世界种子植物分布区类型中英对照吴征镒 2006

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植物区系

埃及撒哈拉中部摩洛哥苏丹刚果
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3.2.3 植物区系区划 • 植物区划 • 世界植物区划 • 中国植物区划
植物区系区划

植物区划概念利用各种植物区系成分分析方法把那些植物区系种类组成、地理成分与起源、不同等级的特有性与发展历史相似的地区合并，并按照相似程度、关系密切程度，分成若干等级，便是植物(区系)区划（flora division）。
3.2.5 岛屿植物区系分析

影响岛屿植物区系的因素
岛屿面积对植物区系的影响距离对岛屿植物区系的影响岛屿年龄的影响

岛屿生物地理学平衡理论
岛屿生物地理学平衡理论岛屿生物地理学平衡理论的应用

影响岛屿植物区系的因素
岛屿面积对植物区系的影响 S＝cAz S：种数，A：面积，z 、c 为常数岛屿效应：岛屿面积越大，种数越多。距离对植物区系的影响岛屿年龄的影响

1）世界广布成分 2）泛热带成分 3）热带美洲和热带亚洲成分 4）旧大陆热带成分 5）热带亚洲至热带大洋洲成分 6）热带亚洲至热带非洲成分 7）热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)成分 8）北温带成分 9 东亚-北美成分 10）旧大陆温带成分 11）温带亚洲成分 12）地中海、西亚至中亚成分 13）中亚成分 14）东亚成分 15）中国特有成分
3.2.2 植物区系分析

植物类群的统计和分析 • 科属种数目统计 • 分布多度分析 • 分布多度ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้表示方法
• 统计表 • 制图：多度分布图 • 等值线：等种线

植物区系分析
中国种子植物特有属在各省的分布多度（引自王荷生，1992）

植被分类主要类型及其分布

3.6 针叶木本群落 3.7 雨绿干燥草原群落 3.8 夏绿干燥草原群落 3.9 中生草原群落 3.10 湿生草本群落 3.11 水生草本群落 3.12 干荒漠群落 3.13 冻荒漠群落
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3 全球主要植被类型及其特征
3.1 常雨木本群落：热带雨林
热带雨林又叫常雨乔木群落，为湿热地区的典型森林类型。
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3 全球主要植被类型及其特征
Brockman & Rubel 系统(1912) 《按照生态外貌划分植物群落》包括四个植被型：木本植被型、草
本植被型、荒漠植被型和悬浮植被型。植被型之下划分群系纲、群系组直到群丛。
3.1 常雨木本群落 3.2 雨绿木本群落 3.3 照叶木本群落 3.4 硬叶木本群落 3.5 夏绿木本群落
例如：Ass. Larix gmelini – Rhododendron dahurica – Pyrola incarnata 就是指兴安落叶松 – 杜鹃 – 红花鹿蹄草群丛。顾名思义，该群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层的优势种分别是兴安落叶松、杜鹃和红花鹿蹄草。
如果在某一层存在共优种时，则将共优种使用 “+” 相联。例如： Ass. Larix gmelini – Rhododendron dahurica – Pyrola incarnata + Carrex sp.（苔草属）
我国台湾南部、海南岛和云南西双版纳的热带雨林，隶属于印度－马来雨林群系，具有典型的雨林特性。但由于纬度偏北，具有向季雨林过渡的特性。
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3.1 常雨木本群落：热带雨林
西双版纳
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海南
3.1 常雨木本群落：热带雨林
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3.1 常雨木本群落：热带雨林

种子植物属的区系

Phytogeographical Analysis of Seed Plant Genera in ChinaHONG QIAN 1,2,*,SILONG WANG 2,JIN-SHENG HE 3,JUNLI ZHANG 4,LISONG WANG 5,XIANLI WANG 6and KE GUO 71Research and Collections Center,Illinois State Museum,1011East Ash Street,Springﬁeld,IL 62703,USA,2Center for Forest Ecology and Forestry Eco-engineering,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,72Wenhua Road,Shenyang,Liaoning 110016,China,3Department of Ecology,College of Environmental Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China,4School of Life Sciences,Sun Yatsen University,Guangzhou 510275,China,5Research Center of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093,China,6Department of Renewable Resources,University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta T6G 2H1,Canada and 7Research Center of Plant Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093,ChinaReceived:16May 2006Returned for revision:14June 2006Accepted:25July 2006Background and Aims A central goal of biogeography and ecology is to uncover and understand distributional patterns of organisms.China has long been a focus of attention because of its rich biota,especially with respect to ing 290ﬂoras from across China,this paper quantitatively characterizes the composition of ﬂoristic elements at multiple scales (i.e.national,provincial and local),and explores the extent to which climatic and geographical factors associated with each ﬂora can jointly and independently explain the variation in ﬂoristic elements in local ﬂoras.Methods A study was made of 261local ﬂoras,28province-level ﬂoras and one national-level ﬂora across China.Genera of seed plants in each ﬂora were assigned to 14ﬂoristic elements according to their worldwide geographical distributions.The composition of ﬂoristic elements was related to climatic and geographical factors.Key Results and Conclusions Variations in percentages of cosmopolitan,tropical and temperate genera among local ﬂoras tend to be greater at higher latitudes than at lower titude is strongly correlated with the proportions of 13of the 14ﬂoristic elements.Correlations of the proportions of ﬂoristic elements with longitude are much weaker than those with latitude.Climate represented by the ﬁrst principal component of a principal component analysis was strongly correlated with the proportions of ﬂoristic elements in local ﬂoras (|r |=0Á7560Á18).Geographical coordinates independently explained about four times as much variation in ﬂoristic elements as did climate.Further research is necessary to examine the roles of water–energy dynamics,geology,soils,biotic interactions,and historical factors such as land connections between continents in the past and at present in creating observed ﬂoristic patterns.Key words:Biogeography,climate,ﬂoristics,latitudinal gradient,regionalization,seed plants.INTRODUCTIONA central goal of biogeography and ecology is to uncover and understand distributional patterns of organisms.China has long been a focus of attention because of its rich biota,especially with respect to plants (Wu,1991;Axelrod et al.,1998).The composition of the ﬂora of China has been well documented through the compilation of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (an 80-volume set of 125books,all having been published during 1959–2004),the Flora of China (Wu and Raven,1994to present;11volumes having been published),and many regional,provincial and local ﬂoras.Although China is nearly identical in size and of similar latitudinal breadth to the United States (9Á6vs.9Á4million km 2),the vascular plant ﬂora of China is richer than that of the USA by a factor of 1Á6(Qian and Ricklefs,1999).Of the world’s estimated 260140species of vascular plants (Mabberley,1997),approximately 30000(or 11Á5%)occur in China.The earliest (at least 124Á6million years old)angiospermmegafossil known to date,from the Archaefructaceae,is found in China (Sun et al.,2002).China is also the only country in the world that supports vegetational continuity from tropical,subtropical,temperate to boreal forests (Axelrod et al.,1998).This unbroken latitudinal gradient of forest vegetation,together with many north–south-orientated,highly rugged mountain ranges in south-western China,presumably reduced rates of extinction when advances and retreats of Pleistocene glaciations forced plant species to migrate southward and northward in response to climate change.Furthermore,the collision of the Indian subcontinent with the Asian continent com-mencing about 50million years ago (Ma)created highly dissected and elevated landscapes in China,which made the region not only an important centre of survival (i.e.a ‘living museum’or ‘refugia’),but also an important centre of speciation and evolution (i.e.a ‘cradle’)for vascular plants (Axelrod et al .,1998;Qian,2002).Many genera and families of vascular plants can be found nowhere else (Ying et al .,1993).The ﬂora of China is considered to be a mixture of Laurasian,Gondwanan and Tethyan*For correspondence.E-mail hqian@ Annals of Botanydoi:10.1093/aob/mcl192,available online at ÓThe Author 2006.Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.All rights reserved.For Permissions,please email:journals.permissions@elements (Wu,1988),thus providing unique opportunities for addressing numerous important issues concerning global biogeography.A major approach used to characterize a ﬂora or fauna and to determine its biogeographical relationships with other regions is to group the taxa that comprise the ﬂora or fauna of a given geographical area into geographical elements or types,deﬁned according to the geographical range of taxa (Stott,1981).Zhengyi Wu (C.Y.Wu)used this approach to characterize the ﬂora of China at the generic level,based on ﬂoristic relationships between China and the rest of the world.He grouped the genera of Chinese seed plants into 15areal types (ﬂoristic or phytogeographical elements),based on their worldwide distributions,and the results of his studies were reported in several publications (e.g.Wu,1980,1991;Wu and Wang,1983).Following his classiﬁcation,several hundred regional,provincial and local ﬂoras in China have been analysed.Each analysis tabulated the number of genera in each of the 15areal types.However,none has analysed multiple ﬂoras except for a few studies that focused on a particular region (e.g.Shen and Zhang 2000).Little is known about how ﬂoristic patterns are related to climatic conditions and geographical factors.The objectives of this study were to characterize quantitatively the composition of ﬂoristic elements in ﬂoras across China at multiple scales and to explore theextent to which geographical variables (titude,longitude,area,elevation)and climatic variables (e.g.temperature and precipitation)can jointly as well as independently explain the variation in each of the different ﬂoristic elements in local ﬂoras.In addition,the present paper updates tabulations of genera in each of Wu’s ﬂoristic elements for all of China and each of its provinces.MATERIALS AND METHODSData setsA database was compiled that included all genera of seed plants known in China primarily based upon the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae ,Flora of China ,regional and provincial ﬂoras,and journal articles pertinent to the ﬂora of China.Electronic data from the Flora of China Checklist (/W3T/Search/FOC/projsfoc.html)and the electronic version of the Flora of China included in eFlora (http://www.eﬂ/)were frequently accessed during this compilation.The information for the presence/absence and native/exotic status of each Chinese seed plant genus was documented for each of the 28Chinese provinces and autonomous regions (all provinces and autonomous regions are referred to as provinces hereafter for convenience of discussion;Fig.1).21915161732281011314282427456121123201819255040L a t i t u d e (°N )3020708090100110Longitude (°E)1201301402627F IG .1.Map showing the locations of the 261local ﬂoras (dots)and 28province-level ﬂoras (numerical codes)used in this study.Numerical codes for the provinces are:1=Anhui,2=Fujian,3=Gansu,4=Guangdong (including Hong Kong,Shenzhen and Macau),5=Guangxi,6=Guizhou,7=Hainan,8=Hebei (including Beijing and Tianjin),9=Heilongjiang,10=Henan,11=Hubei,12=Hunan,13=Jiangsu,14=Jiangxi,15=Jilin,16=Liaoning,17=Neimenggu,18=Ningxia,19=Qinghai,20=Shaanxi,21=Shandong,22=Shanxi,23=Sichuan (including Chongqing),24=Taiwan,25=Xinjiang,26=Xizang,27=Yunnan,and 28=Zhejiang (including Shanghai).Page 2of 12Qian et al.—Plant Geography of ChinaFollowing Wu(1991,1993),each genus of the Chinese seed plants was assigned to one of the followingﬂoristic elements based on the native distributions of each genus: cosmopolitan,pantropical,tropical Asian–tropical American,palaeotropical,tropical Asian–tropical Australian,tropical Asian–tropical African,tropical Asian,holarctic,eastern Asian–North American,temperate Eurasian,temperate Asian,Mediterranean,western to central Asian,central Asian,eastern Asian,and Chinese endemic(Table1).Because the geographical limit of Chinese endemics was set by the national border of China and because the nature of thisﬂoristic element is by and large shared with the eastern Asianﬂoristic element,as discussed in Qian et al.(2003),the Chinese endemics were combined with the eastern Asianﬂoristic element in data analyses.Geographical delineations of the14ﬂoristic elements are described in Table1.The proportions(in percentages)of genera for each of the14ﬂoristic elements in China as a whole and in each of28provinces were tabulated.Data ofﬂoristic element composition in localﬂoras were collected primarily from literature that was exclu-sively published in Chinese.The literature to2003was searched,includingﬂoras,books,monographs,proceed-ings,theses and journal articles.Data were found on the ﬂoristic elements deﬁned by Wu for over300localﬂoras. The following were excluded:thoseﬂoras that were atypical to a region(e.g.ﬂoras from dry-hot valleys in south-west China,small limestone areas,wetlands),that applied to a particular type of vegetation(e.g.evergreen plant communities,alpine tundra),that did not include all seed plant genera in aﬂora(e.g.only for woody plants or halophytes),or that did not provide geographical coordi-nates.As a result,232localﬂoras were selected.In addition,there are29ﬂoras for which the number of genera for each of Wu’sﬂoristic elements is not available in the original literature,and for these seed plant genera were tabulated in each of Wu’s15ﬂoristic elements.As a result, a total of261localﬂoras were included in the present study.Theseﬂoras sampled every province and the full geographical range of China(Fig.1).Most characterized vegetation in nature reserves.Chinese endemic genera were combined with eastern Asian genera in data analyses as discussed above.For eachﬂora,latitude and longitude( )of the geographical midpoint and,if available,area(km2), maximum elevation(m)and topographic relief(elevation range;m)were recorded.Of the261localﬂoras,215have area size data,and151have area size data plus maximum elevation and topographic relief.The mean area of the 215ﬂoras is15327km2,which is equivalent to a circle with a diameter of approximately140km.Several climatic variables were also obtained for the latitude–longitude half-degree grid point closest to the geographical midpoint of eachﬂora using data in the International Institute of Applied System Analysis(IIASA)climatic databaseT A B L E1.Deﬁnitions ofﬂoristic elementsCosmopolitan(FE1)Widely distributed across all or nearly all continents.In general,they do not have specialdistribution centres.Occasionally they have one or a few centres of high diversity but aredistributed worldwide.Pantropical(FE2)Occurring in all three sectors of the tropical zone(i.e.America,Africa–Madagascar andAsia–Australia).Some of the genera in this category may have species extending intotemperate regions.Tropical Asian–tropical American(FE3)Disjunct between tropical Asia and tropical America.Some of them may be sporadicallydistributed on the islands of the Paciﬁc,or may extend into temperate regions. Palaeotropical(FE4)Distributed in the tropics of the Old World:Asia,Australia and Africa(including Madagascar).Thisﬂoristic element is also called the‘Old World Tropics’in the literature.Tropical Asian–Tropical Australian(FE5)Restricted to Asia and Australia and mainly distributed in the tropical regions of these twocontinents.Tropical Asian–Tropical African(FE6)Restricted to Asia and Africa and mainly distributed in the tropical regions of these twocontinents.Tropical Asian(FE7)Mainly restricted to tropical Southeast Asia,although some may extend northward intotemperate regions.Holarctic(FE8)Primarily distributed in extratropical regions of all three continents in the Northern Hemisphere(Europe,Asia and North America),although a few extend their distributions to high elevationsof tropical mountains or further south.Thisﬂoristic element is referred to as‘North Temperate’in Wu(1980,1991),and also called‘Eurasian–North American’and‘circumpolar’in theliterature.Eastern Asian–North American(FE9)Having disjunct distributions between the temperate–subtropical regions of eastern Asia andNorth America,with a few extending into tropical regions of their respective continents. Temperate Eurasian(FE10)Widely distributed across the temperate zone of Europe and Asia.Some of them may extendinto the northernmost part of Africa,but they do not occur in the New World.Thisﬂoristicelement is referred to as‘Old World Temperate’in Wu(1980,1991).Temperate Asian(FE11)Restricted to temperate Asia.The distribution centres are mainly in temperate regions but theymay occasionally occur in subtropical regions.Mediterranean,western to central Asian(FE12)Distributed mainly in the region across the Mediterranean,western Asia and central Asia.Someof the genera extend eastward into eastern Asia.Central Asian(FE13)Mainly distributed in dry areas of central Asia.Eastern Asian(FE14)Distributed mainly in warm temperate to subtropical regions of eastern Asia.Thisﬂoristicelement includes all genera in the categories‘eastern Asian’and‘Chinese endemic’of Wu(1991,1993).Qian et al.—Plant Geography of China Page3of12(Leemans and Cramer,1991).This database provides values for each0Á5 of latitude and longitude.The climatic variables were mean annual temperature( C), mean January temperature( C),difference between mean January temperature and mean July temperature( C), annual precipitation(mm)and summer(May to August) precipitation(mm).Two derived climatic indices were included:actual evapotranspiration(AET,mm)and potential evapotranspiration(PET,mm),which is propor-tional to the drying power of the environment,primarily a function of temperature.AET and PET were calculated following the approach developed by Cramer and Prentice (Cramer and Prentice,1988;Prentice et al.,1992,1993). These variables are often considered the most important climatic factors generating large-scale biotic patterns(e.g. Turner et al.,1988;O’Brien,1998;O’Brien et al.,1998; Qian,1998;Badgley and Fox,2000;Rahbek and Graves, 2001;Diniz-Filho et al.,2003;Hawkins and Porter,2003; Qian and Ricklefs,2004;Ricklefs et al.,2004).Data analysesTo minimize the effect of area size on analytical results, the percentage contribution of eachﬂoristic element to a ﬂora was used to compare the compositions ofﬂoristic elements betweenﬂoras.The total number of seed plant genera and the proportions(%)of genera for eachﬂoristic element were tabulated for theﬂora of China as a whole and for each province.The proportion of genera for each of the14ﬂoristic elements in the261localﬂoras was summarized for their mean and standard deviation(s.d.)for each of the28provinces in China.Spearman’s rank correlations were used to determine correlations between proportions ofﬂoristic elements and latitudes and longitudes using the261localﬂoras. To examine the relationships betweenﬂoristic element compositions and climatic conditions,multivariate anal-yses wereﬁrst performed to extract fewer synthetic variables for each data set and these resulting variables were then related to each of the original variables of the two data sets.A principal component analysis(PCA)was performed on the climatic data set based on a correlation matrix.The statistical signiﬁcance of principal components was evaluated using the broken-stick model of Jackson (1993).A global non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS;Minchin,1987)was used to extract highly infor-mative dimensions from the data set ofﬂoristic elements. NMDS was chosen because it is well suited toﬂoristic data (McCune and Mefford,1999)and because it makes no assumptions about the data and provides a robust solution. The NMDS used Sørensen’s index as a measure of distance with the maximum number of iterations set at200. Signiﬁcance of extracted dimensions was evaluated by a Monte Carlo test(30runs with randomized data).Using the261localﬂoras,partial regressions were performed to determine the variation inﬂoristic elements explained by geographical coordinates and climate.In each partial regression,three coefﬁcients of determination were obtained using three general linear models:one combining both geographical coordinates and climate,one including only geographical coordinates,and the other including only climate.By comparing the three coefﬁcients of determi-nation,the proportions of the variance explained(1)by geographical coordinates independently,(2)by climate independently and(3)by the two jointly can be determined (Legendre and Legendre,1998).The procedure of Borcard et al.(1992;see also Legendre,1993)was followed by including all terms in a third-order polynomial of geographical coordinates(e.g.x,y,x2,xy,y2,x3,x2y,xy2, y3,where x and y represent latitude and longitude, respectively).This ensures not only linear relationships but also more complex(e.g.quadratic and cubic)relation-ships betweenﬂoristic elements and geographical coordi-nates(Borcard et al.,1992).Bivariate plots of the relationships of the proportions ofﬂoristic elements and the seven climatic variables used in this study were examined to determine the relationships between these variables;no evidence for non-linear relationships was found.Because area and elevation vary among the localﬂoras used,which may have effects on the proportional com-position ofﬂoristic elements in localﬂoras,it is necessary to examine the amount of variation inﬂoristic elements that can be explained by these two geographical variables in addition to the variation explained by latitude and longitude.The same partial regression models mentioned above were used except that climatic variables were replaced with log10-transformed area,maximum elevation and topographic relief.SYSTAT version7(Wilkinson et al.,1992)was used for statistical summaries,correlation analyses and partial regression analyses,and PC-ORD version4(McCune and Mefford,1999)was used for multivariate analyses(i.e. PCA and NMDS).RESULTSAccording to the data,China has3143genera of native seed plants.Of these,105(3Á3%)are cosmopolitan,1512 (48Á1%)are tropical in nature(FE2–FE7in Table2)and 1526(48Á6%)are primarily temperate(FE8–FE14in Table2).In total,590(18Á8%)genera are restricted to eastern Asia,of which270are endemic to China.The total number of seed plant genera and the percentages of genera for eachﬂoristic element in each of the28provinces are shown in Table2.The proportion of genera for each of the 14ﬂoristic elements for the261localﬂoras was summarized according to province(Table3).Latitude strongly and positively correlates with the proportions of genera of the cosmopolitan,holarctic, temperate Eurasian,temperate Asian,Mediterranean, western to central Asian,and central Asianﬂoristic elements,and it strongly and negatively correlates with the proportions of genera in all six tropicalﬂoristic ele-ments and negatively correlates with eastern Asian genera weakly but signiﬁcantly(Table4).Correlations ofﬂoristic elements with longitude are much weaker than those with latitude(Table4).The strongest correlation is with the proportion of the eastern Asian–eastern North AmericanPage4of12Qian et al.—Plant Geography of Chinagenera(r s=0Á44),which is followed by the correla-tions with the proportions of the central Asian genera (r s=–0Á37)and Mediterranean,western to central Asian genera(r s=–0Á35)(Table4).Theﬁrst and second principal components of the PCA had eigenvalues of5Á404and0Á965,and explained77Á2 and13Á8%of the variation in the climatic data set, respectively.A broken-stick test indicated that only theﬁrst principal component(PC1)was signiﬁcant.This principal component is highly correlated with all the seven climatic variables(|r|=0Á8260Á07;Table5),and is correlated highly to moderately with theﬂoristic elements(|r|=0Á75 60Á18).The autopilot mode of an NMDS analysis running on the data set ofﬂoristic elements recommended a one-dimensional solution,and this dimension(NMDS1)is statistically signiﬁcant(Monte Carlo test:P<0Á05,n=30). Correlations between NMDS1and the seven climatic variables and14ﬂoristic elements are all signiﬁcant (P<0Á05),albeit weak in some cases(Table5).The correlation between PC1and NMDS1is high(r=–0Á89, P<0Á001),indicating strong relationships between climate variables andﬂoristic elements.Both PC1and NMDS1 are highly correlated with latitude(r=0Á902for PC1, r=–0Á871for NMDS1).When the261localﬂoras were ordinated by PC1and NMDS1,theﬂoras south of30 N tended to be completely separated from theﬂoras north of it,and theﬂoras north of40 N tended to intermingle with those located between30 and40 N(Fig.2).The geographical coordinates of localﬂoras explained, on average,79Á6%of the variation inﬂoristic elements (fractions[a]+[b]in Table6).When climatic variables were added to the models,the two sets of variables together explained,on average,82Á9%of the variation inﬂoristic elements(Table6).Partial regressions indicated that large amounts(66%on average)of the variation inﬂoristic elements were explained by both geographical coordinates and climatic variables(fraction[b]in Table6).In other words,approximately four-ﬁfths(or80%)of the explained variation was shared by the two sets of the explanatory variables.Of16Á9%of the variance to which independent effects could be attributed,geographical coordinates accounted for4Á1times as much as did climatic variables (the average of fraction[a]vs.the average of fraction[c]in Table6,i.e.13Á6vs.3Á3%).When individualﬂoristic elements were examined separately,geographical coordi-nates explained more variation than did climatic variables for13of the14ﬂoristic elements(compare fractions[a] with[b]in Table6;binomial test:variation explained by geographical coordinates>variation explained by climatic variables,13of14,P<0Á001).For the holarctic genera,the amounts of variation explained independently by geo-graphical coordinates and by climatic variables were nearly equal(4Á0vs.4Á4%;Table6).When using a smaller data set with151localﬂoras that have both area size and elevational data(see Materials and methods for details),geographical coordinates explainedT A B L E2.Total number and proportion(%)of seed plant genera in each of the14ﬂoristic elements(FE1–FE14)in China as awhole and in the28Chinese provincesFlora No.of genera FE1FE2FE3FE4FE5FE6FE7FE8FE9FE10FE11FE12FE13FE14 China31433.311.21.26.14.84.520.39.63.85.21.85.33.918.8(8.6) ProvinceAnhui8868.515.81.25.03.42.56.018.18.87.81.60.60.220.7(4.3) Fujian11956.918.81.88.55.74.115.111.55.84.90.90.60.115.2(3.4) Gansu7539.78.00.82.11.11.51.928.45.810.63.36.83.916.2(4.0) Guangdong14605.819.01.89.87.25.519.09.04.33.60.80.50.113.6(4.2) Guangxi16935.016.21.78.36.65.724.09.14.13.80.50.30.114.6(4.9) Guizhou12495.916.71.57.54.64.618.812.45.13.81.00.20.117.7(6.2) Hainan13175.122.42.111.89.26.826.15.22.72.10.20.20.16.1(1.7) Hebei71911.811.10.32.51.91.31.330.96.811.74.34.01.410.7(2.8) Heilongjiang55914.77.70.01.80.50.70.539.07.712.55.22.00.77.0(0.4) Henan50511.110.11.43.42.61.23.427.57.98.93.01.60.617.4(4.6) Hubei12646.514.51.25.93.63.110.016.77.37.41.81.00.220.9(6.3) Hunan11566.516.21.36.74.23.813.114.47.05.81.10.30.119.6(5.6) Jiangsu9508.217.51.36.54.13.69.315.96.87.11.50.70.317.3(3.2) Jiangxi10867.416.71.36.74.14.112.314.37.26.01.00.40.318.2(4.1) Jilin58513.57.70.01.51.00.91.038.38.712.34.11.50.78.7(0.7) Liaoning70812.110.70.12.51.41.41.331.57.911.43.72.71.112.0(2.5) Neimenggu64712.26.60.01.50.80.90.534.95.113.05.77.44.37.0(1.7) Ningxia41314.06.10.21.20.20.50.535.65.113.33.67.04.18.5(2.7) Qinghai58111.95.70.21.00.00.50.733.23.413.44.16.45.913.6(4.5) Shaanxi10147.711.40.93.71.92.54.322.78.09.92.93.21.419.6(5.1) Shandong58613.314.00.54.12.41.72.427.07.310.62.71.90.711.4(2.4) Shanxi67810.69.60.61.81.91.21.632.06.011.84.13.41.214.2(3.5) Sichuan13845.613.91.35.53.03.910.217.25.76.71.71.21.622.6(6.7) Taiwan12067.021.82.09.97.34.215.112.45.14.20.60.20.110.1(1.3) Xinjiang75810.35.80.10.70.10.80.329.61.813.93.419.111.13.0(0.9) Xizang13955.814.01.45.93.84.314.716.14.55.91.63.12.316.6(2.7) Yunnan20694.514.21.37.05.25.724.111.24.04.30.90.60.616.4(5.1) Zhejiang10388.216.01.16.33.93.48.616.37.77.11.20.40.219.7(4.3) Values in parentheses under FE14are the proportions of the Chinese endemic genera.Codes forﬂoristic elements are the same as in Table1.Qian et al.—Plant Geography of China Page5of12approximately the same amount of the variation inﬂoristic elements as they did in the full data set with261local ﬂoras(80Á9611Á2vs.79Á669Á3%,P=0Á808).When the proportion of aﬂoristic element was regressed on the geographical coordinates(including all terms in a third-order polynomial)plus log10area,maximum elevation and topographic relief,they together explained,on average, 83Á4%of the variation inﬂoristic elements(Table7).The largest amount of the explained variation(95Á4%)is with the model for the holarctic genera(Table7).The amount of the variation inﬂoristic elements explained by geographi-cal coordinates independent of area and elevation variablesT A B L E3.Mean and standard deviation(s.d.)of the proportion(%)of seed plant genera for each of the14elements(FE1–FE14)in localﬂoras according to provinces in ChinaProvince Statistics FE1FE2FE3FE4FE5FE6FE7FE8FE9FE10FE11FE12FE13FE14 Anhui(16)Mean9.716.21.94.22.82.55.221.88.56.91.60.8<0.118.0(2.7) s.d.2.32.60.70.90.80.61.73.51.11.50.50.7<0.13.4(0.7) Fujian(12)Mean9.424.33.47.14.84.312.312.45.73.20.80.40.111.9(1.5) s.d.1.12.91.51.40.70.82.22.71.00.80.70.50.42.9(0.6) Gansu(9)Mean14.96.70.30.80.20.40.335.12.313.04.710.64.75.9(1.7) s.d.3.92.60.40.50.30.40.35.51.53.10.87.23.23.9(1.0) Guangdong(25)Mean7.825.43.89.66.65.115.68.94.62.70.30.2<0.19.3(1.6) s.d.1.03.11.62.01.40.92.03.01.21.00.20.2<0.13.3(0.9) Guangxi(14)Mean7.220.92.68.95.95.219.39.64.73.10.60.2<0.111.9(2.7) s.d.2.42.80.61.71.31.45.02.41.60.70.30.20.13.7(1.4) Guizhou(8)Mean8.517.42.66.84.04.313.215.36.74.10.70.50.115.9(3.4) s.d.2.81.00.61.91.31.74.75.42.11.30.20.40.22.2(0.9) Hainan(4)Mean4.526.92.812.110.57.026.42.82.20.80.10.3<0.13.7(1.2) s.d.0.41.91.11.61.10.91.80.60.60.40.10.2<0.11.3(0.5) Hebei(7)Mean13.511.90.32.01.42.01.036.25.911.83.71.10.88.6(1.4) s.d.1.12.30.30.60.60.80.43.00.41.41.00.50.41.5(0.6) Heilongjiang(5)Mean19.16.20.11.50.10.90.543.05.912.63.20.80.65.5(0.1) s.d.3.91.50.20.30.20.50.35.82.31.20.90.60.80.8(0.1) Henan(14)Mean11.014.81.42.72.52.42.725.96.910.12.61.90.714.4(2.6) s.d.1.72.40.90.80.40.51.23.21.01.10.61.40.52.7(1.2) Hubei(11)Mean9.013.71.73.82.82.56.123.19.17.01.40.20.319.3(3.8) s.d.1.31.90.40.70.60.51.33.01.31.50.50.20.32.2(1.0) Hunan(13)Mean8.318.12.25.73.73.09.516.98.15.70.70.2<0.118.0(3.6) s.d.1.11.41.00.70.70.81.81.40.70.70.40.20.11.9(1.3) Jiangsu(3)Mean11.817.21.44.33.12.13.722.68.18.51.70.70.214.5(2.3) s.d.1.10.70.51.00.40.60.52.40.80.70.10.50.21.7(0.3) Jiangxi(11)Mean8.117.32.86.13.73.49.715.77.45.31.20.70.318.4(2.7) s.d.2.33.21.10.91.41.42.62.91.71.30.80.60.82.5(0.6) Jilin(1)Mean14.15.90.20.80.61.40.641.89.212.05.10.60.27.5(0.0) s.d.––––––––––––––Liaoning(3)Mean13.09.60.31.70.81.91.135.19.214.22.71.50.68.4(1.1) s.d.0.92.00.30.50.50.40.34.20.30.70.30.70.11.2(1.0) Neimenggu(8)Mean17.96.00.30.70.10.60.340.72.711.85.57.03.13.1(0.8) s.d.3.02.70.20.30.10.60.39.61.72.31.06.62.91.6(0.6) Ningxia(3)Mean14.16.00.10.50.50.70.941.53.114.64.66.02.55.1(1.6) s.d.3.01.00.20.60.50.70.55.22.61.61.73.21.42.1(0.2) Qinghai(8)Mean14.23.10.10.50.00.10.344.42.312.24.64.74.68.9(2.2) s.d.2.71.70.30.40.10.20.33.32.01.41.22.41.33.1(0.8) Shaanxi(8)Mean9.512.21.72.92.02.73.427.08.09.72.31.40.616.7(3.8) s.d.1.21.80.70.80.70.81.34.61.11.30.51.10.31.5(0.7) Shandong(6)Mean13.916.20.62.72.32.01.828.46.411.42.81.40.99.3(1.2) s.d.1.50.90.40.60.30.30.51.31.40.90.40.30.22.2(0.9) Shanxi(13)Mean12.59.31.91.21.21.71.036.35.413.23.83.11.48.0(1.8) s.d.1.72.51.30.70.40.80.65.61.21.40.91.00.72.6(0.7) Sichuan(10)Mean8.915.42.53.92.83.56.223.96.57.31.71.10.616.0(3.8) s.d.2.24.91.81.61.11.62.98.61.11.50.60.60.73.3(1.5) Taiwan(3)Mean8.725.02.810.06.94.713.211.25.03.10.40.1<0.19.0(1.2) s.d.0.83.70.23.51.80.81.44.51.01.10.40.1<0.13.0(0.5) Xinjiang(15)Mean15.23.30.00.30.00.00.141.40.912.24.611.86.83.5(0.5) s.d.2.31.80.00.40.00.10.28.10.63.82.07.51.32.4(0.6) Xizang(4)Mean11.310.01.63.32.73.07.928.53.98.02.71.82.413.0(2.1) s.d.4.97.21.23.53.02.99.214.01.44.52.51.23.01.7(0.9) Yunnan(14)Mean7.018.12.46.64.25.917.015.34.94.61.00.70.212.3(2.2) s.d.2.32.81.01.81.51.210.76.61.32.50.60.60.33.4(0.8) Zhejiang(13)Mean9.518.41.95.43.52.97.118.58.15.71.50.50.117.1(2.4) s.d.1.61.80.90.90.70.71.52.41.60.70.90.40.31.9(0.6) The value in parentheses after a province name is the number of localﬂoras used for that province.Values(%)in parentheses under category FE14are for Chinese endemic genera.Codes forﬂoristic elements are the same as in Table1.Page6of12Qian et al.—Plant Geography of China。

中国种子植物区系统计分析

①表示属数 : 种数 , 下同
© 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
4 期李锡文 : 中国种子植物区系统计分析
365
科都是严格意义上的中国特有科。大血藤科或宜称为半中国特有科或准中国特有。东亚特有的有 18 科 , 若将含玉簪属 ( # F KHosta # FS) 的玉簪科从广义的百合科分出 , 则东亚特有的计 19 科。在东亚特有科中 , 全东亚分布的 9 科 , 中国 - 喜马拉雅分布的 7 科 , 中国 - 日本分布的 4 科 (表 2 及表 3) 。在东亚特有科中 , 特别应提到青荚叶科 , 其中叶上生花的习性是极为独特的 , 但与其较为近缘的热带美洲 Dulongiaceae 科 (1 :8) 也具有相同习性。这种东西半球叶上生花习性平行发展的情况 , 使人联想到 : 青荚叶科具有明显的热带亲缘和东西半球种子植物区系的密切联系。
云南植物研究 1996 ; 18 (4) : 363～384 Acta Botanica Yunnanica
中国种子植物区系统计分析 3
李锡文
(中国科学院昆明植物研究所 , 昆明 650204)
摘要中国种子植物初步统计有 337 科 , 3 200 属 , 26 276～27 268 种 , 其中裸子植物有 10 科 , 36 属 , 191～195 种 , 单子叶植物有 57 科 , 679 属 , 4 493～4 661 种。本文对我国种子植物分别就科、属、种分布区类型 , 大小顺序排列 , 特有性等方面进行区系统计分析 , 并在种级水平上对各区系地区或具体区系进行对比 , 为中国种子植物区系深入研究提供基本素材。关键词中国种子植物 , 区系统计分析 , 科 , 属 , 种

植物区系,吴征镒书籍引用-概述说明以及解释

植物区系,吴征镒书籍引用-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分的内容可以写成以下形式：植物区系是生物地理学中一个重要的概念，指的是某个地理区域内全部植物种类的组合和分布特点。

随着地理环境的差异，植物区系也会呈现出多样化的形式。

对于了解和研究地区的生态系统、生物多样性以及生态环境的变化等问题，植物区系的研究具有重要的价值和意义。

植物区系的形成与地质演化、气候变化、地形地貌、土壤类型、水源等因素密切相关。

在不同的地理区域，自然条件的差异导致了该区域内植物的多样性与分布格局的差异。

植物区系既呈现出由北向南或由东向西逐渐变化的规律性，也表现出不同地域内部的细微差异。

通过对植物区系的研究，我们可以了解不同地区间植物的迁移、适应和分布情况，进而推测出地区的气候、土壤特征及其变化过程。

此外，植物区系还能反映出地区生态环境的变化情况，对于生物多样性保护、生态修复与恢复、自然资源保护与管理等方面也有着重要的指导作用。

吴征镒先生曾在其著作中深入研究了植物区系的形成规律和分类方法。

他的研究成果为植物地理学领域提供了重要的理论基础和实践指导。

本文将通过对吴征镒的书籍引用，结合国内外相关研究成果，探讨植物区系的定义、分类以及其重要性，并展望未来的研究方向，以期对地理学和生态学等领域的科研工作起到一定的推动作用。

文章结构部分是为了说明本文的组织和结构，让读者对文章的内容有一个清晰的了解。

本文的结构如下：1. 引言1.1 概述1.2 文章结构1.3 目的2. 正文2.1 植物区系的定义2.2 植物区系的分类3. 结论3.1 总结植物区系的重要性3.2 展望未来研究方向在本文中，我们首先通过引言部分对植物区系进行概述，介绍了植物区系的定义、分类以及其重要性和研究方向的目的。

接下来的正文部分将详细阐述植物区系的定义和分类，深入探讨植物区系在生态系统中的作用和意义。

最后的结论部分将总结植物区系的重要性，并对未来研究方向进行展望。

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地维管束植物的区系特征及保护

生态环境 2008, 17(1): 86-92 Ecology and Environment E-mail: editor@基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目（40606013）作者简介：张绪良(1971－)，男，副教授，博士，主要从事自然地理学、生态学研究。

E-m ail: Geo_zhang@ 收稿日期：2007-09-28莱州湾南岸滨海湿地维管束植物的区系特征及保护张绪良1，谷东起2，陈东景3，隋玉柱41. 青岛大学师范学院地理系，山东青岛266071；2. 国家海洋局第一海洋研究所，山东青岛 266061；3. 青岛大学国际经济贸易系，山东青岛266071；4. 青岛大学环境科学与工程系，山东青岛 266071摘要：在2003~2005年多次实地调查并参照相关资料基础上，对莱州湾南岸滨海湿地进行了植被类型划分和湿地维管束植物生态类群划分，利用统计方法分析了研究区湿地维管束植物区系较大科、属的构成，蕨类植物种的地理分布区类型、种子植物属的地理分布区类型，维管束植物区系保护面临的问题及对策。

研究表明，莱州湾南岸滨海湿地植被分4个植被型、25个植物群落，由48科129属197种维管束植物构成，这些维管束植物分盐生植物，水生植物，湿生植物和中生、旱生植物4大生态类群。

维管束植物区系的主体为菊科、禾本科、莎草科等含5种及5种以上的13个较大科，从维管束植物属的分布区类型构成来看，种子植物中世界分布属最多，达40属，占种子植物总属数的32%，这反映了湿地植被的隐域性特征；温带和热带分布区成分作为区系成分的主体共80属，占种子植物总属数的64%。

盐田、养殖池、道路建设，海岸侵蚀，地下咸、卤水入侵，气候干旱，河流断流等自然、人为原因导致莱州湾南岸滨海湿地退化，植被发生退化演替，区系中一些珍稀濒危植物受到日益严重的威胁。

提出了对退化湿地进行生态恢复与重建，推广生态旅游、生态养殖等可持续的滨海湿地利用方式，建设湿地自然保护区和生态环境监测网络等莱州湾南岸滨海湿地维管束植物区系保护对策。

被子植物3097属分布区类型

被子植物3097属分布区类型根据吴征镒等《种子植物的分布区类型及其起源和分化》（吴征镒周浙昆孙航李德铢彭华，云南科技出版社2006）整理。

注1：中国种数包括种下单位。

因此在某些属中可能超过世界种数。

注2：被子植物中文属名参考使用王锦绣博士在研项目名称。

Genus 世界种数中国种数中文属名分布区类型分布区亚型Abelia R. Br. 30 9 六道木属9Abelmoschus Medik. 15 7 黄葵属4Abrus Adans. 17 4 相思子属2Abutilon Mill. 100 13 苟麻属2Acacia Mill. 1200 18 金合欢属2(5,6)Acalypha L. 430 19 铁苋菜属2Acampe Lindl. 6 3 脆兰属6(7a)Acanthephippium Blume 15 3 坛花兰属7eAcanthochlamys P. C.Kao 1 1 芒苞草属15Acantholimon Boiss. 165 11 刺矶松属12Acanthophyllum C. A. Mey. 56 1 刺叶属13(→12)Acanthospermum Schrank 6 1 刺苞果属2Acanthus L. 30 4 老鼠勒属6(→12)Acer L. 111 237 槭树属8 4Achillea L. 115 10 蓍属10Achnatherum P. Beauv. 23 15 芨芨草属10Achyranthes L. 8 7 牛膝属4(2)Achyrospermum Blume 10 2 鳞果草属6(7a-c)Acidosasa C. D. Chu & C. S. Chao 6 5 酸竹属7Acmena DC. 15 1 肖蒲桃属5(7) SAcokanthera G. Don 5 1 长药花属(6)Acomastylis E. Greene 15 3 羽叶花属9Aconitum L. 300 303 乌头属8(14)Acorus L. 2 5 菖蒲属8(9)Acrachne Wight & Arn. ex Chiov. 3 1 尖稃草属4Acranthera Arn. ex Meisn. 35 1 尖药花属7aAcriopsis Reinw. Ex Blume 6 1 合萼兰属7eAcrocarpus Wight ex Arn. 1 1 顶果木属7aAcrocephalus Benth. 130 1 尖头花属7abAcroceras Stapf 19 1 凤头黍属2(6,5/7)Acroglochin Schrad. ex Schult. 2 1 千针苋属14SHAcronema Falc. ex Edgew. 25 21 丝瓣芹属14SHAcronychia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 43 2 山油柑属5(7e)Acroptilon Cass. 1 1 顶羽菊属13Actaea L. 8 2 类叶升麻属8Actephila Blume 35 5 喜光花属5Actinidia Lindl. 40 97 猕猴桃属14Actinocarya Benth. 2 1 星果紫草属14SHActinodaphne Nees 100 19 黄肉楠属7aActinostemma Griff. 1 2 合子草属14Adansonia L. 8 1 猴面包树属(4)Adelostemma Hook. F. 3 1 乳突果属7 Adenacanthus Nees 4 2 腺背蓝属7aAdenanthera L. 12 1 海红豆属7e(→5)Adenia Forssk. 94 4 蒴莲属4Adenocaulon Hook. 5 1 腺梗菜属9(3)Adenophora Fisch. 40 49 沙参属10Adenosma R. Br. 15 4 毛麝香属5(7a-c) Adenostemma J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 24 3 下田菊属2(3) Adhatoda Mill. 20 1 鸭嘴花属6Adina Salisb. 3 2 水团花属14Adinandra Jack 70 26 杨桐属6Adlumia Raf. ex DC. 1 1 荷包藤属9 4Adonis L. 26 11 侧金盏花属10Adoxa L. 4 1 五福花属8Aechmanthera Nees 3 2 尖蕊花属7Aegiceras Gaertn. 2 1 桐花树属4(5)Aegilops L. 21 2 山羊草属12Aeginetia L. 3 3 野菰属7ab(14)Aegle Corrêa 3 1 木桔属7Aegopodium L. 7 6 羊角芹属10Aeluropus Trin. 4 5 樟毛属12Aerides Lour. 20 4 指甲兰属7Aerva Forssk. 10 2 白花苋属4(6)Aeschynanthus Jack 140 36 芒毛苣苔属7d Aeschynomene L. 150 1 合萌属2Aesculus L. 13 13 七叶树属8(9)Afzelia Sm. 12 1 缅茄属(6)Aganosma (Blume) G. Don 8 5 香花藤属7a/b Agapetes D. Don ex G. Don 95 55 树萝卜属7e d Agastache Gronov. 22 1 藿香属9Agave L. 100 2 龙舌兰属3Agelaea Sol. ex Planch. 7 1 栗豆藤属6Ageratum L. 44 2 胜红蓟属2(3)Aglaia Lour. 105 8 米仔兰属5(7e)Aglaonema Schott 21 2 广东万年青属7cAgrimonia L. 15 5 龙牙草属8Agriophyllum M. Bieb. 6 3 沙蓬属13Agropyron Gaertn. 15 10 冰草属10Agrostemma L. 2 1 麦仙翁属10Agrostis L. 220 35 剪股颖属1(8-4)Agrostophyllum Blume 85 2 禾叶兰属5(7e)Ahernia Merr. 1 1 菲柞属7bAidia Lour. 18 7 茜木属4Ailanthus Desf. 5 7 臭椿属5(14)Ainsliaea DC. 40 48 兔儿风属14Aira L. 10 1 银须草属10Ajania Poljakov 34 30 亚菊属11Ajaniopsis C. Shih 1 1 画笔菊属15Ajuga L. 50 29 筋骨草属10Akebia Decne. 5 6 木通属14SJAlajja Ikonn. 1 2 菱叶元宝草属13Alangium Lam. 21 19 八角枫属4(14)Albertisia Becc. 19 1 崖藤属6Albizia Durazz. 118 17 合欢属2(3)Alchemilla L. 250 3 羽衣草属8Alchornea Sw. 70 9 山麻杆属2Alcimandra Dandy 1 1 长蕊木兰属14SH Aldrovanda L. 1 1 貉藻属10 4Alectra Thunb. 40 1 黑蒴属6Aletris L. 10 16 粉条儿菜属9 4Aleurites J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 5 1 石栗属7e Alfredia Cass. 5 5 黄飞廉属13Alhagi Gagnebin 3 1 骆驼刺属12Alisma L. 9 6 泽泻属8Alleizettella Pit. 1 1 白果香楠属7Alliaria Heist. ex Fabrius 2 1 葱芥属10Allium L. 690 152 葱属8Allmania R. Br. ex Wight 2 1 砂苋属7a Allocheilos W. T. Wang 1 1 异唇苣苔属15 Allomorphia Blume 25 6 异形木属7a Allophylus L. 1 12 异木患属4Allostigma W. T. Wang 1 2 异片苣苔属15 Alloteropsis J. Presl 6 3 毛颖草属2(4) Alniphyllum Matsum. 3 3 赤杨叶属7Alnus Mill. 25 10 赤杨属8 4Alocasia (Schott) G. Don 70 4 海芋属5(7)Aloe L. 365 1 芦荟属6Alopecurus L. 36 9 看麦娘属8Alphitonia Reissek ex Endl. 6 1 麦珠子属5(7e) Alphonsea Hook. f. & Thomson 30 6 藤春属7ab Alpinia Roxb. 200 55 山姜属5(7)Alseodaphne Nees 50 9 油丹属7aAlstonia R. Br. 43 8 鸡骨常山属2 Alternanthera Forssk. 100 5 虾钳菜属2Althaea L. 12 3 药葵属10Altingia Noronha 8 9 蕈树属7 4Alysicarpus Neck. ex Desv. 26 4 链荚豆属4 Alyssum L. 190 10 庭荠属10(12)Alyxia Banks ex R. Br. 120 12 念珠藤属5(7e) Amalocalyx Pierre 3 1 毛车藤属7Amaranthus L. 60 14 苋属1Amberboa (Pers.) Less. 6 3 珀菊属12 Amblynotus (A. DC.) I. M. Johnst. 4 1 钝背草属11Ambroma L. f. 2 1 昂天莲属(5)Ambrosia L. 43 2 豚草属1Amelanchier Medik. 25 2 唐棣属8(9)Amesiodendron Hu 1 3 细子龙属7Amethystea L. 1 1 水棘针属11Amischotolype Hassk. 15 2 穿鞘花属6Amitostigma Schltr. 10 23 无柱兰属14Ammannia L. 25 4 水苋菜属1Ammi L. 4 2 阿米芹属(12)Ammodendron Fisch. ex DC. 6 1 沙槐属13Ammopiptanthus S. H. Cheng 2 2 沙冬青属13Amomum Roxb. 90 40 豆蔻属5(7)Amoora Roxb. 25 9 崖摩属7abAmorpha L. 15 1 紫穗槐属(9)Ampelocalamus S. L. Chen, T. H. Wen & G. Y. Sheng 2 2 悬竹属7 Ampelopsis Michx. 25 28 蛇葡萄属9Amphicarpaea Elliott ex Nutt. 3 3 两型豆属9Amsonia Walter 20 1 水甘草属9(14SJ)Amydrium Schott 5 2 雷公连属7aAmygdalus L. 40 12 桃属10Anabasis L. 42 8 假木贼属12Anacardium L. 11 1 腰果属(3)Anadendrum Schott 9 2 上树南星属7abAnagallis L. 28 1 琉璃繁缕属1Ananas Mill. 8 1 凤梨属(3)Anaphalis DC. 110 75 香青属8(14)Anaxagorea A.St.-Hil. 24 1 蒙蒿子属3Ancathia DC. 1 1 肋果蓟属11Anchusa L. 35 1 牛舌草属10Ancistrocladus Wall. 12 1 钩枝藤属6Ancylostemon Craib 11 14 直瓣苣苔属15Androcorys Schltr. 4 5 兜蕊兰属14(14SH)Andrographis Wall. ex Nees 20 3 穿心莲属5(7)Andropogon L. 100 3 须芒草属2(8-4)Androsace L. 100 80 点地梅属8Anemarrhena Bunge 1 1 知母属11 3Anemoclema (Franch.) W. T. Wang 1 1 罂粟莲花属15 Anemone L. 144 82 银莲花属1(8-4)Anethum L. 1 1 莳萝属10Angelica L. 110 48 当归属8Anisachne Keng 1 1 异颖草属15Anisadenia Wall. ex Meisn. 2 2 异腺草属14SH 4Anisochilus Wall. ex Benth. 20 2 排香草属6(7)Anisodus Link ex Spreng. 6 5 山茛菪属14SHAnisomeles R. Br. 12 1 广防风属5(6,7e)Anisopappus Hook. & Arn. 30 1 山黄菊属6Anna Pellegr. 1 3 大苞苣苔属7Annamocarya A. Chev. 1 1 喙核桃属7 4Anneslea Wall. 4 5 茶梨属7a-cAnnona L. 137 5 番荔枝属(2)Anodendron A. DC. 17 5 鳝藤属7eAnoectochilus Blume 35 21 开唇兰属5(7e)Anogeissus (DC.) Wall. 8 1 榆绿木属6Anredera Juss. 15 2 落葵薯属3Antennaria Gaertn. 71 1 蝶须属8Antenoron Raf. 4 3 金线草属9Anthemis L. 210 3 春黄菊属10(12)Antheroporum Gagnep. 4 2 膜荚豆属7Anthogonium Wall. ex Lindl. 1 1 筒瓣兰属14SH(7-3) Anthoxanthum L. 18 5 黄花茅属8Anthriscus Pers. 12 2 峨参属10Anthurium Schott 700 2 花烛属(3)Antiaris Lesch. 1 1 见血封喉属4Antidesma L. 170 19 五月茶属4(6)Antiotrema Hand.-Mazz. 1 1 滇紫草属15Antirhea Comm. ex Juss. 36 1 毛茶属2Aphanamixis Blume 3 4 山楝属7eAphananthe Planch. 5 3 糙叶树属2Aphania Blume 26 2 滇赤才属6Aphanopleura Boiss. 6 2 隐芹属13Aphragmus Andrz. ex DC. 6 1 寒原荠属9(13, 14SH) Aphyllorchis Blume 15 5 无叶兰属5(7d)Apios Fabr. 10 6 土儿属9Apium L. 25 2 芹属(1)Apluda L. 1 1 水蔗草属7a-dApocopis Nees 15 5 楔颖草属7a-cApocynum L. 12 2 罗布麻属9Apodytes E. Mey. ex Arn. 1 1 柴龙树属4Aponogeton L. f. 43 1 水蕹属4 1Aporusa Blume 80 4 银柴属5Apostasia Blume 8 4 假兰属5(7a)Appendicula Blume 50 4 牛齿兰属7eApterosperma H. T. Chang 1 1 圆籽荷属15Aquilaria Lam. 15 2 沉香属7a-cAquilegia L. 80 15 耧斗菜属8Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynhold 20 3 鼠耳芥属8Arabis L. 180 14 南芥属8Arachis L. 22 1 落花生属(3)Arachnis Blume 11 1 蜘蛛兰属7dAralia L. 36 32 忽木属9Arcangelisia Becc. 2 1 古山龙属7dArceuthobium M. Bieb. 31 5 油杉寄生属8(9)Archakebia C. Y. Wu, T. C. Chen & H. N. Qin 1 1 长萼木通属15 Archangelica Wolf 12 2 古当归属8Archiatriplex G. L. Chu 1 1 古滨藜属15 Archiboehmeria C. J. Chen 1 1 古桂麻属7 Archidendron F. Muell. 94 15 古木属5(7) Archileptopus P. T. Li 1 1 方鼎木属15Arctium L. 11 2 牛蒡属10(12)Arctogeron DC. 1 1 莎菀属11Arctous (A. Gray) Niedenz. 5 4 北极果属8 d Arcuatopterus Shan & Sheh 3 3 弓翅芹属15Ardisia Sw. 250 66 紫金牛属2(3)Areca L. 60 1 槟榔属5(7)Arenaria L. 150 116 蚤缀属8Arenga Labill. 20 4 桄榔属5Argemone L. 23 1 刺罂粟属3 4Argostemma Wall. 100 5 雪花属6Argyranthemum Webb ex Sch.-Bip. 24 1 木茼蒿属(10-1) Argyreia Lour. 90 25 白鹤藤属5(7a-c)Arisaema Mart. 150 92 天南星属8(9)Aristida L. 330 11 三芒草属2(4)Aristolochia L. 120 47 马兜铃属2(3)Armeniaca Scop. 10 29 杏属11Armoracia P. Gaertn. Et al. 4 1 辣根属(10)Arnebia Forssk. 25 6 假紫草属10Artabotrys R. Br. 100 4 鹰爪属4(6)Artemisia L. 350 231 蒿属1(8-4,14)Arthraxon P. Beauv. 20 16 荩草属4Arthrophytum Schrenk 31 3 节节木属13Artocarpus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 50 16 桂木属5(7) Arum L. 26 1 疆南星属12Aruncus L. 1 2 假升麻属8Arundina Blume 1 1 竹叶兰属7ab(14)Arundinella Raddi 47 24 野牯草属2(→3,7,14)Arundo L. 3 4 芦竹属10Arytera Blume 25 1 滨木患属5Asarum L. 70 40 细辛属8(9)Asclepias L. 100 1 马利筋属2(3)Ascocentrum Schltr. ex J. J. Sm. 8 3 鸟舌兰属7(14SH) Asparagus L. 140 31 天门冬属4(10)Asperugo L. 1 1 糙草属12Asperula L. 90 1 车叶草属10Aspidistra Ker.-Gawl. 10 49 蜘蛛抱蛋属14 4 Aspidocarya Hook. f. & Thomson 1 1 球果藤属7 Aspidopterys A. Juss. 20 10 盾翅藤属7a-cAster L. 250 140 紫菀属8Asteropyrum J. R. Drumm. & Hutch. 2 2 星果草属14SH Asterothamnus Novopokr. 7 7 紫菀木属13Astilbe Buch.-Ham. ex G. Don 14 9 红升麻属9(14) Astilboides (Hemsl.) Engl. 1 1 大叶子属15Astragalus L. 1750 309 紫云英属1(12)Astronia Blume 59 1 褐鳞木属7eAsyneuma Griseb. & Schenck 50 3 肖木根草属10 Asystasia Blume 70 3 十万错属4Asystasiella Lindau 3 1 白接骨属6Atalantia Corrêa 11 7 酒饼属5(7)Atelanthera Hook. F. & Thomson 1 1 异药荠属13 Atractylodes DC. 11 5 苍术属14SJAtraphaxis L. 25 13 针枝蓼属10Atriplex L. 300 19 滨藜属8Atropanthe Pascher 1 1 天蓬子属15Aucuba Thunb. 4 19 桃叶珊瑚属14Avena L. 25 6 燕麦属10(12)Averrhoa L. 2 2 阳桃属7Avicennia L. 7 1 海榄雌属2(4)Axonopus P. Beauv. 35 1 地毯草属2Axyris L. 6 3 轴藜属11Azima Lam. 4 1 刺茉莉属6(7)Baccaurea Lour. 80 2 木奶果属7eBacopa Aubl. 56 3 假马齿苋属2(3)Baeckea L. 75 1 岗松属5 SBaijiania A. M. Lu & J. Q. Li 1 1 白兼果属7 Baimashania Al. Shebbaz 2 2 白马芥属15 Balanophora J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 15 12 蛇菰属5(7e) Baliospermum Blume 6 6 斑籽属7Bambusa Schreb. 120 74 簕竹属4Baolia H. W. Kung & G. L. Chu 1 1 苞藜属15 Baphicacanthus Bremek. 1 1 板蓝属7Barbarea R. Br. 20 5 山芥属8Barleria L. 250 7 假杜鹃属2(6)Barnardia Lindl. 8 1 绵枣儿属10Barringtonia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 39 3 玉蕊属4 c Barthea Hook. f. 1 2 刚毛药花属15Basella L. 5 1 落葵属2Bashania Keng f. & Yi 3 4 冷箭竹属(15)Basilicum Moench 7 1 小冠熏属4Bassia All. 21 3 雾冰藜属10Batrachium (DC.) S. F. Gray 20 12 水毛茛属8 Bauhinia L. 300 57 羊蹄甲属2(→14)Beaumontia Wall. 9 5 清明花属7aBeccarinda Kuntze 8 5 横蒴苣苔属7Beckmannia Host 2 2 罔草属8Beesia Balf. f. & W. W. Sm. 1 2 铁破锣属14SH Begonia L. 900 156 秋海棠属2(3)Beilschmiedia Nees 250 37 琼楠属2Belamcanda Adans. 1 1 射干属14 2Bellis L. 8 1 雏菊属(12)Belostemma Wall. ex Wight 2 3 箭药藤属7 Belosynapsis Hassk. 4 1 假紫万年青属7cBenincasa Savi 1 2 冬瓜属5Bennettiodendron Merr. 4 10 山桂花属7aBerberis L. 500 229 小蘖属8 5Berchemia Neck. ex DC. 12 24 勾儿茶属9 Berchemiella Nakai 3 2 小勾儿茶属14SJBergenia Moench 9 8 岩白菜属11Bergia L. 24 3 田繁缕属2Berneuxia Decne. 1 1 岩匙属15 2Berrya Roxb. 5 1 六翅木属7e 2Berteroa DC. 5 1 团扇荠属10Berteroella O. E. Schulz 1 1 锥果芥属14SJBerula Besser & W. D. J. Koch 1 1 天山泽芹属8Beta L. 13 4 甜菜属(10)Betonica L. 15 1 药水苏属(10)Betula L. 35 36 桦木属8 4Bhesa Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. 5 1 膝柄木属7eBidens L. 240 11 鬼针属1(3)Biebersteinia Stephan 5 3 薰倒牛属12 4Biondia Schlt. 13 13 秦岭藤属15Biophytum DC. 50 3 感应草属2Bischofia Blume 1 2 重阳木属7Biswarea Cogn. 1 1 三裂瓜属14SHBlachia Baill. 12 4 留萼木属7bBlainvillea Cass. 10 1 异芒菊属2Blastus Lour. 12 17 柏拉木属7aBlechum P. Browne 6 1 赛山蓝属3Blepharis Juss. 80 1 百簕花属6(→12)Bletilla Rchb. F. 9 4 白及属14Blinkworthia Choisy 3 1 苞叶藤属7Blumea DC. 100 31 艾纳香属4Blumeopsis Gagnep. 1 1 拟艾脑属7aBlysmus Panz. ex Schult. 3 4 扁穗草属8Blyxa Noronha ex Thouars 9 5 水筛属4Boea Comm. ex Lam. 17 3 旋蒴苣苔属5(7,14) Boehmeria Jacq. 80 35 苎麻属2Boeica T. Anderson ex C. B. Clarke 9 7 短筒苣苔属7 Boenninghausenia Rchb. ex Meisn. 1 3 石椒草属7a(14SJ) Boerhavia L. 50 4 黄细心属2Boesenbergia Kuntze 30 3 凹唇姜属7bBolbostemma Franquet 2 3 假贝母属15Bolocephalus Hand.-Mazz. 1 1 球菊属(15)Bombax L. 20 2 木棉属6Boniodendron Gagnep. 2 1 黄梨木属7Borreria G. Mey. 5 5 丰花草属2Borsczowia Bunge 1 1 异子蓬属13Borthwickia W. W. Sm. 1 1 节蒴木属7Boschniakia C. A. Mey. ex Bong. 2 2 草苁蓉属8(9) Bostrychanthera Benth. 1 2 毛药花属15 Bothriochloa Kuntze 35 8 孔颖草属2(8-4) Bothriospermum Bunge 5 5 斑种草属14 Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. 18 2 叶子花属(3) Bournea Oliv. 2 2 四数苣苔属15Bousigonia Pierre 2 2 奶子藤属7Bowringia Champ. ex Benth. 4 1 藤槐属6 Brachanthemum DC. 10 5 短舌菊属13Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. 100 10 臂形草属2(6) Brachyactis Ledeb. 5 4 短星菊属9Brachybotrys Maxim. ex Oliv. 1 1 短序花属11 Brachycorythis Lindl. 32 2 苞叶兰属6 Brachyelytrum P. Beauv. 3 1 短颖草属9 Brachypodium P. Beauv. 17 9 短柄草属8 Brachystachyum Keng 1 2 短穗竹属(15) Brachystelma R. Br. 100 2 润肺草属4(6) Brachystemma D. Don 1 1 短瓣花属14SH Brachytome Hook. f. 4 2 短萼齿木属7aBrandisia Hook. f. & Thomson 13 10 来江藤属7 Brasenia Schreb. 1 1 莼菜属1(3,9)Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planch. 20 20 罗伞属7c Brassica L. 35 19 芸苔属10(12)Braya Sternb. & Hoppe 20 3 柏蕾荠属8Bredia Blume 30 16 野海棠属14Bretschneidera Hemsl. 1 1 伯乐树属7 3Breynia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 25 5 黑面神属5 Bridelia Willd. 60 11 土密树属6Briggsia Craib 29 25 佛肚苣苔属14SHBriggsiopsis K. Y. Pan 1 1 假佛肚苣苔属15Briza L. 20 3 凌风草属8Bromus L. 100 74 雀麦属8Broussonetia L'Her. ex Vent. 8 4 构属7e(→6)Brucea J. F. Mill. 8 2 鸦胆子属4Bruguiera Savigny 6 4 木榄属4Bruinsmia Boerl. & Koord. 2 1 岐序野茉莉属7 Brylkinia F. Schmidt 1 1 扁穗草属14SJBryocarpum Hook. f. & Thomson 1 1 长果报春属14SH Bryophyllum Salisb. 20 1 枷蓝菜属2(6)Buchanania Spreng. 25 4 山羡子属5Buchnera L. 100 1 鬼羽箭属2((4,3)Buckleya Torr. 4 2 米面蓊属9Buddleja L. 100 20 醉鱼草属2(7,14) 2 Bulbophyllum Thouars 100 101 石豆兰属2(6) Bulbostylis Kunth 100 3 球柱草属2Bulleyia Schltr. 1 1 蜂腰兰属14SH(15)Bunias L. 6 2 匙荠属10(12)Buphthalmum L. 2 1 牛眼菊属(10)Bupleurum L. 190 64 柴胡属8Burmannia L. 60 9 水玉簪属2(9,3)Burretiodendron Rehd. 6 2 柄翅果属7 2Butea Roxb. ex Willd. 2 2 紫铆属7aButomus L. 1 1 花蔺属8(9-10)Buxus L. 50 28 黄杨属8 4Byttneria Loefl. 70 3 刺果藤属2Cabomba Aubl. 5 1 竹节水松属9(3)Cachrys L. 4 1 绵果芹属(12)Caesalpinia L. 150 17 云实属2(8-4)Cajanus Adans. 37 8 木豆属6Caladium Vent. 7 1 五彩芋属(3)Calamagrostis Adans. 230 10 拂子茅属8Calamintha Mill. 7 1 新风轮属10Calamus L. 400 54 省藤属7a-cCalanthe Ker Gawl. 150 54 虾脊兰属2(3)Calathodes Hook. f. & Thomson 3 4 鸡爪草属14SH Calcareoboea C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li 1 1 朱红苣苔属15 Caldesia Parl. 4 2 泽苔草属4Calendula L. 12 1 金盏花属12Calla L. 1 1 水芋属8Calliandra Benth. 200 2 朱缨花属2Callianthemum C. A. Mey. 14 5 美花草属10 Callicarpa L. 140 61 紫珠属2(3)Calligonum L. 80 23 沙拐枣属12Callistemon R. Br. 30 3 红千层属(5) SCallistephus Cass. 1 1 翠菊属14SJCallitriche L. 17 5 水马齿属1(8-4)Callostylis Blume 2 1 美柱兰属7a(14SH)Calogyne R. Br. 9 1 离根香属5(7a)Calophaca Fisch. ex DC. 5 3 丽豆属11 Calophanoides (C. B. Clarke) Ridl. 18 17 杜根藤属5(/7a) Calophyllum L. 187 4 红厚壳属2Calopogonium Desv. 8 1 毛蔓豆属3Calotis R. Br. 26 1 刺冠菊属5Calotropis R. Br. 3 2 牛角瓜属6Caltha L. 12 9 驴蹄草属8Calycanthus L. 2 3 夏蜡梅属(9)Calycopteris Lam. 1 1 萼翅藤属7aCalypso Salisb. 1 1 布袋兰属8Calystegia R. Br. 25 8 打碗花属8Camchaya Gagnep. 5 1 凋缨菊属7Camelina Crantz 7 2 亚麻荠属10(12)Camellia L. 200 238 茶属7a(14)Cameraria L. 6 1 鸭蛋花属(3)Campanula L. 300 21 风铃草属8(12) Campanumoea Blume 8 6 金钱豹属7a Camphorosma L. 11 2 樟味藜属10Campsis Lour. 2 1 紫葳属9Camptotheca Decne. 1 2 喜树属15 4 Campylandra Baker 16 16 开口箭属14SH Campylotropis Bunge 65 38 杭子梢属11 Cananga (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson 3 2 依兰属(5) Canarium L. 77 7 橄榄属4Canavalia Adans. 21 6 刀豆属2Cancrinia Kar. & Kir. 30 5 小甘菊属13Canna L. 10 1 美人蕉属3Cannabis L. 1 1 大麻属11(13)Canscora Lam. 30 3 穿心草属4(7)Cansjera Juss. 3 1 山柑属5Canthium Lam. 50 4 鱼骨木属4Capparis L. 250 32 槌果藤属2Capsella Medik. 5 1 荠属1Capsicum L. 10 1 辣椒属(3)Caragana Fabr. 80 81 锦鸡儿属11(14)Carallia Roxb. 10 4 竹节树属5(7d)Cardamine L. 200 47 碎米荠属1Cardaria Desv. 2 3 群心菜属12Cardiandra Siebold & Zucc. 2 3 草绣球属14SJ 4 Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindl. 3 3 大百合属14 Cardiospermum L. 14 1 倒地铃属2(3)Carduus L. 91 3 飞廉属10(12)Carex L. 2000 548 苔属1Carica L. 23 1 番木瓜属(3)Carissa L. 37 4 假虎刺属4Carlemannia Benth. 3 1 香茜属7 1Carlesia Dunn 1 1 山茴香属15Carlina L. 20 1 刺苞术属10(12)Carmona Cav. 1 1 基及树属5(→14SJ) Carpesium L. 25 20 天名精属10Carpinus L. 26 41 鹅耳枥属8Carrierea Franch. 3 2 山羊角树属7Carthamus L. 17 2 红花属12Carum L. 30 6 葛缕子属8(→8-4)Carya Nutt. 18 5 山核桃属9 4 Caryodaphnopsis Airy Shaw 15 5 檬果樟属3 Caryopteris Bunge 6 16 莸属14Caryota L. 12 4 鱼尾葵属5Casearia Jacq. 160 16 嘉赐树属2Casimiroa La Llave & Lex. 5 1 香肉果属(3) Cassia L. 30 22 决明属2Cassiope D. Don 11 11 锦绦属8 dCastanea Mill. 10 4 栗属8 4Castanopsis (D. Don) Spach 110 59 锥栗属9(7) 4 Castilleja Mutis ex L.f. 200 1 火焰草属8 Casuarina L. 17 3 木麻黄属(5)Catabrosa P. Beauv. 2 3 沿沟草属8Catabrosella (Tsvelev) Tsvelev 9 1 小沿沟草属13 Catalpa Scop. 11 4 梓属9Catha Forssk. ex Schreb. 3 1 巧茶属(6) Catharanthus G. Don 6 1 长春花属6 Cathayanthe Chun 1 1 扁蒴苣苔属15 Catunaregam Wolf 6 1 山石榴属6 Caulokaempferia Larsen 10 1 大苞姜属7 Caulophyllum Michx. 3 1 红三七属9 5Cautleya Hook. f. 5 3 距药姜属14SHCavea W. W. Sm. & Small 1 1 葶菊属14Cayratia Juss. 50 20 乌蔹莓属4(5,14)Cedrela P. Browne 8 1 洋椿属(3)Ceiba Mill. 12 1 吉贝属(2)Celastrus L. 32 26 南蛇藤属2(14)Celosia L. 45 3 青葙属2Celtis L. 100 12 朴属2Cenchrus L. 30 2 蒺藜草属2(3,17) Cenocentrum Gagnep. 1 1 大萼葵属7 Cenolophium W. D. J. Koch 1 1 空棱芹属10 Centaurea L. 500 10 矢车菊属8Centaurium Hill 20 3 百金花属8Centella L. 40 1 积雪草属1Centipeda Lour. 6 1 石胡荽属2Centotheca Desv. 4 2 酸模芒属4(5/6) Centranthera R. Br. 9 5 胡麻草属5(7a-c) Centrolepis Labill. 27 1 刺鳞草属5 1 Centrosema (DC.) Benth. 35 1 距瓣豆属(3) Ceodes J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 25 2 胶果木属(5) Cephaelis Sw. 100 1 头九节属2(3) Cephalanthera Rich. 14 9 头蕊兰属9(10) Cephalantheropsis Guillaumin 8 2 黄兰属7ab(14SJ) Cephalanthus L. 6 1 风箱树属2(3) Cephalomappa Baill. 5 1 肥牛木属7a Cephalorrhynchus Boiss. 15 3 头嘴苣属12 Cephalostachyum Munro 20 4 空竹属7 Cephalostigma A. DC. 15 1 星花草属7 Cerastium L. 100 30 卷耳属8Cerasus Mill. 140 56 樱属8Ceratanthus F. Muell. ex G. Taylor 10 1 角花属5(7d) Ceratocarpus L. 2 1 角果藜属12Ceratocephala Moench 3 2 角果毛茛属8Ceratophyllum L. 6 3 金鱼藻属1Ceratostigma Bunge 8 5 角柱花属6Ceratostylis Blume 100 3 牛角兰属7eCerbera L. 4 1 海忙果属5(7a)Cercidiphyllum Siebold & Zucc. 2 1 连香树属14SJ SJCercis L. 6 7 紫荆属8(9)Ceriops Arn. 3 1 角果木属4(6)Ceriscoides (Hook.f.) Tirveng. 7 1 木瓜榄属7abCeropegia L. 160 17 吊灯花属4Cestrum L. 175 3 夜香树属(3)Chaenomeles Lindl. 4 5 木瓜属14Chaerophyllopsis Boissieu 1 1 茴芹属15Chaerophyllum L. 35 2 细叶芹属8Chaetocarpus Thwaites 19 1 刺果树属2Chaetoseris C. Shih 18 21 毛鳞菊属14SHChaiturus Willd. 1 1 鬃尾草属10Chamabainia Wight 2 1 微柱麻属7Chamaedaphne Moench 1 1 地桂属8 dChamaegastrodia Makino & F. Maek. 1 4 迭鞘兰属14(7-4) Chamaemelum Mill. 6 1 果香菊属(10-1) Chamaepericlymenum Hill 3 1 草茱萸属8 4Chamaerhodos Bunge 11 5 地蔷薇属9(14)Chamaesciadium C. A. Mey. 1 1 矮伞芹属13Chamaesium H. Wolff 5 6 矮泽芹属14SHChamaesphacos (Schrenk ex) Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 1 1 矮刺苏属13 Champereia Griff. 1 1 台湾山柚属7a-dChampionella Bremek. 7 10 黄猄草属14SJChangium H. Wolff 2 1 明党参属15Changnienia S. S. Chien 1 1 独花兰属15Chartolepis Cass. 7 1 薄鳞菊属12Chassalia Comm. ex Poir. 42 2 弯管花属6(5/7)Chaydaia Pit. 2 1 苞叶木属7Cheilotheca Hook. f. 4 3 假水晶兰属7a dCheirostylis Blume 15 13 叉柱兰属4(6)Chelidonium L. 1 1 白屈菜属10 4Chelonopsis Miq. 13 15 铃子香属14Chengiopanax C. B. Shang & J. X. Huang 2 1 人参木属14SJ Chenopodium L. 100 16 藜属1Chesneya Lindl. ex Endl. 20 8 雀儿豆属12Chesniella Boriss. 6 2 旱雀豆属(13)Chikusichloa Koidz. 3 2 山涧草属14SJChiloschista Lindl. 18 3 异唇兰属5(7e)Chimaphila Pursh 5 3 梅笠草属8 dChimonanthus Lindl. 6 3 蜡梅属15Chimonobambusa Makino 10 21 寒竹属14(or 14SJ) Chimonocalamus J. R. Xue (Hsueh) & Yi 11 10 香竹属7Chiogenes Salisb. ex Torr. 3 2 伏地杜鹃属9(→8-2) d Chionanthus L. 100 8 流苏树属9Chionocharis I. M. Johnst. 1 1 垫紫草属14SH Chionographis Maxim. 7 1 白丝草属14SJ 4Chirita Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don 130 108 唇柱苣苔属7a-c Chiritopsis W. T. Wang 7 11 小花苣苔属15 Chisocheton Blume 51 1 溪桫属7eChloranthus Sw. 18 18 金粟兰属7d(14)Chloris Sw. 40 4 虎尾草属2(3)Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. 215 4 吊兰属2 3 Choerospondias Burtt & A. W. Hill 1 2 南酸枣属14 Chonemorpha G. Don 13 8 鹿角藤属7aChorisis DC. 1 1 沙苦荬属14SJChorispora R. Br. ex DC. 13 8 离子芥属12(13) Chosenia Nakai 1 1 钻天柳属11 4Christia Moench 12 5 蝙蝠草属5Christisonia Gardner 17 1 彩花菰属7aChristolea Cambess. ex Jacquem. 13 2 高原芥属13 Chroesthes Benoist 4 1 色萼花属7Chrozophora A. Juss. 12 1 沙戟属12 Chrysanthemum L. 3 3 菊属10(12)Chrysoglossum Blume 6 1 金唇兰属7e Chrysophyllum L. 43 1 金叶树属2Chrysopogon Trin. 26 3 金须茅属2Chrysosplenium L. 60 45 猫眼草属8Chuanminshen M. L. Sheh & R. H. Shan 1 1 川明参属15 Chukrasia A. Juss. 1 2 麻楝属7aChunia H. T. Chang 1 1 假马蹄荷属15 4 Chuniophoenix Burret. 3 2 掌叶海枣属7Cicer L. 40 2 鹰嘴豆属12Cicerbita Wallr. 18 4 岩参属12Cichorium L. 7 3 菊苣属12Cicuta L. 8 2 毒芹属8Cimicifuga Wernisch. 18 12 升麻属8Cinchona L. 23 3 金鸡纳树属(3)Cinna L. 4 1 单蕊草属8Cinnamomum Schaeff. 350 47 樟属3Cipadessa Blume 1 2 浆果楝属7aCircaea L. 7 11 露珠草属8Circaeaster Maxim. 1 1 星叶属13 2Cirsium Mill. 250 50 蓟属8Cissampelopsis (DC.) Miq. 10 6 菊藤属7a Cissampelos L. 20 1 锡生藤属2Cissus L. 200 16 白粉藤属2Cistanche Hoffmanns. & Link 16 5 肉苁蓉属12 Cithareloma Bunge 3 1 竖琴芥属13(→12)Citrullus Schrad. 4 1 西瓜属(6)Cladium P. Browne 2 3 一本芒属2(9) Cladogynos Zipp. ex Span. 1 1 枝实属7a-c Cladopus H. Moeller 5 1 川苔草属7a/c Cladrastis Raf. 6 5 香槐属9Claoxylon A. Juss. 80 5 白桐树属4Clarkella Hook. F. 2 1 岩上珠属14SHClarkia Pursh 33 1 克拉花属(3)Clausena Burm.f. 23 12 黄皮属4Clausia Korn.-Trotzky ex Hayek 5 2 香芥属12 Cleghornia Wight 4 1 毛药藤属7a Cleidiocarpon Airy Shaw 2 1 蝴蝶果属7 Cleidion Blume 25 3 棒柄花属2Cleisostoma Blume 80 18 隔距兰属5(7e) Cleistanthus Hook.f. ex Planch. 140 12 闭花木属4 Cleistocalyx Blume 21 2 水蓊属5 SClematis L. 295 218 铁线莲属1(8-4) Clematoclethra (Franch.) Maxim. 1 27 藤山柳属15 Cleome L. 150 7 白花菜属2 Clerodendranthus Kudo 5 1 肾茶属5(7a-c) Clerodendrum L. 400 42 臭牡丹属2(2-3)Clethra L. 64 35 山柳属3Cleyera Thunb. 17 14 肖柃属9Clinacanthus Nees 2 2 鳄嘴花属7a Clinopodium L. 20 11 风轮菜属8(9,7,14) Clintonia Raf. 5 1 七筋菇属9 4Clitoria L. 60 4 蝶豆属2(3)Cnesmone Blume 10 3 刺毛藤属7aCnestis Juss. 13 2 螫毛藤属6Cnicus L. 1 1 截掖花属12Cnidium (Cusson ex) Juss. 20 5 蛇床属9 Coccinia Wight & Arn. 30 1 红瓜属4Cocculus DC. 8 4 木防己属2Cochlianthus Benth. 2 2 旋花豆属14SHCocos L. 1 1 椰子属2Codariocalyx Hassk. 2 2 舞草属5(7)Codiaeum A. Juss. 15 1 变叶木属(5) Codonacanthus Nees 2 1 钟花草属7 Codonopsis Wall. 30 51 党参属14Coelachne R. Br. 10 1 小丽草属4(5) Coeloglossum Hartm. 1 1 凹唇兰属8 Coelogyne Lindl. 100 25 贝母兰属7e Coelonema Maxim. 1 1 穴丝荠属15 Coelopleurum Ledeb. 1 2 高山芹属11 Coelorachis Brongn. 21 2 空轴茅属2 Coelospermum Blume 17 2 穴果木属(5)Coffea L. 90 1 咖啡属6(4?)Coldenia L. 1 1 刺锚草属2(3)Coleanthus Seidel 1 1 莎禾属8Colebrookea Sm. 1 1 羽萼木属7Coleostephus Cass. 3 1 鞘冠菊属(10-1)Collabium Blume 10 3 吻兰属7Colocasia Schott 8 6 芋属7aColona Cav. 30 2 一担柴属7 2Colquhounia Wall. 3 9 火把花属14SH(→7) Colubrina Rich. ex Brongn. 31 2 蛇藤属2(3,5) Coluria R. Br. 5 5 无尾果属11Colutea L. 28 4 鱼鳔槐属10Comanthosphace S. Moore 5 4 绵穗苏属14SJ Comarum L. 5 2 沼委陵菜属8Comastoma (Wettst.) Toyok. 15 12 喉花草属8(14SH) Combretum Loefl. 250 13 风车藤属2Commelina L. 170 8 鸭跖草属2Commersonia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 14 1 山麻树属5 Commicarpus Standl. 16 2 黄细心属2Conandron Siebold & Zucc. 1 1 苦苣苔属14SJ Congea Roxb. 7 2 绒苞藤属7aConioselinum Hoffm. 10 3 山芎属8Conium L. 6 1 毒参属10Connarus L. 77 4 牛栓藤属2(3)Conringia Heist. ex Fabr. 6 1 线果芥属12 Consolida (DC.) Gray 43 1 飞燕草属8(12) Convallaria L. 3 1 铃兰属8 4Convolvulus L. 100 8 旋花属1(8-4)Conyza Less. 60 11 假蓬属2(3)Coptis Salisb. 15 7 黄连属8(9)Coptosapelta Korth. 13 1 流苏子属7b Corallodiscus Batalin 18 3 珊瑚苣苔属14SH Corallorrhiza Gagnebin 15 1 珊瑚兰属8 Corchoropsis Siebold & Zucc. 3 2 田麻属14SJ 2 Corchorus L. 100 4 黄麻属2 2Cordia L. 320 5 破布木属2(3)Cordyline Comm. ex R. Br. 15 1 朱蕉属(2) Coreopsis L. 50 3 金鸡菊属2Coriandrum L. 3 1 芫荽属12Coriaria L. 5 3 马桑属8 6Corispermum L. 3 29 虫实属8Cornulaca Delile 6 1 单刺蓬属12Cornus L. 65 2 山茱荑属8(9) 4Coronilla L. 9 2 小冠花属(12)Coronopus Zinn 10 2 肾果荠属1Cortaderia Stapf 24 1 蒲苇属(3)Cortia DC. 8 1 郏栓果芹属13Cortiella C. Norman 3 3 栓果芹属13Cortusa L. 8 2 假报春属10Corybas Salisb. 100 3 铠兰属5(7e)Corydalis DC. 400 340 紫堇属8(14→9) 4Corylopsis Siebold & Zucc. 7 23 蜡瓣花属14 4Corylus L. 15 10 榛木属8Corymborkis Thouars 8 1 管花兰属2(3) Cosmianthemum Bremek. 8 4 秋英爵床属7Cosmos Cav. 26 2 秋英属3Cosmostigma Wight 3 1 荟蔓藤属7Costus L. 42 10 闭鞘姜属2Cotinus Mill. 3 5 黄栌属8(9)Cotoneaster Medik. 261 95 栒子属10(9-1)Cotula L. 55 2 山芫荽属8Cotylanthera Blume 4 1 寄生龙胆属7b/eCousinia Cass. 500 11 刺头菊属12Craibiodendron W. W. Sm. 5 4 假木荷属7 dCraigia W. W. Sm. & W. E. Evans 1 2 滇桐属7 2Crambe L. 20 1 两节荠属12Craniospermum Lehm. 4 2 颅果草属11Craniotome Rchb. 1 1 簇序草属14SHCraspedolobium Harms 1 1 巴豆藤属15 Crassocephalum Moench 24 1 木耳菜属6Crataegus L. 186 23 山楂属8(9)Crateva L. 6 4 鱼木属2(3)Cratoxylum Blume 6 3 黄牛木属7abCrawfurdia Wall. 16 15 龙胆属14SHCremanthodium Benth. 70 69 垂头菊属14SHCremastra Lindl. 2 2 杜鹃兰属14Crepidiastrum Nakai 15 4 假还阳参属14SJCrepis L. 200 23 驴打滚草属8Crinum L. 120 2 文殊兰属2 SCrocus L. 80 2 番红花属12 2Croomia Torr. 3 1 金刚大属9Crossostephium Less. 1 1 芙蓉菊属14SJCrotalaria L. 600 45 猪屎豆属2Croton L. 750 25 巴豆属2Crucihimalaya Alshehbaz et al. 9 6 须弥芥属11(→14SH) Crupina (Pers.) DC. 3 1 半毛菊属13Crypsis Aiton 8 2 隐花草属12Crypteronia Blume 4 1 隐翼属7ab bCryptocarya R. Br. 200 19 厚壳桂属2(3)Cryptochilus Wall. 6 2 宿苞兰属14SHCryptocoryne Fisch. ex Wydler 50 4 隐棒花属7c Cryptodiscus Schrenk ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 4 2 隐盘芹属13 Cryptolepis R. Br. 26 2 白叶藤属4(6)Cryptospora Kar. & Kir. 3 1 隐子芥属13(→12)Cryptostylis R. Br. 20 2 隐柱兰属5(7e)Cryptotaenia DC. 6 3 鸭儿芹属8(→8-4,9)Cucumis L. 32 6 甜瓜属4Cucurbita L. 13 3 南瓜属(3)Cudrania Trécul. 6 5 柘属5(7)Cuminum L. 4 1 孜然芹属(12)Cuphea P. Browne 260 7 萼距花属(3)Curculigo Gaertn. 10 7 仙茅属2Curcuma L. 40 12 姜黄属5(7)Cuscuta L. 145 13 菟丝子属2Cyamopsis DC. 3 1 瓜儿豆属(6)Cyananthus Wall. ex Benth. 19 35 蓝钟花属14SH Cyanotis D. Don 50 5 蓝耳草属4Cyathocline Cass. 3 1 杯菊属7Cyathostemma Griff. 8 1 杯冠木属7aCyathula Blume 25 4 杯苋属2Cyclanthera Schrad. 15 1 小雀瓜属(3)Cyclea Arn. ex Wight 29 14 轮环藤属7ab Cyclobalanopsis Oersted 150 69 青冈属7 4Cyclocarya Iljinsk. 1 1 青钱柳属15 4Cyclorhiza M. L. Sheh & R. H. Shan 1 2 环根芹属15 Cymaria Benth. 2 2 岐伞花属7a-cCymbaria L. 4 2 大黄花属10Cymbidium Sw. 44 34 兰属5(7,14)Cymbopogon Spreng. 56 16 香茅属4(6)Cymodocea K. D. Koenig 4 1 丝粉藻属4Cynanchum L. 100 58 鹅绒藤属10Cynara L. 8 2 菜蓟属(12)Cynodon Rich. 8 3 狗牙根属2(4)Cynoglossum L. 75 15 倒提壶属8Cynomorium L. 1 1 锁阳属12 1Cynosurus L. 5 1 洋狗尾草属12Cyperus L. 300 51 莎草属1Cypholophus Wedd. 15 1 隆冠麻属7eCyphotheca Diels 1 1 药囊花属15Cypripedium L. 40 33 杓兰属8(9)Cyrtandra J. R. (Forst.) & G. Forst. 550 1 曲蕊花属5(7a-e) Cyrtandromoea Zoll. 11 1 囊萼花属7aCyrtanthera Nees 10 1 珊瑚花属(3)Cyrtococcum Stapf 11 4 弓果黍属4Cyrtosia Bl. 5 3 肉果兰属7Cyrtosperma Griff. 11 1 曲籽芋属7dCystacanthus T. Anderson 10 4 鳔冠花属7Cytisus Desf. 33 2 金雀儿属(12)Czernaevia Turcz. Ex Ledeb. 1 3 柳叶芹属11 Dactylicapnos Wall. 10 4 紫金龙属14SH 4Dactylis L. 5 2 鸭茅属10Dactyloctenium Willd. 10 1 龙爪茅属2(6)Daemonorops Blume 114 1 黄藤属7a/cDahlia Cav. 29 1 大丽花属(3)Dalbergia L.f. 100 29 黄檀属2Dalechampia L. 115 2 黄蓉花属2(3)Damnacanthus Gaertn. f. 6 11 虎刺属14Danthonia DC. 100 1 扁芒草属8Daphne L. 50 55 瑞香属8Daphniphyllum Blume 10 10 交让木属7(5,14)Dapsilanthus B. G. Briggs & L. A. S. Johnson 4 1 簿果草属5 S Dasymaschalon (Hook.f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms 15 3 皂帽花属7a Datura L. 9 3 曼陀罗属2(3)Daucus L. 22 2 胡萝卜属8Davidia Baill. 1 2 珙桐属15 4Dayaoshania W. T. Wang 1 1 瑶山苣苔属15Debregeasia Gaudich. 4 6 水麻属6Decaisnea Hook. f. & Thomson 1 1 猫儿子属14SHDecaschistia Wight & Arn. 18 1 十裂葵属5(7)Decaspermum J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 30 7 子栋树属7(→5) SDecumaria L. 3 1 赤壁草属9 4Deeringia R. Br. 11 2 浆果苋属5Dehaasia Blume 35 3 莲桂属7dDeinanthe Maxim. 2 1 叉叶蓝属14SJ 4Deinocheilos W. T. Wang 2 2 全唇苣苔属15Deinostema T. Yamaz. 2 2 泽番椒属14SJDelavaya Franch. 1 1 茶条木属7Delonix Raf. 12 1 凤凰木属(6)Delphinium L. 320 229 翠雀属8Dendranthema (DC.) Des Moul. 37 22 菊属10(14)Dendrobenthamia Hutch. 12 18 四照花属14 4Dendrobium Sw. 900 76 石斛属5(7e)Dendrocalamopsis (L. C. Chia & H. L. Fung) Keng f. 1 10 绿竹属(15) Dendrocalamus Nees 35 33 牡竹属7Dendrochilum Blume 100 1 足柱兰属7eDendrocnide Miq. 37 6 树火麻属5(7)Dendrolobium (Wight & Arn.) Benth. 12 4 假木豆属5Dendropanax Decne. & Planch. 60 16 树参属3Dendrophthoe Mart. 30 1 五蕊寄生属4 SDendrotrophe Miq. 5 7 寄生藤属5(7)Dentella J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 10 1 小牙草属5Derris Lour. 40 27 鱼藤属2Deschampsia P. Beauv. 40 9 发草属8Descurainia Webb & Berthel. 40 1 播娘蒿属8Desideria Pamp. 12 8 扇叶芥属13Desmanthus Willd. 24 1 合欢草属(3)Desmodium Desv. 450 32 山蚂蝗属9Desmos Lour. 30 4 假鹰爪属5。

《世界种子植物科的分布区类型系统》的修订

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地中海区至北非、中亚一蒙古、西南非洲、西南澳大利亚、北美西南部、智利西部(泛地中海)星散分布
马加罗尼西亚、地中海欧洲、索科特拉、西亚，南至索马里分布
中亚中亚东部中亚东部至喜马拉雅和中国西南部西亚至喜马拉雅和西藏中亚至喜马拉雅一阿尔泰和太平洋北美洲间断分布东亚
中国一喜马拉雅
中国一日本
日本特有中国特有华东一华中华南横断山区华北一东北南半球热带以外间断或星散分布热带非洲一热带美洲间断泛南极
亚马逊河盆地
(3d)
热带南美(南至巴西、秘鲁)，北至西印度群岛和美国南部
(3e)
中、南智利低地至邻近的阿根廷
(3f)
南美西部，特以安第斯山为主
(3g)
巴西、乌拉圭、智利、热带阿根廷南部
(3h)
胡安一费尔南德斯岛
(3i)
热带以外的中、南美(沿安底斯山脉)
4
旧世界热带
4-1
热带亚洲、非洲和大洋洲间断或星散分布
(7b)
(7c)
(7d) (7e) (7f) (7g) 8 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 9 (9) (9,14J) 9-1 (9-1)
(9-2)
(9,3) (9/3) 10 10-1 10-2 10-3 11 12 (12)S. S. 12-1 12-2
12-3
(12-4)
(6a)
热带东、东北非及阿拉伯半岛或索科特拉岛间断
(6b)
热带非洲(撒哈拉以南至南非)
(6c)
中至西南或东南非洲(多在稀树草原地区)
(6d)
南非(主要是好望角)
(6e)
热带(或赤道)西部非洲
(6f)
西南非洲荒漠
7
热带东南亚至印度-马来，太平洋诸岛(热带亚洲)
7-1
7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5
(7a)
爪哇(或苏门答腊)，喜马拉雅间断或星散分布到华南、西南
热带印度至华南(尤其云南南部)分布缅甸、泰国至中国西南分布越南(或中南半岛)至华南或西南分布菲律宾、海南和台湾间断西马来(基本上在新华莱斯线以西，北达中南半岛或印度东北或热带喜马拉雅，南达苏门答腊) 中马来(爪哇以东，加里曼丹至菲律宾一线以内)
地中海区至温带一热带亚洲、大洋洲和/或北美南部至南美洲间断
巴尔干半岛至西喜马拉雅间断于索科特群岛分布
12-5
(12-6)
13 13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 14 14-1(or 14SH) 14-2(or 14SJ) (14J) 15 15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 (16) (17) (18)
北美西、西南部(以加洲为中心)至邻近的墨西哥或/和中美州
落基山经墨西哥至安第斯间断分布北美(东和/或西南)，圭亚那高地间断分布旧世界温带地中海区至西亚(或中亚)和东亚间断分布地中海区和喜马拉雅间断分布欧亚和南非(有时也在澳大利亚) 温带亚洲地中海区、西亚至中亚地中海区(狭义或环地中海) 地中海区至中亚和南非洲和/或大洋洲间断分布地中海区至西亚或中亚和墨西哥或古巴间断

5 5-1 (5/7) (5/6) (5a) (5b) (5c) (5d) (5e) 6 6-1 6-2 (6,5/7)
热带亚洲至热带大洋洲中国西南亚热带和新西兰间断马达加斯加特有印度洋诸岛(科摩罗、毛里求斯、留尼旺、塞舌尔群岛) 澳大利亚东部和/或东北部澳大利亚西南部和/或西部澳大利亚南部和塔斯马尼亚塔斯马尼亚及新西兰、温带澳大利亚间断塔斯马尼亚及新喀里多尼亚间断热带亚洲至热带非洲华南、西南至印度和热带非洲热带亚洲和东非或马达加斯加间断分布非洲南部和/或东部至马达加斯加间断分布
分布区类型 1 2
分布区说明世界广布泛热带
2-1
热带亚洲一大洋洲和热带美洲(南美洲或/和墨西哥)
2-2
热带亚洲一热带非洲一热带美洲(南美洲)
2S
以南半球为主的泛热带
3
东亚(热带、亚热带)及热带南美间断
(3a)
圭亚那高地(至附近邻邦)
(3b)
热带、亚热带中美至南美(含墨西哥中部及西印度群岛)
(3c)
分布区说明(英文) Widespread Pantropic Tropical Asia-Australasia & Tropical America (South America or/and Mexico) Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa to Tropical America (South America) Pantropic especially South Hemisphere East Asia (Tropical & Subtropical) & Tropical South America disjuncted Guyana Highland (to adjacent Countries) Tropical & Subtropical Central to South America (including Central Mexico & West Indies) Amazon Basin Tropical South America (South to Brazil & Peru), North to West Indies & Southern USA Central & Southern Chile lowland to adjacent Argentina Western South America, especially the Andes Brazil & Uruguay & Chile & Temperate Sorthern Argentina Juan-Femandez Island Extratropical Central & South America (Trans-Andes) Old World Tropics Tropical Asia & Tropical Africa & Tropical Australasia disjuncted or dispersed Tropical Asia to Tropical Australasia Oceania Subtropical Southwestern Chinese & New Zealand disjuncted Endemic to Madagasca Islands of Indian Ocean (Comoro & Mauritius & Reunion & Seycheles) Eastern and/or Northeastern Australia Southwestern and/or Western Australia Southern Australia & Tasmania Tasmania & New Zealand & Temperate Australia disjuncted Tasmania & New Caledonia disjuncted Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa South & Southwest China to India & Tropical Africa disjuncted Tropical Asia & East Africa or Madagasca disjuncted Tropical Southern and/or Eastern Africa to Madagascar disjuncted Tropical Eastern & Northeastern Africa & Arabian Peninsula or Socotra disjuncted Tropical Africa (South of Sahara to South Africa) Central to Southwestern or Southeastern Africa (Mainly Savanna Region) South Afirca (Chiefly Cape) Tropical (or Equatorial) Western Africa Desert of Southwestern Africa Tropical Southeast Asia to Indo-Malaya & Tropical Southwest Pacific Islands
Java (or Sumatra) & Himalaya to South & Southwest China disjuncted or diffused Torpical India to South China (especially Southern Yunnan) Myanmar & Thailand to Southwest China Vietnam (or Indochinese Peninsula) to South or Southwest China Philippines & Hainan & Taiwan disjuncted West Malesia (West of New Wallace line, North to Indochinese Peninsula or Northeast India or Tropical Himalaya, South to Sumatra) Central Malesia (East of Java, Kalimantan to Philippines) East Malesia (East of New Wallace line, not include New Guinea & Eastern Islands) Endemic to New Guinea Western Pacific islands, including New Caledonia & Fiji Endemic to New Caledonia Endemic to Fiji North Temperate Circumpolar (Circumarctic & Amphipolar) Arctic-Alpine Arctic to Altai & North America disjuncted North Temperate & South Temperate disjuncted Eurasia & Temperate South America disjuncted Mediterranea & East Asia & New Zealand & Mexico-Chile disjuncted North America & Eastern Australia & New Guinea disjuncted East Asia & North America disjuncted Endemic to North America North America & Japan disjuncted East Asia & Mexico disjuncted Endemic to High mountains of Mexico Western & Southwestern North America (Centered in California) to adjacent Mexico or/and Central America) Rocky mountains through Mexico to Andes Eastern and/or Sorthwestern of North America & Guyana Highland Old World Temperate Mediterranea to West Asia (or Central Asia) & East Asia disjuncted Mediterranea & Himalaya disjuncted Eurasia & South Africa (sometimes also Australia) disjuncted Temperate Asia Mediterranea & West to Central Asia Mediterranea, S. S. or Circum-Mediterranea Mediterranea to Central Asia & South Africa and/or Australasia disjuncted Mediterranea to West or Central Asia & Mexico or Cuba disjuncted Mediterranea to Temperate-Tropical Asia & Australasia and/or Southern North to South America disjuncted Balkan Peninsula to Western Himalaya, disjuncted in Socotra