《语言学》期末考试样题Sample
语言学期末考试试题
语言学期末考试试题一、选择题（每题 2 分，共 30 分）1、语言的本质属性是（）A 社会性B 生理性C 物理性D 心理性2、下列属于音素的是（）A aiB pC auD ei3、汉语普通话中“妈”“麻”“马”“骂”的声调不同，主要是由于（）A 音高B 音强C 音长D 音色4、最小的有意义的语言单位是（）A 语素B 词C 短语D 句子5、“巧克力”是（）A 单纯词B 合成词C 派生词D 复合词6、下列词中属于偏正结构的是（）A 提高B 黑板C 心疼D 地震7、“他跑得很快”中“得”的作用是（）A 表示可能B 表示程度C 表示结果D 表示趋向8、下列句子属于兼语句的是（）A 他叫我去买东西。
B 我知道他来。
C 他有个妹妹很可爱。
D 大家选他当班长。
9、下列属于外来词的是（）A 电脑B 沙发C 电话D 电视10、语言发展的基本条件是（）A 社会的发展B 语言内部的矛盾C 不同语言的接触D 个人的创造11、现代汉民族共同语是以（）为标准音。
A 北京语音B 北方语音C 南京语音D 广州语音12、下列方言中属于吴方言的是（）A 上海话B 厦门话C 南昌话D 长沙话13、语言融合的方式通常是（）A 自愿融合B 被迫融合C 自然融合D 人工融合14、下列语言中属于屈折语的是（）A 汉语B 英语C 日语D 朝鲜语15、语言符号的任意性是指（）A 语言符号的形式和意义之间没有必然联系B 语言符号的形式和意义之间存在必然联系C 语言符号可以随意改变形式和意义D 语言符号的形式和意义是固定不变的二、填空题（每题 2 分，共 20 分）1、语言是人类最重要的________工具和________工具。
2、语音四要素包括音高、音强、音长和________。
3、元音和辅音最主要的区别是________。
4、词的组合的五种基本类型是主谓结构、动宾结构、偏正结构、中补结构和________。
5、句子按语气可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和________。
语言学期末考试
Final examination for linguisticsⅠ.Multiple choice 15×2’=30’Ⅱ.True or False 5×1’=5’Ⅲ.Explain the following terms5×4’=20’1, FSPFunctional sentence perspective (FSP) is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that the rule of each utterance part is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole.2, CPWe seem to follow some principle like the following: make yourself conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. And this principle is known as the cooperative principle or CP for short.3, Sapir-Whorf-HypothesisWhat this hypothesis suggests is this: our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express speakers’ unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument, two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.4, performativeUtterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; the uttering of the sentence is doing of an action; they can not be said to be true or false.5, interlanguageThe type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners, who are still in the process of learning a language/a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.6, illocutionary actAn act performed in saying something. To say is to do something.7, contrastive analysisA way of comparing L1 and L2 to determine potential error for the purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in the second language learning situation.8, error analysisError analysis is a type of bilingual comparison, a comparison between learner’s interlanguage and the target language. A major claim of which is that many errors made by L2 learners were caused by factors other than L1 interference. Errors are not just to be seen as something to be eradicated. 9, conversational implicatureConversational implicature is a nonconventional implicature based on addressee’s assumption that the speaker is following the conversational maxims or at least the cooperative principle.Ⅳ.Questions3×10’=30’1, the role of input for SLAIt is evident that SLA takes place only when the learner has access to L2 input and the opportunityto interact with the input. It appears that what learners need is not mere exposure to L2 data，but the kind of input data that are specially suited to their current stage of development. There is，however，no agreement as to precisely what constitutes optimum input. Some scholars advise that access to comprehensible input is a necessary condition for acquisition to take place. It is suggested that input can be made comprehensible by the use of learned structures and vocabulary，the linguistic and extra linguistic contexts of the input data，and the learner's general knowledge to interpret new language items. It is also suggested that interaction （i.e. taking part in communicative activities）and intake （i.e. the input that is assimilated and fed into the interlanguage system）are more important for SLA than input.2, How do you understand interlanguage?Interlanguage consists of a series of interlocking and approximate linguistic systems in between and yet distinct from the learner's native and target languages. It represents the learner's transitional competence moving along a learning continuum stretching from one's LI competence to the target language competence. As a type of linguistic system in its own right，interlanguage is a product of L2 training，mother tongue interference，over generalization of the target language rules，and communicative strategies of the learner.3, explain locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act with example in detail①a lucutionary act: The act of saying something in the full sense of “say”②an illocutionary act: an act performed in saying something. To say something is to do sth.③a perlocutionary act: the act performed by or as a result of saying. The effects on the hearer. For example “ It is cold in here ”Its locutionary act is the saying of it with its literal meaning the weather is cold in here.Its illocutionary act can be a request of the hear to close the window.Its perlocutionary act can be the hearer’s shutting the window or his refusal to comply with the request.4, the four maxims of CP and example of violation of each maximMaxims of CP:QUANTITY: (1)Make your contribution as informative as is required(for the current purposes of the exchange).(2)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.QUALITY: Try to make your contribution one that is true. (1)Do not say what you believe to be false (2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.RELATION: Be relevantMANNER: Be perspicuous.(1)Avoid Obscurity of expression.(2) Avoid Ambiguity.(3)Be Brief(avoid prolixity).(4)Be Ordered①violation of maxim of Quantity: A：What are you reading? B：A book②violation of maxim of Quality: A: Would you like to come to our party tonight? B: I’m afraid I’m not feel so well today.③violation of maxim of relevance: A: What time is it? B: Well, the paper is already come.④violation of maxim of Manner: A: Let’s stop and get something to eat B: Okay, but not M-c-D-o-n-a-l-d-s.5, what’s plague school best known for?The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged tolangue. On this basis he developed the notion of “phoneme”as an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sounds actually produced. In classifying distinctive features, he proposed three criteria: (1) their relation to the whole contrastive system; (2) relations between the opposing elements; and (3) their power of discrimination. These oppositions can be summarized as: a) bilateral opposition; b) multilateral opposition; c) proportional opposition; d) isolated opposition; e) privative opposition; f) gradual opposition; g) equippollent opposition; h) neutralisable opposition; and i) constant opposition.Ⅴ.Discussion1×15’=15’1, The London School 2, American structuralismThe London schoolThe London School is a main branch of modern linguistics. There are three main representatives: J. R. Firth, the first professor of General linguistics in Great Britain, B. Malinowski, an anthropologist and M. A. K Halliday. They all stressed the importance of situation and the system aspect of language. Thus, the London school is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics. They thought different types of linguistics should be used to describe different purposes, which was one of the precious thoughts. In the following, I will introduce them one by one.Malinowski was one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists. The most important part of his theory is concerning the functioning of language. He thought that language as a “means of transfusing ideas from the head of the speaker to that of the listener” was a myth. According to him, the meaning of an utterance does not come from its relation to situational context in which the utterance occurs. His theory is based on two observations. First, there is no writing in primitive communities there is no writing, and language has only one type of use. Second, in all societies, children learn their languages in this way. He also distinguished three types of context of situation: First, situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity. Second, narrative situations---the situation of the moment of narration is “made up of the respective social, intellectual and emotional attitudes of these present”. Third, situations in which speech is used to fill a speech vacuum – phatic communion.J. R. Firth, an English linguist, the first professor of general linguistics in Great Britain, took what was best in structuralism and functionalism and blended it with insights. As we know Firth was the Malinowski’s students, so Firth’s theory was deeply influenced by Malinowski and also inherited some tradition from Saussure’s. He regarded language as a social process, as a means of social life, rather than simply as a set of agreed-upon semiotics and signs. He thought that human beings have to learn in order to live and learning language is a means of participation in social activities. Language is means of doing things and of making others do things. It is a means of acting and living. Firth’s own study focused on the context of situation as Malinowski did. He defined the context of situation as including the entire cultural setting of speech and the personal history of the participants rather than as simply the context of human activity going on at the moment. He made more specific and more detailed contextual analysis. He put forward the idea that in analyzing a typical context of situation, one has to take into consideration both the situational context and the linguistic context of a text: the international relations of the text itself and the context of situation. His second important contribution to linguistics is his method of prosdic analysis, called prosdic phonology.Halliday developed his theory from Firth’s theory in London School. His Systemic-Functional Grammar is sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential linguistic theories in the twentieth century, having great effect on various disciplines related tolanguage.From the three representatives we can see that the London school pays attention to the pronunciation, semantics, the social dialects, local dialect and language teaching. They explore the language of psychology, establishing grammatical system and literary criticism. For the practical target language learners, they are enthusiastic leaders.American StructuralismAmerican Structuralism, which is also called American descriptive linguistic, is a branch of synchronic linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. It became popular and influential in the 1930s and 40s through the world. And it was the American anthropologists, who found that "the indigenous languages of the American Indian were dying out rapidly and they felt the urgent need to record these languages” As the Native American Indian languages were of "vast diversity" and "there were no written records of these languages", so the traditional grammar, which focuses on "prescribing the rules governed language " proved to be infeasible to deal with the Native American Indian languages. So to "record and describe these exotic languages" without having any presuppositions about the nature of language in general seemed more suitable and much discussion on "descriptive procedures" occurred.The three Periods of American Structuralism include Boas-Sapir Period (1911-1932),The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and The Post-Bloomfieldian Period (1952-1956).Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis consists of two parts---"linguistic determinism and relativism", states, "the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language". Whorf , who succeeded Sapir's supposition, proposed that "all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, i.e. the notion of linguistic determinism, because languages differ in many ways". And he also believed that "speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, i.e. relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism"Then during the The Bloomfieldian Period, as the founder of American Structuralism, Bloomfield have settled the Principle representative of American Structuralism: The first principle: When one individual is stimulated, his speech can make another individual react accordingly. The second principle: The division of labour and all human activities based on the division of labor are dependent on language. The third principle: The distance between the speaker and hearer, two separate nervous systems, is bridged up by sound waves. For Bloomfield, "linguistic is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as behaviorism." It's from the point of "behaviorism" that he holds language is "a chain of stimulus-response "behavior and believes that the linguistic description should based on the observation of language.After Bloomfield, American linguaists such as Z. Harres, C. Hockett, Pike futher developed American Structuralism and the most distinguished one is Zelling Harris, who belonged to the Post-Bloomfieldian Linguistics. His Methods in structural linguistics published in 1951 marks "the maturity of American descriptive linguistics. "Harris formulated "a set of strict descriptive procedures which took the logic of distributional relations as the basic of structural analysis", holding that the analysis of language should be done without referring to the meaning. And he also gave the basic steps of the language analysis, which are "distribution and substitution" .The American Structuralism does have its own features, which can be summed up as comparisonof three pairs of concepts: "synchronic vs. Diachronic", "Descriptive VS Prescriptive" and "Structuralism VS Traditional Grammar".For the synchronic and Diachronic, the Synchronic description means taking "a fixed instant, as its point of observation", while the Diachronic description means studying "a language through the course of its history". And The distinction of Descriptive and Prescriptive is that describing shows "how things are" while the prescribing lays down "how things ought to be". For instance, a descriptive one would say, "People do/don't say X ", while the latter one would present as "Do/Don't say X ".As for the distinction of Traditional and Structural Grammer, the structural approach to analyze "how words form and how those words are used together to form larger structures" while the traditional grammar focuses mainly on "the meaning of the collection of words portrayed".American structuralism is of much advantage and contributions, American Structuralism is a great landmark in the linguistics history, and comparing with its predecessor-the traditional grammar, it has many advantages. The linguistic description is "vividly important" in "documenting the diversity of human languages", most of which are vanishing and offering the basic data of "developing serious explanatory theories of language "So Its descriptive tradition is still worth learning and referring today for with its describing techniques, "languages we don't know or understand can be observed and described into terminology that we, as outsiders, can comprehend". We all say that today the global is becoming a village but actually, to achieve this aim, we still need to do more jobs as there are so many kinds of languages in the world, which are a great obstacle. And for "within language lies communication, and within communication lies understanding of the world and the people around us" (Romanine Suzanne 1994), we should still look back at the American Structuralism's classical theories and methods from now and then and make full use of it to get the basic data of varied languages to develop more serious linguistics theories and finally to sever our own life.。
期末语言学试题及答案
期末语言学试题及答案第一部分：选择题1. 下列哪个属于语言学的研究范畴？a) 文学作品的分析b) 语言文字的演变c) 心理学的实验d) 数学公式的推导答案：b) 语言文字的演变2. “语言是人类所特有的交流工具”这句话表达了以下哪个语言学观点？a) 脱离人类语言的存在b) 语言的多样性c) 语言与文化的关联性d) 语言的外在表现形式答案：a) 脱离人类语言的存在3. 以下哪个属于双关语？a) “有钱人终成眷属”b) “真理只能通过实践来证明”c) “独立自主，自由自在”d) “一叶知秋”答案：c) “独立自主，自由自在”4. 以下哪个是语义学的研究范畴？a) 语音学b) 词汇学c) 句法学d) 语用学答案：b) 词汇学5. 下列哪个不属于语言学基本假设？a) 语言是有限的b) 语言与思维密切相关c) 语言学研究应遵循科学原则d) 语言的起源来自上帝的创造答案：d) 语言的起源来自上帝的创造第二部分：简答题1. 解释语言变体的概念，并举例说明。
语言变体指的是不同于标准语的语言变体形式，通常由地理、社会、文化等因素引起。
例如，在中国普通话的基础上，各地方言就是语言的一个变体。
同时，在不同社会群体中，也存在着年龄、职业、阶层等因素引发的语言变体。
例如，年轻人之间的网络流行语和老年人之间的特定方言就是不同的语言变体。
2. 请介绍一下语音学的研究内容。
语音学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究语音的产生、传播和接收过程，以及语音在不同语言之间的差异和共性。
它涉及到元音、辅音等语音单位的分类和描述，以及语音的声音特征、语音规律和变体等课题。
语音学的研究方法包括实地采集语音数据、记录音频，以及使用仪器设备进行分析和测量等。
第三部分：论述题请论述语用学在社会交际中的重要性。
语用学是研究语言使用的学科，它关注的是言语行为和语境对语言意义的影响。
在社会交际中，语用学发挥着重要的作用。
首先，语用学可以帮助人们理解和解释说话者的真实意图。
最新2019英语语言学期末试题练习+答案.docx
最新 2019 英语语言学期末试题练习+ 答案Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitionsin Column B.Column A1.最新 2019英语8.mistakes17.语言学期末试题9.interlanguage18.context练习 +答案10.motivation19.blendingngue11.arbitrariness20.culture3.suprasegmental feature12.21.learning strategies4.deep structure13.broad transcription22.selectional restrictions5.predication analysis14.morphology23.phrase structure rules6.idiolect15.category24.culture diffusion7.pidgin16.errors最新 2019 英语语言学期末试题练习+ 答案A. Learners ’ indepentdesystem of the second language， which is of neither the nativelanguage nor the second language， but a continuum or approximation from his nativelanguage to the target language. 9B.Learner ’ s attitudes and affective state or learning drive， having a strong impact on hisefforts n learning a second language. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23D.24E. 6F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people whospeak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents----- arguments and predicates. 5H. They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.22I. The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s propertiessubcategorization.4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words ， and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner ’conscious， goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.20P.18Q. .19R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language，such as a sentence， a noun phrase or a verb. 15S.17T.The ideal user’ s knowledge of the rules of his language12.U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W. They reflect gaps in a learner’ s knowledge of the target，languagenotself-corrigible.16X. They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word ， whose initial letter has been given.1. “ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotation is a good illustration of thea____ nature of language. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user Competence’4._. This marks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the a____ of the phoneme.Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phonetic environment. Theyare said to be in c____ distribution.7.When pitch ， stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation，they are collectively known as i____. Intonation8. The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammaticalmarkers， signifying such concepts as tense， number， case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements: head，specifier ， and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning ，conceptualist view holds that there is no direct linkbetween a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ， in the interpretation of meaning theyare linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept12. The sense relation between“ animal” and“ dog” hyponymyiscalled____.13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials o f “ World Health Organization Acronym”.17.According to Halliday ， language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.Register18.Diffusion19.Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called”， which is a “vfeature of all vowels and some consonants in English. V oice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called s____ features.Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and rules for word f____.Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____. Morpheme25.The sense relation between autumn”“ and fall“” is calleds____. Synonym26. H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form，i.e. ， different words are identical in sound or spelling ， or in both. Homonymy27.Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “ SevereAcute Respiratory Syndrome ”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an indi Idiolect30. RP， the short form of“ R____ Pronunciation” refers to the particular way of pronouncingstandard English. ReceivedⅢ .Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics ， ____ form the part of language which links together the soundpattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics and semanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and semantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’，s point.e.，of howview the sounds are perceivedby the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop? ____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental， voiceless fricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back，open and unrounded vowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [?]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat ， biteB. kill ， pillC. peak， pig，D. meat， seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the inflectional morphemes except____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD. undesirability12.The pair of words“ dead and alive” is called ____.A. gradable antonymsB. relational opposites13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylistic synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y:John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y:My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl ’ s classification of speech， actswhich of the following is an instance ofdirectives? ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I ’ m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “ Kodak ” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means of clipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believes that language learning issimply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen? ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operative Principles?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator of transformational generative grammar?A. F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M. A. K. Halliday27..B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creoleC. C. regional dialect... sociolectD. sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’，s point.e.，ofhowviewa speaker uses his speechorgans to articulate speech sounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatory phonetics29.We know the verb “put ”requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv，. theThusprocess ofputting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntacticcharacteristic is called.A. categorization B . subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30. Which of the following words contains a front ， close and unrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the derivational morphemes except____.A . faster B. writer C. lovely D. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words borrow“ and lend ” is called ___.A. gradable antonyms B . relational opposites34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as collocational synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y:John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37. According to Searl’ s classification of speech，actswhich of the following is Not an instanceof directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D.I have never seen the man before.38.The word “ brunch ” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" isknown as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologicallyprogrammed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by Eric Lenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense， number， gender and case are called ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45. There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A.[z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B.[m]C.[b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A.VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant52. When a child uses “ mummy” to refer to any woman ，most probably his “ mummy”means.A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult–MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day ， eight days a week." obviously violatesthe maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words“ north ” and“ south ” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-association?A. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56.describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59.refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in thepart of speech.A. BlendingB. Back-formationC. ClippingD. Conversion60.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study of general linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the correspondingbracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general ， but not any particular language ， e.g. English ，Chinese， Arabic ， and Latin ， etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the natural or primary medium ofhuman language. F3.In narrow transcription ， we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only while inbroad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with thediacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. T5.T6.Of the three phonetics branches ， the longest established one ， and until recently the mosthighly developed ， is acoustic phonetics. F7.The meaning of the word “ seal in”the sentence “ theseal could not be found ”cannot bedetermined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically programmedfor language. T9.According to co-operative principle ， the conversational participants have to strictly observethe four maxims ， so that the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in people under different cultural background.T11.T12. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14. Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds ， language is absolutelyarbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central and back according to the manner of articulation.F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to languageteaching and learning. F17. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. T20. According to the innatist view of language acquisition，only when the language is modifiedand adjusted to the level of children F’21.T22.According to Austin ， the performative utterance is used to perform an action， it also has truthvalue. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds oflanguage samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that languagehas two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. Whatare they and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday ， what is register? What are the social variables that determine theregister? P117-1183.P8-94. Give a brief illustration to the“ semantic triangle” suggestedcharsby.P63Ogden-64 and Ri Ⅵ. Essay question.1.According to Austin ， what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making anutterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples how flouting these maxims givesrise to conversational implicature? P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not well formed. What rules does eachof the following sentences violate? And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning?Please illustrate briefly.1)He ated the cake yesterday.2)We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3)The table intended to marry the chair.4)My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section 5.5.2 (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1.The meaning of sentence And it includes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2.The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality ， which is governed by thegrammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes ， making a sentenceunacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated”and 2) has “will gone ”;3.But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether asentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions ， in other words， constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed ， yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example， as we can find in sentence 3) and4)， no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children ’s story and there is no redpears usually in the world. Therefore ， some selectional restrictions have been violated.。
语言专业期末试题及答案
语言专业期末试题及答案一、选择题1.以下哪个选项是对于语言学研究对象的定义最准确的？A. 文字B. 语言C. 语法D. 语音答案：B. 语言2.下面哪个选项是对于语言习得和语言学习的描述最恰当的？A. 语言习得是指通过接触环境中的语言而获得的非有意识的语言能力；语言学习是指通过系统学习而获得的有意识的语言知识和技能。
B. 语言习得和语言学习是同一个概念，指的是通过不同的方式学习和掌握新的语言。
C. 语言习得是指通过系统学习和实践获得的语言能力；语言学习是指通过社交环境中的语言接触而获得的语言技能。
D. 语言习得是指通过无意识接触语言环境而自然习得的语言能力；语言学习是指通过专门的语言课程学习语言技能。
答案：A. 语言习得是指通过接触环境中的语言而获得的非有意识的语言能力；语言学习是指通过系统学习而获得的有意识的语言知识和技能。
3.下列哪个选项是语言层次结构的描述最准确的？A. 语音 - 词汇 - 句子 - 文章B. 词汇 - 句子 - 语音 - 文章C. 文章 - 句子 - 词汇 - 语音D. 语音 - 文章 - 句子 - 词汇答案：A. 语音 - 词汇 - 句子 - 文章4.以下哪一个选项是对于词汇意义最恰当的描述？A. 词汇是用来表达意义和概念的基本单位。
B. 词汇是一种具体的语言形式，用来传达语言信息。
C. 词汇是语言中的规则配对，用来识别特定的语言结构。
D. 词汇是语言中的声音和符号，用来构成句子。
答案：A. 词汇是用来表达意义和概念的基本单位。
5.以下哪个选项是对于语法的定义最准确的？A. 语法是指语言表达的结构、规则和原则。
B. 语法是指一门学科，研究语言的产生和变化。
C. 语法是指语言的音节、词汇和句子的组成规律。
D. 语法是指语言使用中的语音和语义规则。
答案：A. 语法是指语言表达的结构、规则和原则。
二、简答题1.请简要解释语音学的研究范畴。
答：语音学研究的是语音及其相关现象，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。
英语语言学期末考试题
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2.5%×10=25%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n)___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physicalarticulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Short answer questions(15%x3=45%)1. what features of language do you think should be included in agood, comprehensive definition of language?Language is a rule-governed system.Language is basically vocal.Language is arbitrary.Language is used for human communication.2. what are the major individual factors for SLA?The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors.the rate and ultimate success in SLA are also affected by individual learner factors.(1)The early years of one’s life before puberty;(2)They must have strong motivation, instrumental or integrative;(3)The extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community, that is , acculturation.(4)Learner’s personality.3.State briefly your understanding of the differences between the term acquisition and the term learning in language acquisition study?⑴The distinction between acquisition and learning was proposed by the American SLA scholar Stephen Krashen on the assumption that they are different processes.⑵Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.⑶Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.⑷It’s recognized that children acquired their native language without explicit learning, which a second language is more commonly learned but to some degree may also be acquired, depending on the environmental setting and the input received by the L2learner.⑸A rule can be learned before it is internalized(i.e. acquired),but having learned a rule does not necessarily preclude having to acquire it laterIII. Text Analysis (10%x3=30%)Read the following passage and answer the questions in your answer sheet.About one of man’s frailties Thomas Wolfe wrote, “he talks of the future and he wastes it as it comes.”This observation is related to a principle by which I try (without always succeeding) to live. I believein living in the present because it is futile to dwell on the past, to worry about the future, or to miss anything in the only reality I know. It is futile to dwell on the past. What existed or happened in the past may have been beautiful or exciting and may now bring profound and precious memories; but the past is dead, and it is not healthy for living spirits to linger over a world inhabited by ghosts. The past may also be a place of horror, of regret, of spilled milk, of unfortunate deeds that “cannot be undone,”of sad words like “might have been.”However, it is painful and pointless to fixate on a period that cannot be relived or repaired. It is unproductiveself-punishment. The past must be kept in its place, outlived and outgrown.It is also useless to worry about the future. Why fly to heaven before it is time? What anxious visions haunt the person who thinks too much about the future? He may envision the horrible mushroom cloud; the earth shriveling from radiation; the overpopulated, abused earth gone dead. He may imagine his own life going awry, appointments missed; advancements given to someone else; his house burned to the ground; his love lost; everything in his life as in a nightmare, slipping away from him. There is no end to the disasters a person can worry about when he focuses anxiously on the future. There are events in his future, including his own demise, over whichhe has little or no control, but he can ruin his life worrying about them. There are some disasters he may be able to prevent, but he must do that by living well in the present, not simply by worrying about the future.The present moment, which is even now moving into the past, is the reality I know, and I don't want to miss it. The wild-cherry cough drop dissolving in my mouth is sweet and soothing. Even my sore throat and back-ache have meaning. The cool night air, the crackling noises of my furnace, my cat yawning and stretching -- these, are the tangible realities I can recognize. They exist in this moment, together with my own breathing, the warm lamp overhead, the jerking of my typewriter. Along with these are the realities of other people and of all life on this earth, which matters to me now, not at some past or future time.Everyone needs a sense of history, I think, particularly a feeling for his own roots, but history needs to keep its distance to be appreciated. It is also vital to have some sense of direction, which means making plans for the future but not becoming preoccupied with them. What is most important, I believe, is living in the present, that is, being alive now.Questions:What is the thesis statement in the passage? (5 points) How does the writer develop his ideas in this passage? (10 points)Please comment on one of the author’s views. (10 points)。
语言学期末考试题及答案
语言学期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的本质和结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C4. 以下哪个术语描述的是语言的规则性？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇5. 语言的交际功能指的是什么？A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部形式C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的个人表达答案：C6. 语言的哪一部分负责表达概念？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 词汇答案：C7. 下列哪项是语言的物理表现形式？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 语用答案：C8. 语言的哪一部分负责表达关系？A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇答案：A9. 语言的哪一部分负责表达情感？B. 语用C. 语音D. 词汇答案：B10. 以下哪个术语描述的是语言的变异？A. 语言变异B. 语言变化C. 语言演化D. 语言发展答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是______。
答案：语言2. 语言的三个基本功能包括表达、______和交际。
答案：指称3. 语音学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案：声音4. 语法学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案：结构5. 语义学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案：意义6. 词汇学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案：词汇7. 语用学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案：使用8. 语言的最小意义单位是______。
答案：语素9. 语言的最小声音单位是______。
答案：音素10. 语言的最小结构单位是______。
答案：词三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 请简述语言学的主要研究内容。
答案：语言学主要研究语言的本质、结构、发展、变化以及语言在社会和个人中的作用。
语言学期末考试试卷
语言学期末考试试卷1. 围绕SFL,TG Grammar, FSP, Saussure 四个知识点，结合课本367及368页相关问答题准备复习。
2．理解并一定识记以下相关概念和名词：categorization ，interpersonal function，duality，semantics，recursiveness，language linguistics，image schema，competence，allophone，inflection，syntax3. 会自己分析诸如课本368页22题，367页14题的题型。
4.其他参见老师最后一次课梳理的内容。
1.Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form (signifier) and an idea (signified), and it is the central fact of language. By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.2.What are the three important points of the Prague School?First, it stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation. Second, it emphasized the systemic character of language, arguing that no element of any language can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. In other words, elements are held to be in functional contrast or opposition. Third, it looked on language as a tool performing anumber of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.3.What is the Prague School best known for?The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. On this basis he developed the notion of “phoneme”as an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sounds actually produced. In classifying distinctive features, he proposed three criteria: (1) their relation to the whole contrastive system; (2) relations between the opposing elements; and (3) their power of discrimination. These oppositions can be summarised as: a) bilateral opposition; b) multilateral opposition; c) proportional opposition; d) isolated opposition; e) privative opposition; f) gradual opposition; g) equippolent opposition; h) neutralisable opposition; and i) constant opposition.4.What is the essence of Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)? FSP is a theory that refers to a linguistic analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that the role of each utterance part is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole. From a functional point of view, some Czechoslovak linguists believed that a sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The point of departure is equally present to the speaker and to the hearer –it is their rallying point, the ground on which they meet. This is called the Theme. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer. This is called the Rheme. It is believed that the movement from the Theme to theRheme reveals the movement of the mind itself. Language may use different syntactic structures, but the order of ideas remains basically the same. Based on these observations, they created the notion ofFunctional Sentence Perspective (FSP) to describe how information is distributed in sentences. FSP deals particularly with the effect of the distribution of known (or given) information and new information in discourse. The known information refers to information that is not new to the reader or hearer, and the new information is what is to be transmitted to the reader or hearer. 5. What is the tradition of the London School? The London School has a tradition of laying stress on the functions of language and attaching great importance tocontexts of situation and the system aspect of language. It is these features that have made this school of thought known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics. It is an important and admirable part of the London School tradition to believe that different types of linguistic description may be appropriate for different purposes.6. What is the difference between Malinowski and Firth on context of situation? Malinowski distinguished three types of context of situation: situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity, narrative situations, and phatic situations. Firth defined the context of situation as including the entire cultural setting of speech and the personal history of the participants rather than as simply the context of human activity going on at the moment. Recognising that sentences can vary infinitely, Firth used the notion of “typical context of situation”, meaning that social situations determine the social roles participants are obliged to play; since the total number of typical contexts of situation they will encounter is finite, the total number of socialroles is also finite. He put forward the idea that in analysing a typical context of situation, one has to take into consideration both the situational context and the linguistic context of a text. 7. What is important about Firth’s prosodic analysis? Prosodic analysis, or prosodic phonology, is Firth’s second important contribution to linguistics. Since any human utterance is a continuous speech flow made up of at least one syllable, it cannot be cut into independent units. Phonological description only deals with paradigmatic relations, leaving syntagmatic relations out of consideration. Firth pointed out that in actual speech, it is not phonemes that make up the paradigmatic relations, but phonematic units. There are fewer features in phonematic units than in phonemes, because some features are common to phonemes of a syllable or a phrase (even a sentence). When these features are considered in syntagmatic relations, they are all called prosodic units, which include features such as stress, length, nasalisation, palatalisation, and aspiration. In any case, these features cannot be found in one phonematic unit alone.8.What is the relation between Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar?Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar are two inseparable components for an integral framework of Systemic-Functional linguistic theory. Systemic Grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential. This network consists of subsystems from which language users make choices. Functional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which theyserve.Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behind Functional Grammar is systemic..9What is special about Systemic-Functional linguistics?Systemic-Functional linguistics aims to provide taxonomy for sentences, a means of descriptively classifying particular sentences. Although it may not seem as influential as Chomsky’s transformational-generative theory in some parts of the world, it is much more relevant to the needs of various groups of people who deal with language. Halliday believesthat language is what it is because it has to serve certain functions. In other words, social demand on language has helped to shape its structure. Systemic-Functional linguistics is based on two facts: (1) language users are actually making choices in a system of systems and trying to realise different semantic functions in social interaction; and (2) language is inseparable from social activities of man. Thus, it takes actual uses of language as the object of study, in opposition to Chomsky’s approach that takes the ideal speaker’s linguistic competence as the object of study.11.(1) she (Person: third person; Number: singular) (2) we (Person: first person; Number: plural) (3) always (Modality: frequency) (4) a perception process (Transitivity: mental process: internalized process) (5) an action process (Transitivity: material process)12.Analyze the following Relational-process sentences according to their mode and type. (1) Linguistics is a difficult course. (Type: intensive; Mode: attributive) (2) This laptop is Professor Huang’s. (Type: possessive; Mode: identifying)15.What are the special features of American structuralism? American Structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics thatdeveloped in a very different style from that of Europe. While linguistics in Europe started more than two thousand years ago, linguistics in America started at the end of the nineteenth century. While traditional grammar plays a dominating role in Europe, it has little influence in America. While many European languages have their own historical traditions and cultures, English is the dominating language in America, where there is no such a tradition as in Europe. In addition, the pioneer scholars in America were faced with the urgent task of recording the rapidly perishing native American Indian languages because there was no written record of them. However, these languages were characterised by features of vast diversity and differences which are rarely found in other parts of the world. To record and describe these exotic languages, it is probably better not to have any presuppositions about the nature of language in general. This explains why there was not much development in linguistic theory during this period but a lot of discussion on descriptive procedures. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of distribution, and that the structure of each language should be described without reference to the alleged universality of such categories as tense, mood and parts of speech. Firstly, structural grammar describes everything that is found in a language instead of laying down rules. However, its aim is confined to the description of languages, without explaining why language operates the way it does. Secondly, structural grammar is empirical, aiming at objectivity in the sense that all definitions and statements should be verifiable or refutable. However, it has produced almost no complete grammars comparable to any comprehensive traditionalgrammars. Thirdly, structural grammar examines all languages, recognising and doing justice to the uniqueness of each language. But it does not give an adequate treatment of meaning. Lastly, structural grammar describes even the smallest contrasts that underlie any construction or use of a language, not only those discoverable in some particular use.16. How is behaviourist psychology related to linguistics? For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as “behaviourism”. Behaviourism is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced. Behaviourism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus-response reinforcement”, and the adult’s use of language is also a process of “stimulus-response”. When the behaviourist methodology ent ered linguistics via Bloomfield’s writings, the popular practice in linguistic studies was to accept what a native speaker says in his language and to discard what he says about it. This is because of the belief that a linguistic description was reliable when based on observation of unstudied utterances by speakers; it was unreliable if the analyst had resorted to asking speakers questions such as “Can you say …in youlanguage?”17. What is Harris’s most important contribution to linguistics? Harris’s Methods in Structural Linguistics (1951) makes the maturity of American descriptive linguistics, for he gave the fullest and most interesting expression of the “discovery procedure”approach characterised by accurate analytical procedures and high degree of formalisation. He formulated a set of strict descriptive procedures which took the logic of distributional relations as the basis of structuralanalysis. This method has greatly influenced American descriptive linguistics and Harris is therefore regarded as one of the most distinguished linguists in the post-Bloomfieldian era. 18. What is the theoretical importance of Tagmemics? Tagmemics is a special name for the technique of linguistic analysis developed by Pike, the most significant figure in continuing the structuralist tradition. For Pike, a language has its own hierarchical systems independent of meaning. Not only are there hierarchies in language, but that everything in the world is hierarchical, consisting of different layers in the system from small to big, from bottom to top, from simple to complex, from part to whole. The ultimate aim of tagmemics is to provide a theory which integrates lexical, grammatical, and phonological information. This theory is based on the assumption that there are various relations in language, and these relations can be analysed into different units. However, to believe that language is part of human behaviour, one needs to recognise that language cannot be strictly formalised. Since no representational system can account for all the relevant facts of language, tagmemics accepts various different modes of representation for different purposes, and does not insist that there is only one correct grammar or linguistic theory.19. What are the main features of Stratificational Grammar? Lamb’s Stratificational Grammar consists of three levels: phoneme, morpheme, and morphophoneme. It sees the complex relationship in language as series of connected stratal systems on the assumption that while the system of relationships are not directly observable, it is generalizable. In this grammar, there is no direct relation between a concept and its sounds, and that there are various strata that make up a number of stratal systems.Among these, the four principal ones are the sememic, lexemic, morphemic, and the phonemic, from top to bottom.20.How many stages of development has Chomsky’s TG Grammar undergone?Chomsky’s TG Grammar has seen five stages of development. The Classical Theory aims to make linguistics a science. The Standard Theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistics theory. The Extended Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar. The Revised Extended Standard Theory (or GB) focuses discussion on government and binding. The latest is the Minimalist Program, a further revision of the previous theory. The development of TG Grammar can be regarded as a process of constantly minimalising theories and controlling the generative powers. Although TG Grammar has involved putting forward, revising, and cancelling of many specific rules, hypotheses, mechanisms, and theoretical models, its aims and purposes have been consistent, i.e. to explore the nature, origin and the uses of human knowledge on language.21. What does Chomsky mean by Language Acquisition Device? Chomsky believes that languageis somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge25. What is special about TG Grammar?The starting point of Chomsky’s TG Grammar is his innateness hypothesis, based on his observations that someimportant facts can never be otherwise explained adequately. Chomsky’s TG Grammar has the following features. First, Chomsky defines language as a set of rules or principles. Second, Chomsky believes that the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universals. Third, Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker’s tacit knowledge. They seldom use what native speakers actually say; they rely on their own intuition. Fourth, Chomsky’s methodology is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels: (a) the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure –a general linguistic theory; this is tested by grammars for particular languages, and (b) each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory. Finally, Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.。
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广东外语外贸大学国际商务英语学院
《语言学》XX学年上学期期末考试样题
考核方式：开卷
考核对象：国际商务英语学院2011级创新班考试时间：120分钟
姓名______________ 班级________ 学号____________________ 分数___________
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20)
1．The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great interest to those working in the area of（）
A．phonology B．articulatory phonetics
C．auditory phonetics D．acoustic phonetics
2．The vowel [u:] in English has all the following features EXCEPT（）
A．long B．rounded
C．closed D．central
3．The stress of the compound noun“armchair”falls on（）
A．the second syllable B．the first syllable
C．both the first and second syllables D．either the first or the second syllable
4．Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning is explained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as （）
A．contextualism B．behaviourism
C．conceptualism D．the naming theory
5．The illocutionary point of the （）is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said.
A．representatives B．commissives
C．expressives D．directives
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.
(2%×10=20)
11. The f intonation in English usually indicates that there is an implied message in what the speaker says.
12. The affix“hood”is a n -forming suffix that can be added to the end of stems, such as child, boy, man, etc.
13. In the semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p .
14. The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in c and traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from use.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true of F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20)
21. ( ) If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in the word feel not as a dark , but as a clear [l], he will be
misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.
22. ( ) A logical subject may have different positions in a sentence.
23. ( ) English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration if necessary. (4%×5=20)
31.arbitrariness
32.assimilation rule
33.embedded clause
34.sense
V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20)
36.Which maxim does B’s utterance in the following conversation violate? Does the violation give rise to conversational implicature? If it does, what is the implicature?
[A is talking with B about a film they have seen.]
A: The film was good. Don’t you think so?
B: The music was nice.
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (2%×10=20)这道大题的词汇均来自书后的单
词表
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration if necessary.
(4%×5=20)这大题的词汇不一定来自书后词汇表，不过都是重要词汇哈~。