外文翻译译文汇总
什么使薪酬看起来合理？【外文翻译】
外文文献翻译译文一：外文原文原文：What Make a Salary Seem ReasonableHighhouse Scoot，Brooks-Laber Margaret EAlthough considerable research attention has been directed at understanding perceptions of salary fairness, very little attention has been given to how salary expectations are formed or how trivial elements of the job search context may influence these expectations.Twoexp eriments demonstrated how the simple manipulation of response options for a multiple-choice item may influence subsequent salary expectations and salary satisfaction. Results are discussed in light of Parducci's(1995) contextual theory.It has been repeatedly shown that the way in which a question is asked can influence perceptions of what is normal. For example, Harris found that people who were asked 'How short was the basketball player?' estimated lower heights than people who were asked 'How tall was the basketball player?' Similarly, Loftus found that people who were asked 'Do you get headaches frequently?' reported more headaches than people asked 'Do you get headaches occasionally?' More recently, Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues identified numerous examples of how the wording of survey items can strongly impact self reports. For example, Schwarz reported research showing that people claimed a higher life success when the numeric values of a life-success item ranged from -5 to + 5, than when they ranged from 0 to 10. He described another study showing that psychosomatic patients reported symptom frequencies of more than twice a month when the item's response scale ranged from 'twice a month or less' to 'several times per day', but did not do so when the scale ranged from 'never' to 'more than twice a month'. Schwarz suggested that respondents to surveys assumethat the values in the middle range of a scale reflect the 'typical' value in the 'real world', whereas the extremes of the scale correspond to the extremes of the distribution. More provocative is the finding that, in addition to affecting respondents' behavioural reports on surveys, these simple context effects may also affect subsequent judgments. For example, patients in Schwarz and Scheuring's study reported a higher health satisfaction when the response scale suggested that their symptom frequency was below average.Similar to the Schwarz and Scheuring study, our research examined the effects of response scales on subsequent judgments. However,the response-scale paradigm was used to examine broader theoretical issues regarding the impact of the job-seeking context on expectations about pay. Despite the importance of starting salary in the job choice process,very little research has focused on factors that has focused on incumbent satisfaction with organizational pay noted that the existing meagre research on job-seeker expectations for staring salary is more fragmented than programmatic.The authors suggested that researchers draw from the vast literature on decision-making to understand how individual and situational factors influence salary perceptions.Our failure to find effects consistent with adaptation-level theory for our sample of job seekers was consistent with Parducci, Calfee, Marshall, and Davidson's (1960) failure to support adaptation-level theory predictions in the lab. Parducci and his colleagues found that, holding all else constant, variation in the mean of a distribution of numbers had no effect on student perceptions of the typical number. Similary, Ordóñez et al. (2000), in a study of distributive fairness perceptions, found that MBAs presented with two reference salaries (i.e., salary of a peer paid higher and salary of a peer paid lower) did not average these reference points in the manner predicted by adaptation-level theory. Ordóñez and her colleagues recommended that future research examine what happens when people are presented with more than two reference salaries.Parducci's (1995) contextual theory generally proposes that attribute judgments reflect a compromise between a range principle and a frequency principle. Most relevant tothe present concern is the frequency principle, which is a tendency for people to assign the same number of contextual representations to equal segments of the scale of judgment. For example, if fewer than one half of salaries available in the immediate context (e.g., salaries in classified advertisements) are below a particular salary, that salary is perceived to be in the bottom half of the scale of judgment. As another simple example, consider a summer job seeker whose three friends have accepted jobs with hourly rates of $5, $10, and $11. An offer of $8.50 may be perceived to be near the bottom of salaries available in the market, because two of the three available strategies are above that offer, even though it is objectively above the midpoint of the salaries of his friends. A related phenomenon, called the alternative-outcomes effect (Windschitl & Wells, 1998), has been observed for people judging the likelihood of winning a raffle. In one study, participants were presented with two different raffles involving 10 tickets. In the first situation, they were told 'You hold 3 tickets and seven other people each hold 1.' In the second situation, they were told 'You hold 3 tickets and one other person holds 7.' People felt much more certain of winning in the situation where they held more tickets than any individual competitor (3-1-1-1-1-1-1-1) than when they held fewer tickets ( 3-7), despite the fact that the probability of winning either raffle is the same. In both this example and the previous hypothetical salary examples, people are influenced by the context in which information is presented, ignoring the absolute value of the current situation. Contextual theory posits that when events that elicit hedonic judgments are concentrated at the upper endpoints of their contexts, they elicit greater happiness, regardless of the absolute levels of the events. This means that an important factor influencing satisfaction with any particular outcome is the placement of that outcome relative to other possible outcomes, or the proportion of contextual representations below that outcome. Other researchers have also suggested that reference points are not combined into a single comparison point (Kahneman, 1992) and that satisfaction is determined instead by the relative frequencies of positive and negative events (Diener, Sandvik, & Pavot, 1990). When applied to starting salary expectations, these models seem to suggest that the frequency of salary options above and below a targetsalary, not the lower and upper bounds of the salary distribution, will influence starting salary expectations. The experiments were designed to examine this proposition within the context of a simple multiple-choice item on a career-expectations survey.Participants were business students (N= 204) enrolled at a medium-sized public university in the Midwestern United States. Participation occurred during class time in seven marketing classes, ranging in size from 21 to 37 students. The majority (i.e., 90%) of the students were juniors or seniors, and male (52%). The average participant was 21 years of age. A'career attitudes survey' was designed that contained seven typical items inquiring about students' plans after graduation, along with demographic questions. Items were in multiple-choice and open-ended formats, and addressed issues such as how many jobs the students planned to apply for, what methods they planned to use to find jobs, and the nature of their expected first job. Embedded within the survey was the starting salary item that was the focus of the endpoint-level and option-frequency manipulations. The item read 'What do you expect your starting salary to be?' Participants received one of four response scales differing on the two factors. Table 1 presents the response options by endpoints of the range (low= $15,000-50,000; high= $30,000-65,000) and frequency of multiple-choice options above a target salary(low frequency; high frequency). The overall range roughly corresponded with the range of annual starting salaries of recent graduates from the business school (i.e., $21,000-65,000). Note that the manipulation of range endpoints (see Fig. 1) is distinct from a manipulation of range width, which has appeared in earlier research by Rynes et al. (1983) and Highhouse et al. (1999). The width of the salary range (i.e., $35,000) remained constant across experimental conditions in our study. The option-frequency manipulation was designed using $40,000 as the target salary(low frequency = 1 response option above $40,000; high frequency = 4 response options above $40,000). The target salary is the midpoint of the entire salary range (i.e., half the distance between the lowest salary in the low endpoint level condition and the highest salary in the high endpoint level condition). Each participant received one endpoint level and one frequency condition in a2 x 2between-subjects factorial design.Although previous research has shown that the social environment can have an impact on perceptions of a fair staring salary, far fewer studies have investigated the impact of contextual features of the decision-marking environment that may influence salary expectations. The research that does exist has focused on the width of the range of salaries available in the market. Our research builds on this work by showing that factors other than range width may influence salary expectations. Drawing from Parducci's contextual theory. We expected that, holding salary range constant, the frequency of salary options above and below a target salary would influence salary expectations independent of the level of the endpoints of salaries in the market. Our first experiment, using the manipulated response-option paradigm, showed that the frequency of response options above a target salary in the response categories for an item on a typical career survey influenced later reports of expected staring salary for a group of business majors. Contrary to Helson's adaptation-level theory, the salary endpoint level had no effect on expectations for this group. Thus, consistent with Parducci's proposition, our findings showed that one must consider not only the level of the endpoints of salaries in the immediate context but also the perceived frequency of salaries. The second experiment showed that these effects can extend beyond salary expectations to influence satisfaction with job offers. The frequency of response options above the midpoint salary in a multiple-choice item had a main effect on salary satisfaction and job attractiveness for psychology students presented 20 min later with a hypothetical job advertisement.These research results suggest that salary expectations,at least for naive job seekers,can be influenced by simple features of the contextual environment. Unfortunately, longitudinal investigations are highly dynamic.Future research is needed that employs more moment-to-moment assessments(see Stone, Shiffman,& DeCries, 1999)of job seekers' salary expectations.We do suspect,however,that our results are not limited to the simple numerical anchors set up in our experiments.Considerable research has shown that simple numerical anchors can strongly influence judgments of experts as well as novices (e.g, Northcraft andNeale,1987).Similarly, studies using such varied experts as agricultural judges (Gaeth Shanteau,1984) ,parole offices (Carroll& Payne, 1976),and court judges (Ebbesen & Konecni,1975) have concluded that the experience of these judges does not make them less susceptible to simple context effects.Barber and Bretz(2000) noted that understanding how different contexts can evoke difference in how a given salary offer will be evaluated is important for organizations"as organizations cannot predict employee reactions to pay practices without knowledge of the standards against which those practices will be evaluated" We believe that,in addition to the importance of this knowledge for organizations,such knowledge is important for job seekers. Job seekers need to be aware that their salary expectations can be inadvertently affected by their exposure to salaries that may or may not be meaningful to their situation.People are constantly faced with skewed distributions of salaries because they tend to hear more about fellow job seekers who were paid high salaries than they are to hear about fellow job seekers who were paid the industry average. This creates a cognitive context in which offered salaries are likely to be perceived as being in the bottom half of the scale of judgement,even when they are objectively near the middle of the distributions of salaries. This could be positive if it leads employees to hold high expectations of pay,as these expectations may be associated with higher negotiated salaries.Generally,though,it is important for job seekers to realize when they are being affected by context.Job seekers need to be aware of the danger of marking inferences from small saiples,as small samples of salaries may not represent the salary distribution in the population of relevant jobs.Demonstrating context dependence may be as simple as showing people how a multiple-choice option on a typical survey can influence their standards for appropriate pay.Future research might consider whether such basic training techniques can inoculate job seekers against simple context effects.Source：Frequency Context Effects On Starting-Salary Expectations. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, V olume 67, 2003(1): P69二、翻译文章译文：什么使薪酬看起来合理？虽然很多研究工作应该注意理解对工资公平、怎样看管给出了期望的薪水如何形成或者是多么微不足道的要素影响上下文可以找工作的这些期望。
外文翻译中英文对照
Strengths优势All these private sector banks hold strong position on CRM part, they have professional, dedicated and well-trained employees.所以这些私人银行在客户管理部分都持支持态度，他们拥有专业的、细致的、训练有素的员工。
Private sector banks offer a wide range of banking and financial products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels such as ATMs, Internet-banking, mobile-banking, etc. 私有银行通过许多传递通道（如自动取款机、网上银行、手机银行等）提供大范围的银行和金融产品、金融服务进行合作并向客户零售。
The area could be Investment management banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management, retail loans such as home loans, personal loans, educational loans, car loans, consumer durable loans, credit cards, etc. 涉及的领域包括投资管理银行、生命和非生命保险、风险投资与资产管理、零售贷款（如家庭贷款、个人贷款、教育贷款、汽车贷款、耐用消费品贷款、信用卡等）。
Private sector banks focus on customization of products that are designed to meet the specific needs of customers. 私人银行主要致力于为一些特殊需求的客户进行设计和产品定制。
经典英汉翻译
许渊冲译文：不见棺材不掉泪。 / 不到俄 岛我不倒。
马红军译文：落败孤岛孤败落。 / 若非孤 岛孤非弱。
Better late than the late.
晚了总比完了好。 宁迟一时，不迟一世。 慢行回家， 快行回老家。
You reckon your Dodge would help you up to all these dodges again?
Begot by butchers, but by butchers bred, / How high his highness holds his haughty head.
译文一：屠夫所生，屠夫所养；如此高贵， 这般高尚。
君居屠户屋，君属屠户后；俯仰何佼佼， 倨傲俨倬倬。
不爱红妆爱武装
你以为坐上你的道奇跑车就可以再 次跑掉么？
The output of the U.N. has not been commensurate with the input.
联合国所起的作用与其所耗的费用已不 相称了。
联合国的作用已难抵其费用。
The ballot is stronger than the bullet.
马红军译文：Monastical men make monks, / But become Buddhas barely; / Miserable maidens make maids, / Styled slaves so squarely.
三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined，
Equal Zhu Geliang the mastermind.
(完整版)外文翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to conform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on, in the construction distribution center have considered.(4) commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as the population shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5) other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center．At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates off theoretical analysis of direct factors of logistics cost, and solves the problem of over-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution．This research stresses on the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes the influence of locating distribution center on logistics cost．and finds one kind of simple and easy location method by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computer modeling and the application of Exeel．So the location of agricultural product logistics distribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which will attain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision．making support function to the logisties facilities and planning of agricultural product．The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens and even hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. If the distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving and transporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient and costly. costly．The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is a complex engineering system，not only involves logistics technology, information technology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular the specifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing of distribution center. How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center. The so—called logistics costs refers to the expenditure summation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of the goods．such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。
外文翻译及中文译文
车床用于车外圆、端面和镗孔等加工的机床称作车床。
车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，因为其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。
由于车床除了用于车外圆还能用于镗孔、车端面、钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次定位安装中完成多种加工。
这就是在生产中普遍使用各种车床比其他种类的机床都要多的原因。
两千多年前就已经有了车床。
现代车床可以追溯到大约1797年，那时亨利•莫德斯利发明了一种具有把主轴和丝杆的车床。
这种车床可以控制工具的机械进给。
这位聪明的英国人还发明了一种把主轴和丝杆相连接的变速装置，这样就可以切削螺纹。
车床的主要部件：床身、主轴箱组件、尾架组件、拖板组、变速齿轮箱、丝杆和光杆。
床身是车床的基础件。
它通常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。
通常在球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。
通常在床身上面有内外两组平行的导轨。
一些制造厂生产的四个导轨都采用倒“V”，而另一些制造厂则将倒“V”形导轨和平面导轨结合。
由于其他的部件要安装在导轨上并（或）在导轨上移动，导轨要经过精密加工，以保证其装配精度。
同样地，在操作中应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。
导轨上的任何误差，常常会使整个机床的精度遭到破坏。
大多数现代车床的导轨要进行表面淬火处理。
以减少磨损和擦伤，具有更大的耐磨性。
主轴箱安装在床身一端内导轨的固定位置上。
它提供动力。
使工件在各种速度下旋转。
它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心轴和一系列变速齿轮---类似于卡车变速箱所组成，通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多中转速的旋转。
大多数车床有8～18中转速，一般按等比级数排列。
在现代车床上只需扳动2～4个手柄，就能得到全部挡位的转速。
目前发展的趋势是通过电气的或机械的装置进行无级变速。
由于车床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在紧密配合的重型圆锤滚子轴承或球轴承中。
翻译50句中英翻译
翻译50句中英翻译【翻译50句】1. Law, in its true notion, is not so much the limitation as the direction of a freeand intelligent man to his proper interest.法律真正的意义，是要把一个自由而理性的人，导向正当的利益上去，而不是对此加以限制的。
2. Chilly gusts of wind with a taste of rain in them had well nigh dispeopled thestreets.阵阵寒风夹着零星雨点已使街上几乎空无一人了。
3. When the news from the countryside reached the city, it causedimmediately uproar among the gentry.乡里消息传到城里来，城里的绅士立刻大哗。
4. People who have enjoyed good educational opportunities ought to show itin their conduct and language.5. But persons who are of a lazy or a benevolent, or a sarcastic mood, mayperhaps like to step in for half an hour, and look at the performances.但是不这样想的人们，带着一点懒散、慈悲或是嘲讽的心情也许愿意进来花半个小时看看演出。
6. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapidsuccession.他有个习性鸣己蒙不了，意义重复不订，一会一个主意。
液压系统外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Hydraulic systemW Arnold1 IntroductionThe hydraulic station is called a hydraulic pump station and is an independent hydraulic device. It is step by step to supply oil. And control the direction of hydraulic oil flow, pressure and flow, suitable for the host and hydraulic equipment can be separated on the various hydraulic machinery.After the purchase, the user only needs to connect the hydraulic station and the actuator (hydraulic or oil motor) on the mainframe with different tubings. The hydraulic machine can realize various specified actions and working cycles.The hydraulic station is a combination of manifolds, pump units or valve assemblies, electrical boxes, and tank electrical boxes. Each part function is:The pump unit is equipped with a motor and an oil pump, which is the power source of the hydraulic station and can convert mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure energy.V alve combination - its plate valve is mounted on the vertical plate, and the rear plate is connected with the same function as the manifold.Oil manifolds - assembled from hydraulic valves and channel bodies. It regulates hydraulic oil pressure, direction and flow.Box--a semi-closed container for plate welding. It is also equipped with an oil screen, an air filter, etc., which is used for cooling and filtering of oil and oil.Electrical box - divided into two types: one is to set the external lead terminal board; one is equipped with a full set of control appliances.The working principle of the hydraulic station: The motor drives the oil pump to rotate, then the pump sucks oil from the oil tank and supplies oil, converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure energy, and the hydraulic oil passes through the manifold (or valve assembly) to adjust the direction, pressure and flow and then passes through the external tube. The way to the hydraulic cylinder or oil motor in the hydraulic machinery, so as to control the direction of the hydraulic motor, the strength of the speed and speed, to promote all kinds of hydraulic machinery to do work.(1) Development history of hydraulic pressureThe development history of hydraulics (including hydraulic power, the same below), pneumatics, and seals industry in China can be roughly divided into three stages, namely: the starting stage in the early 1950s to the early 60s; and the professional in the 60s and 70s. The growth stage of the production system; the 80-90's is a stage of rapid development. Among them, the hydraulic industry began in the early 1950s with thedevelopment of hydraulic machines such as Grinding Machines, broaching machines, and profiling lathes, which were produced by the machine tool industry. The hydraulic components were produced by the hydraulic workshop in the machine tool factory, and were produced for self use. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology was gradually promoted from the machine tool to the agricultural machinery and engineering machinery. The original hydraulic workshop attached to the main engine plant was independent and became a professional manufacturer of hydraulic components. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the continuous development of mechanization of production, particularly in the provision of highly efficient and automated equipment for the second automobile manufacturing plant, the hydraulic component manufacturing industry witnessed rapid development. The batch of small and medium-sized enterprises also began to become specialized manufacturers of hydraulic parts. In 1968, the annual output of hydraulic components in China was close to 200,000 pieces. In 1973, in the fields of machine tools, agricultural machinery, construction machinery and other industries, the professional factory for the production of hydraulic parts has grown to over 100, and its annual output exceeds 1 million pieces. Such an independent hydraulic component manufacturing industry has taken shape. At this time, the hydraulic product has evolved from the original imitation Su product intoa combination of imported technology and self-designed products. The pressure has been developed towards medium and high pressures, and electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems have been developed. The application of hydraulics has been further expanded. The pneumatic industry started a few years later than hydraulics, and it was only in 1967 that it began to establish a professional pneumatic components factory. Pneumatic components began to be manufactured and sold as commodities. Its sealing industry including rubber seals, flexible graphite seals, and mechanical seals started from the production of common O-rings, oil seals, and other extruded rubber seals and asbestos seal products in the early 1950s. In the early 1960s, it began to develop and produce flexible products. Graphite seals and mechanical seals and other products. In the 1970s, a batch of batches of professional production plants began to be established one after another in the systems of the former Ministry of Combustion, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Agricultural Machinery, formally forming the industry, which laid the foundation for the development of the seal industry.In the 1980s, under the guidance of the national policy of reform and opening up, with the continuous development of the machinery industry, the contradiction between the basic components lags behind the host computer has become increasingly prominent and caused the attention of all relevant departments. To this end, the former Ministry of Machinesestablished the General Infrastructure Industry Bureau in 1982, and unified the original pneumatic, hydraulic, and seal specialties that were scattered in the industries of machine tools, agricultural machinery, and construction machinery, etc. The management of a piece of office, so that the industry in the planning, investment, the introduction of technology and scientific research and development and other aspects of the basic parts of the bureau's guidance and support. This has entered a period of rapid development, it has introduced more than 60 foreign advanced technology, of which more than 40 hydraulic, pneumatic 7, after digestion and absorption and technological transformation, are now mass production, and has become the industry's leading products . In recent years, the industry has intensified its technological transformation. From 1991 to 1998, the total investment of national, local, and corporate self-raised funds totaled about 2 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion were hydraulic. After continuous technological transformation and technological breakthroughs, the technical level of a group of major enterprises has been further improved, and technological equipment has also been greatly improved, laying a good foundation for forming a high starting point, specialization, and mass production. In recent years, under the guidance of the principle of common development of multiple ownership systems in the country, various small and medium-sized enterprises with different ownership have rapidly emerged and haveshown great vitality. With the further opening up of the country, foreign-funded enterprises have developed rapidly, which plays an important role in raising industry standards and expanding exports. So far China has established joint ventures with famous manufacturers in the United States, Germany, Japan and other countries or directly established piston pumps/motors, planetary speed reducers, hydraulic control valves, steering gears, hydraulic systems, hydrostatic transmissions, and hydraulic components. The company has more than 50 manufacturing enterprises such as castings, pneumatic control valves, cylinders, gas processing triplets, rubber seals, and mechanical seals, and has attracted more than 200 million U.S. dollars in foreign capital.(2) Current statusBasic profileAfter more than 40 years of hard work, China's hydraulics, pneumatics and seals industry has formed a complete industrial system with a certain level of production capacity and technical level. According to the statistics of the third n ational industrial census in 1995, China’s state-owned, privately-owned, cooperative, village-run, individual, and “funded enterprises” have annual sales income of more than 1 million yuan in hydraulic, pneumatic, and seal industrial townships and above. There are a total of more than 1,300 companies, including about 700 hydraulics, and about 300 pneumatic and sealing parts. According to thestatistics of the international industry in 1996, the total output value of the hydraulic industry in China was about 2.448 billion yuan, accounting for the 6th in the world; the total output value of the pneumatic industry was about 419 million yuan, accounting for the world’s10 people.2. Current supply and demand profileWith the introduction of technology, independent development and technological transformation, the technical level of the first batch of high-pressure plunger pumps, vane pumps, gear pumps, general hydraulic valves, oil cylinders, oil-free pneumatic components and various types of seals has become remarkable. Improve, and can be stable mass production, provide guarantees for all types of host to improve product quality. In addition, certain achievements have also been made in the aspects of CAD, pollution control, and proportional servo technology for hydraulic pneumatic components and systems, and have been used for production. So far, the hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products have a total of about 3,000 varieties and more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are about 1,200 types of hydraulic pressure, more than 10,000 specifications (including 60 types of hydrodynamic products, 500 specifications); about 1350 types of pneumatic, more than 8,000 specifications; there are also 350 types of rubber seals, more than 5000 The specifications are now basically able to adapt to the general needs ofvarious types of mainframe products. The matching rate for major equipment sets can reach more than 60%, and a small amount of exports has started.In 1998, the domestic production of hydraulic components was 4.8 million pieces, with sales of about 2.8 billion yuan (of which mechanical systems accounted for 70%); output of pneumatic components was 3.6 million pieces, and sales were about 550 million yuan (including mechanical systems accounting for about 60%) The production of seals is about 800 million pieces, and the sales volume is about 1 billion yuan (including about 50% of mechanical systems). According to the statistics of the annual report of the China Hydraulic and Pneumatic Sealing Industry Association in 1998, the production and sales rate of hydraulic products was 97.5% (101% of hydraulic power), 95.9% of air pressure, and 98.7% of seal. This fully reflects the basic convergence of production and sales.Although China's hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industries have made great progress, there are still many gaps compared with the development needs of the mainframe and the world's advanced level, which are mainly reflected in the variety, performance and reliability of products. . Take hydraulic products as an example, the product varieties are only 1/3 of the foreign country, and the life expectancy is 1/2 of that of foreign countries. In order to meet the needs of key hosts, imported hosts, and majortechnical equipment, China has a large number of imported hydraulic, pneumatic, and sealing products every year. According to customs statistics and relevant data analysis, in 1998, the import volume of hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products was about 200 million U.S. dollars, of which the hydraulic pressure was about 140 million U.S. dollars, the pneumatics were 30 million U.S. dollars, and the seal was about 0.3 billion U.S. dollars. The year is slightly lower. In terms of amount, the current domestic market share of imported products is about 30%. In 1998, the total demand for hydraulic parts in the domestic market was about 6 million pieces, and the total sales volume was 4 billion yuan; the total demand for pneumatic parts was about 5 million pieces, and the total sales volume was over 700 million yuan; the total demand for seals was about 1.1 billion yuan. Pieces, total sales of about 1.3 billion yuan. (3) Future developments1. The main factors affecting development(1) The company's product development capability is not strong, and the level and speed of technology development can not fully meet the current needs for advanced mainframe products, major technical equipment and imported equipment and maintenance;(2) Many companies have lagged behind in manufacturing process, equipment level and management level, and their sense of quality is not strong, resulting in low level of product performance, unstable quality,poor reliability, and insufficiency of service, and lack of user satisfaction. And trusted branded products;(3) The degree of professional specialization in the industry is low, the power is scattered, the duplication of the low level is serious, the product convergence between the region and the enterprise leads to blind competition, and the prices are reduced each other, thus the efficiency of the enterprise is reduced, the funds are lacking, and the turnover is difficult. Insufficient investment in development and technological transformation has severely restricted the overall level of the industry and its competitive strength.(4) When the degree of internationalization of the domestic market is increasing, foreign companies have gradually entered the Chinese market to participate in competition, coupled with the rise of domestic private, cooperative, foreign-funded, and individual enterprises, resulting in increasing impact on state-owned enterprises. .2. Development trendWith the continuous deepening of the socialist market economy, the relationship between supply and demand in the hydraulic, pneumatic and sealed products has undergone major changes. The seller market characterized by “shortage” has basically become a buyer’s market characterized by “structured surplus”. Replaced by. From the perspective of overall capacity, it is already in a trend of oversupply, and in particular,general low-grade hydraulic, pneumatic and seals are generally oversupply; and like high-tech products with high technological content and high value and high value-added products that are urgently needed by the host, Can not meet the needs of the market, can only rely on imports. After China's entry into the WTO, its impact may be greater. Therefore, during the “10th Five-Y ear Plan” period, the growth of the industry’s output value must not only rely on the growth of quantity. Instead, it should focus on the structural contradiction of the industry and intensify efforts to adjust the industrial structure and product structure. It should be based on the improvement of quality. Product technology upgrades in order to adapt to and stimulate market demand, and seek greater development.2. Hydraulic application on power slide(1) Introduction of Power Sliding TableUsing the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to analyze and study the sliding effect and the smoothness of the sliding table of the combined machine tool, the dynamics of the hydraulic drive system of the sliding table—the self-regulating back pressure regulating system are established. mathematical model. Through the digital simulation system of the computer, the causes and main influencing factors of the slide impact and the motion instability are analyzed. What kind of conclusions can be drawn from those, if we canreasonably design the structural dimensions of hydraulic cylinders and self-regulating back pressure regulators ——The symbols used in the text are as follows:s 1 - flow source, that is, the flow rate of the governor valve outlet;S el —— sliding friction of the sliding table;R - the equivalent viscous friction coefficient of the slide;I 1 - quality of slides and cylinders;12 - self-adjusting back pressure valve core quality;C 1, c 2 - liquid volume without cylinder chamber and rod chamber;C 2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve spring compliance;R 1, R2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve damping orifice fluid resistance;R 9 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve valve fluid resistance;S e2——initial pre-tightening force of self-adjusting back pressure valve spring;I 4, I5 - Equivalent liquid sense of the pipeline;C 5, C 6 - equivalent liquid capacity of the pipeline;R 5, R7 - Equivalent liquid resistance of the pipeline;V 3, V4 - cylinder rodless cavity and rod cavity volume;P 3, P4—pressure of the rodless cavity and rod cavity of the cylinder;F - the slide bears the load;V - speed of slide motion;In this paper, the power bond diagram and the state space splitting method are used to establish the system's motion mathematical model, and the dynamic characteristics of the slide table can be significantly improved.In the normal operation of the combined machine tool, the magnitude of the speed of the slide, its direction and the load changes it undergoes will affect its performance in varying degrees. Especially in the process of work-in-process, the unsteady movement caused by the advancing of the load on the slide table and the cyclical change of the load will affect the surface quality of the workpiece to be machined. In severe cases, the tool will break. According to the requirements of the Dalian Machine Tool Plant, the author used the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to establish a dynamic mathematical model of a self-adjusting back pressure and speed adjustment system for the new hydraulic drive system of the combined machine tool slide. In order to improve the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table, it is necessary to analyze the causes and main influencing factors of the impetus and movement of the sliding table. However, it must pass the computer's digital simulation and the final results obtained from the research.(2) Dynamic Mathematical ModelThe working principle diagram of the self-adjusting back pressure speedregulation system of the combined machine tool slide hydraulic drive system is shown in the figure. This system is used to complete the work-cycle-stop-rewind. When the sliding table is working, the three-position four-way reversing valve is in the illustrated position. The oil supply pressure of the oil pump will remain approximately constant under the effective action of the overflow valve, and the oil flow passes through the reversing valve and adjusts the speed. The valve enters the rodless chamber of the cylinder to push the slide forward. At the same time, the pressurized oil discharged from the rod chamber of the cylinder will flow back to the tank through the self-regulating back pressure valve and the reversing valve. During this process, there was no change in the operating status of both the one-way valve and the relief valve. The complex and nonlinear system of the hydraulic drive system of the self-adjusting back pressure governor system is a kind of self-adjusting back-pressure governor system. To facilitate the study of its dynamic characteristics, a simple and reasonable dynamic mathematical model that only considers the main influencing factors is established. Especially important [1][2]. From the theoretical analysis and the experimental study, we can see that the system process time is much longer than the process time of the speed control valve. When the effective pressure bearing area of the rodless cavity of the fuel tank is large, the flow rate at the outlet of the speed control valve is instantaneous. The overshoot is reflected in thesmall change in speed of the slide motion [2]. In order to further broaden and deeply study the dynamic characteristics of the system so that the research work can be effectively performed on a miniature computer, this article will further simplify the original model [2], assuming that the speed control valve is output during the entire system pass. When the flow is constant, this is considered to be the source of the flow. The schematic diagram of the dynamic model structure of this system is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a cylinder, a sliding table, a self-adjusting back pressure valve, and a connecting pipe.The power bond graph is a power flow graph. It is based on the transmission mode of the system energy, based on the actual structure, and uses the centralized parameters to represent the role of the subsystems abstractly as a resistive element R, a perceptual element I, and a capacitive element. Three kinds of role of C. Using this method, the physical concept of modeling is clear, and combined with the state-space analysis method, the linear system can be described and analyzed more accurately. This method is an effective method to study the dynamic characteristics of complex nonlinear systems in the time domain. According to the main characteristics of each component of the self-adjusting back pressure control system and the modeling rules [1], the power bond diagram of the system is obtained. The upper half of each key in the figure represents the power flow. The two variables that makeup the power are the force variables (oil pressure P and force F) and the flow variables (flow q and velocity v). The O node indicates that the system is connected in parallel, and the force variables on each key are equal and the sum of the flow variables is zero; 1 The nodes represent the series connection in the system, the flow variables on each key are equal and the sum of the force variables is Zero. TF denotes a transformer between different energy forms. The TF subscripted letter represents the conversion ratio of the flow variable or the force variable. The short bar on the key indicates the causal relationship between the two variables on the key. The full arrow indicates the control relationship. There are integral or differential relationships between the force and flow variables of the capacitive and perceptual elements in the three types of action elements. Therefore, a complex nonlinear equation of state with nine state variables can be derived from Fig. 3 . In this paper, the research on the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table starts from the two aspects of the slide's hedging and the smoothness of the motion. The fourth-order fixed-length Runge-Kutta is used for digital simulation on the IBM-PC microcomputer.(3) Slide advanceThe swaying phenomenon of the slide table is caused by the sudden disappearance of the load acting on the slide table (such as drilling work conditions). In this process, the table load F, the moving speed V, and thepressure in the two chambers of the cylinder P3 and P4 can be seen from the simulation results in Fig. 4. When the sliding table moves at a uniform speed under the load, the oil pressure in the rodless cavity of the oil cylinder is high, and a large amount of energy is accumulated in the oil. When the load suddenly disappears, the oil pressure of the cavity is rapidly reduced, and the oil is rapidly reduced. When the high-pressure state is transferred to the low-pressure state, a lot of energy is released to the system, resulting in a high-speed forward impact of the slide. However, the front slide of the sliding table causes the pressure in the rod cavity of the oil cylinder to cause the back pressure to rise, thereby consuming part of the energy in the system, which has a certain effect on the kicking of the slide table. We should see that in the studied system, the inlet pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is subject to the comprehensive effect of the two-chamber oil pressure of the oil cylinder. When the load suddenly disappears, the pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve rapidly rises and stably exceeds the initial back pressure value. It can be seen from the figure that self-adjusting back pressure in the speed control system when the load disappears, the back pressure of the cylinder rises more than the traditional speed control system, so the oil in the rod cavity of the cylinder absorbs more energy, resulting in the amount of forward momentum of the slide It will be about 20% smaller than traditionalspeed control systems. It can be seen from this that the use of self-adjusting back-gear speed control system as a drive system slider has good characteristics in suppressing the forward punch, in which the self-adjusting back pressure valve plays a very large role.(4) The smoothness of the slideWhen the load acting on the slide changes periodically (such as in the case of milling), the speed of the slide will have to fluctuate. In order to ensure the processing quality requirements, it must reduce its speed fluctuation range as much as possible. From the perspective of the convenience of the discussion of the problem, assume that the load changes according to a sine wave law, and the resulting digital simulation results are shown in Figure 5. From this we can see that this system has the same variation rules and very close numerical values as the conventional speed control system. The reason is that when the change of the load is not large, the pressure in the two chambers of the fuel tank will not have a large change, which will eventually lead to the self-regulating back pressure valve not showing its effect clearly.(5) Improvement measuresThe results of the research show that the dynamic performance of a sliding table with self-regulating back pressure control system as a drive system is better than that of a traditional speed control system. To reduce the amount of kick in the slide, it is necessary to rapidly increase the backpressure of the rod cavity when the load disappears. To increase the smoothness of the sliding table, it is necessary to increase the rigidity of the system. The main measure is to reduce the volume of oil. From the system structure, it is known that the cylinder has a large volume between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe, as shown in Fig. 6a. Its existence in terms of delay and attenuation of the self-regulating back pressure valve function, on the other hand, also reduces the rigidity of the system, it will limit the further improvement of the propulsion characteristics and the smoothness of the motion. Thus, improving the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table can be handled by two methods: changing the cylinder volume or changing the size of the self-regulating back pressure valve. Through the simulation calculation of the structural parameters of the system and the comparison of the results, it can be concluded that the ratio of the volume V4 between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe to the volume V3 between the rodless cavity and the oil inlet pipe is changed from 5.5 to 5.5. At 1 oclock, as shown in the figure, the diameter of the bottom end of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is increased from the original 10mm to 13mm, and the length of the damper triangle groove is reduced from the original lmm to 0.7mm, which will enable the front of the slide table. The impulse is reduced by 30%, the transition time is obviously shortened, and the smoothness of the slide motion will also be greatly improved.中文译文液压系统W Arnold1. 绪论液压站称液压泵站,是独立的液压装置。
英汉汉英段落翻译100篇
1Lexicography1)Lexicography provides at its best a joyful sense of busyness with language2) One isimmersed in the details of language as in no other field. 3) Sometimes the details are so overwhelming and endless they sap the spirit and depress the mind4) Often at the end of a hard day’s work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has an immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole 5) As I hope the readers of this work will come to understand dictionaries do not sprint into being 6)People must plan them collect information and write them.7 )Writing takes time and it is often frustrating and even infuriating.8 )No other form of writing is at once so quixotic and so intensely practical.9) Dictionary making does not require brilliance or originality of mind.10) It does require high intelligence mastery of the craft and dedication to hard work.11) If one has produced a dictionary one has the satisfaction of having produced a work of enduring value.2.Pollution1) Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives.2) Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 3) Now ―growth‖ industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life.4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air water and land.5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living, in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of.6) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.7) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.1参考译文词典编纂的绝妙之处是给人一种与语言打交道的快乐感。
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232公制，标准尺寸图1梯形齿廓标准同步皮带由聚氨酯与钢或芳纶抗拉元件制成。
符号T代表梯形齿廓标准带。
WHM公司与国内GmbH公司和德国的Han over公司合作，在1995年前后联合开发了这种同步带。
MULCO团体在德国以Synchroflex为品牌名发行这种同步带，之后又在欧洲发行。
在1997年这种带被标准化了，其标准为DIN772。
这些带遍布世界各地，并可作为成型的环形带，无尽的连接带和开口带使用。
」MI 1 P C(YGn.itip JEfiMtinn I Vew prulilc intnxJuwd具有梯形齿廓和公制标准尺寸，AT同步带是T型同步带的一个发展。
它们由由聚氨酯与钢或芳纶抗拉元件制成。
与T型同步带先比，AT型同步带有更宽的齿形截面和更强的抗拉构件。
AT型同步带一个特殊的特点是带齿齿隙紧靠带轮槽底座。
德国的MULCO和Ha nover公司开发了这种类型的同步带，并在1980年左右以Synchroflex为品牌发行了这种带。
这些带遍布世界各地，并可作为成型的环形带，无尽的连接带和开口带使用。
这些带ISO 13050标准用符号H表示，也被称为HTD同步带。
HTD代表大扭矩驱动。
这种同步带是由氯丁橡胶与玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物制成，并由在1973年引领美国市场的Gates公司开发。
曲齿的几何形状是圆形，较大的齿高显然增加了齿承载能力和抗牙跳能力。
这种带在世界各地都可以看到, 许多制造商都参与它的生产。
它们也用聚氨酯，任选与钢丝帘线或芳纶抗拉元件制造。
用户可以从无尽的成型带，开口带和连续挤压环形带中选择使用。
这些带ISO 13050标准用符号R表示，也被称为RPP同步带。
RPP代表橡胶抛物线。
1985年意大利的公司开发了这种双抛物线齿廓的同步带，他们是由氯丁橡胶与玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物制成。
这种类型的同步带主要发行在欧洲南部，许多制造商都参与它们的生产。
它们也用聚氨酯，任选钢丝帘线或芳纶抗拉元件制造。
用户可以从无尽的成型带，开口带和连续挤压环形带中选择使用。
这些带ISO 13050 标准用符号S 表示，也被称为STD 同步带。
STD 带表 示极大转矩传动。
美国，内布拉斯加州，林肯的 Goodyear 公司在1976年发展 了这一标准。
这种改进的渐开线齿廓同步带由氯丁橡胶的玻璃纤维抗拉元件 和 聚酰胺纤维织物制成。
这种型号的同步带在世界各地都可以看到，许多制造 商 都参与它们的生产。
它们也可以用聚氨酯，任选钢丝帘线或芳纶抗拉元件制 成。
用户可以从无尽的成型带，开口带和连续挤压环形带中选择使用。
I fy _1■尿 1佈— L九237高功率齿形带图这种类型的同步带与STD型同步带有相似的几何特征。
它们之间是可以互换的，并且在相同的皮带轮上工作。
在1990年它们是由德国的OPTIBELT公司引入，并注册商标为欧米茄。
制造商用氯丁橡胶与玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物将它们制造成为环形带。
根据制造商所说，这种带也可以在RPP同步带轮上工作。
238大功率GT3型同步带图1 曲—弧形齿形带注册为鲍尔格里普商标。
在1991年，美国，科罗拉多州，丹佛，盖茨公司的制造商将这种带引入市场。
它们是由氯丁橡胶，玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物制造而成。
2毫米，3毫米和5毫米的这种带只能运行在这家制造商的“ gt3”皮带轮上，而8毫米和14毫米的将运行在HTD皮带轮。
这些带由玻璃纤维或钢制成，可作为成型带和环形带使用。
皮带的注册商标为Polychain GT2。
美国，科罗拉达州，丹佛，大门公司用聚氨酯与芳纶抗拉元件和牙面聚酰胺制造这种皮带。
织物的牙面是由一个特殊的聚四氟乙烯浸渍涂层获得极低的摩擦系数的优化。
这种带功率密度高、内部损伤低且齿型噪音特别小。
根据制造商的指导方针这种带不适合在带背部安装张紧轮的传动。
Polychain同步带可以用作环形带或开口带。
自2007年以来，这些带也可与碳纤维作为一种替代的张力构件。
在这种情况下，在背部安装张紧轮是可以的，它们已经标准化为PCC GT2.这种皮带也可由Gates Mectrol公司用钢拉杆的聚氨酯制造为开口带。
德国，汉诺威，大陆公司提供8毫米和14毫米的synchrochain皮带，这种带由一种新的聚氨酯化合物和低摩擦布PE膜牙面制造而成。
张紧轮总是被允许使用的。
2310大功率ATP型皮带图ATP的同步带的特点是有一个双齿节距，齿上的负载平均分布在齿的两个侧面。
ATP同步带与其他同步带相比减小了多边形效应和降低了噪音。
1992年左右，德国的Wilhelm Herm. Muller, Han over公司第一次开发了这种带，MULCO集团独家发行了这种同步带。
这些带可用作封闭长度的钢拉杆的聚氨酯模塑。
自跟踪带沿纵向长度纳入了中央或偏置指南，通常位于齿边，提供侧向制导。
相应的V形槽已被纳入相关的皮带轮，托辊和引导。
自跟踪带非常适用于悬挂或运输物体的场合。
在1980年前后，德国的BRECO Antriebstechnik GmbH公司开发了这种自跟踪带且由MULCO集团独家发行这种带。
由于可以满足广大的使用者，所有主要的T型和AT型带都可以作为自跟踪同步带使用。
他们有钢拉杆聚氨酯制成的连续挤压闭合型和焊接成品型两种类型。
VEE的指南通常使每节齿根得到缓解来保持皮带的灵活性。
2312 特殊型SFAT带SFAT带的特点是具有两排牙齿的半齿偏移。
它们是天生的自跟踪带。
这种设计是为了拥护AT型自跟踪带（参照233章）。
在1985年左右，德国的BRECO Antriebstechnik GmbH公司开发了这种带，MULCO集团独家发行了这种带。
它们有10毫米和20毫米的间距，用钢拉杆的聚氨酯制成，有连续挤压闭合型和焊接成品型两种。
2313 特殊型BAT带Preferred DirectionBAT带是圆弧牙型的带，它运行在与之相应的皮带轮上并且没有多边形效应。
和其他皮带相比它们的特征是显着降低运行噪音和在最佳运行方向显示自跟踪性能。
在1990年德国的BRECO Antriebstechnik GmbH公司开发了这种带，并由MULCO集团独家发行这种带。
他们有BAT10和BAT15两种，用钢拉杆的聚氨酯制成连续挤压闭合型和焊接成品型两类。
这种设计使得B牙型截面带获得了AT型带的高功率。
BATK是另一个不同的带型，它采用了自跟踪导向，允许交替运行方向。
2314 异型鹰带双螺旋鹰带在匹配的皮带轮上运行，几乎没有任何多边形效应。
与其他带系相比，他们显着降低了噪声水平且在运行方向有自跟踪行为。
在1994年，美国，内布拉斯加州，林肯，Goodyear Tyre and Rubber公司获得了这种带的专利，并在1997年发行了8mm和14mm两种。
它们由芳纶抗拉元件和齿聚酰胺织物合成橡胶制成。
它们的牙齿的几何形状对应于S型和STD型带（参照236章）。
每排螺旋带齿相互有半个尺寸偏移。
这种带的专利拥有者是意大利的Elatech和Megadyne,受专利保护。
它们由钢或芳纶聚氨酯制造成为开口带或是焊接成品带。
2315 特殊型带N10这钉皮带结合其特殊齿形和匹配滑轮给出了自跟踪的解决方案。
在1998年德国的内陆的Antriebstechnik GmbH公司开发了这种带。
它采用钢拉杆的聚氨酯制造为开口型和焊接成品型两类且受专利保护。
这种类型的带适用于悬挂或运输物品的装置。
2316 带插入附件的异型ATN带ATN同步带是带有可以插入附件的孔的一类同步带。
德国的BRECO Antriebstechnik GmbH公司开发了这类同步带，且由MULCO集团独家发行。
这种带的名字表明它有AT带的牙型，而N代表可以有附件插入这种带中。
螺纹插在皮带的齿侧面，附件安装在带的后面，这样方便拆卸和重新安装。
生产出的带的孔是内部的盲孔，然后根据用户的要求再穿孔。
这种带由钢拉杆的聚氨酯制为开口的和焊接成品两种类型。
另一种ATN带可以作为自跟踪带使用，受专利保护。
市场为同步带设计师提供不同的材料和制造工艺过程。
它们的共同之处是 一个主要由嵌入式弹性体材料和高刚度拉伸线组成的一个复合结构，这个复 合 结 构称为受拉构件。
每一种材料都有它特殊的性质，这决定了它要完成什么 样 的任 务。
弹性体材料的弹性模量和抗拉强度有四个数量级的分离。
因此，受 拉 构件 （2.5 章）是通过涂有适当的黏结 剂来允许高弹性体粘连。
材料和制造步骤， 在 制造过程中必须协调，使各个组件相互兼容和互补且永久保留材料的所需 特 点。
弹性材料的选择实质上决定了设计的可能性和方法步骤。
下面，简单描 述 了各生 产工序后，可以看出，最终产品取决于个别制造过程中所导致的选择 和 质量特征。
弹性体及其处理的选择也会影响其设计的适用性和应用领域。
这 些 领域已被粗略 的划分为两个领域。
一个是制造作直线运动和输送的开口同步 带， 一个是用于电 力传输系统的环形同步带。
将近 90%的同步带生产用作于后者。
张紧元件卷绕成 螺旋状或螺旋状“嵌入”在带体，制造商把这种半成品描述 为 “同步带套”或 “无尽套 ”。
2.4.1 铸铁制成的热固性聚氨酯同步带聚氨酯以他们所承受大变形的能力以及能完全恢复到弹性体的初始卸载状 态而著称。
这一分支的聚氨酯同步带的制造取决于浇注两种成分的聚氨酯， 加工条件下直接混合，具有低的粘度。
合适的模具设计采用由内芯和外形组 的闭合形式。
一般来说，内芯具有所需的齿形几何外形，外面形状的内部直 形成了背面轮廓。
在一个双面带的情况下，一个齿廓等效的外在形式，可用 支持或反对的牙齿。
受拉构件绕在内核并支持所谓的两翼。
对于高性能带，对线可以降低由于 螺旋拉伸而引起的带的流动，从而促进皮带驱动的平稳运行。
在成径。