南京航空航天大学213翻译硕士日语[专业硕士]历年考研试题
南京航空航天大学试卷及答案.doc
1求行列式值。
=CI +1b b h + 2b南京航空航天大学试卷及答案一、填空1设五阶行列式D = a i｝的展开式中有一项。
24。
53。
41。
32。
15此项前面应带的符号为12 3 42 3 4 1'1 1 -4 3、[1三、设线性方程组 2 1-97X二 t0 1 10 11/,问当，取何值时，方程组有解，并在此时求'3四、设A = 1-1\ 对角标准形。
k k 、‘2 1 -5、2. 三阶矩阵A= 1 31 ，矩阵X 满足A*X=2AT + X ，化简此矩阵方程并求矩阵J) 1 2,X O3. 设三阶矩阵A = (%%%), B = (%2%”)，其中％,%,%,”均为三维列向量，且1 2 ,当A 取何值时，矩阵A 能与对角形矩阵相似，并写出矩阵A 的2 1」五、 二次型/(X],x 2,x 3) = 2玉2 + + 2X 32 + 2X }X 2 + 2x }x 3 + 2x 2x 3(1) 写出二次型的矩阵A,并求。
满足什么条件时，此二次型正定。
(2) 当a = 2时，此二次型在正交变换X=TY 下化为标准形求该正交变换。
六、 证明题1. 己知A 、B 均为4x3矩阵，证明不是可逆矩阵。
2. 设A%n 阶方阵，A 3=A, A 为可逆矩阵。
证明A 的所有特征值为1或者-1。
凤=2, |B| = 1,计算\A-B\, \A + B 出方程组的通12 3 4 1 2 3 4‘3 -4 2、1111 0 -1 -2 -3Oo2. x = 二 3, OC\«(X^i o 3 • T, 6-8 43 4 5 1 0 -2 -4 -9 -12 62 3 4 40 -1 -2-4\ /，10 8、<0 2、4. r(A) = r(A) ,〃一尸。
5. 0 1 9 1 0 。
6. 4, 27/2o7. 1, -1/2,・6。
1, -4, <2 2><2 2,二.1, 9■2y ； + 3/2y ；, z 《 + z ； - z h c d +6b c + 3 d D =a /? + 2 c d■ + 1h c d a b c d + 6 a b c d + 6 - 6。
2022新翻译硕士
翻译专业硕士（MTI）1、翻译专业硕士（MTI）专业简介翻译硕士专业学位研究生，即 MTI，是为了适应市场经济对应用型高层次专门人才的需求而设立的，翻译硕士专业学位的培养目标为具有专业口笔译能力的高级翻译人才，翻译硕士专业学位获得者应具有较强的语言运用能力、熟练的翻译技能和宽广的知识面，能够胜任不同专业领域所需的高级翻译工作。
2、招生对象：一般为学士学位获得者；鼓励非外语专业毕业生及有口笔译实践经验者报考。
应届本科毕业生也可以通过全国研究生考试报考3、考试科目：政治理论、翻译硕士英语（俄语、日语、法语、德语、朝鲜语）、英语（俄语、日语、法语、德语、朝鲜语）翻译基础、汉语写作与百科知识其中北京外国语大学考第二外语（即非英语的其他语种），其他学校一般只考翻译硕士英语5、高校招收翻译专业硕士（MTI）研究生概况扩大专业学位硕士生招生规模，2011 年专业学位硕士生占硕士生招生比例达到 30%，专家预计2015年应该达到50%。
翻译专业硕士从 2007 年开始招生以来，招考院校从 15 所增加到现在的 158 所，招生人数也大幅度的增加，但是招考人数的增加并不意味着考试难度的降低。
相反，由于这几年考生对翻译专业硕士的认识更加清楚，更多的应届毕业生迫于就业需求而报考翻译专业硕士，尤其是北京外国语大学、北京大学、上海外国语大学等名校的翻译专业硕士的竞争将会更加激烈!6、常见问题1)学术性硕士和翻译硕士(MTI)有何区别?MTI 是近几年兴起的专业硕士，很多考生对 MTI 存在误解，在我们日常咨询中，经常遇到像 MTI 是不是正规的专业，是不是交了钱就能念等诸如此类的问题。
其实不然，MTI 作为最近几年出现的专业硕士，主要是国家针对学术性硕士学成后，重视理论缺乏实践，不能满足用工单位需求而推出的专业翻译硕士。
2)MTI 毕业后拿到的是单证还是双证?MTI 能拿到单证还是双证关键在于是否参加过 1 月份全国研究生入学考试，一般全日制 MTI 都可以拿到毕业证和学位证(双证) ，今年有不少学校的招生页面都明确标出了单证、双证。
2015-2017年南京航空航天大学819电路历年真题
南京航空航天大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题A 卷科目代码: 819 科目名称:电路满分: 150分注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、填充题(每小题5分，共30分。
请注意：答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效） 1．图1.1所示电路，二端网络N 的伏安关系为u = 2i + 18（u 的单位V ，i 的单位A ），则5V 电压源发出的功率为 。
图1.12．图1.2所示含理想运算放大器电路，其输出电压u o = 。
图1.23．图1.3所示电路，已知I = 3A ，则网络N 吸收的功率为 ，电流源发出的功率为 。
图1.3Nu+−5V 1Ω2ΩiN6I33Ω3Ω 5Ω 3Ω+10V −3A 4Ω5Ω2V −+u o- ∞+ +- ∞+ + - ∞++3V 4V +−30k Ω30k Ω3V +−30k Ω15k Ω30k Ω4．图1.4所示电路，已知1()220230)V u t t =+°，欲使2()100230)V u t t =+°，则互感系数M 应取 。
图1.45．图1.5所示对称三相电路，电源线电压380V ，三相感性负载额定功率330W ，功率因数0.5。
若C 相负载断路，则中线电流I N 为 。
图1.56．图1.6所示控制磁路电路，磁路平均长度l = 20cm ，截面积S = 20 cm 2，匝数N = 200，磁导率 210H/m µ−=，线圈直流电阻1Ω，不计漏磁，欲使铁芯中的磁通为0.01 Wb ，则电源电压U S 为 。
图1.6二、基本计算题(每小题10分，共50分) 1．图2.1所示电路。
（1）若R L = 6Ω时，求12V 电压源、4A 电流源各自发出的功率； （2）当R L 为何值时，它可获得最大功率，并求此时的最大功率P max 值。
南京航空航天大学考研历年真题之819电路2000--2015年真题
I
819 电路
Φ
N1 N2
l
I
S
图 1.7
第 2 页 共 4 页
二、一般计算题(50 分,每小题 10 分) 1．图 2.1 所示含理想运算放大器的电路，已知电路最大输出电压为 ±15V ， R1 = 100kΩ ，
= i 2 − 4i + 7 （u 的单位为
A. 2Ω
B. − 2Ω
C. 0.5Ω
D. − 0.5Ω
1A 1Ω i R i
+ u −
+
U
.
S
R1
R
C
图 1.4
C
m
R
−
+ 10V − 2Ω
2Ω
图 1.5
6. 图 1.6 所示电路， t 路后
< 0 时电路处于稳态， u S (t ) = 120 sin(ωt + 30°) V ，则 t = 0 换
+ US −
10Ω
RL ×
40Ω 20Ω
图 1.1
2．图 1.2 所示电路,受控电压源发出的功率是
。
A . 2W
B . − 2W
+ 2.4 I1 −
3Ω 6A
C . 12W
I1
3Ω
D . − 12W
图 1.2
4 3．图 1.3 所示电路，已知 i S ( t ) = 20cos10 t mA ,则电容电压 uC 超前 i S 为 。
A . 45°
B . − 135°
iS
+ uc −
C . 135°
3Ω
0.25 uc
翻译硕士考研详解
考研不考数学的同学，翻译硕士一定要了解！本篇主要是写给要考翻译硕士的你，看完本篇会让你对翻译硕士有个全新的了解，也会衡量自己要不要考这个专业，如果看完本篇文章你没任何收获，那只能说明你已经是MTI 大神！！！好了，言归正传，很多同学开始考研都是比较迷茫的，看着数学欲哭无泪，日思夜想自己到底能考一个什么专业，哲学类？法学类？教育学类？历史学类? 每天纠结的不行，得到的答案也一知半解。
那么现在就给你们说说在不考数学里面相对就业还算不错的专业，翻译硕士（MTI），下面从翻硕简介、适合考生、就业情况、考试科目、备考建议、院校选择等方面来介绍一下翻硕简介翻译硕士（MTI）是什么？官方的解释：为适应我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设事业发展的需要，促进中外交流，培养高层次、应用型高级翻译专门人才。
所以我国设置翻译硕士专业学位。
一句话来说“应用型高级翻译人才”。
要说翻硕，就肯定要说到文学这个学科门类，文学分为三个一级学科；中国语言文学、外国语言文学、新闻传播学；翻硕对应的就是外国语言文学下面的专硕。
翻硕设笔译、口译两个培养方向，这两个方向可以结合自己实际情况进行选择。
喜欢口头表达的同学可以选择口译，相对来说整体招生学校少一点。
更多的学校笔译、口译初试考的都是一样的，复试有稍微的差别。
（结合自己的情况具体分析）注意！2007年仅培养英语语种的翻译硕士，目前有的语种有英法德日俄西阿和泰语，其中泰语只有广西民族大学有，阿语和西语只有北外，北语和天外三所学校有，其余小语种学校相对较多。
适合考生哪些学生适合考翻译硕士呢？1）本科就是翻译专业的同学，如果考研肯定是首选这个专业。
2）本科是英语专业的同学，想继续在英语这方面有深造，考学硕英语言文学，要考二外，二外不太好复习，没有把握；考学科教学英语，教育学专硕是教育学里最热门的招生的学校就是围绕着师范类，竞争压力比较大；所以说翻硕相对的最好的一个选择，各种层次的学校都有招生；3）本科不是英语专业同学，对英语感兴趣，考英语言文学，二外没学过，考不了；考学科教学英语，很多学校对学科英语专业有限制，要么是教育学的报考要么是英语专业的报考限制。
电路2018年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题
4 1 0 1
s
图 1.3
图 1.4
科目代码：819 科目名称：电路 第 1 页 共 4 页
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
二、填充题(每小题 6 分，共 30 分）
1．图 2.1 所示含理想运算放大器电路，则电流 io =
。
2．图 2.2 所示电路，当电阻 RL 获得功率 4.8W 时，则 RL =
(d) 0
4．图 1.4 所示为某电路的网络函数零极点图，且知 H(0) = 1，则网络函数 H(s)应为
。
s 1 (a) s2 5s 4
4(s 1) (b) s2 5s 4
1k
S
+
1k (t = 0)
12V
+ 1k
-
20mF
uC -
s 1 (c) s2 5s 4
2(s 1) (d) s2 5s 4
（1）该网络输出阻抗 ZO 为纯电阻性时的角频率w；（2）在该角频率下二端口网络 N 的 Z 参数矩阵；（3）在该角频率下 RL 为何值时可获得最大功率，并求此最大功率 Pmax。
八．(14 分) 图 8 所示三相电路。已知对称三相电源线电压 UAB 3800 V ，阻抗
Z=15+j40。求：（1）开关 S 打开时三相电源的线电流 IA IB IC ；（2）画出 S 打开时， 用二表法测量三角形负载的接线图(要求瓦特表分别放在端线 A、B 上)，并求出各表的
。
10k
+ 0.6V -
100k
32k
¥
¥
io
20k
1.6k
+ 0.4V
-
6 + 2 2-u1
u1 +
南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院《937教育管理学》[专业硕士]历年考研真题汇编（含部分答案）
![南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院《937教育管理学》[专业硕士]历年考研真题汇编（含部分答案）](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/adf4402530126edb6f1aff00bed5b9f3f80f7242.png)
目 录2015年南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院937教育管理学[专业硕士]考研真题2018年南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院937教育管理学[专业硕士]考研真题2018年南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院937教育管理学[专业硕士]考研真题及部分答案一、名词解释（5×7＝35分）1教育管理过程2实证研究方式3教育资源配置4电子会议技术5团队型领导6榜样激烈7形成性评价二、简答题（15×5＝75分）1简述技术环境对教育管理的影响。
2简述教育行政管理的从属性和独立制的优点与不足。
3简述学校发展规划的内容及制定步骤。
4简述中小学教育管理中信息公开的原则与方式。
5简述典型的教师培训形式及其优缺点。
三、论述题（40分）论述学生管理的原则有哪些？请结合工作实际或学习体验，运用教育学、心理学理论及学生管理的主要原则，论述针对不同特征的学生群体应采取何种管理措施（至少列举出五种群体）？2018年南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院937教育管理学[专业硕士]考研真题及部分答案一、名词解释（5×7＝35分）1教育管理过程答：教育管理过程是为实现教育管理的预定目标，将系列的教育管理活动，按一定顺序结合起来所形成的动态管理的客观程序；是在教育行政部门和学校管理机关的领导下，充分利用人、财、物、时间、空间、信息等资源，充分发挥计划、组织、控制、激励等职能，使整个教育管理系统有效运转、达到预定目标的过程。
2实证研究方式答：实证研究指研究者亲自收集观察资料，为提出理论假设或检验理论假设而展开的研究。
实证研究具有鲜明的直接经验特征。
实证研究方法包括数理实证研究和案例实证研究。
作为一种研究范式，产生于培根的经验哲学和牛顿、伽利略的自然科学研究。
3教育资源配置答：教育资源配置是指如何将有限的教育资源在各级各类教育之间、各地区之间和各学校之间进行分配，以期投入的教育资源能够得到充分有效的使用。
一般说来，教育资源配置主要包括以下几个方面：①社会总资源对教育的分配；②教育资源在各级各类教育间的分配；③教育资源在各级各类教育的学校间的分配；④教育资源在各地区教育间的分配。
翻译硕士英语2017年南京航空航天大学硕士研究生考试真题
南京航空航天大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题 A卷 科目代码:211满分:100 分科目名称:翻译硕士英语注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I. Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. Only after he handed in his paper _____ he had made a few spelling mistakes.A. he realizedB. has he realizedC. did he realizeD. would he realize2. ____ is most touching in O Henry’s stories is the bravery with which ordinary people struggle to maintaintheir dignity.A. WhichB. WhatC. ThatD. One3.______ we have everything ready, we should begin right now.A. Since thatB. Since nowC. By nowD. Now that4. “John told me that he was late for school this morning.” “Oh, he rarely used to be late, ______?”A. wasn’t heB. was heC. didn’t heD. did he5. “Mrs. White is quite unfriendly.” “I think she’s ____ than unfriendly.”A. shyerB. shyC. more shy ratherD. more shy6. If the fire alarm is sounded, all residents are requested to ______ in the courtyard.A. combineB. uniteC. mobilizeD. assemble7. Such a change would not _____ to the present wishes of the great majority of people.A. comfortB. complyC. conformD. confirm8. Your dislike for women drivers has no logical foundation: it is due only to ______..A. preferenceB. prejudiceC. psychologyD. propaganda9. The doctor carefully examined the driver who suffered ______ all over his body in a car accident.A. scarsB. scratchesC. bruisesD. wrenches10. Police officer assures us ______ will be taken to guard against the recurrence of such incidents.A. preventionB. preparationC. predictionD. precaution11. A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, _____ he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.A. asB. ifC. wheneverD. whereas12. One of the most beautiful natural wonders in the United States is the Grand Canyon, ______ located innorthwestern Arizona.A. beingB. whereC. which isD. and13. His acceptance speech was _______, eliciting thunderous applause at several points.A. tediousB. cowardlyC. well-receivedD. loud14. During the war, the shipping lanes proved _____ to attack.A．vulnerable B．dangerous C．futile D．difficult15. After speaking for two hours, the lecturer found he could scarcely talk, so he had become______.A．hoarse B．inarticulate C．speechless D．tongue-tied16. We decided to ______ the program.A. carry awayB. adhere toC. give inD. get at17. He is very cute and always _____ giving offence.A. cautious ofB. aware ofC. certain aboutD. good at18. Diamonds that are _____ or are too small for jewelry are used to cut very hard metals.A. flawedB. perfectC. luminousD. crude19. Leaves are not distributed _____ on a plant stem, but are arranged in a very precise way that assures them the maximum light.A. dangerouslyB. randomlyC. denselyD. linearly20. Accountants record all information ______ the economic aspects of an organization’s activities.A. submitted toB. limitingC. pertinent toD. taxingII. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1The standardized educational or psychological tests, which are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning or promoting students, employees and military personnel, have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for, in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined ( for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program ) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined, for example, personality or creativity. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized.1. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _________.A. the necessity of standardized testsB. the validity of standardized testsC. the method used to interpret standardized tests’ results.D. the theoretical grounds of standardized tests.2. The author’s attitude toward standardized tests is _______.A. criticalB. vagueC. optimisticD. positive3. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Standardized tests should no longer be used.B. Standardized tests’ results accurately reflect testees’ abilities.C. The value of standardized tests lies in their proper interpretationD. Special methods must be applied to evaluate standardized tests.4. According to the passage, an informed prediction _______.A. can surely be validated by later performanceB. is based on abundant and the most reliable informationC. always tends to be wrong like other predictions tooD. don’t need any interpretation5. According to the passage, standardized tests work most effectively when ____________.A. the objectives to be measured are most precisely defined.B. the user knows how to interpret the results in advance.C. the persons who take the test are intelligent or skillful.D. they measure the traits or qualities of the testsPassage 2A quality education is the basic liberator. It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society. It can also free communities and countries，allowing them to jump forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be possible. For this reason，the international community has devoted itself to getting all the world’s children into primary school by 2015，a commitment known as Education for All.Can education for All be achieved by 2015? The answer is undoubtedly “yes”，although it is a difficult task．If we now measure the goal in terms of children successfully completing a minimum five years of primary school，instead of just enrolling（注册）for classes，which used to be the measuring stick for education，the challenge will become even more difficult．Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates．The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the standard. Still，the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community．59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems．They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support．The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progress．But this is attainable with creative solutions，including the use of information technologies，flexible and targeted foreign aid，and fewer people living in poverty．A new plan for achieving global education targets is to be put to development and finance ministers at ameeting of the World Bank’s Development Committee.A key lesson of experience about what makes development effective is that a country’s capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies，institutions and management．Where a country scores well on these standards，foreign assistance can be highly effective．The new action plan calls on governments to show their commitment by transforming their education systems. Meanwhile, external partners would provide financial and technical support in a transparent manner.6．In the first paragraph，the author says a quality education has the function of_________．A. helping countries free from foreign rulesB. letting people get rid of any exploitationC. giving people more freedomD. speeding up the progress of society7．According to the international community, the goal of Education for All is to ____.A. get all children to achieve education on the base of enrollment ratesB. make all the children in the world go to primary school by 2015C. let poor children have the same chances as rich ones to go to schoolD. support those countries determined to transform their education systems8. In the past, the enrollment of students for classed played a part of ______.A. ensuring children to complete five years’ education successfullyB. measuring the standard of educationC. measuring teachers’ teaching levelsD. attempting to make all the children in poor countries well educated9. According to the passage, which of the following belongs to the right policy of achieving Education for All?A. Setting up more primary schools.B. Speeding up the development of economy first.C. Using information technologies.D. Increasing the internal financing.10. We can know from the last paragraph that the high efficiency of foreign aid ______.A. depends on a country’s high standards of policies, institutions and managementB. is mainly achieved in those observing high-performing educational systemsC. is the most essential for helping the poor get rid of povertyD. is the most important policy for achieving Education for AllPassage 3.We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown thatanimals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.11. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off theelectricity____.A. was strengthenedB. was not affectedC. was alteredD. was weakened12. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to______ .A. try to control unpleasant stimuliB. turn off the electricityC. behave passively in controllable situationsD. become abnormally suspicious13. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that ______.A. they disliked its tasteB. it affected their immune systemsC. it led to stomach painsD. they associated it with stomachaches14. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment wasthat_____ .A. they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinB. the sweetener was poisonous to themC. their immune systems had been altered by the mindD. they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning15. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals_______.A. can be weakened by conditioningB. can be suppressed by drug injectionsC. can be affected by frequent doses of saccharinD. can be altered by electric shocksPassage 4As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually looking much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an "afterimage" superimposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the "local adaptation" but also spreads with decreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce "lateral adaptation." Also, because of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.16. This selection is concerned primarily with ____.A. the adaptation of the eye to colorB. the color of colorsC. the properties of colored surfacesD. the effect of changes in color intensity17. Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different would depend mostly on ____.A. the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewingB. what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewingsC. the properties of the surfaces viewedD. the individual's power of lateral adaptation18. If a person's eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit --- such as a lawn or shrub in shadow --- we can expect ____.A. a time lag in the focusing ability of the eyeB. some inability to see colors of the latter---named objects until loss of sensitivity has been regainedC. the immediate loss of the "afterimage" of the first objectD. the adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to the new intensitylevel19. The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of ____.A. some experiments with color pigmentsB. the nature of colorC. the color properties of various surfacesD. the mechanism of the eye's adaptation to color20. This selection tells us all the following EXCEPT that ____.A. color depends on what other colors are seenB. the adjustment of the eye to the color it sees affects the next color it seesC. since properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not change, the surfaces of objects always look justthe same in artificial light as in daylightD. the adjustment of the eye is affected by three variables: size of areas, intensity of color and length of timeIII. Translation A (20 points)Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese. Please write your version in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.1.Despite these distinctions, the similarities between manufacturing and service organizations are compelling.Every organization has processes that must be designed and managed effectively. Some type of technology, be it manual or computerized, must be used in each process. Every organization is concerned about quality, productivity, and the timely response to customers. A service organization, like a manufacturer, must make choices about the capacity, location, and layout of its facilities. Every organization deals with suppliers of outside services and materials, as well as scheduling problems. Matching staffing levels and capacities with forecasted demands is a universal problem. Finally, the distinctions between manufacturing and service organizations can get cloudy.2.Anger is good for you, as long as you keep it below a boil, according to a new psychology research basedon face reading. People who respond to stressful situations with short-term anger or indignation have a sense of control and optimism that lacks in those who respond with fear. Therefore, in maddening situations in which anger or indignation are justified, anger is not a bad idea, and the thinking goes.IV. Translation B (15 points)Directions: Translate the following passages into English. Please write your version in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.1.二战后，日本开始重建时，政府选定汽车、钢材、化学品、造船及机械制造作为支持产业。