2#主体结构工程监理细则
语言学练习Exercise2
Chapter 2 5
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 11. _____ is the smallest linguistic unit. Phoneme 12. According to _____, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. the maximal onset principle
Chapter 2 7
Exercises
II. Choose the best answer. 15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _____ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones D 16. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _____. A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula A
Chapter 2 14
Exercises
III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T __ 30. [p] is voiced bilabial stop. F
我的揪痧瘾（2020、2）
我的揪痧瘾（2020、2）我的揪痧瘾医⽣在线⽹2008/12/1709:22来源：我叫⼩美，⼩时侯经常看见⼈们揪痧，但从没体验过，是在我⾼中后，有⼀次重感冒，吃药也不见好，晚上妈妈说我给你揪揪痧吧，我没说什么，妈妈就在我脖⼦后边揪开了，刚开始还不是很疼，但随着吧吧的揪痧声，妈妈的⼿劲越来越⼤，我疼的乱叫，妈妈说痧很重，必须得揪透了才⾏，不管我怎么喊叫，妈妈就是不停⼿，⽽且我越动她就越⽤⼒，我只好咬着⽛强忍着，妈妈从脖⼦⼀直连着揪到肩膀，⼜把整个后背都揪了个遍.我以为终于揪完了，可妈妈⼜在我前胸揪了起来，特别疼，我眼泪都出来了，可妈妈就是不⼿软，揪了⼀个多⼩时，只到把我上⾝揪的紫⿊紫⿊的没⼀块好地⽅才罢⼿，揪出我⼀⾝汗，可别说，揪完我就特轻松舒服了.从此以后我⼀感冒发烧的就让妈妈给揪，我还真喜欢上了这种痛并很快乐的感觉.隔⼀段时间不舒服了就让⽼妈给揪揪全⾝.后来结婚了，我很希望⽼公能给我好好揪⼀次，可他不喜欢揪，总也不给我揪，⽽且他不舒服也不让我给他揪.有⼀次我发烧，晚上实在难受的不⾏，让⽼公给揪揪他怎么也不肯，后来看我不⾏就给我在后背刮了刮痧，可我总觉的没有揪痧的过瘾.⽣完孩⼦后我落下了腰疼的⽑病，去诊所拔了⼏次罐后，感觉挺管⽤，⽼公看我腰疼的直不起来也很着急，后来我治我的腰学会了拔罐，经常在我腰疼的时候给我拔罐、⾛罐、按摩、揪痧等，现在⽼公拔罐揪痧的技术很⾼，不光给我整治腰，在我感冒的时候也会给我揪痧、拔罐，现在我⼜可以感受揪痧拔罐了。
在⽼公的经常拔罐按摩下我的腰疼的次数少多了。
在我的影响下⽼公也爱上了揪痧拔罐，在他不舒服的时候，我也会很体贴的为他揪痧拔罐，他也没那么怕疼了。
现在⽼公⼀不舒服就主动让我给他揪痧。
我们两经常是旧痕未去⼜添新伤，但我们都很快乐！⽼公有⼀次在外地感冒了给我打电话说：“⽼婆我越来越离不开你了，你要在我⾝边就可以给我揪痧了，我真的好难受。
”我说：“你以前不是怕疼⽼不让揪吗？现在想起我的好了？你到外边诊所拔拔罐吧！回来我给你揪。
周边地面 2
周边地面——对没有地下室的建筑指底层房间外墙内侧两米范围内的地面。
对有地下室埋墙的建筑，指从室外地面和埋墙的交线算起向下两米内为周边地面。
非周边地面——对没有地下室的房间指底层地面中周边地面以外的部分。
有地下室埋墙的建筑，非周边地面指埋墙和地面面积的和减去从室外地面和埋墙交线算起向下两米的面积。
关于周边地面和非周边地面的几点说明1．周边地面和非周边地面的定义周边地面指距外墙内表面2m以内的地面，其余部分划为非周边地面。
位于室外地面以下的外墙（地下室外墙）应从与室外地面相平的墙壁算起，往下2m范围内为周边地面，其余部分划为非周边地面。
2．节能标准中对周边地面和非周边地面传热阻的计算《民用建筑节能设计标准》（采暖居住部分）JGJ26-95和《公共建筑节能设计标准》GB50189-2005对周边地面和非周边地面热阻采用了不同的计算方法，应分别对待。
A) 居住建筑：换热阻计算依据来源于《供热工程》（贺平孙刚编著）。
由于室内热量通过地面传到室外的路程长短不同，即热阻值不同，靠近外墙的室内地面，距离室外路程短，热阻值小，传热量大，反之远离外墙的地面热阻值大，传热量小，离外墙8m以远的地面，传热量基本不变。
基于上述情况，在工程上一般采用近似方法计算，把地面沿外墙平行的方向分成四个计算地带（每2m为一个地带，8m以外地面按第四地带考虑），如图1示。
1) 对于贴土非保温地面（组成地面的各层材料导热系数λ都大于1.16W/m?℃），各地带的传热系数和换热阻如下：周边地面传热系数限值为0.52 W / m2·℃地区，考虑到非保温地面第一地带（周边地面）的传热系数为0.47 W / m2·℃，小于限值0.5 2W / m2·℃,可不做保温；非周边地面（第二、三、四地带）不做保温时传热系数最大值为0.23 W / m2·℃,小于限值0.3 W / m2·℃，同样也能满足非周边地面限值的要求。
2020年考研英语(二)真题及答案
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Being a good parent is,of course,what every parent would like to be.But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very1,particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting.A calm,rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than,2,a younger sibling.3,There’s another sort of parent that s a bit easier to4:a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting.Still,5every parent would like to be patient,this is no easy6.Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a7and composed style with their kids.I understand this.You’re only human.and sometimes your kids can8you just a little too far.And then the9happens:You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too10and does nobody any good.You wish that you could 11the clock and start over,We’ve all been there:12,even though it’s common,it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue.you can say something to your child that you may13for a long time.Ibis may not only do damage to your relationship with.your child but also14 your child’s self-esteem.If you consistently lose your15with your kids.then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids.We are all becoming increasingly aware of the16of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation.This is a skill that will help them all throughout life.In fact,the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when17by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skillsCertainly,it’s incredibly18to maintain patience at all times with your children.A more practical goal is to tr to the best of your ability,to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with19situations involving your children.I can promise you this:As a result of working toward this goal.you and your children will benefitand20from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1.[A]tedious[B]pleasant[C]instructive[D]tricky2.[A]in addition[B]for example[C]at once[D]by accident3.[A]fortunately[B]occasionally[C]accordingly[D]eventually4.[A]amuse[B]assist[C]describe[D]train5.[A]while[B]because[C]unless[1)]once6.[A]answer[B]task[C]choice[D]access7.[A]tolerant[B]formal[C]rigid[D]critical8.[A]move[B]drag[C]push[D]send9.[A]mysterious[B]illogical[C]suspicious[D]inevitable10.[A]boring[B]naive[C]harsh[D]vague11.[A]turn back[B]take apart[C]set aside[D]cover up12.[A]overall[B]instead[C]however[D]otherwise13.[A]like[B]miss[C]believe[D]regret14.[A]raise[B]affect[C]justify[D]reflect15[A]time[B]bond[C]race[D]cool16.[A]nature[B]secret[C]importance[D]context17.[A]cheated[B]defeated[C]confused[D]confronted1L[A]terrible[B]hard[C]strange[D]wrong19.[A]trying[B]changing[C]exciting[D]surprising20.[A]hide[B]emerge[C]withdraw[D]escapeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.To find out if this extends to non-living beings,Loleh Quinn at the University of California,San Diego,and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat—one social anti one asocial—for5our days.The robots rats were quite minimalist,resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment,the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys,and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile,the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side Next,the researchers tapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.Across18trials each,the living rats were52percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier,and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped,says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features,and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat,but that wasn’t necessary,”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia,who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues,even when they come from basic robots.Similarly,children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they displayonly simple social signals.”We humans seem to be fascinated by robots,and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.21.Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can[A]pickup social signals from non-living rats[B]distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one[q attain sociable traits through special training[D]send out warming messages to their fellow22.What did the social robot do during the experiment?[A]It followed the social robot.[B]It played with some toys.[C]It set the trapped Tats free.[D]It moved around alone.23.According to Quinn,the rats released the social robot because they[A]tried to practice a means of escape[B]expected it to do the same in return[C]wanted to display their intelligence[D]considered that an interesting game24.James Wiles notes that rats______[A]can remember other rat’s facial features[B]differentiate smells better than sizes[C]respond more to cations than to looks[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels25.It can be learned from the text that rats______[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings(B]are more socially active than other animals[C]behave differently from children in socializing[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expectedText2It is fashionable today to bash Big Business.And there is one issue on which the many critics agree:CEO pay.We hear that CEOs are paid too much(or too much relative to workers),or that they rig others’pay,or that their pay is insufficiently related to positive outcomes.But the more likely truth is CEO pay is largely caused by intense competition.It is true that CEO pay has gone up—top ones may make300times the pay of typical workers on average,and since the mid-l970s,CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has,by varying estimates,gone up by about500%The typical CEO of a top American corporation—from the350largest such companies—now makes about$18.9million a year.While individual cases of overpayment definitely exist,in general,the determinants of CEO pay are not so mysterious and not so mired in corruption.Infact,overall CEO compensation for the top companies rises pretty much.In lockstep with the value of those companies on the stock market.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay,though,is that of limited CEOtalent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts ofArnerica’s highest-earning l%have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy.It’s not popular to say,but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S.economy.Today’s CEO,at least for major American firms,must have many more skills than simply being able to“run the company.”CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them.They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors,as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant.Then there’s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before,with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries.To lead in that s stem requires knowledge that is fairlymind-boggling.There is yet another trend:virtually all major American companies are becoming tech companies,one way or another.An agribusiness company for instance,may focus on R&D in highly IT-intensive areas such as genome sequencing.Similarly;it is hard to do a good job running the Walt Disney Company just by picking good movie scripts and courting stars;you also need to build a firm capable of creating significant CGI products for animated movies at the highest levels of technical sophistication and with many frontier innovations along the way.On top of all of this,major CEOs still have to do the job they have always done—which includes motivating employees,serving as an internal role model, helping to define and extend a corporate culture,understanding the internal accounting,and presenting budgets and business plans to the board.Good CEOs are some of the world’s most potent creators and have some of the very deepest skills of understanding.26.which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A.The growth in the number of cooperationsB.The general pay rise with a better economyC.Increased business opportunities for top firmsD.Close cooperation among leading economicspared with their predecessors,today’s CEOs are required to_.A.foster a stronger sense of teamworkB.finance more research and developmentC.establish closer ties with tech companiesD.operate more globalized companies28.CEO pay has been rising since the1970s despite.A.continual internal oppositionB.strict corporate governanceC.conservative business strategiesD.repeated governance warnings29.High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps.A.confirm the status of CEOsB.motive inside candidatesC.boost the efficiency of CEOsD.increase corporate value30.The most suitable title for this text would be.A.CEOs Are Not OverpaidB.CEO Pay:Past and PresentC.CEOs’Challenges of TodayD.CEO Traits:Not Easy to DefineText3Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars.Seven months and one election day later,a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone,a first step toward its possible demise.Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign,despite its success in improving air quality.A judge has now overruled the city’s decision to stop levying fines,ordering them reinstated.But with legal baffles ahead,the zone’s future looks uncertain at best.Among other weaknesses,the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious,and therefore vulnerable.That’s because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.It’s not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London.The newultra-low emission zone(Ulez)is likely to be a big issue in next year’s mayoral election.And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in2021as he intends,it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.It’s not that measures such as London’s Ulez are useless.Far from it.Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents’health in the face of a serious threat.The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality,and the science tells us that means real health benefits-fewer heart attacks, stokes and premature births,less cancer,dementia and asthma.Fewer untimely deaths.But mayors and councilors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town.They are acting because national governments—Britain’s and others across Europe—have failed to do so.Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas—city centres,”school streets”,even individual roads-are a response to the absence of alarger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance-Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution.We re doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.31.Which of the following is true about Madrid’s clean air zone?[A]Its effects are questionable[B]It has been opposed by a judge[C]It needs tougher enforcement[D]Its fate is yet to be decided32.Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?[A]They are biased against car manufacturers.[B]They prove impractical for city councils.[C]They are deemed too mild for politicians.[D]They put too much burden on individual motorists.33.The author believes that the extension of London’s Ulez will.[A]arouse strong resistance.[B]ensure Khan’s electoral success.[C]improve the city’s traffic.[D]discourage car manufacturing.34.Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?[A]Local residents[B]Mayors.[C]Councilors.[D]National governments.35.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies-[A]will raise low-emission car production[B]should be forced to follow regulations[C]will upgrade the design of their vehicles[D]should be put under public supervisionText4Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring—the mostcommonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after1995,give or take a year—the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.GenZs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that’s tighter than its been in decades.And employers are planning on hiring about17percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S.this year than last,according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.If“entitled”is the most common adjective,fairly or not,applied to milennials (those born between1981and1995),the catchwords for Generation Z are practicaland cautious.According to the career counselors and experts who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed,economic pragmatists.Despite graduating into the best economy in the past50years,Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like.They were impressionable kids during the crash of2008,when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or bo&They aren’t interested in taking any chances.The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency,especially for those who have college debt-College loan balances in the U.S.now stand at a record$1.5trillion,according to the Federal Reserve.One survey from Accenture found that88percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with ajob in mind.In a2019survey of University of Georgia students,meanwhile,the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment(followed by professional development and training,and then inspiring purpose)Job security or stability was the second most important career goal(work-life balance was number one), followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good36.Generation Zs graduating college this spring-[A]are recognized for their abilities[B]are in favor of job offers[C]are optimistic about the labor market[D]are drawing growing public attention37.Generation Zs are keenly aware_______[A]what a tough economic situation is like[B]what their parents expect of them[C]how they differ from past generations[D]how valuable a counselor’s advice is38.The word“assuage”(line9,para2)is closet in meaning to________[A]define[B]relieve[C]maintain[D]deepen39.It can be learned from Paragraph3that Generation Zs_______[A]care little about their job performance[B]give top priority to professional training[C]think it hard to achieve work-life balance[D]have a clear idea about their future job40.Michelsen thinks that compared with milennials,Generation Zs are_______[A]less realistic[B]less adventurous[C]more diligent[D]more generousPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]Give compliments,just not too many.[B]Put on a good face,always.[C]Tailor your interactions.[D]Spend time with everyone.[E]Reveal,don’t hide information.[F]Slow down and listen.[G]Put yourselves in others’shoes.Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the OfficeIs it possible to like everyone in your office?Think about how tough it is to get together15people,much less50,who all get along perfectly.But unlike in friendships,you need coworkers.You work with them every day and you depend on them just as they depend on you.Here are some ways that you can get the whole office on your side.41.If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace,you may try stay tight-lipped around them.But you won’t be helping either one of you.A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were frank about themselves more highly while those who hid lost trustworthiness.The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book,but rather,when given the option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal them,you should just be honest42.Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others. We often feel the need to tell others how we feel,whether it’s a concern about a project,a stray thought,or a compliment.Those are all valid,but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers,too.In fact,rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don’t value their opinions.Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine,back-and-forth conversation,rather than prioritizing your own thoughts.43.It’s common to have a“cubicle mate”or special confidant in a work setting.But in addition to those trusted coworkers,you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around e your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don’t always see.Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job.It requires minimal effort and goes a long way.This will help to grow your internal network,in addition to being a nice break in the work day.44-Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear.And you don’t have to be someone’s boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project.This will help engender good will in others.But don’t overdo it or be fake about it One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive,possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.45.This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off but it can go a long way to achieving results.Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction.Watch out for how they verbalize with others.Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters,while other are more straightforward.Jokes that work one person won’t necessarily land with another.So, adapt your style accordingly to type.Consider the person that you’re dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure.People who do so probably live so cautiously that they go nowhere.Put simply,they’re not really living at all.But,the wonderful thing about failure is that it’s entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.We can choose to see failure as“the end of the world,”or as proof of just how inadequate we are.Or,we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is.Every time we fail at something.we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn.These lessons are very important,they’re how we grow,and how we keep from making that same mistake again.Failures stop us only if we let them.Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise.For instance,failure can help you discover how strong a person you are.Failing at something can help you discover your truest friends,or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.Section IV WritingPartA46.Directions:Suppose you are planning a tour of a historical site for a group of international students.Write an email to1)tell them about the site,and2)give them some tips for the tourPlease write your answer on the ANSWER SHEETDo nor use your own name,use“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part B47.Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below.In your writing,you should1)interpret the chart,and2)give your commentsYou should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)2020年考研英语二答案解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】D tricky【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。
2长度的单词
2长度的单词单词：at1. 定义与释义1.1词性：介词1.2释义：在（表示存在或出现的地点、场所、位置、空间等）1.3英文解释：Used to indicate a location or position.1.4相关词汇：in（在……里，在……期间），on（在……上）。
---2. 起源与背景2.1词源：源于古英语“æt”。
2.2趣闻：在一些古英语的文献中，“at”的用法非常灵活，可以表示多种方位关系，现在虽然用法相对固定，但依然是英语中使用频率极高的一个介词。
---3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：（1）at home：在家。
例句：I'm at home today. 翻译：我今天在家。
（2）at school：在学校。
例句：My kids are at school. 翻译：我的孩子们在学校。
（3）at work：在工作。
例句：He is at work right now. 翻译：他现在正在工作。
（4）at the park：在公园。
例句：We will meet at the park this afternoon. 翻译：我们今天下午将在公园见面。
---4. 实用片段（1）"I left my keys at the office. What should I do?" Tom asked his roommate. His roommate replied, "You can call your colleague and ask him to keep them for you."翻译：“我把钥匙落在办公室了，我该怎么办啊？”汤姆问他的室友。
他的室友回答说：“你可以打电话给你的同事，让他帮你保管一下。
”（2）"There is a big party at the club tonight. Do you want to go?" Lily said to her friend. Her friend answered, "Sure, I love parties at clubs."翻译：“今晚俱乐部有个大派对，你想去吗？”莉莉对她的朋友说。
托福TPO42阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO42阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Explaining Dinosaur Extinction Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous,derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous,about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork. This focus on explaining dinosaur extinction misses an important point the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous was a global event that killed off organisms up and down the food chain.It wiped out many kinds of plankton in the ocean and many marine organisms that lived on the plankton at the base of the food chain.These included a variety of clams and snails,and especially the ammonites,a group of shelled squidlike creatures that dominated the Mesozoic seas and had survived many previous mass extinctions.The K-T event marked the end of the marine reptiles,such as the mosasaurs and the plesiosaurs,which were the largest creatures that had ever lived in the seas and which ruled the seas long before whales evolved.On land,there was also a crisis among the land plants,in addition to the disappearance of dinosaurs.So any event that can explain the destruction of the base of the food chain(plankton in the ocean,plants on land)can better explain what happened to organisms at the top of the food chain,such as the dinosaurs.By contrast,any explanation that focuses strictly on the dinosaurs completely misses the point The Cretaceous extinctions were a global phenomenon,and dinosaurs were just a part of a bigger picture. According to one theory,the Age of Dinosaurs ended suddenly 65 million years ago when a giant rock from space plummeted to Earth.Estimated to be ten to fifteen kilometers in diameter,this bolide(either a comet or an asteroid)was traveling at cosmic speeds of 20-70 kilometers per second,or 45,000-156,000 miles per hour.Sucha huge mass traveling at such tremendous speeds carries an enormous amount of energy.When the bolide struck this energy was released and generated a huge shock wave that leveled everything for thousands of kilometers around the impact and caused most of the landscape to burst into flames.The bolide struck an area of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico known as Chicxulub,excavating a crater 15-20 kilometers deep and at least 170 kilometers in diameter.The impact displaced huge volumes of seawater,causing much flood damage in the Caribbean.Meanwhile,the bolide itself excavated 100 cubic kilometers of rock and debris from the site,which rose to an altitude of 100 kilometers.Most of it fell back immediately,but some of it remained as dust in the atmosphere for months.This material,along with the smoke from the fires,shrouded Earth,creating a form of nuclear winter.According to computerized climate models,global temperatures fell to near the freezing point,photosynthesis halted,and most plants on land and in the sea died.With the bottom of the food chain destroyed,dinosaurs could not survive. paragraph 1 Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous,derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous,about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork. 1.In paragraph 1,why does the author include a discussion of when flowering plants evolved? 【事实信息题】 A.To help explain why some scientists believe that the development of flowering plants led to dinosaur extinction。
2017考研英语二阅读真题及答案
2017考研英语⼆阅读真题及答案 本⽂“2017考研英语⼆阅读真题及答案”，跟着店铺来了解⼀下吧。
希望能帮到您！ 2017年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语(⼆) Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text。
Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。
(10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work 。
Today is no different， with academics， writers，and activists once again 1 that technology be replacing human workers。
Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 。
A few wealthy people will own all the capital， and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland。
A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort， one 4 by purposelessness： Without jobs to give their lives 5 ， people will simply become lazy and depressed。
新概念2英语听力原文
20. Fishing is my favourite sport. I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does not worry me. Some fishermen are unlucky. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish. I am even less lucky. I never catch anything—not even old boots. After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. 'Y ou must give up fishing!' my friends say.' It's a waste of time.' But they don't realize one impor tant thing. I'm not really interested in fishing. I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all !21. Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad. I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. The airport was built during the war, but for some reason it could not be used then. Last year, however, it came into use. Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise. I am one of the few people left. Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here. Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.22. My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland. Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. She threw the bottle into the sea. She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now. However, they have decided to use the post-office. Letters will cost a litt1e more, but they will certainly travel faster.23. I had a letter from my sister yesterday. She lives in Nigeria. In her letter, she said that she would come to England next year. If she comes, she will get a surprise. We are now living in a beautiful new house in the country. Work on it had begun before my sister left. The house was com pleted five months ago. In my letter, I told her that she could stay with us. The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden. It is a very modern house, so it looks strange to some people. It must be the only modern house in the district.24. entered the hotel manager's office and sat down. I had just lost &50 and I felt very upset.' I left the money in my room,' I said, 'and it's not there now.' The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing. 'Everyone's losing money these days,' he said. He started to com plain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door. A girl came in and put an envelope on his desk. It contained &5o. 'I found this outside this gentleman's room' she said. 'Well,' I said to the manager, 'there is still some honesty in this world !'25. I arrived in London at last. The railwaystation was big, black and dark. I did not know the way to my hotel, so I asked a porter. I not only spoke English verycarefully, but very clearly as well. The porter, however, could not understand me; I repeated my question several times and at last he understood. He answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly. 'I am a foreigner,' I said. Then he spoke slowly, but I could not under stand him. My teacher never spoke Eng- lish like that! The porter and I looked at each other and smiled. Then he said something and I understood it. 'Y ou'll soon learn English!' he said. I wonder. In England, each man speaks a different language. The English understand each other, but I don't understand them ! Do they speak English ?。
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主体结构工程监理细则1.总则1.1本细则编制的依据是建设监理合同、施工承包合同及国家颁布的下列规范标准。
土方与爆破工程施工及验收规范》 地基与基础工程施工及验收规范》 《砖石工程施工及验收规范》 《混凝土工程施工及验收规范》建筑工程质量检验评定标准》 《砼泵送施工技术规范》 冬期施工规范》 《镦粗直螺纹钢筋接头》 焊结规范》1.2 工程概况： 本工程位于西安市长安区西安民用航天基地，该工程北临飞天中路，南临航天中路，东临航 天管委会。
工程建筑面积 11647 平方米，厂房为 3 层，局部 4 层的钢筋砼框架结构，其平面尺寸为128.70m x 28.80m 。
柱网尺寸主要有 9.60m x 8.00m 。
一层、二层层高为 6.00m ，三层层高 为 4.50m 。
建筑物最高处标高 21.60m （女儿墙处） ，建筑高度 17.85m 。
室内外坪高差为 0.45m 本工程抗震设防为七度。
2 ． 监理职责2.1 审查承包单位施工组织设计，并在施工过程中监督实施。
2.2 审查开工报告，检查开工前的各项准备工作，下达开工令。
2.3 检查钢材、水泥、木材、砂石料等建筑材料和各种构（配）件、设备的质量合格证书，检验报告和 试验资料。
监督承包单位对主要材料按规范进行复试。
不合格的材料（产品）严禁采用。
2.4 审查承包单位提供的砼、砂浆、防水、保温材料的配合比试验成果，并监督实施。
2.5 对承包单位的自检测试成果进行审查，必要时有权令承包单位重新测试。
2.6 对隐蔽工程进行检查验收，未经监理中心验收签字，承包单位不得进行下道工序的施工。
2.7 提交主体结构监理总结报告，参与项目竣工验收。
2.8 参与有关设计修改、施工技术核定、合理化建议等项技术工作的洽商。
2.9 当承包单位违反承包合同、设计要求及有关规范、标准和安全操作规程时，监理中心有权制止其施 工行为，并要求纠正。
纠正后经监理中心检查认可，才能准予复工。
2.10 协调处理施工中的一般质量事故和安全事故，对重大事故及时报告业主及有关部门，并参与事故 的调查研究和处理活动。
2.11 按月对工程的施工质量、数量进行评价和核实，及时编写监理月报。
2.12在工程保修期内，负责定期回访，鉴定质量问题责任，报告业主单位，督促承包单位整改。
3. 质量标准3.1各分项及分部工程监理流程（见图 1）GBJ201 — 83 GBJ202 — 83 BG50203 —98 GB50204 —92 GBJ301 — 88 JGJ/710 —95 JGJ104 — 97 JG/T3057 — 1999 JGJ18 —963.2 建筑工程原材料、构配件检验与试验项目（见表1 ）。
表13.3 土方工程3.3.1 挖方、填方的中线位置、断面尺寸、标高应符合设计要求。
3.3.2 基坑和基槽排水设施及排水措施要符合组织设计要求。
3.3.3 基坑（槽）土方工程的允许偏差：底面标高：0〜-50mm :底面长度、宽度（由设计中心线向两边量）：不应偏小；边坡坡度：按土方工程施工规范执行，不应偏陡。
3.3.5 填土压实后的干容量，应有90%以上符合设计要求，其余10%的最低值与设计值的偏差不得大于0.08g/cm 3且应分散不得集中。
3.3.6 土方工程质量检验评定标准，见表2表2 土方工程质量检验评定标准3. 4砌砖工程其监理流程如图2所示。
图2砌砖工程监理流程图3.4.1 砌体工程应在地基或基础工程验收合格后方可施工。
3.4.2 砌体工程施工前必须核对轴线及标高。
3.4.3 基础墙的防潮层，设计未作规定的，按规范要求应用 1 : 2.5水泥砂浆加3%的防水剂铺设，其厚度一般为20mm,防水剂要有合格证。
3.4.4 砖砌工程应设置皮数杆，并根据设计要求、砖的规格、灰缝厚度和砼圈梁、窗台位置在皮数杆上标明竖向构造的变化部位。
3.4.5 砌体相邻工作面的高差，不得超过一个楼层的高度，也不宜大于4m，工作段的分段按施工组织设计执行。
纵横墙尽量同步砌筑，或留斜槎。
当确有困难时，应引出墙面120mm的直槎，并按规定设2 6 6@500的拉结筋。
有构造「柱的墙，应先砌墙后浇构造「柱。
构造「柱处的墙应砌成马牙槎形。
空心砖墙在门窗洞口一砖范围内应用普通粘土砖砌筑，构造柱边也应使用普通粘土砖，拉结筋应按建筑图核对无误后埋设，同时防止拉结筋伸出砖墙。
3.4.6 砌体临时间断处的高度差，不得超过一步脚手架的高度。
3.4.7 搁置预制板的墙顶面应找平，并应在安装预制板时座浆。
3.4.8 砌筑砂浆要求：⑴ 水泥应按品种、标号、出厂日期分别堆放，并保持干燥，如遇水泥标号不明或出厂日期超过三个月等情况，应经试验鉴定后，方可使用。
⑵ 砂浆用砂必须过筛，不得含有草根等杂物，一般采用中砂，砂的含泥量不应超过5%。
⑶ 生石灰熟化成石灰膏时，应用网过滤，并使其充分熟化，熟化时间不得小于7天。
⑷ 砂浆的配合比应经试验确定，施工中严格按试验单位出示的配合比进行计量配制。
⑸ 砂浆应采用机械搅拌，拌合时间，自投料完算起，不得小于 1.5 分钟。
⑹ 砂浆应随拌随用，水泥砂浆和水泥混合砂浆须分别在拌成后 3 小时和 4 小时内使用完毕，如施工期间最高气温超过30 C,必须分别在拌成后2小时和3小时内使用完毕。
⑺ 砂浆标号应以标准养护、龄期为28 天的试块抗压试验结果为准，每一层楼或250m3砌体中的各种标号的砂浆，每台搅拌机应至少检查一次，每次至少应制作一组试块（每组 6 块），试块的取样工作由质检员负责，施工员配合。
3.4.9 砖的品种、标号必须符合设计要求，施工前应现场取样做试验。
3410 砌体用砖应提前浇水湿润，含水率宜为10%〜15%，严禁干砖上墙。
3.4.11 埋入砌体中的拉结筋，应设置正确、平直，拉结筋的数量及规格按设计要求，间距沿墙高为8皮砖，不得超过0.5m ，埋入长度从墙的留槎处算起，每边均不小于0.5m ；末端应有90 °的弯钩。
3.4.12 砌体应上下错缝，内外搭砌。
不宜采取推尺铺灰法或摆砖砌筑，应推广“三一砌砖法”，即一块砖、一铲灰、一揉挤的砌筑方法。
3.4. 13 砖砌体水平灰缝的砂浆应饱满，实心砖砌体水平灰缝的砂浆饱满度不得低于80% （用百格网检查），竖向灰缝宜采用挤浆或加浆方法，使其砂浆饱满，严禁用水冲浆灌缝。
填充墙在砌至梁板底以下时，应停止一段时间，再码45 0斜砖。
3.4.14 砌砖工程质量检验评定标准如表3 所示。
表 3 砌砖工程质量检验评定标准3.5钢筋砼工程监理流程如图3所示。
图3 钢筋砼工程监理流程3.5.1 模板工程⑴保证工程结构和构件各部位形状和相互位置的正确。
⑵ 具有足够的承载能力、刚度和稳定性，能可靠地承受新浇筑砼的自重和侧压力以及在施工过程中所产生的荷载。
⑶构造简单，装拆方便，并便于钢筋的绑扎、安装和砼的养护、浇筑等。
⑷模板的接缝不应漏浆。
⑸模板与砼的接触面涂隔离剂，对油脂类等影响结构或妨碍装饰工程施工的隔离剂不得采用，严禁隔离剂玷污钢筋与砼接槎处。
⑹对模板及其支架应定期维修，钢模板及钢支架，应防止锈蚀，未经整修的模板及支架，不允许再次使用。
⑺侧面模板的拆除不能损伤砼表面。
⑻模板工程质量检验评定标准如表 2.4所示。
表2.4 模板工程质量检验评定标准3.5.2 钢筋工程3.5.2.1 原材料⑴ 凡进现场的各种规格的钢筋，均应有材料出厂质量证明书或试验报告单，否则，不能使用。
⑵进场的钢材均应按批分别堆放，避免锈蚀或油污。
⑶钢筋加工的形状、尺寸必须符合设计要求，钢筋表面应清洁、无损伤、油漆沾污和铁锈等，应在使用前清除干净。
带有颗粒状或老锈的钢筋不得使用。
（4）在施工过程中出现钢筋代换时，必须经设计部门认可后，由项目监理工程师签发核定单，方能代换。
3.5.2.2 钢筋绑扎连接按设计及抗震规范要求，当钢筋直径小于18mm时采用搭接或焊接接头，直径大于等于20mm以上时钢筋接头采用镦粗直螺纹连接接头。
内墙柱钢筋均在绑扎承台钢筋时一次伸至底板面以上一个搭接长度，二次接头错开一个塔接长度，接头在任一截面内的数量不得超过该截面面积的50%。
地下室外墙每施工一层插一层。
墙内外钢筋网片之间按图纸设拉接筋，梅花型布置。
墙柱钢筋保护层块绑扎在竖向钢筋上。
梁板钢筋：框架梁钢筋绑扎时，其主筋应放在柱立筋内侧，主梁与次梁高度相等时，次梁的下筋立于主梁的下筋之上，遇有多排钢筋交叉时，主次梁的钢筋应隔排重叠。
为保证钢筋的位置正确，保护层垫块在绑扎钢筋前放于梁底模内，板底筋保护层用垫块垫，上筋和负弯矩筋用0 20钢筋马凳支撑，以保证钢筋不移位。
3.5.2.3 钢筋镦粗直螺纹连接：A •切割下料：对端部不直的钢筋要预先调直，按规程要求，切口的端面应与轴线垂直，不得有马蹄形或挠曲，采用砂轮切割机或切断机逐根进行切割。
B•液压镦粗：根据钢筋的直径和油压力。
操作中要保证镦粗头与钢筋轴线不得有大于4。
偏斜，不得出现与钢筋轴线相垂直的横向表面裂缝，发现外观质量不符合要求时，应及时割除，重新镦粗。
C. 加工螺纹：钢筋的端头螺纹规格应与连接套筒的型号相匹配，加工后随即用配套的量逐根检测，合格后再由专职质检员以一个工作班，按10%的比例随机检验，当发现不合格的丝头时，应全部逐个检验，并切除所有不合格丝头，重新镦粗和加工螺纹，验收合格后，再及时用连接套筒或塑料帽加以保护。
D. 钢筋连接：对连接钢筋可自由转动时，先将套筒部分或全部拧入一个被连接钢筋的螺纹内，而后转动连接钢筋或反拧套筒到预定位置，最后用扳手转动连接钢筋，使其相互对顶锁定连接套筒；对于弯折钢筋可将锁定螺母和连接套筒预先拧入加长的螺纹内，再反拧入另一根钢筋端头螺纹上，最后用锁定螺母锁定连接套筒。
E. 质量控制和检查验收：对工程中将使用的各种规格接头，同一施工条件下采用同一批材料的同等级别、同规格接头，以500个为一个验收批，随机抽取3个试件作单向拉伸试验，其抗拉强度应能发挥钢筋母材强度或大于 1.1倍钢筋抗拉强度标准值，该验收批为合格。
有一个试件抗拉强度不符合要求时，应再取6个试件进行复检，复检中如仍有一个试件不符合要求，则该验收批为不合格，对不合格接头应会同有关部门进行处理。
丝头加工现场检验：（1）观质量目测合格，外形尺寸满足设计及规范要求。
螺纹小径、中径及大径用塞规检查合格。
（2）查加工人员是否按每10 个丝头用环规检查一次质量，并剔除不合格品。
（3）查施工单位质检人员是否按批量进行验收，并有自检记录。
（4）格丝头应用塑料帽或连接套筒保护。
套筒现场检验：（1）查合格证。
（2）目测无裂纹及其他肉眼可见缺陷，外形尺寸满足设计及规范要求，螺纹小径、中径及大径用塞规检查合格。
（3）管钳扳手检查，以500 个接头为一个检验批，每批按10%抽检。