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魅力无穷的梅森素数

魅力无穷的梅森素数——香港科技大学方程2004年5月15日，美国国家海洋和大气局顾问、数学爱好者乔希·芬德利(Josh Findley)用一台装有2.4GH奔腾处理器的个人计算机，找到了目前世界上已知最大Z的梅森素数。

该素数为2的24036583次方减1(即224036583－1)，它有7235733位数，如果用普通字号将这个数字连续写下来，它的长度可达3万米！它是2000多年来人类发现的第41个梅森素数，也是目前已知的最大素数。

世界上许多著名的新闻媒体和科学刊物都对这一消息进行了报道和评介，认为这是数学研究和计算技术中最重要的突破之一。

也许会有人感到奇怪：素数不就是在大于1的整数中只能被1和其自身整除的数吗？在数学和计算机科学高度发达的今天，为什么发现一个已知的最大素数竟如此困难？找到一个已知的最大梅森素数竟成了科学上的大事？是的，魅力无穷的梅森素数具有许多特异的性质和现象，千百年来一直吸引着众多的数学家和数学爱好者对它进行研究；虽然已经揭示了一些规律，但围绕着它仍然有许多未解之谜，等待着人们去探索。

梅森素数的由来马林·梅森（Marin Mersenne,1588–1648）是17世纪法国著名的数学家和修道士，也是当时欧洲科学界一位独特的中心人物。

他与大科学家伽利略、笛卡尔、费马、帕斯卡、罗伯瓦、迈多治等是密友。

虽然梅森致力于宗教，但他却是科学的热心拥护者，在教会中为了保卫科学事业做了很多工作。

他捍卫笛卡儿的哲学思想，反对来自教会的批评；也翻译过伽里略的一些著作，并捍卫了他的理论；他曾建议用单摆来作为时计以测量物体沿斜面滚下所需时间，从而使惠更斯发明了钟摆式时钟。

梅森对科学所作的主要贡献是他起了一个极不平常的思想通道作用。

17世纪时，科学刊物和国际会议等还远远没有出现，甚至连科学研究机构都没有创立，交往广泛、热情诚挚和德高望众的梅森就成了欧洲科学家之间的联系的桥梁。

许多科学家都乐于将成果寄给他，然后再由他转告给更多的人。

中国期刊杂志大全(更新)

A review of research progress on CO2 capture, storage, and utilization

2A review of research progress on CO capture,storage,and utilization in 34Q156789111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576with 58%of the sources being located within the east and south 77central regions.The contributions of large point sources in each 78sector to total CO 2emissions in China are listed in Fig.2[13].With 79rapid development of energy technologies in the 21st century,fos-80sil fuels,especially coal,will still remain the dominant energy0016-2361/$-see front matter Ó2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022⇑Corresponding authors.Q2Address:State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion,Institute of Coal Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Taiyuan 030001,China (Y.Sun).Tel.:+863514049612;fax:+863514041153.E-mail addresses:zhaoning@ (N.Zhao),weiwei@ (W.Wei),yhsun@ (Y.Sun).Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022source in China for decades to come.Chinese government recognized the huge challenge of CO 2abatement while satisfying ever-increasing energy demand.In the light of this situation,November 26,2009,China ofﬁcially announced action to control emissions per unit of GDP by 40–45%by 2020,based on 86levels [14].To address this,China is undertaking a range of techni-87cal research and development projects on CCSU,including the na-88tional fundamental research and high-tech programs,as well as a 89large number of international programs.The CCS projects,fun-90dings,and research institutes in China is shown in Table 1.91Since 1990,China had carried out a series of climate change 92projects under framework of national programs,such as China’s 93National Climate Change Program (CNCCP),National Hi-tech R&D949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121cooperation with international on CCSU.On the basis of the ﬁnical 122support of both Chinese government and CAS,a lot of progresses 123were obtained in several academic institutes in CAS including 124CO 2capture;enhanced oil recovery (EOR)and enhanced coal bed 125methane (ECBM)projects as well as CO 2chemical utilizations.This 126brief review has covered the research progress in CO 2capture,stor-127age,and utilization in CAS.2.The contributions of large point sources in each sector to overall total emissions in China [12].Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022128129130131132133134135136137aration,and cryogenic fractionation.138 2.1.Amine-based scrubbing solvent139Amine scrubbing is a well known technology for capturing CO 2140from ﬂue gas,which has been widely deployed on a large scale 141across several industries [25–28].The industrially most important142143144145146147148149150151152the environment [30].1532.2.Ionic liquids154Therefore,a nonvolatile solvent that could facilitate CO 2capture 155without the loss of solvent into the gas stream would be advanta-156geous.Ionic liquids (ILs)are commonly deﬁned as liquids whichTable 1CCS projects,fundings,and research institutes in China.China and international cooperation on CCS projects and fundingsResearch institutes aBNLMS–CAS IET–CAS RCEES–CAS ICC–CAS IPE–CAS LICP–CAS CIAC–CAS National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863)SIC–CAS National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (973)IGG–CAS China’s National Climate Change Program (CNCCP)IAP–CAS L.L Q1i et al./Fuel xxx (2011)xxx–xxx3Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022157are composed entirely of ions with a melting point of less than 158100°C.ILs have many unique properties in comparison to other 159solvents as extremely low volatility,broad range of liquid temper-160ature,high thermal and chemical stability,and tunable physico-161chemical characteristics and as a result,ILs have been considered 162as a potential substitute of aqueous amine solutions for CO 2cap-163ture [31–34].164In Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry,Chinese Academy 165of Sciences (CIAC–CAS),a novel dissolving process for chitin and 166chitosan was developed by using the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-167methyl-imidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl)as a solvent for capturing 168and releasing CO 2.The results showed that the chitin/IL and chito-169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201tant to consider the maximum mass loading when considering the 202support of ILs on inert substrates –yes,these can enhance the ILs’203ability to take up CO 2,but at the expense of cycling an inert sorbent 204round a thermal cycle.The ILs are also monstrously expensive,the 205complex structure,and high cost for preparation,compared to sim-206pler solvents such as MEA or ammonia.Thus,the potential for 207improving CO 2solubilities and reducing cost of the ILs still needs 208to be studied for future applications.In 2010,in Beijing National 209Laboratory for Molecular,Chinese Academy of Sciences (BNLMS–210CAS),Zhang and co-workers ﬁrst reported on CO 2capture by 211hydrocarbon surfactant liquids.It also found that CO 2had high sol-212ubility in low-cost hydrocarbon surfactant liquids,and the ab-213and the 214215216such as corrosion,at 217regenerable solid sor-218concept for CO 2recov-219into amine-based and 220221222with various so-223as silica gels,activated 224have been shown to phys-225enhance the sorp-226of many amine-based 227In Dalian Institute of 228(DICP–CAS),Zhang 229silica foam (MCF)materi-230with polyethyl-231The results showed that 232having large window 2333.45mmol CO 2/g sorbent 234In Institute of Coal Chem-235Zhao et al.studied 236materials derived 237sorption capabili-238°C and 1bar.The as-pre-239selectivity for CO 2over 240prepared a series of CO 2241pentamine (TEPA)was 242(PMHS)based mesopor-243The highest absorption 24475°C with the 10vol.%245was higher than most 246Desorption could 247in 1h [46].248of amine-based sorbent 249capacity of solid sorbent.250have poor mechanical 251amine-based sorbents 252and require signiﬁ-253processes.254255sorbents for CO 2capture 256Alkali earth metal,such 257form alkali earth metal-258vapor at high tempera-259and post-combus-260simpliﬁed process ﬂow 261the calcium looping 262vessel (the carbonator)4L.L Q1i et al./Fuel xxx (2011)xxx–xxxPlease cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022the carbonation reaction between CO 2and solid CaO separates CO from coal-combustion ﬂue gas at a temperature between 600°and 650°C.The CaCO 3formed is then passed to another vessel (the calciner),where it is heated to reverse the reaction (900–950°C),releasing the CO 2suitable for sequestration,and regener-ating the CaO-sorbent which is then return to the carbonator.The carbonation process is exothermic,which is matched with the temperature of a steam cycle,allowing recuperation of the heat.In IPE–CAS,the decomposition conditions of CaCO 3particles for CO 2capture in a steam dilution atmosphere (20–100%steam 307308309310311312313314315316317318319320321322323324325326327328329330332333334335336337338339340341342343344345346347348349350351352353354355Fig.3.The process ﬂow diagram of post-combustion capture using the calcium looping cycle [47,48].Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022strength (998N/cm 2)and exhibited good stability in multiple cy-cles [74,75].Furthermore,the application of a conceptual CO 2cap-ture process using this sorbent was proposed for an existing coal ﬁred power plant [75].However,to optimize CO 2sorption capacity,understand of the interaction between CO 2and the sorbent need to be studied in the further work.Moreover,much work remains before the technology ﬂuidized bed CO 2capture can be commercialized.Simulta-neously,the numerical simulation based on the computational ﬂuid 365dynamics (CFD)method will become a research focus in the future.366 3.CO 2storage367Following the capture and transport process,CO 2can be dis-368posed of in natural sites such as deep geological sequestration,369mineral carbonation,or ocean storage [76].There are three geolog-370ical formations that have also been recognized as major potential 371CO 2sinks:deep saline-ﬁlled sedimentary (DSFs),depleted oil 372natural gas reservoirs,and unmineable coal-seams.The geology 373also suggests possibilities for CO 2enhanced oil recovery (CO 374EOR),CO 2enhanced gas recovery (CO 2–EGR)and CO 2enhanced 375coal-bed methane recovery (CO 2–ECBM)projects [12].3763.1.Geological sequestration377Geological storage involves injecting CO 2at depths greater than 3781000m into porous sedimentary formations using technologies 379derived from the oil and gas industry [77].CO 2can be stored in 380supercritical state at depth below 800–1000m,which provides 381the potential for efﬁcient utilization of the space,due to the li-382quid-like density of supercritical CO 2.The point at which CO 2Table 2Performance summary of K-based sorbents capturing CO 2.Material Temperature (°C)CO 2partial pressure (bar)e Total capacity (mmol CO 2/g sorbent)Method f Regenerature temperature (°C)Ref.K 2CO 3/AC a 600.01 1.95TCD g 150[62]K 2CO 3/SiO 2600.010.23TCD g –[62]K 2CO 3/USY 600.010.43TCD g –[62]K 2CO 3/CsNaX 600.01 1.35TCD g –[62]K 2CO 3/Al 2O 3600.01 1.93TCD g 350[62]K 2CO 3/CaO 600.01 1.11TCD g –[62]K 2CO 3/MgO 600.01 2.70TCD g 400[62]K 2CO 3/TiO 2600.01 1.89TCD g 150[62]K 2CO 3/Al 2O 3600.01 1.96TCD g >300[63]Re-KAl(I)30b 600.01 1.86TCD g <200[63]g Fig.5.The schematic diagram of experimental apparatus for the ﬂuidized bed [74,75].6L.L Q1i et al./Fuel xxx (2011)xxx–xxxPlease cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022383transforms from critical to supercritical point is 31.1°C and 3847.38MPa [78].CO 2is injected usually in the supercritical form into 385the saline aquifer or depleted oil or gas reservoir.Four major clas-386ses of deep geologic reservoirs present within China have been 387identiﬁed and evaluated as candidates for the long-term storage 388of anthropogenic CO 2:deep saline-ﬁlled sedimentary (DSFs)for-389mations,depleted gas basins,depleted oil basins with potential 390for CO 2–EOR,and deep unmineable coal seams with potential for 391CO 2–ECBM.Fig.6shows the map of the combined location and ex-392tent of candidate geologic CO 2storage formations in China [13].393Because the CO 2industry is not mature,there are few active CO 2394storage projects which can provide site speciﬁc information;hence417China are also potential storage candidates.Recently,other re-418search has also focused on estimating the distance between CO 2419sources and potential sinks.Zheng et al.superimposed the loca-420tions of these 27facilities onto maps of sedimentary basins in each 421of the ﬁve regions of China (Huabei,Ordos,Dongbei,Yuwan,and 422Xinjiang).The majority of the candidate CO 2sources are found in 423the Ordos,Huabei and Dongbei regions [85].424The China–UK Near Zero Emissions Coal (NZEC)Initiative exam-425ined options for carbon (CO 2)capture,transport and geological 426storage in China,which was developed under the 2005EU–China 427NZEC Agreement that aims to demonstrate CCS in China and the 428EU [16,86–88].The NZEC Initiative has evaluated the potential to 429430431432433434435436437438439440441442443444445446447448449450451L.L Q1i et al./Fuel xxx (2011)xxx–xxx7Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022452Kailuan mining area (Hebei Province)and deep saline aquifers in 453the Jiyang Depression (Shandong province)[89,90].The results 454show that the Dagang oilﬁeld is not suitable for large-scale storage,455though could be considered for EOR pilots.The Shengli oilﬁeld was 456considered more promising for storage (472Mt in eight selected 457ﬁelds).Storage potential in the Kailuan mining area is 504,000458Mt adsorbed onto the coal and 38,100Mt void storage capacity.459However,the coals have low porosity and permeability that will af-460fect future energy resources [90].The Institute of Geology and Geo-461physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGG–CAS)studied the 462potential for storage in the Jiyang Depression.The results revealed 463that Guantao Formation in the Jiyang Depression has good porosity 464and permeability 465areas was 4662010,in South China 467of Sciences 468storage capacity in 469the Pearl River 470CCS-related 471China [78].There 472saline formations 473tive storage 474including 60Mt in 475large for storaging 476in Guangdong in 477In a word,these 478age of CO 2in deep 479Although this is 480countries,it will 481and there was 482characteristics.483 3.1.2.CO 2–EOR484Although CO 2485oil recovery (EOR)486this process can be 487oil,the cost of CO 2,488the CO 2source [92].489the production of 490be an ideal option 49184commercial or 492tion worldwide [1].493been implemented 494Oil Corporation 495in the Daqing,496ernments of Japan 497out a project to 498plant in China into a 499duced from the 500that between 270501ered by using CO 2502including IGG–CAS 503three large oil ﬁelds 504oil reservoirs in the 505were suitable both 506found suitable for 507showed that the 508CO 2storage 509the oil recovery by steam injection has been already applied at Lia-510ohe oil ﬁeld.Each single well,in average,had conducted 7.6times 511of steam injection-oil recovery processing for EOR propose.The to-512tal recovered oil amounts were 12.06Mt [92].Active oil producing 513ﬁelds where CO 2–EOR is technically possible provide credible 514opportunities to initiate CO 2storage demonstration projects.How-515ever,signiﬁcant further investigations,including detailed site516appraisals would be necessary before such ﬁelds can be considered 517as technically and economically suitable for CO 2storage.5183.1.3.CO 2–ECBM519In a similar manner,ECBM recovery can be used to store CO 2520while improving methane recovery.A bright prospect of gas injec-521tion technology for ECBM production has been suggested by Chi-522nese engineers since the late 1990s [94].More recently,a joint 523venture was formed between the China United Coal Bed Methane 524Corporation and the Alberta Research Council of Canada to develop 525a project entitled ‘‘Development of China’s coalbed methane tech-526nology/CO 2sequestration’’[12].This project was initiated in March 527project was performed 528in the anthracitic coals of 529China [95],which is 530in China up to now 531at ICC–CAS in 2005532were investigated based 533An equipment simulated 534middle pressures was 535in coal seam,536behaviors were studied.537coal mine and salt-water 538four coals of various rank 539China were tested for 540one of the most impor-541process.The result 542capacities for methane 543>Bulianta coal >Zhangji 544adsorption isotherms 545lattice model [100].546given to estimate the 547[101],which was 548underground stress is so 5492and CH 4respectively 550the mechanical sta-551of the impact factors of 552stress could be obviously 553of the casing or by using 554and Young’s modulus 555China was also estimated 556prospecting data of coal 557and the replacement ratio 558different ranks,it is esti-559methane resources will 560technology is uti-561in coalbeds is about 562as the total CO 2emission 563also developed 564simulation of the CO 2–565is a lack of knowledge 566due to the complexity 567ﬂuid transport processes.568will be the next 569570571Large amounts of CO 2can also be ﬁxed by a process called min-572eral carbonation,which is natural or artiﬁcial ﬁxation of CO 2into 573carbonates.It has been proposed as a promising CO 2sequestration 574technology e.g.the silicate rocks (calcium or magnesium)could be 575turned into carbonates by reacting with CO 2following this mech-576anism [8,105]:577ðMg ;Ca Þx Si y O x þ2y þx CO 2!x ðMg ;Ca ÞCO 3þy SiO 25798L.L Q1i et al./Fuel xxx (2011)xxx–xxxPlease cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022580581582583584585586587588589590591592593594595596597598599600601602603604605606607608609610611612613614615616617618619620621622623624625626627628629630631632633634635636637638639hanced by the fact that this method of storage is highly veriﬁable 640and unquestionably permanent,the grinding energy required to 641produce particles of the size required to react rapidly with the 642acids is large,and the residence times on the order of hours re-643quired to allow carbonation of the solids,via either route,is so long 644that immense reactors would be required,associating environmen-645tal concerns.Furthermore,mineral carbonation will always be646expensive than most applications of geological storage 647important gap in mineral carbonation is the lack of 648onstration plant.649Ocean storage650Captured CO 2also could help reduce the atmospheric 6516526536546556566576586596606616626636646656666676686696706716726736746756766776786796806816826836842685carbonic acid,which would be likely harmful to ocean organisms 686and ecosystems [17].Additionally,it is not known whether the 687public will accept the deliberate storage of CO 2in the ocean as part 688of a climate change mitigation strategy.The development of ocean 689storage technology is generally at a conceptual stage;thus,further 690research and development would be needed to make technologies 691available.3.Reaction mechanism for enhanced carbonation crystallization Q1Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022692693694695696697698699700701702703704705706707708709710711712713714715716717718719721722723the reaction [131–135],such as in ICC–CAS,Zhao et al.had reported 724a catalyst system composed of KI supported on metal oxides for 725cycloaddition of propylene oxide with CO 2.It was found that the 726activity of KI for cycloaddition was greatly enhanced by ZnO as both 727support and promoter,resulting in a high yield of propylene 728carbonate within a short reaction time.The mechanism is also pro-729posed (Scheme 4)[133].Recently,a large number of catalytic730systems,such as metal oxides,transition metal,ammonium 731well as main group complexes,were reported to be active 732reactions [136–139].In ICC–CAS,the efﬁcient ultrasonic tech-733nique was used for the preparation of amine-functionalized porous 734catalysts for CO 2coupling with epoxide.According to 735study by Zhang and co-workers [140],the reaction conditions 736great inﬂuence on the performance and the silanols on the surface 737played an important role in the chemical ﬁxation of CO 2.In addi-738they also proposed the possible reaction mechanism for 739coupling with epoxide over such type of catalysts (Scheme 5).740In recent years,ionic liquids as environmentally benign media 741organic synthesis and catalytic reaction signiﬁcant progress 7427437447457467477487492750catalyst system without using additional organic solvents was 751achieved in excellent selectivity and TOF (5410h À1)[144].In 752IPE–CAS,an efﬁcient Lewis acid/base catalyst composed of ZnCl 2/753PPh 3C 6H 13Br was developed and showed high activity and selectiv-754ity for the coupling reaction of CO 2and epoxide under the mild 755conditions [145].Sun et al.prepared a series of hydroxyl-function-756alized ionic liquids (HFILs)which showed efﬁcient reactivity andScheme 4.The proposed diagram of reaction mechanism [133].Q1Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022780781782783784785786787788789790791792793794795796797798799800802803804805806807Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022CO 2þCH 4¼2CO þ2H 2841842In the past decade,a lot of researches have been devoted to the 843catalytic performance of noble metals,including Pt,Ru,Rh,Pd,844and Ir for this reaction [165–169].It showed that Rh and Ru845exhibited both high activity and stability in CH 4dry reforming,846while Pd,Pt and Ir were less active and prone to deactivation.847Nevertheless,considering the aspects of high cost and limitedPlease cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022848availability of noble metals,it is more practical to develop non-849noble metal catalysts which exhibited both high activity and pared with noble metals,Ni-based catalysts have been 851widely investigated because of their high activity and relatively 852low price [170–172].Nevertheless,application of Ni-based cata-853lysts in a large scale process is not so straightforward due to rapid 854carbon deposition,resulting in the deactivation of the catalyst 855[173].It was found that when Ni is supported on a alkaline earth 856metal oxide such as MgO,CaO,and BaO with strong Lewis basi-857city,carbon deposition can be attenuated or even suppressed 858[174]which is because that the support could promote chemi-859sorption of CO 2and thus,accelerated the reaction of CO 2and C 8608618628638648658668678688698708718728738748758768778788798808818828838848858868878888898908918928938948958968974.4.Reaction of CO 2with ethane and propane898Ethylene and propylene are basic raw material in the petrol-899chemical industry.Thermal cracking of hydrocarbons (such as eth-900ane)in the presence of steam is currently the main source of eth-901ylene [181,182].Nevertheless,steam cracking of ethane to 902ethylene is a highly endothermic process that must be performed 903at high temperatures,which means the consumption of a large 904amount of energy.The introduction of CO 2could reduce the extent 905of deep oxidation which results in many byproducts whereas eth-906ylene selectivity drops when oxygen is used as oxidant [183].907Thermodynamics analysis and experimental results have indi-908909910911912913915916917918919920921922923924925926927928929930931932933934935936938939940941L.L Q1i et al./Fuel xxx (2011)xxx–xxx13Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022969970971972973974975976977978979980981982983984985986987988990991992993994995996997998999100010011002100310041005100610071008100910101011101210131014Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.0221015DMC in supercritical phase was proposed in Scheme 11.Recently,developed a supported Cu-Ni/V 2O 5-SiO 2heterogeneous because the reaction can be carried out in a ﬁxed-bed the side production of water molecules 10341035103610371038103910401041104210431044and theoretical approaches,which enable the development of 1045CO 2selective sorbents.Besides,the sorbent performance,lifetime,10461047104810491050105110521053105410551056105710581059106010611062106310641065Scheme 11.The proposed catalytic reaction mechanism Please cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.0221066of component costs,speciﬁc Chinese market conditions,and other 1067factors impacting costs of deployment in China will be important 1068to consider in greater detail.To propose the storage mechanism,1069monitoring,simulation,risk assessment,control methods as well 1070as engineering design will be studied in future.1071The utilization of CO 2to chemicals has attracted considerable 1072attention as a possible way to manufacture useful commercial 1073chemicals from CO 2in some speciﬁc locations (Scheme 12)[222].1074The utilization of CO 2as a raw material in the synthesis of chemi-1075cals was also conducted by CAS,including synthesis of cyclic car-1076bonate from CO 2and epoxide,reaction of CO 2and propylene 1077glycol (PG),CO 2reforming of CH 4,reaction of CO 2and ethane 1078and propane,CO 21079methyl carbonate 1080amount of CO 2can 1081to the order of 1082ent the typical 1083cations is only 1084laminates are used 1085of the materials can 1086and overall net 1087ation.1088and fundamental 1089lue-added chemicals 1090tive net carbon 1091moderate reaction 1092the energy or 1093clear,wind,1094also important to 1095 6.Uncited 1096[201].Q31097Acknowledgments1098This work was 1099vation Programme 1100323);the Ministry of 1101lic of China 1102Climate Change:1103Academy of 1104the Natural Science 1105References1106[1]Mikkelsen M,1107ﬁxation and 11082010;3(1):43–81.1109[2]Xu XC,Song CS,1110separation from 111111121113[3]Shukla R,Ranjith P,1114and caprock 1115[4]Bredesen R,Jordal 1116generation with CO 1117[5]Barelli L,Bidini 1118sorption-enhanced 1119review.Energy 1120[6]Drage TC,1121adsorbents for CO 2capture in gasiﬁcation.Energy Fuels 2009;23:2790–6.1122[7]Stewart C,Hessami M.A study of methods of carbon dioxide capture and1123sequestration –the sustainability of a photosynthetic bioreactor approach.1124Energy Convers Manage 2005;46:403–20.1125[8]Yang HQ,Xu ZH,Fan MH,Gupta R,Slimane RB,Bland AE,et al.Progress in1126carbon dioxide separation and capture:a review.J Environ Sci 11272008;20(1):14–27.1128[9]Khatri RA,Chuang SSC,Soong Y,Gray M.Thermal and chemical stability of1129regenerable solid amine sorbent for CO 2capture.Energy Fuels 11302006;20(4):1514–20.1131[10]Jin HG,Gao L,Han W,Hong H.Prospect options of CO 2capture technology1132suitable for China.Energy 2009:1–8.1133[11]Hashim H,Douglas P,Elkamel A,Croiset E.Optimization model for energy1134planning with CO 2emission considerations.Ind Eng Chem Res 11352005;44(4):879–90.1136[12]Meng KC,Williams RH,Celia MA.Opportunities for low-cost CO 2storage1137demonstration projects in China.Energy Policy 2007;35(4):2368–78.1138[13]Dahowski RT,Li X,Davidson CL,Wei N,Dooley JJ,Gentiled RH.A preliminary1139cost curve assessment of carbon dioxide capture and storage potential in 1140China.Energy Procedia 2008;1(1):2849–56.1141[14]Wang R,Liu WJ,Xiao LS,Liu J,Kao W.Path towards achieving of China’s 20201142carbon emission reduction target –a discussion of low-carbon energy policies 1143at province level.Energy Policy 2011;39(5):2740–7.1144[15]China’s scientiﬁc &technological actions on climate change;2007.<http:///WebSite/CCChina/UpFile/File199.pdf >.1146Pearce J,et al.Carbon capture1147near zero emissions coal 11481149capture and storage for CO 211502010;38(9):5281–9.1151R,Mezghani K,Imashuku S,1152capture utilizing oxy-fuel 1153membrane systems.Int J 11541155and size effects of activated1156Ind Eng Chem Res 11571158to produce hydrogen with1159combustion.Int J Hydrogen 11601161combustion CO 2capture by1162Prog Energy Combust Sci 11631164DA,McMichael WJ.Carbon1165sorbents.Energy Fuels 11661167Park AHA,et al.High efﬁciency1168based on amine-functionalized 11691170Gimenez A,Sanchez-Biezma A,1171for low cost CO 2capture in 11722008;49(10):2809–14.1173organogels via ‘‘latent’’gelators.1174their ammonium carbamates.11751176and prediction of the solubility1177and mixed alkanolamine 11781179of the structural features1180of CO 2and regeneration in 11811182Svendsen HF.Modeling and1183in aqueous alkanolamine 1184Ind Eng Chem Res 11851186of products of the oxidative1187aqueous monoethanolamine 1188gases.Ind Eng Chem Res 11891190Galindo A,Jackson G,et al.An1191Energy Environ Sci 11921193and thermodynamic11941-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 11951196High-pressure phase behavior1197ionic liquids.J Phys Chem B 11981199JF.Anion effects on gas12001201liquids for post-combustion CO 212021203dissolved in ionic liquids as12041205W,Zhang XP.Dual amino-1206for CO 2capture.Chem Eur J 12071208[37]Zhang JM,Zhang SJ,Dong K,Zhang YQ,Shen YQ,Lv XM.Supported absorption1209of CO 2by tetrabutylphosphonium amino acid ionic liquids.Chem Eur J 12102006;12(15):4021–6.1211[38]Sairi NA,Yusoff R,Alias Y,Aroua MK.Solubilities of CO 2in aqueous N-1212methyldiethanolamine and guanidinium triﬂuoromethanesulfonate ionic 1213liquid systems at elevated pressures.Fluid Phase Equilibria 2011;300(1–12142):89–94.1215[39]Zhang JL,Han BX,Zhao YJ,Li JS,Hou MQ,Yang GY.CO 2capture by1216hydrocarbon surfactant liquids.Chem Commun 2011;47(3):1033–5.16L.L Q1i et al./Fuel xxx (2011)xxx–xxxPlease cite this article in press as:L Q1i L et al.A review of research progress on CO 2capture,storage,and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences.Fuel(2011),doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.022。

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MSA手册

内部资料严禁翻印测量系统分析参考手册第三版1990年2月第一版1995年2月第一版；1998年6月第二次印刷2002年3月第三版©1990©1995©2002版权由戴姆勒克莱斯勒、福特和通用汽车公司所有测量系统分析参考手册第三版1990年2月第一版1995年2月第一版；1998年6月第二次印刷2002年3月第三版©1990©1995©2002版权由戴姆勒克莱斯勒、福特和通用汽车公司所有本参考手册是在美国质量协会（ASQ）及汽车工业行动集团（AIAG）主持下，由戴姆勒克莱斯勒、福特和通用汽车公司供方质量要求特别工作组认可的测量系统分析（MSA）工作组编写，负责第三版的工作组成员是David Benham（戴姆勒克莱斯勒）、Michael Down （通用）、Peter Cvetkovski（福特），以及Gregory Gruska（第三代公司）、Tripp Martin（FM 公司）、以及Steve Stahley（SRS技术服务）。

过去，克莱斯勒、福特和通用汽车公司各有其用于保证供方产品一致性的指南和格式。

这些指南的差异导致了对供方资源的额外要求。

为了改善这种状况，特别工作组被特许将克莱斯勒、福特和通用汽车公司所使用的参考手册、程序、报告格式有及技术术语进行标准化处理。

因此，克莱斯勒、福特和通用汽车公司同意在1990年编写并以通过AIAG分发MSA手册。

第一版发行后，供方反应良好，并根据实际应用经验，提出了一些修改建议，这些建议都已纳入第二版和第三版。

由克莱斯勒、福特和通用汽车公司批准并承认的本手册是QS-9000的补充参考文件。

本手册对测量系统分析进行了介绍，它并不限制与特殊生产过程或特殊商品相适应的分析方法的发展。

尽管这些指南非覆盖测量系统通常出现的情况，但可能还有一些问题没有考虑到。

这些问题应直接向顾客的供方质量质量保证（SQA）部门提出。

科学网中微子

科技日报“中微子超光速”研讨会专家发言摘要发布时间：2011-10-17 | 2011年10月17日来源：科技日报作者：李淼：核查测量中的系统错误至关重要李淼中科院理论物理研究所研究员，“国家杰出青年基金”获得者，博士生导师。

从今年9月22日开始，就有一则消息开始在物理学界广泛流传：中微子在从欧洲核子研究中心（CERN）前往意大利格兰萨索地下实验室的“旅行”中，竟然比光早到了60纳秒（10-9秒）。

如果实验结果被证实，将对现代物理学的一块基石——爱因斯坦狭义相对论带来极大冲击。

因为狭义相对论认为，没有任何物质能跑过光速。

一石激起千层浪，这一说法旋即在科学界以及普通民众中间引起强烈反响。

整个实验工作的第一步始于欧洲核子研究中心内部一个充满氢气的大罐子。

科学家们首先剥夺了氢原子的电子，使其成为一颗质子。

随后，这些质子被一系列加速器接力加速，最后进入大型强子对撞机（LHC）设备内部运行。

随后，一些质子被以10微秒的脉冲形式射向一个石墨靶标并产生一束介子脉冲。

这些介子很快衰变成中微子，并穿越地层抵达格兰萨索的探测器。

在这里，OPERA，即采用乳胶径迹装置的（中微子）振荡项目，所采用的乳胶寻迹设备可以感知中微子的抵达。

根据现有理论，在从欧核中心飞抵OPERA设备的数毫秒间，其中一部分中微子将发生振荡变形，从μ中微子变为τ中微子，而OPERA实验的“初衷”正是对这种中微子振荡进行研究，试图追寻到τ中微子的踪迹。

但出人意料的是，科学家们发现，中微子比光“跑”得快。

测量中微子速度的难点在于如何精确地测量距离和时间。

在该研究中，距离通过GPS（全球定位系统）测量得到，误差为20厘米；时间通过GPS和铯原子钟测量得到，精度是2.3纳秒（一秒的10亿分之一）。

中微子实际传播了732公里，“旅行”时间为0.0024秒，计算结果表明，中微子的速度是299798454米/秒，比真空中的光速299792458米/秒快5996米/秒。

Stress and long-term synaptic depression

Synaptic plasticity is believed to underlie the storage of information by brain areas such as the hippocampus during learning. Recently, long-term depression (LTD), a persistent activity-dependent reduction in synaptic transmission, has been extensively studied in the hippocampus in vitro. It has a number of characteristics that make it an attractive model for certain types of learning and has been proposed to act as an essential and important complement to activity-dependent persistent increases in synaptic transmission (long-term potentiation, LTP).1–8 Consistent with this hypothesis, artiﬁcial intelligence models of learning have shown that concomitant use-dependent increases and reductions in synaptic weight greatly increase the capacity and efﬁciency of neural networks to store information.9 LTD, like LTP, has also been proposed to play a critical role in synaptic pruning/remodelling during the development of the nervous system10 and more speculatively, during certain cognitive and affective disorders.7,11 Most research on the mechanisms of LTD induction has been carried out on hippocampal slices prepared from young rats.1,3 Under these conditions the application of long trains (ෂ900 pulses) of low frequency (1– 10 Hz) stimulation readily induces a stable reduction of synaptic strength which is input-speciﬁc (homosynaptic LTD).12 Unfortunately, there is great controversy over the inducibility of LTD in the CA1 area of the hippocampus from adult rats, especially in vivo.3 The great difﬁculty in inducing LTD in the intact adult hippocampus13–17 (but see Refs 18–21) has raised serious doubts over the possible role of LTD in hippocampus-dependent learning. As might be expected for a model of learning and memory, behavioural context has been found to control the induction of synaptic plasticity in the intact hippocampus. Just as hippocampus-dependent learning is sensitive to behavioural stress, so too is hippocampal synaptic plasticity. A brief experience of acute inescapable stress can produce a dramatic change in both the

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“这个冬天挺温暖”
东北师大三大平台为学生提供优质就业服务
本报记者石明山
毕业生李骅徘徊在母校图书馆门口，
等待着师弟送来校园卡，准备一会儿入馆借
书。

“硬闯”
，李骅知道这是不可能的———一座座刷卡机将他与馆内图书隔绝，
虽与馆员认识，但仍被拒绝入内。

近日，教育部社会科学司副司长张东刚表示，将来大学的图书馆和博物馆，也有望
逐步向社会公众开放，
满足社会公众对于社会学科知识的学习需求。

复旦大学图书馆馆长葛剑雄则认为，
中国大学图书馆不适宜普遍向公众开放，仅可作为满足社会读者特殊需求的补充，不可能
像公共图书馆一样
“敞开门借阅”。

条件不足，如何开放？
“清早起床排队占座，起晚了只能遍寻
空闲教室；
提早一个月在网上约书，否则一学期甭想借到；
人多的时候，只能站着或蹲坐在书架前阅读……”北京某高校学生王灵苦笑着述说图书馆的借阅情景。

事实上，文献资源、空间资源紧
张不单是王灵所在学校
图书馆的特有问题，
也是中国大学图书馆的“老大难”
问题。

暨南大学图书馆馆长朱丽娜告诉记者，自本科教学评估后，图书馆经费减少了三分之一，而文献等纸质、电子资源逐年涨价，新
购入的图书副本量极少。

“今年购置的图书副本量是1.7左右，也就是说一本图书用于保存，能外借的图书不足1册。

”
有些社会读者要求高校图书馆开放电子资源，高校实有难言之隐。

朱丽娜解释，馆
藏数字资源基本上是花高价购买，因有IP 限制，规定在校园内的节点使用，
无法向公众打开；馆内设有专门的电子阅读区，
但每日人满为患，尚无法向公众开放。

据她介绍，11月份暨大图书馆入馆人
数达17万，
平均每日6000多人，迎考期间每日超过1万人。

目前，
读者阅览室座位不足2500个，而校本部学生就有3万余人，
教职工4000多名。

葛剑雄也表示，复旦大学图书馆主校区
空间严重不足，
阅览室座位低于标准，迎考期间学生们排队占座，
甚至连走廊、过道都坐满了人。

“现在一些开放的博物馆已经成为附近居民夏天纳凉、冬天取暖的好去处。

”葛剑雄
指出，一旦“大学图书馆向公众开放”
，还将遇到更多的管理问题———图书馆治安、
图书财产安全、突发事件的应对等都将面临着新
挑战。

服务主体是大学读者
“不向公众开放，是因为服务主体是大学读者，必须优先满足本校科研人员、师生
的需求，有余力才能服务公众。

”
葛剑雄指出，公众服务主要依靠政府解决，
特殊情况才考虑由大学解决，如地方公共图书馆发展太慢，当地大学图书馆文献资源、空间资源充足。

网友黄007对此表示不解，
他认为“大学图书馆是用纳税人的钱兴办，
那么大学图书馆的馆藏应当是公共资源，理应向公众开放”。

葛剑雄表示，公共资源为公众服务要分类型。

“大学图书馆的采购目的是为了保证
研究性需要，
与满足大众阅读需要的公共图书馆有所差异。

”
汶川地震后，复旦大学图书馆曾向都江堰图书馆捐赠一批图书，但是对方认为有些
图书太过深奥，
无法满足基层读者的阅读需求。

“公共图书馆与大学图书馆各司其职。

认为大学图书馆使用纳税人的钱，不为纳税人服务，是一种民粹思想，倒不如政府拿钱
直接建设公共图书馆，
会更有效、更有针对性。

”葛剑雄说。

在公司职员张晓的印象中，大学图书馆内有些图书根本没人借阅。

如果能向公众开放，是否可以提高闲置图书的利用率？
“资源利用率用于衡量公共图书馆是一
个有效的标准，
但是衡量、评价以承担教学、科研为主要任务的高校、科研院所图书馆,可能产生误导。

”中国人民大学图书馆副馆长武继山举例，大部头文献的使用率肯定不如小说。

葛剑雄采取的做法是向对口大学捐赠
副本，而非引入社会公众。

原因并不复杂，
大学图书馆里利用率低的学术书籍，在公众读者中的利用率同样不高，甚至更低。

并非完全“闭门谢客”
“我们可以并且应该接待研究《红楼梦》
的社会读者,却不可能满足社会读者借阅
《红楼梦》的需求。

”武继山形象地点出了“大学图书馆向公众开放”的奥秘。

教育部并非首次提及“大学图书馆向公
众开放”，2002年教育部就颁发了《普通高等学校图书馆规程（修订）》，该《规程》第二
十一条指出：“有条件的高等学校图书馆应
尽可能向社会读者和社区读者开放。

”
记者了解到，为了满足社会读者科研、学术等特殊需求，
北京大学、复旦大学、中国人民大学、暨南大学等多所高校图书馆，
均允许社会读者少量有条件的借阅。

“我们有一部分图书面向公众开放。

”葛
剑雄举例，欧盟捐赠给复旦的图书，要求向
公众开放。

但更多的情况是，
“政府部门、科研单位的人员主动找上门，需要提供身份
证、单位担保等材料，办理临时借阅卡后方
能借阅”。

据人大图书馆老师介绍，社会读者办理
人大图书馆临时借阅证，每日收费2元，
暂不对外借书，仅限开架、闭架阅览室阅览书
刊，利用特藏书刊需另交纳一定的资料费。

朱丽娜告诉记者，暨大图书馆允许社会
读者外借部分图书，借阅期最长不超过1
年，多为半个月、
一个月。

“普通中文、有副本、非学校主打学科专业”的图书多数可外
借，而馆藏特色港台图书及外文图书，
由于价格昂贵、缺少副本，仅限馆内阅读。

此外，大学图书馆与公共图书馆之间的馆际互借，也为社会读者借阅大学图书提供
了一定可能。

记者了解到，暨大图书馆与国家图书馆、上海图书馆签有协议，
可以实现馆藏图书双向互借。

没有一所大学图书馆，是无条件向社会开放
“没有一所大学图书馆，是无条件向社会开放的。

”葛剑雄纠正部分媒体描述“国外大学图书馆对公众完全开放”的误解，“无论是公立还是私立，
都是在保证本校师生正常使用的情况下才向社会开放的，而且内外总是有别的”。

“不可能是来者不拒。

”葛剑雄以自己的经历说明，
“哈佛、剑桥图书馆的临时借阅证，都需要办理登记手续、单位担保才能开通。

有些国外大学要求有当地的ID 卡、驾照或护照，才能进入。

”“认为国外大学图书馆24小时开放也是误解。

”葛剑雄说，只有部分馆区、并非全馆24小时开放，相当于国内大学的通宵自习室。

此外，小单位的院系图书馆会提供给研究生钥匙，允许其入内阅读，但并非24小时开放，谁都可以进入。

朱丽娜表示，港台地区以及国外大学图书馆向公众开放也是分区域的，“闹市区的大学图书馆很少开放”。

如香港大学、日本的明治大学位于闹市区，图书馆没有对公众开放；而位于郊区的香港科技大学、美国威斯康星大学，图书馆面向公众开放。

实际上，国外大学图书馆对公众开放，多数都建立在市内公共图书馆、社区图书馆、街道图书馆繁荣的基础上。

在日本每步行15分钟，就有一个检索、服务良好的街道图书馆。

美国旧金山、洛杉矶的公共图书馆
实现了全市通还，甚至实现了图书、录像、光碟外借的免费邮寄。

“国外大学图书馆把向公众开放，视作‘锦上添花’之事，而非对公众文献信息需求的巨大空缺来‘雪中送炭’。

”武继山说。

“不能瞄着大学图书馆资源开放，关键
的是建立公共图书馆、社区图书馆、街道图书馆网点。

如果有这样的建设，大学图书馆
一旦向公众开放，压力也会小很多。

”三位馆长表达了同样的意愿。