10韩倩倩外文翻译定稿
《《暗夜女王》(12-21章)英汉翻译报告》范文
《《暗夜女王》（12-21章）英汉翻译报告》篇一一、引言本报告旨在阐述《暗夜女王》第12章至第21章的英汉翻译过程，分析翻译中的难点与重点，并总结翻译策略与经验教训。
本次翻译对于深化语言学习，提升跨文化交流能力具有积极意义。
二、背景介绍《暗夜女王》是一部融合了悬疑、恐怖与浪漫元素的小说。
作者以精湛的笔触，描绘了一个充满神秘色彩的奇幻世界。
本报告将重点关注第12章至第21章的英汉翻译过程，这些章节涉及人物心理刻画、情感冲突、文化背景等多个方面。
三、翻译过程在翻译过程中，我们首先对原文进行了仔细阅读，理解其整体内容及各章节的背景、人物关系等。
然后，我们进行了词汇、句子的翻译工作，并针对难点进行了反复讨论与修改。
在翻译过程中，我们遵循了忠实原文、表达流畅的原则，力求使译文准确传达原文的意思。
四、翻译难点与重点分析1. 翻译难点(1) 文化背景差异：由于中西方文化背景差异较大，部分英文表达在中文中难以找到完全对应的词汇或表达方式。
如一些宗教、历史典故等需进行深入理解后进行翻译。
(2) 人物心理刻画：小说中的人物心理描写丰富，需准确把握人物性格、情感变化等，以使译文更好地传达原文的情感色彩。
(3) 长句翻译：英文句子结构复杂，长句较多，需对句子结构进行拆分、重组，以使译文更加符合中文表达习惯。
2. 翻译重点(1) 词汇选择：选择准确、地道的词汇是翻译的关键。
我们通过查阅词典、参考相关文献及与团队成员讨论等方式，确保词汇的准确性。
(2) 句式调整：在翻译过程中，我们根据中文表达习惯对句子结构进行调整，使译文更加流畅自然。
(3) 文化因素处理：针对文化背景差异，我们通过了解中西文化差异及习俗，对部分内容进行适当调整，以使译文更好地符合中文读者的阅读习惯。
五、翻译策略与经验教训1. 翻译策略(1) 词汇方面：采用意译、音译等方法处理专有名词及文化背景差异较大的词汇。
对于一些难以找到对应中文表达的词汇，我们通过意译法进行翻译，尽量使译文传达出原文的意思；对于人名、地名等专有名词采用音译法进行翻译。
外文翻译
郑州轻工业学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目The analysis on regional brand effectAnd industrial cluster in industrial park 学生姓名周庆芬专业班级经济学专业2006级2班学号200606020261院（系）经济与管理学院指导教师(职称)王红伟（讲师）完成时间 2010 年 04 月 09 日The analysis on regional brand effect and industrialcluster in the industrial parkIndustrial cluster is an internal regularity of the industry development, and also the objective demand of resource allocation. As America's high-tech information industry clusters in silicon-valley, Wall Street's finance, Hollywood entertainment, and California wine industrial are the core of sustained economic growth pole of these countries and regions. More than 70 percent of the manufacturing industry in Italy realized the achievement of "small and medium-sized enterprises" in the world. The manufacturing industry cluster in Tokyo Japan forms "the together foundation of mechanical industry". India Bangalore, known as "silicon valley of Asia", is a strong typical in using industrial cluster to develop software, and quickly gain global industrial competitive advantage. China Taipei science and technology industrial park, Zhejiang and Guangdong characteristic industrial manufacturing bases are presenting exuberant vitality. As Michael porter (Port), professor of Harvard University, pointed out, "cluster is the factors that govern the economy in the world today, it is the remarkable characteristics of each national economy and regional economy and even urban economy, economically developed countries and developing countries are so".First, characteristics and trends of industrial cluster developmentIndustrial cluster is a new space between economic organization, which is in the region to specific industry or product (usually in a dominant industry as the core of enterprise and its related) and supporting agencies (including manufacturers, suppliers, customers, local government and intermediary organizations, etc), the knowledge on comparatively stable cooperation and division of crisscross network is industrial organization and coordination of spatial agglomeration, between market and hierarchy represents.A true meaning of industrial cluster at least include the following three features: One is the industrial associations. Industrial clusters of enterprises and other organizations are within a tend to a field, which is related to the formation of industrial cluster.Second is the regional concentration, like the "cluster" phenomenon in specific areas of relevantenterprises and corresponding supporting organization. This industry can produce wide geographic concentration of agglomeration economy benefit.Specialization and socialization is three. Within a cluster of each enterprise based on their own resources, select the product production value to display their own superiority, the production of the division sized enterprises formed close cooperation network.Industry cluster, once formed, will influence economic, political, cultural and social, mainly including conglomeration effect, symbiosis and synergy, location effect, structure effect, etc.Industry cluster, produced with the characteristics of industrial clusters in 1400 years ago in JINGDE town in China. But its large ceramic cluster is in the industrialization, and then economic globalization will be the development of industrial cluster in further climax. The cluster in the process of economic globalization and regional at the beginning of the 20th century and the existence of traditional local clusters have profound changes and development, which has effect on the world economy that not allowed to be ignored.One, from dynamic mechanism, we can see local industrial cluster is the result of the development of globalization, and also the globalization challenges to respond. In the past few decades, with the globalization of production and trade, the value creation system appears in the global scope of vertical separation and the unprecedented global production, reflected in the reconstruction of productive organization is fragmented or decentralization, global production elements and resources in the characteristic and concentration of industrial concentration area. In other words, the geographical distribution of global value chain is "big area scatter, small regional concentration". Each link of the geographical gathering place for many industrial clusters became one value chain affiliate section of the global industry.Two, from the management strategy, we can see industrial clusters are globalization, based on chain or commodity chains, multinational elements integration development becomes a habit.On one hand, the economic globalization is an important carrier through internal and multinational company - between capital and labor, technology and information flow to cluster of global development and not a single process.On the other hand, in order to adapt to the challenges of globalization competition with globalization, the local industry clusters must treat the regional development in perspective of global,learn from and use global integration of resources, pay attention to the integration of regional cluster with interactive and not confined to the local resources comprehensive utilization. Local industry cluster in the edge needs to strengthen the contact with the core industrial information and capture opportunities.Three, from the development direction that control of high-tech clusters is enhancing and technical cluster is evolution in technique direction.Taking high-new technology as the characteristic of industry cluster is the high level of industrial clusters, for high-tech industry cluster, technological innovation is the most important means of competition. Common sense of the industrial clusters is in order to make full use of the advantage resources, chasing economic benefits in generated clusters. The production process is composed by several companies according to different conditions, more flexible product with elastic component of enterprise production network.But along with the economic globalization and the development of network technology, more flexible production, supply chain extension and specialized cooperation, common function of material resources with technology innovation, weakening the winner is the dominant, must cause the high-tech clusters of increasing control technology of national industry cluster tend to generate global linkage and influence, thus become the direction of industrial cluster development.Second, the regional brand effect in industrial clusterWe know of an area in memory often is the most famous local specialties. For example, say to fashion, we immediately associate with Italian Milan and Paris. Say to the watch, immediately associate to Swiss. The brand is the enterprise intangible assets, regional brand name card.Brand, can effectively improve market share. Individual enterprise to build their own brand, need huge funds, however, industrial cluster enterprises through the overall strength and increase enterprise advertising investment group, easy to use, the effect of "regional brand", so that every enterprise benefit.Regional brands including three factors: one, the regional characteristics. The industrial area is an important component of regional brand. Area is essentially an administrative division and geographic concepts, generally with strong regional features, such as the geographical characteristics and resource advantage or cultural history origin and natural style, etc. Next, theconnotation of the brand. A successful brand represents a specific product attributes, interests and values, personality, culture, customer group, etc. Three, industry strength. Industry strength formed the basic content of regional brand. Specific industry, the production scale of its product, market share, technology and quality level, industrial internal division and cooperation, the degree of strength level it reflected has positive correlation with regional brand influence.Third, the industrial clusters and regional brand effectRegional brand and industrial cluster exists between the mutual promotions and influence each other.On one hand, the formation of regional brand has obvious characteristic, it is the important achievements of industrial cluster development. Regional brand is formed along with the growth of industrial cluster. This is because of the enterprises and institutions connected through specialization and coordination and localization, both network into a single enterprise participation in overcoming the dispersion and market risk and uncertainty of hierarchical can avoid the low efficiency of enterprises.At the same time, these companies adopt flexible specialization production methods, through the competition and cooperation, mutual cooperation and complement, formation mechanism of learning and innovation to promote the development of region and the enterprise's sustainable innovation. Industrial cluster is the concentration, the competition and cooperation, learning and innovation of the internal mechanism and elastic specialization production methods create the industrial clusters' marketing advantages, which contributed to the formation of regional brand.On the other hand, as the important industrial cluster of intangible assets, regional brand once forms, the further development of industry cluster has obvious role. Regional brand, its influence will once formed with the regional industry related to the enterprise to gather more areas, at the same time, a lot of money and abundant labor, advanced technology, timely market information and will continuously stream in, these conditions for people regional industry cluster scale expansion and upgrade technology provides a strong support.Regional brand effect can improve the competitiveness of industrial cluster from the following two aspects: on the one hand, can promote the whole image of the cluster.The establishment of regional brand is like to build a platform with regional image of regionalbrand development, regional brand products and services of value could also get the corresponding ascension, all enterprises inside the area, have benefited from spreading information, market demand, consumer confidence and exclude competitors.On the other hand, can achieve sustained brand effect. Regional brand is the essence of the enterprise brand and refined, with a single enterprise single product brand effect, an area of the brand image, and more directly influence is bigger, with smaller risk factors, the higher value, much extensive, continuous brand effect.Regional brand as the important intangible assets of industrial cluster in industry cluster in development and upgrade plays an irreplaceable role as the main body, the industrial cluster development enterprises and industrial cluster driving force of the local government should in clear regional brand effect on the basis of regional brand management, actively explore the thoughts and countermeasures, so that more effective use of regional brand in the industry cluster in the sustainable development of the positive effect.Anyhow, the scale of the industry, industrial concentration and market share, formed in industrial cluster, is the foundation of regional brand. Without product superiority and the monopoly of regional brand, region bland cannot form. And after the formation of regional brand, whether it can continuously and steadily expanded its influence, it more depend on the further development and grandness of regional industry cluster. So as the tangible assets in industrial clusters of regional brand, its development directly restricts the express of regional brand function.工业园区内产业集群和区域品牌效应分析产业集群是产业发展的一种内在规律，是市场配置资源、合理运用产业要素的客观要求。
中餐名的韩译策略
中餐名的韩译策略作者：韩倩倩崔桂花来源：《文艺生活·下旬刊》2020年第07期摘要：博大精深的中国饮食文化吸引了世界人民的目光，一衣带水的友好邻邦韩国也一般无二。
2009年，成都市质量监督局首先发布了四川名吃的韩译标准，随后韩国旅行类综艺节目也频频将触角延伸到中国的美食圣地成都。
如此可见，翻译的标准化对推动中国饮食文化的传播的作用不容小觑。
然而翻译标准不是一成不变的，它随着时代和社会的发展呈现出新的面貌。
本文将以《街头美食斗士——成都篇》为中心，探讨中餐名的韩译策略。
关键词：中韩翻译;街头美食斗士;饮食文化中图分类号：H55文献标识码：A文章编号：1005-5312 （2020） 21-0072-02一、前言自2009年成都市质量监督局发布《四川名菜及名小吃英、日、韩译法》以来，琳琅满目的成都美食对世界各国的外国友人来说变得不再陌生，提到中国美食，川菜”“火锅”是绕不开的话题，韩国综艺《街头美食斗士》也将首个拍摄地定在了成都，展现了成都丰富多彩的街头小吃文化。
本文将对《街头美食斗士——成都篇》（下文简称《成都篇》）中出现的小吃名以及节目中的对应翻译进行解析分类，探讨中餐名的韩译策略。
二、中餐名的命名特点中国饮食文化对外传播的过程中，菜名从来都是翻译的难点。
中韩两国同属东亚文化圈，所以相较于中英翻译，中餐名中潜在的不可译因素在中韩翻译中已经大大减少，但不可译现象是不可否认的，而中餐名的不可译因素与其命名特点有着很大的关系。
有的中餐名中会包含主料和配料，以“主料+配料”或者“配料+主料”的形式出现，比如《成都篇》中出现的“红糕”、“鸡肉粥”以及“肥肠粉”等，主料可以是一般的主食，如例中列举的“糕”、“粥”以及中国南方地区非常流行的“粉（米粉）”，配料则一般可以体现主食的口味和外观特点。
有的中餐会以菜品的形状比喻来命名，以“形状（或形状喻体）+食材”的形式出现，表现菜品的独特之处，也给人留以深刻的印象。
英文人名释义
英文人名释义
吕茂林
【期刊名称】《英语辅导：初三年级》
【年(卷),期】2003(000)012
【总页数】1页(P10)
【作者】吕茂林
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G171.2
【相关文献】
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
外文文献翻译(英文+中文对照)
外文文献翻译 例如例如：：下面是一个样板下面是一个样板，，如需要更多的机械相关专业的外文文献可以联系QQ: 763077177 (非诚勿扰) Coating thickness effects on diamond coated cutting tools F. Qin, Y.K. Chou,D. Nolen and R.G. ThompsonAvailable online 12 June 2009. Abstract ：Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown diamond films have found applications as a hard coating for cutting tools. Even though the use of conventional diamond coatings seems to be accepted in the cutting tool industry, selections of proper coating thickness for different machining operations have not been often studied. Coating thickness affects the characteristics of diamond coated cutting tools in different perspectives that may mutually impact the tool performance in machining in a complex way.In this study, coating thickness effects on the deposition residual stresses, particularly around a cutting edge, and on coating failure modes were numerically investigated. On the other hand, coating thickness effects on tool surface smoothness and cutting edge radii were experimentally investigated. In addition, machining Al matrix composites using diamond coated tools with varied coating thicknesses was conducted to evaluate the effects on cutting forces, part surface finish and tool wear.The results are summarized as follows. Increasing coating thickness will increase the residual stresses at the coating–substrate interface. On the other hand, increasing coating thickness will generally increase the resistance of coating cracking and delamination. Thicker coatings will result in larger edge radii; however, the extent of the effect on cutting forces also depends upon the machining condition. For the thickness range tested, the life of diamond coated tools increases with the coating thickness because of delay of delaminations. Keywords: Coating thickness; Diamond coating; Finite element; Machining; Tool wear1. IntroductionDiamond coatings produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technologies have been increasingly explored for cutting tool applications. Diamond coated tools have great potential in various machining applications and an advantage in fabrications of cutting tools with complex geometry such as drills. Increased usages of lightweight high-strength components have also resulted in significant interests in diamond coating tools. Hot-filament CVD is one of common processes of diamond coatings and diamond films as thick as 50 µm have been deposited on various materials including cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) . There have also been different CVD technologies, e.g., microwave plasma assisted CVD , developed to enhance the deposition process as well as the film quality too. However, despite the superior tribological and mechanical properties, the practical applications of diamond coated tools are still limited.Coating thickness is one of the most important attributes to the coating system performance. Coating thickness effects on tribological performance have been widely studied. In general, thicker coatings exhibited better scratch/wear resistance performance than thinner ones due to their better load-carrying capacity. However, there are also reports that claim otherwise and . For example, Dorner et al. discovered, that the thickness of diamond-like-coating (DLC), in a range of 0.7–3.5 µm, does not influence the wear resistance of the DLC–Ti6Al4V . For cutting tool applications, however, coating thickness may have a more complicated role since its effects may be augmented around the cutting edge. Coating thickness effects on diamond coated tools are not frequently reported. Kanda et al. conducted cutting tests using diamond-coated tooling . The author claimed that the increased film thickness is generally favorable to tool life. However, thicker films will result in the decrease in the transverse rupture strength that greatly impacts the performance in high speed or interrupted machining. In addition, higher cutting forces were observed for the tools with increased diamond coating thickness due to the increased cutting edge radius. Quadrini et al. studied diamond coated small mills for dental applications . The authors tested different coating thickness and noted that thick coatings induce high cutting forces due to increased coating surface roughness and enlarged edge rounding. Such effects may contribute to the tool failure in milling ceramic materials. The authors further indicated tools with thin coatings results in optimal cutting of polymer matrix composite . Further, Torres et al. studied diamondcoated micro-endmills with two levels of coating thickness . The authors also indicated that the thinner coating can further reduce cutting forces which are attributed to the decrease in the frictional force and adhesion.Coating thickness effects of different coating-material tools have also been studied. For single layer systems, an optimal coating thickness may exist for machining performance. For example, Tuffy et al. reported that an optimal coating thickness of TiN by PVD technology exists for specific machining conditions . Based on testing results, for a range from 1.75 to 7.5 µm TiN coating, thickness of 3.5 µm exhibit the best turning performance. In a separate study, Malik et al. also suggested that there is an optimal thickness of TiN coating on HSS cutting tools when machining free cutting steels . However, for multilayer coating systems, no such an optimum coating thickness exists for machining performance .The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate coating thickness effects of diamond coated tools on machining performance — tool wear and cutting forces. Diamond coated tools were fabricated, by microwave plasma assisted CVD, with different coating thicknesses. The diamond coated tools were examined in morphology and edge radii by white-light interferometry. The diamond coated tools were then evaluated by machining aluminum matrix composite in dry. In addition, deposition thermal residual stresses and critical load for coating failures that affect the performance of diamond coated tools were analytically examined.2. Experimental investigationThe substrates used for diamond coating experiments, square-shaped inserts (SPG422), were fine-grain WC with 6 wt.% cobalt. The edge radius and surface textures of cutting inserts prior to coating was measured by a white-light interferometer, NT1100 from Veeco Metrology.Prior to the deposition, chemical etching treatment was conducted on inserts to remove the surface cobalt and roughen substrate surface. Moreover, all tool inserts were ultrasonically vibrated in diamond/water slurry to increase the nucleation density. For the coating process, diamond films were deposited using a high-power microwave plasma-assisted CVD process.A gas mixture of methane in hydrogen, 750–1000 sccm with 4.4–7.3% of methane/hydrogen ratio, was used as the feedstock gas. Nitrogen gas, 2.75–5.5 sccm, was inserted to obtain nanostructures by preventing columnar growth. The pressure was about 30–55 Torr and the substrate temperature was about 685–830 °C. A forward power of 4.5–5.0 kW with a low deposition rate obtained a thin coating; a greater forward power of 8.0–8.5 kW with a highdeposition rate obtained thick coatings, two thicknesses by varying deposition time. The coated inserts were further inspected by the interferometer.A computer numerical control lathe, Hardinge Cobra 42, was used to perform machining experiments, outer diameter turning, to evaluate the tool wear of diamond coated tools. With the tool holder used, the diamond coated cutting inserts formed a 0° rake angle, 11° relief angle, and 75° lead angle. The workpieces were round bars made of A359/SiC-20p composite. The machining conditions used were 4 m/s cutting speed, 0.15 mm/rev feed, 1 mm depth of cut and no coolant was applied. The selection of machining parameters was based upon previous experiences. For each coating thickness, two tests were repeated. During machining testing, the cutting inserts were periodically inspected by optical microscopy to measure the flank wear-land size. Worn tools after testing were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, cutting forces were monitored during machining using a Kistler dynamometer.5. ConclusionsIn this study, the coating thickness effects on diamond coated cutting tools were studied from different perspectives. Deposition residual stresses in the tool due to thermal mismatch were investigated by FE simulations and coating thickness effects on the interface stresses were quantified. In addition, indentation simulations of a diamond coated WC substrate with the interface modeled by the cohesive zone were applied to analyze the coating system failures. Moreover, diamond coated tools with different thicknesses were fabricated and experimentally investigated on surface morphology, edge rounding, as well as tool wear and cutting forces in machining. The major results are summarized as follows.(1) Increase of coating thickness significantly increases the interface residual stresses, though little change in bulk surface stresses.(2) For thick coatings, the critical load for coating failure decreases with increasing coating thickness. However, such a trend is opposite for thin coatings, for which radial cracking is the coating failure mode. Moreover, thicker coatings have greater delamination resistance.(3) In addition, increasing the coating thickness will increase the edge radius. However, for the coating thickness range studied, 4–29 µm, and with the large feed used, cutting forces were affected only marginally.(4) Despite of greater interface residual stresses, increasing the diamond coating thickness, for the range studied, seem to increase tool life by delay of coating delaminations.AcknowledgementsThis research is supported by National Science Foundation, Grant No.: CMMI 0728228. P. Lu provided assistance in some analyses.金刚石涂层刀具的涂层厚度的影响作者：F. Qin, Y.K. Chou,D. Nolen and R.G. Thompson发表日期：2009摘要：化学气相沉积法（CVD），金刚石薄膜的发现，作为涂层刀具的应用。
翻译精品案例展示
经过专业翻译人员评估，该译文质量高，无错别字、语法错误、标点符号等问题，符合 行业标准和规范。
总结
该商务翻译案例展示了高水平的翻译技巧和严谨的工作态度，实现了客户的高标准要求 ，取得了良好的效果。
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案例三：科技翻译
翻译项目背景
项目来源
某国际知名科技公司委托的专利文献翻译项 目。
原文特点
翻译效果评估
质量标准
遵循行业标准和客户要求，确保译文质量达到优秀水平。
反馈机制
及时收集客户反馈，对译文进行修改和完善，确保满足客户需求。
校对环节
经过多轮校对和润色，确保译文准确无误、表达流畅。
交付时间
按时交付，确保项目进度不受影响。
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案例四：口译
翻译项目背景
客户：某国际会议组织
翻译语种：英语-中文
质量保证
在翻译过程中多次核对原文和译文，确保准确无误，同时注意译文的 流畅性和可读性。
翻译效果评估
客户反馈
客户对译员的翻译质量和现场表现给予高度评价，认为译员能够 准确传达发言人的意思，语言流畅、表达自然。
自我评估
译员在翻译过程中注重细节和准确性，同时能够灵活应对各种挑战 ，表现出较高的专业素养和责任心。
境。
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校对阶段
对译文进行仔细校对，检查错 别字、语法错误、标点符号等 细节问题，确保译文质量。
04
技巧应用
在翻译过程中，灵活运用增译 、减译、词类转换等技巧，使 译文更加符合目标受众的语言
习惯和文化背景。
翻译效果评估
客户反馈
客户对译文质量非常满意，认为译文准确传达了原文意思，语言流畅，符合商务语境， 符合目标受众的语言习惯和文化背景。
毕业设计外文资料翻译sc-pdf
毕业设计外文资料翻译题目甲醇氧化生产甲醛的银催化剂改性学院化学化工学院专业化学工程与工艺班级0803学生许继盟学号20080207167指导教师倪献智二〇一二年三月十五日Catalysts Today, 1996, (28): 239-244.甲醇氧化生产甲醛的银催化剂的改性A.N.Pestryakov摘 要 银催化剂的性能可用Zr ，La ， Rb ，C s 的氧化物改性，改性后的银催化剂的物化性能和催化性能已在甲醇的选择性氧化工艺中研究过，甲醇氧化制甲醛工艺中，质量分数为1%-10%的改性添加物会改变载体银的有效电荷及氧化还原性能、金属分散度和其表面扩散、催化剂表面酸度及结焦程度。
当银催化性能改变时，改性物主要影响催化剂活性位（++δn Ag Ag）。
关键词 银催化剂；甲醇氧化为甲醛 1 简介甲醇选择性氧化生产甲醛工艺中使用大量的载体银催化剂[1-3]。
采用不同的非有机添加物对银催化剂进行改性是提高其性能的最有前景的方法之一。
在银催化剂发现之后，人们致力于对其进行改进，以达到提高其催化活性和寿命，降低银使用量和扩展其工艺操作条件的目的。
广泛使用载体以减少银使用量及防止银在“严酷”条件（600-700 ℃）下烧结也是改性方法之一。
但是载体的堆积有限，不同改性化合物的少量添加（质量分数0.1-10%）可以使银可变的催化性能产生较大差异。
在科技和专利文献中提到过很多不同的添加物，它们能改善并激发银的催化性能[3-14]。
在这其中，研究人员提到改性作用的不同机理：银上金属的电子功能和电子密度改变[7-9]，O 2吸附的差异[3,10]，催化剂表面酸度[11]，催化剂表面的机械堵塞[12]，添加物的固有催化性质[13,14]。
然而，所有这些仅描述了催化剂改性的几个分散的方面，并没有涉及添加物对银催化剂改性影响的差异。
也没有考虑改性物对银催化剂活性位电子状态的影响。
在本文中，我们研究了改性物对银的性能影响的几个方面[15-18]，目的是在甲醇氧化制甲醛工艺中对稀有和稀土金属氧化物反应及银催化剂的电子属性、物化属性和催化属性进行综合研究。
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财经测试1：Summary GM went public again in late 2010, 16 months after emerging from bankruptcy protection.HighlightsGlobal vehicle sales and production should rise in 2011, and GM's revenues should advanceabout 11%. Profit margins should benefit from the improved volume and expected reduced incentives needed due to competitors' production stoppages, partly offset by a weaker mixand higher raw material costs. Currency could be a wild card, but would likely have only amodest impact on profits.Despite an improved balance sheet, GM still faces claims on its cash for items such as unfunded pension obligations. Also, with its reduced cost structure of fewer employees, wage reductions and fewer plants and brands, we see GM poised to benefit from the expanded U.S. and global vehicle demand that we expect.Investment Rationale/RiskWe think the company's IPO will remove some of the stigma of the 2009 government bailoutand bankruptcy filing. More importantly, we believe GM has shrunk its North American production footprint and cost structure to be profitable through the next demand cycle.Risks to our recommendation and target price include higher gasoline prices, weaker than-expected demand for GM vehicles, and increased need for incentives.Future sales of stock by major shareholders also pose a risk.As of June 30, 2011, the company reported total stockholders' equity of $41.1 billion. Based on historical and peer multiples, we apply a multiple of 7.8X to our 2012 EPS forecast of $5.14 to arrive at our 12-month target price of $40, based on historical and peer P/E analysis and a weakened economic outlook.财经测试2：S&P Core EarningsStandard & Poor's Core Earnings is a uniform methodology for adjusting operating earnings by focusing on a company's after-tax earnings generated from its principal businesses. Included in the Standard & Poor's definition are employee stock option grantexpenses, pension costs, restructuring charges from ongoing operations, write-downs of depreciable or amortizable operating assets, purchased research anddevelopment, M&A related expenses and unrealized gains/losses from hedging activities. Excluded from the definition are pension gains, impairment of goodwill charges, gains or losses from asset sales, reversal of prior-year charges and provision from litigation orinsurance settlements.法律测试1：Except for the Pension Schemes and Life Assurance Scheme, the Company is not under any legal liability or other obligation to pay bonuses, pensions, gratuities, superannuation, allowances or any similar payment to any of the Employees or their dependants, nor is it a party to any arrangements or promise to make or in the habit of making ex gratia or voluntary payments on redundancies or payments by way of bonus, pension, gratuity, superannuation, allowance or similar payments to any such persons. There are no schemes or arrangements (whether legally enforceable or not) for payment of retirement, pension, disability or death benefit or similar schemes or arrangements in operation or contemplated in respect of any of the Employees or their dependants, or persons formerly employed or engaged in the Business or their dependants, under which the Company or any of the owners for the time being of the T&L Business or its Assets or any part of them may become liable to make payments or to provide equivalent benefits.The Warrantor has no knowledge of the invalidity of, or any grounds for termination, avoidance or repudiation of an agreement, arrangement or obligation entered into or applied by the Seller for the operation of the T&L Business or its Assets. So far as the Warrantor is aware, no party with whom BLG has entered into an agreement, arrangement or obligation for the purpose of, or which is used in the operation of, the Business and Assets has given notice of its intention to terminate, or has sought to repudiate or disclaim, such agreement, arrangement or obligation.法律测试2：Independent Contractor AgreementBoth parties acknowledge that Contractor is not an employee for state or federal tax, insurance, or other purposes. Contractor is solely responsible for payment of all compensation owed to Contractor's staff that Contractor assigns to Asianlingual' projects. It is understood and agreed that Contractor accepts full and exclusive liability for the payment of any and all contributions and taxes imposed by the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the Federal Social Security Act, any applicable national, state or local taxation code, any applicable national, state, or local unemployment insurance law, and any and all contributions, taxes, or penalties for unemployment insurance or old age retirement benefits, pensions, or annuities that are measured by the wages, salaries, or other remuneration paid to Contractor, now or hereafter imposed by the government of the United States or the government of any applicable nation or state.Contractor further agrees to take all reasonable precautions to prevent any unauthorized disclosure of any such Confidential Information, and agrees at least to take those precautions he or she would or does take to protect his or her own confidential information. Contractor will assure compliance with such obligations by any of their employees, former employees, affiliates,agents or independent contractors. The obligations of Contractor under this Article are to survive the termination of this Agreement, regardless of the circumstances of the termination.科技测试1：DANGER:Before attempting to clean, oil, or adjust the inclined cleaner, place motor disconnect lever in the OFF position and secure in OFF position with a hasp type padlock. The inclined cleaner should be checked and cleaned each day before startup. Bar or wire screen grills should be checked and cleaned as necessary.AdjustmentsRemove panels or covers, as necessary, to gain access to cylinders. Remove drive belts so rotating members can be turned easily by hand and check each for binding.Grid sectionsAdjust grid section to spiked cylinder to provide a clearance of 5/8 inch between grid and tip of roller spike.Drive and timing beltsBelt tension must be sufficient to overcome slippage during starting. On new belts, operate the drives a few minutes to seat belts in sheave grooves, then adjust.Observe operation of belts when starting. A slight bowing of the slack side indicates proper tension. If the slack side remains taut during startup, the belt is too tight. Excessive bowing, slippage, or squealing indicates insufficient tension.科技测试2：Engine Oil Solenoid Valve De-energized (High Pressure Setting)When the engine oil solenoid valve is de-energized the passage from the upper part of the pilot valve to the oil return passage to the oil pan is opened allowing to drain the oil acting on the upper part of the pilot valve. In this case the oil pressure is regulated to 300 – 430 kPa as follows:As long as the oil pressure is less than the pilot valve opening pressure, the pilot valve closes the passage to the upper part of the relief valve. As a result, the relief valve closes the return passage to the suction side of the trochoid-type oil pump. Thus, oil pressure increases. When oil pressure exceeds the pilot valve opening pressure, the pilot valve is pressed up, partly opening the passage to the upper part of the relief valve. When the relief valve opening pressure is exceeded by applying oil pressure to the upper part of the relief valve, the relief valve is pressed down and partly opens the return passage to the suction side of the trochoid-type oil pump. Thus, oil pressure decreases.医药测试1：BackgroundIntraarticular extension of a tumor requires a conventional extraarticular resection with en bloc removal of the entire knee, including extensor apparatus. Knee arthrodesis usually has been performed as a reconstruction. To avoid the functional loss derived from the resection of the extensor apparatus, a modified technique, saving the continuity of the extensor apparatus, hasbeen proposed, but at the expense of achieving wide margins. In tumors involving the joint cavity, the entire joint complex including the distal femur, proximal tibia, the full extensor apparatus, and the whole inviolated joint capsule must be excised. We propose a novel reconstructive technique to restore knee function after a true extrarticular resection.Description of TechniqueThe approach involves a true en bloc extraarticular resection of the whole knee, including the entire extensor apparatus. We performed the reconstruction with a femoral megaprosthesis combined with a tibial allograft-prosthetic composite with its whole extensor apparatus (quadriceps tendon, patella, patellar tendon, and proximal tibia below the anterior tuberosity). ConclusionsCombining a true knee extraarticular resection with an allograft-prosthetic composite including the whole extensor apparatus generally allows wide resection margins while providing a mobile knee with good extension in patients traditionally needing a knee arthrodesis.医药测试2：Limitations of Procedure1. If testing is to be performed by methods other than those identified in the package insert, standardization of procedures must be undertaken to assure accuracy of tests results.2. Reactions with blood cells exhibiting weakened expressions of the D antigen may show varied reactivity as compared to those obtained with other anti-D reagents.3. Some subgroups of the A antigen may not be detected by the anti-A reagent contained in the cassette.4. Due to antigen deterioration, aged red blood cells may exhibit weaker reactivity than fresh cells.5. Contaminated supplementary materials used in the procedure described may cause false-positive or false-negative results.6. Samples containing particulate matter in the serum/plasma may impede the free flow of red blood cells through the glass bead column. Clarification of these samples by centrifugation may be necessary.7. Sample red blood cell suspensions should be free of particulate matter which may impede the free flow of red blood cells through the glass bead column.8. Severely hemolyzed samples may interfere with reading reactions in the column.9. Enzyme-treated red blood cells should not be used with these reagents.10. Abnormal serum proteins in the test sample may cause red blood cells to aggregate which may be interpreted as agglutination.11. The System Centrifuge must be used to provide the required centrifugation parameters for this system. Proper calibration of the centrifuge is essential to achieve accurate test results.医药测试3：RF pain electrodes are indicated for use in radiofrequency (RF) heat lesioning of nervous tissue.Each PE electrode includes a plastic sterilization case.PE electrodes are used with disposable cannulae and require a DGP-PM grounding pad and C112-TC electrode cable for all procedures (cannulae, grounding pads, and electrode cables are sold separately).CautionDiscontinue use if erratic or sluggish temperature readings are observed, which may indicate a faulty cable connection, broken temperature sensor of the electrode, or delivery of RF power into an undesired location.For patients with cardiac pacemakers, contact the pacemaker manufacturer to determine hazards and cautions associated with the use of RF devices.If the patient has a spinal cord stimulator, contact the manufacturer of the stimulator before proceeding with RF treatment.If any physiological monitoring or electrical apparatus is to be used on the patient in addition to the radiofrequency lesion generator, the safety aspects of the combination should be examined and approved by biomedical personnel.市场类测试：The ABCXX is unparalleled in terms of map and screen quality, with the largest screen of any of the units tested, as well as the brightest. It laughs in the face of bright sunlight, but a backlight can quickly boost the brightness if you do ever need that extra oomph. More importantly, the map refreshes instantly and zooms in almost seamlessly, which is a major benefit over some of the slower GPS handhelds.It’s not a touchscreen affair, but the controls are intuitive, the menu reassuringly familiar and the simple joystick allows you to program in waymarks and plot routes in three easy clicks. You can easily load maps via SD cards, and it also comes straight out of the box talking in Ordnance Survey grid references, rather than just coordinates, so you don’t have to return to your GCSE geography textbooks to get to grips with it.Another major benefit is the variety of charging options – as well as taking standard AA batteries, the ABCXX comes with a rechargeable lithium battery and a whole heap of adaptors, meaning you can fill her up from your computer, your car or the mains.合同类测试：Warranty disclaimerAlthough this product has been manufactured under carefully controlled conditions with all reasonable care, HEMOSPHERE, INC. has no control over the conditions under which this product is used.HEMOSPHERE, INC. therefore disclaims all warranties, both express and implied, with respect to the product including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose whether arising from statute , common law, custom o r otherwise .Descriptions or specifications in HEMOSPHERE, INC. printed material, including this publication, are meant solely to generally describe the product at the time of manufacture and do not constitute any express warranties.HEMOSPHERE, INC. shall not be liable to any person or entity for any medical expenses or any direct, incidental or consequential damages based on any use, defect, failure or malfunction of the product, whether a claim for such damages is based upon warranty, contract, tort or otherwise. No person has any authority to bind HEMOSPHERE, INC. to any representation, condition, warranty or liability with respect to the product.The exclusions and limitations set out above are not intended to, and should not be construed so as to contravene mandatory provisions of applicable law. If any part or term of thiswarranty disclaimer is held to be illegal , unenforceable or in conflict with applicable law by a court of competent jurisdiction, the validity of the remaining portions of this warrant y disclaimer shall not be affected, and all rights and obligations shall be construed and enforced as if this warranty disclaimer did not contain the particular part or term held to be invalid and the invalid part or term shall be substituted by a valid part or term which best reflects HEMOSPHERE, INC.’s legitimate interest in limiting its liability or warranty.。
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高等教育的继任计划和知识转移
介绍
不断变化的领导以及对机构了解的丧失将会削弱高等教育继任规划中机构的有效性，这种潜在的危机不在被视为一个短期问题（卡门，利兰，和威尔逊，2010；米勒，2009）。
因此，解决领导短缺、组织知识转移和组织的可持续性发展并提供一个确定长期可持续发展的战略的正规化继任计划迫在眉睫（贝茨等人，2009年; Joshi等，2010;斯科特＆Sanders-McBryde，2012）。
研究表明继任计划提供了推动高等教育机构的重新评估招聘和保留未来领袖做法的价值。
学术质量改进计划（AQIP）是使用北环协会高等教育委员会（HLC）的一个认证过程模型（AQIP，2010;高等教育委员会，2010年a）；作为认证的一部分过程，高等教育机构解决领导接班，促进质量改进和文化高性能存在的问题需要文档的支持。
系统机构提交的投资组合是评审委员会每七年为AQIP认证过程的一部分。
该系统组合提供的证据表明机构符合该定义九个AQIP类别标准和五个HLC标准认证。
该机构自研究需要回答一下三个问题：
(a) 在高性能领导层接班期间，怎么做你的领导和董事会成员确保您的组织保持和保留自己的使命，愿景，价值；
(b) 如何确定并实施你的领导继任计划；
(c) 如何使你的机构收集，分析，发布和使用数据，信息和知识来管理并推动机构绩效改进
(AQIP, 2010年, 13-14页). 克雷恩（2011）表示，三分之一的AQIP高等教育机构都没有正式的写继任计划；
背景
目前，关于组织知识创造的研究被认为是合适的理论和务实的学术著作（冯克罗，野中，＆Rechsteiner，2012）；一些来评估高等教育机构缺乏继任计划的继任规划研究工作已经完成（格林，2011;露娜，2010;路兹巴特卡，2010;麦基，2008; 马特斯，2010;美世，2009年; 尼非，2009;里奇奥，2010;理查兹，2009年;威廉姆斯，2008年）。
正式继任规划在以前研究中发现存在缺乏沟通，缺乏知识的问题，性别不平等，领导缺乏，低优先级，并且缺乏人才成为建立一个正式的继任计划的障碍。
然而，相对于哲学和战略，缺乏知识将更高的影响继任计划教育。
积极的继任计划将冲击机构的成功和增长，研究表明一些学术机构已经制定出扫除专业知识与领导层变化的造成组织知识损失的继任计划。
(科伦,2011;格林,2011;Luzbetak,2010;Mateso,2010;里格斯,2009;罗斯韦尔,2010年)。
无论是ACE（2009年）还是美国社区学院协会（2011）都认为有必要为减少高等教育领导层损失而准备先发制人的行动，（巴沙
姆，Stader，和主教，2009年，贝茨等人，2009年;格林，2011;麦基，2008年;美世，2009年; Reille＆Kezar，2010）。
当一些经验丰富的员工离开，可能就会造成机构知识的潜在损失，因此知识转移对于组织的成功和可持续发展至关重要。
(罗斯韦尔,201洛杉矶)机构记忆可以被定义为组织成员收集经验并嵌入到企业文化中的集体智慧。
组织知识从工作流程、人员、客户和业务挑战中常见或罕见发生的工作中吸取经验(罗斯韦尔,2011)。
富兰（2008）证实了组织的领导人可能会通过建模、角色创造、反射活动、流程及洞察力的的角色创造和知识转移的机制来影响双方。
这些活动是有效识别谁是拥有领导能力的内部候选人，并提供持续获取、共享和传输知识的机会，是继任规划流程的所有部分。
继任规划需要对内部候选人进行选择和培训。
选用外部候选人接班的支持者认为，领导力是一种转移技能，而且不需要有效的内部候选人的领导力培训（凯勒和凯里，2011）。
在学术界中对于内部领导晋升，可能根据一个确定教员通过发展自己的教学能力来鉴定，而不是一个人的领导和管理能力。
用这种缺乏保证的方式来从行政领导中选择完成的教师将不会是一个有效的领导者（巴沙姆等人，2009）。
巴登（2008年）在学术界上确定的另一个内部继任计划障碍是推断到内部候选人承诺不能总是保留。
高等教育到底是选用内部还是外部继任者也饱受争议。
作为被AQIP评审所要求的正在启动的高等教育机构，在本研究中所解决的问题是确定是否进行连续规划和知识转让活动，如果没有进行，为什么不选择？继任计划通过提升制度成果和避免组织知识的丢失来设计编制目前和未来的组织需求制度；然而，很少有高等教育机构编制正式继任规划（冈萨雷斯，2010;月神，2010;冯克罗等人，2012）。
AQIP认证过程是以制度建设为中心定义的高等教育委员会(HLC,2010 b)。
AQIP标准设计是确定机构规划和持续改进流程(AQIP 2010马蒂斯&辛恩,2010)。
AQIP 5级p10要求以大学的制度对应领导继任计划和实现(AQIP,2010)。
AQIP的标准支持组织知识继任计划的基础理论，并为其建立准则和标准，要求保留机构知识作为连续部分而努力改善，但AQIP高等教育机构的三分之一都没有写继任计划和缺乏5P10的顺应性（克雷恩，2011;马蒂斯和新芬，2009年）。
高等教育机构缺乏有效的继任计划可能会限制组织的知识转移，以及同时期预测领导短缺在组织效能上的限制（雅各布森，2010年泰勒和马查多，2008年）。
此研究工作的目的是要利用在其研究结果，为有关高等教育机构的继任计划、适用的继任规划战略和价值理念提供建议基础，并作为AQIP认可传送所要求的重要的组织知识。
研究的目的
这个定性的多个案例目的整体(单个单元的分析)AQIP认可的高等教育机
构的研究旨在探讨和描述以下四个问题；
(a) 现有的继任计划策略和实践如何支持的转移组织知识;
(b)如何引导理念推动继任计划与继任规划高等教育机构;
(c)为什么有些高教育机构选择不执行继任计划;
(d)如何理念引导推动不存在继任计划的高教育机构不从事继任规划。
半结构化访谈在四个高等教育机构与学术主管在中西部各州开展收集信息，数据和证据来回答研究的问题。
高等教育机构的样本包括一个郊区4年制医疗艺术学院，4年制农村公共大学，和两个农村社区学院;审查认证文件提供关于当前或缺乏当前数据继任规划战略和实践。
理论框架
组织的知识可以被定义为是相关、可操作、根据经验、背景、解释和反思的组织信息（Jarrar，Schiuma，及Zain公司，2010）。
知识可以被定义为放在一起的有用和有意义的方式的想法或信息，指的是事实的认识，真理，以及通过经验或学习中获得的信息（格兰特，1996年）。
知识流程利用上下文信息，具体的经验，信念和技能了解。
组织知识基础理论分析一个组织如何创造，累积，保证和转移知识;在制定的基础上进行创新和提高效率（格兰特，1996年）。
格兰特(1996)认为知识就是一个驻留在个别组织成员中特定的知识及组织中至关重要的资产之一，并认为组织能力的核心涉及到个人的专业组织知识的同化。
从退休的组织领导转移特定的知识，技能和文化到接班人，是领导的更具挑战性的任务之一（Joshi等，2010）。
组织知识转移研究表明当一个组织没有计划组织知识转移，信息将会存在潜在损失。
这一结论为领导继任计划的价值提供了验证；组织环境的需求增加导致领导人必须进行战略性和竞争力的思考（格兰特，1996年，冯·克罗等，2012）。
组织知识基础理论详细介绍了组织由个人本质上存储的集成知识的重要性（格兰特，1999）。
根据知识范围的组织是分层结构的能力（格兰特，1996,1999）。
组织知识基础理论中知识的获取可以来自于对从以前的员工的访谈以协助一个组织完成如管理、招聘和培训当前和未来的员工的招聘和培训流程(Ibrahim &尼森,2009;·冯·克罗et al .,2012)。
因此组织知识理论建议深入回顾与组织知识创造相关的做法和程序，员工本身要保留承担存储，检索和知识转让的能力（易卜拉欣和尼森，2009）。
组织知识基础理论支持接班人计划，认为知识损失是不可逆转的，经验丰富的领导应坚持知识转移政策。
组织知识创造是个人作为一个活动知识的中央存储库。
组织团队出现大脑神经源或
思想来源;然而，个人存储信息，然后将其与别人的知识组合（冯克罗等，2012）。
通常当个人需要具体信息，他们组织不管员工的在组织内
的工作岗位排名，而选择公认的最擅长交流的专家（易卜拉欣- 尼森，2009;冯克罗等，2012）。
动态组织基于知识理论强调，组织成员应该对促进信息冗余，产生更多的新一代知识的创造者相互信任（野，1994年）。
在参照获取和集成员工的组织知识专门组织能力时也强调了分析的重要性（格兰特，1996年）。
组织知识是基于对企业战略，结构和人类的影响资源管理的理论（批准，1996年）。
由于知识的流动具有工作流程和工作流驱动器的性能，因此组织知识是竞争的关键（易卜拉欣-尼森，2009）。
易卜拉欣和尼森（2009）也强调就业的变化在一个组织内阻碍知识流动，造成知识流失在回忆以前和新的学习困难表现出来。