pǐn)Local products are goods produced or cultivated in a specific region, reflecting the local resources and expertise. Ancient towns are known for their unique local products,such as specialty teas, handcrafted souvenirs, traditional medicine, and regional snacks. Purchasing these products not only supports the local economy but also serves as a meaningful memento of the journey.Conclusion:Traveling in ancient towns offers a captivating glimpse into China's rich history and vibrant culture. Through this English glossary, visitors can better understand and appreciate the terminology associated with these unique destinations. Whether it's enjoying local cuisine, exploring traditional crafts, or delving into cultural relics, immersing oneself in the charm of ancient towns is an adventure not to be missed. So, pack your bags and embark on a journey to these time-honored marvels!。
七年级英语建筑风格完形填空题60题
七年级英语建筑风格完形填空题60题1There are many different architectural styles around the world. Each style has its own unique characteristics. For example, Gothic architecture is known for its tall spires and stained glass windows. Renaissance architecture features elegant columns and symmetrical designs. Modern architecture is often characterized by clean lines and simple forms.1. Gothic architecture is very ___ (impressive/small/boring/ugly).答案：impressive. Gothic architecture with tall spires and stained glass windows is usually considered impressive. “small” is the opposite of what Gothic architecture is known for. “boring” and “ugly” are not typical descriptions of Gothic architecture.2. Renaissance architecture has ___ (beautiful/ugly/dirty/old) columns.答案：beautiful. Renaissance architecture features elegant columns, so “beautiful” is the most appropriate. “ugly”, “dirty” and “old” don't match the characteristics of Renaissance architecture.3. Modern architecture is ___ (complicated/simple/difficult/strange).答案：simple. Modern architecture is often characterized by clean lines and simple forms. “complicated”, “difficult” and “strange” are not correct descriptions.4. The spires in Gothic architecture are ___ (tall/short/fat/thin).答案：tall. Gothic architecture is known for its tall spires. “short”, “fat” and “thin” are incorrect.5. Renaissance architecture is ___ (asymmetrical/symmetrical/irregular/messy).答案：symmetrical. Renaissance architecture features symmetrical designs. “asymmetrical”, “irregular” and “messy” are wrong.6. Modern architecture has ___ (curved/straight/round/square) lines.答案：straight. Modern architecture is characterized by clean lines, which are often straight. “curved”, “round” and “square” are not the main characteristics.7. Gothic architecture uses ___ (bright/dark/colorful/black) colors.答案：colorful. Gothic architecture often has stained glass windows, which are colorful. “dark” and “black” are too negative. “bright” is not as accurate as “colorful”.8. Renaissance architecture is ___ (ancient/modern/new/old-fashioned).答案：ancient. Renaissance architecture is from a certain historical period and is considered ancient compared to modern architecture. “modern” and “new” are wrong. “old-fashioned” is not the best description.9. Modern architecture is ___ (popular/unpopular/common/rare).答案：popular. Modern architecture is widely used and is thereforepopular. “unpopular” and “rare” are incorrect. “common” is not as strong as “popular”.10. The designs in Renaissance architecture are ___ (complicated/simple/easy/difficult).答案：complicated. Renaissance architecture features elegant columns and symmetrical designs, which are often considered complicated. “simple”, “easy” and “difficult” are not the right descriptions.2There are many different styles of architecture around the world. Ancient buildings have a special charm. People are always amazed by their beauty. In some cities, you can see modern skyscrapers standing tall. Architects are constantly thinking of new designs.11. The ancient buildings ___ been standing for hundreds of years.A. hasB. haveC. isD. are答案：B。
土木工程毕业设计英文翻译论文
Structural FormsStructural forms, such as the beam or the arch ,have developed through the ages in relation to the availability of materials and the technology of the time. The arch, for instance, undoubtedly developed as a result of the availability of brick. In the technology of buildings .every structure must work against gravity ,which tends to pull everything down to the ground .A balance must therefore be attained between the force of gravity ,the shape of the structure ,and the strength of the material used. To provide a cover over a sheltered space and permit openings in the walls that surround it ,builders have developed four techniques are post and lintel, arch and vault, truss, and cantilever construction.Post and lintel. In post and lintel construction ,a horizontal beam is placed across the space between two supporting posts. If the support is continuous, it is called a wall; if a series of beams are joined together into a continuous surface, it is called a slab.Simple rectilinear buildings result from post and lintel construction, which is characteristic of much primitive construction as well as of the classical Greek temples. In this type of construction, the post (or column) carries only a vertical weight, or load, and is therefore under compression, and the lintel (or beam) is bent by the loads acting transversely to its axis. Therefore , the post must have compressive strength, and the beam must have bending strength. Both wood and stone were used in early example of this type of construction , although the limited bending strength of stone dictated the close column spacing which is apparent in Greek temples. For example, in the Parthenon in Athens, the space between the columns is approximately equal to the column diameter.Modern building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete are used to advantage in post and lintel construction. The skeleton frame of a modern steel skyscraper, for instance, consists of beams and columns in a three-dimensional post and lintel network, or grid. The typical wood fame house, with closely spaced wooden post, or studs, and floors with a series of closely spaced wood beams, or joists, also illustrates post and lintel construction.Just as a house of cards can support vertical loads but collapses under a slightbreath of air, the post and lintel system can topple under winds or earthquakes, but of which impose a horizontal force. This collapse is due to the fact that the joint between the column and beam acts as if it were a hinge .In earlier times this lateral instability was not apparent because the weight and the mass of the materials (particularly stone) and the limited height of the structures negated the importance of horizontal forces. In tall modern building that have slender elements made of strong and light materials such as steel, lateral instability becomes a significant factor . To provide the necessary lateral resistance, a rigid connection must be made between the vertical column and horizontal beam. This creates a rigid frame; it is used to achieve lateral stability in skyscraper construction.Arch. The arch which is characteristically a masonry type of construction, undoubtedly had its origin in Mesopotamia，a land of brick buildings. Arches consist of masonry blocks in the form of a curved line. In principle, each wedge-shaped masonry block cannot fall inward without pushing the others out ;thus, the whole arch form remains stable as long as a force is applied at the base to keep it from spreading. This force is called a horizontal thrust. A continuous series of arches is known as a vault.The Etruscans, by their examples of arch constructions in bridges and gates, probably inspired the Roman to experiment with this type of construction about 600 B.C. However, it was not until the last years of the Roman republic that tunnel vaults and intersecting, or groined, vaults were used to cover large rooms. The form of the Roman arch or vault is generally semicircular for reasons of geometric simplicity. As a result, all wedge-shaped stones are identical; their curved edges are equidistant from the center of the circle ,and their straight edges lie on equally spaced lines radiating from the center. This type of semicircular arch was widely used by the Romans in buildings such as the Basilica of Constantine and the Baths of Caracalla and in gates such as the Porta Maggiore in Rome.The Gothic arch, which is characterized by its pointed shape ,evolved in France in the 12th century. This form characterizes some of the most magnificent churches of the early Renaissance period such as the Chartres. Amiens, and Rheims cathedral. theform of the Gothic arch is superior to the Roman arch because of its greater structural clarity, which closely approaches the shapes the shape of an idea arch. The concept of the idea arch can best be explained by a comparison with a suspension cable.A chain or a cable supported at each end assumes a curved shape called a catenary (from catena, chain).If the cable were required to support one weight hung from it ,it would change shape to adjust to this condition ;this is due to the fact that a cable carries loads only by the actin of simple tension along the length of the cable. If, instead of a single load, many parabola. The catenary and the parabola are geomertrically similar since the weight of the cable is approximately a uniformly distributed load .An ideal arch may be thought of as a cable frozen in its shape and turned upside down.(Instead of carrying loads by tension, as in the cable, the ideal arch carries loads by simple compression)This ideal shape of load the arch is called the “funicular curve” A different funicular curve exists for every type of load the arch is required to carry. Since the arch ,unlike the flexible cable ,cannot adjust its shape to the load ,then the arch, under a load other than that which gave it its funicular shape, must also carry the load by bending, as in a beam .The structural efficiency of an arch can thus be measured in terms of the proximity of the geometric shape to the funicular curve ,In the semicircular Romans arch ,there is a large difference between the funicular curve of the loads and the circular shape. The pointed Gothic arches are much closer to the funicular curve of the loads and therefore possess a clear advantage over the earlier semicircular form.To resist the horizontal thrust which exists at the base of an arch ,the Roman used massive piers or buttresses. In some of the Gothic cathedrals, which raised the arch high above the nave, flying buttresses over the side aisles were used to counteract the thrust.In modern times ,arch construction has been used extensively for bridge, utilizing steel, wood, or reinforced concrete. The concrete arch bridges built by Robert Maillart in Switzerland are outstanding examples of elegance and structural clarity in modern arch design.Truss. The simplest form of truss is a triangle consisting of three bars. Thiselementary truss form undoubtedly grew out of the use of the gabled roof for small houses and churches. In this construction, two slanting rafters rest on top of a wall and are pinned at the peak. The load of the roof tends to push out the top of the walls. Tying the bottom of the rafters together with a bar or rod counters this outward push. The resulting triangular shape is a rigid form geometrically, because none of its angles can change without changing the length of its sides. Each element in a truss is subject to either tension or compression; in the simple triangular truss, the rafters are in compression and the tie rod is in tension.The elementary triangular truss is limited to spanning relatively short distance because each slanting member is long compared to the span. In a triangular truss with equal angles, for instance, each member is as long as the span. This drawback was recognized by Andrea Palladio in the 16th century. His design for a trussed bridge utilized the principle that if a single triangles is rigid ,combinations of triangles are also rigid . By arranging short lengths of timbers in a series of triangles to form complex trusses, almost any distance can be spanned.It was not until the 19th century , when mathematical methods of analysis became known and iron and steel were introduced, that trusses with a great degree of perfection and elegance were developed. Modern trusses with a variety of configurations are used to span auditoriums, armories, and convention halls , creating large column-free spaces. The type of trusses most commonly used in buildings are the Pratt, Howe, and Warren trusses, all named after their inventors. The Pratt and Howe trusses have top and bottom chords (horizontal elements), and both verticals and diagonals between the chords. The Warren truss has only diagonals joining the top and bottom chord .Cantilever. In cantilever construction, building elements are projected outward from a fixed support. An early kind of cantilever construction was the corbel; it had its origin in the late Stone Age and can be found in the form of corbelled domes built in Sarrdinia about 2,500 B.C. In corbel construction, each successive layer of stone stands out farther from a wall in the form of upside-down steps. Only the weight of the stones above and behind the face of the wall prevent a corbel from collapsing. Anexcessive amount of material is required for corbel construction because of the necessity for heavy masonry walls.Cantilevering building elements from a wall or other fixed support permits projecting part of a building beyond the ground-level construction to gain more living area above, as in many of the Renaissance town houses.The cantilever is much used in modern buildings as a result of the availability of steel and reinforced concrete. It is a simple matter in a concrete apartment building to create a cantilevered balcony when the balcony slab is merely a continuation of the interior slab. The Kaumfman house, built by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1939, is an example of a dramatic use of cantilevers and demonstrates the potential of this type of construction. In a steel-framed building, beams can project beyond column to permit the face of the building to be a curtain wall with large glass areas. This cantilever construction was exemplified by the Bauhaus (1926) ,which was used as a model for many skyscrapers built after World WarⅡ结构形式结构形式，如梁或拱，通过发展有关的材料供应和当时的技术的年龄。
现代中式风格别墅设计(Villa design of modern Chinese style)
现代中式风格别墅设计（Villa design of modern Chinese style）Analysis of modern Chinese style villa designUnique style of modern Chinese villaModern Chinese style is the interior design art style of Chinese classical architecture represented by palace architecture, which is magnificent, magnificent and luxurious. Chinese style interior design is simple and elegant, and combines the solemn and elegant dual temperament, the traditional structural form through redesign, combined into another symbol of national characteristics. Chinese traditional architectural style with modern, rubbing in the modern classic, with a unique Oriental aesthetic concept of "blank" control rhythm, highlight of great ingenuity.Modern Chinese architecture in the end to inherit its shape, or inheritance of its meaning, whether we deliberately decorate Chinese symbols, or to innovate on the Chinese style, perhaps not the purpose of blowing the Chinese wind. What we need to do is how to build a house suitable for modern people, how to meet the needs of modern people's life, and let our living culture have a continuation. Chinese traditional interior design combines the dual temperament of solemnity and elegance. The Chinese style now uses the postmodern technique more, and combines the traditional structural form with the redesign of another national symbol.The inheritance of modern Chinese style villaIn ancient China, the main style of home furnishing was mainlyfurniture of Ming and Qing dynasty. Such as: window, table, table, contrast lines, paintings and other materials to create atmosphere. The main color is black, dark red wood material color, the design process is based on the apartment layout tailored to the design, because the design style has a mostly made late furniture fitted to light up the entire space, consider the reasonable connection of furniture, space point, line and surface smooth in the design, modelling is too messy the line will disrupt the entire space.The development of modern Chinese style villaThe modern Chinese architecture the combination of traditional and modern, is a reasonable inheritance and development of traditional architectural culture, the imagination is the classical through time and space to a Home Furnishing modern style, modern world trend is pushing the Chinese building to open new horizons. However, elegant and refined, resplendent Chinese residence, people is always the dream of home.Design features of modern Chinese style villaModern Chinese style wooden color, warm, also absorbed many natural color, brown or brown. Among them, the Ming Dynasty style simple and elegant, is the home favorite; Qing Dynasty style with exquisite carving is good, suitable for collection, is the professional choice. Chinese classical furniture is not only a piece of art, the more valuable is that it is an important part of China culture, like Chinese literature, calligraphy, painting and other Chinese China self system, has a long history and distinctive ethnic characteristics, outstanding style. Asearly as the Ming Dynasty, Chinese furniture, whether in the product design and manufacturing process, has stood at the pinnacle of the world furniture art.Selection of Chinese style villa furnitureYou can feel the whole atmosphere, in the furniture and accessories carefully collocation sales area, if not very professional consumers, to listen to the sales staff's explanation and collocation suggestions, from the appearance, process and material on one by one to understand, see the fine carving, the line is smooth, with excellent workmanship is exquisite, whether material. In short, regardless of the overall shape of the complex or simple, can reflect the level of furniture quality. If the material is excellent, the raw material can be preserved for a long time, and the more it is used, the more gentle it will be. The essence of Art: design concept: simple and smooth, make practical Chinese furniture is full of artistic beauty, and let it stand in the Home Furnishing art peak for centuries; value: the traditional production process and good material, make its use life for hundreds of years without damage and decay, also as a collection of; environmental protection: pure solid wood production, can bring warm wood gas to Home Furnishing environment, the product itself reflects the natural texture, as with plastic less, more environmental protection.Modern Chinese style villa home collocation pointsChinese style furniture is generally casual casual, not too decorative. The whole is easy to appear dull, and some ornamentsand lamps can be selected for the whole space color, such as all kinds of hanging paintings, porcelain, lamps and lanterns, etc.. A cup of green tea, lying on the couch, the window view of gentle, the taste of life, in the overall atmosphere, bring a different kind of enjoyment.The continuation of Chinese style villaModern Chinese traditional interior design combines the solemn and elegant dual temperament. The Chinese style now uses the postmodern technique more, and combines the traditional structural form with the redesign of another national symbol. Home Furnishing design style, will in the indoor layout, shape, color and furniture, furnishings and other aspects, from the traditional decoration "form", "God" features, to the design elements of traditional culture, get rid of the drawbacks of traditional furniture, remove excess carving, a blend of modern western Home Furnishing comfort.___________________________________________________________ _____________________Take up the document space:In order to make the library not inferior to the library, it is only necessary to add some materials.In order to make the library not inferior to the library, it is only necessary to add some materials.In order to make the library not inferior to the library, itis only necessary to add some materials.In order to make the library not inferior to the library, it is only necessary to add some materials.In order to make the library not inferior to the library, it is only necessary to add some materials.In order to make the library not inferior to 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Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Pipe and Filter Style
7
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Layered Style (cont’d)
Advantages Increasing abstraction levels Evolvability Changes in a layer affect at most the adjacent two layers Reuse Different implementations of layer are allowed as long as interface is preserved Standardized layer interfaces for libraries and frameworks
8
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Layered Style (cont’d)
Disadvantages Not universally applicable Performance Layers may have to be skipped Determining the correct abstraction level
C2 CORBA
Blackboard Rule based
2
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Main Program and Subroutines LL
3
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
9
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Layered Systems/Virtual Machines
10
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Data-Flow Styles
Batch Sequential Separate programs are executed in order; data is passed as an aggregate from one program to the next. Connectors: ―The human hand‖ carrying tapes between the programs, a.k.a. ―sneaker-net ‖ Data Elements: Explicit, aggregate elements passed from one component to the next upon completion of the producing program’s execution. Typical uses: Transaction processing in financial systems. ―The Granddaddy of Styles‖
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Some Common Styles
Traditional, languageinfluenced styles
Interpreter
Main program and subroutines Object-oriented Virtual machines Client-server Batch sequential Pipe and filter
4
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Object-Oriented LL
5
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
OO/LL in UML
6
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Object-Oriented Style
Components are objects Data and associated operations Connectors are messages and method invocations Style invariants Objects are responsible for their internal representation integrity Internal representation is hidden from other objects Advantages ―Infinite malleability‖ of object internals System decomposition into sets of interacting agents Disadvantages Objects must know identities of servers Side effects in object method invocations
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Layered Style
Hierarchical system organization ―Multi-level client-server‖ Each layer exposes an interface (API) to be used by above layers Each layer acts as a Server: service provider to layers ―above‖ Client: service consumer of layer(s) ―below‖ Connectors are protocols of layer interaction Example: operating systems Virtual machine style results from fully opaque layers
12Software ArhitectureFoundations, Theory, and Practice
Client-Server LL
13
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Batch-Sequential LL
Not a recipe for a successful lunar mission!
16
Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; Richard N. Taylor, Nenad Medvidovic, and Eric M. Dashofy; © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Client-Server Style
Components are clients and servers Servers do not know number or identities of clients Clients know server’s identity Connectors are RPC-based network interaction protocols