外文翻译模板 - 副本
大连理工大学本科外文翻译模板(1)
大连理工大学本科外文翻译
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大连理工大学
Dalian University of Technology
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Ⅲ.外文翻译
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外文翻译 - 副本
14届毕业生外文翻译学号：100904232姓名：杨凯丽指导老师：杜艳华英语原文The stage of the project cost managementAbstract:Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives.Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy1 prefaceEven under the WTO and China's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.2 The stage of Project cost managementEngineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s, 1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget, content, methodsand approval, the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, approval, management authority, and so on.With the historical process, after recovery, reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However, as the socialist market economic development, the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking, the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time under the conditions of productivity, will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions, as long as a certa in level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this environment, the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials pric es, wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment, the budget estimate for the system approved project cost, help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years, international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China, the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy, light the economy and technology,First, the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.Second, the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances, My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept, building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of thecorresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal, learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries, and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system, efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence, The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price, and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects, the information can not be fully, comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost, many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a number of factors, a combination of practical, comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits, with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage, rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise, invest more, less effective, resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present, some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue, false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems, lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective, even become hopeless completion of the beard works.Therefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs, we must do the following aspects:1)Implementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.2)A realistic approach to market analysis, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness, design task more scientific and reliability.3) Capital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place, and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.4) To strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land, water, electricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation and research, comparison of similar projects, seriously functional analysis, multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation, and the final technologically advanced, functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects, thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of the amount of investment, so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.3 Design phase of the project cost controlThe design phase of the project cost control for a long time, China's building control very effective, - investment projects is not uncommon, this will affect owners of investment returns, it adds to the owners and within budget, as well as difficulties in fund owners, the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears, and so on. Hence, the control of the project cost is of great significance, however the project cost is the primary means of control design,Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control, and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact, it is wrong, on the contrary, Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design, construction methods, materials and equipment types, models of the project cost is of critical significance, design optimization phase of the program or minor changes, project cost will have a significant impact, Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law:3.1 pay attention to the designAs the owners must design, the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level, and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between, We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design,Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget, certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same, and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%, and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost, and good design is often low cost, We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels, the design works naturally, therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method, the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements, cost control targets, and so on.Otherwise, in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market, compared to select the best design units.3.2 Advocate design bidding and design optimization of the campaign mode design units evaluationPromoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France, in accordance with applicable, economic, aesthetic principles and advanced technology, reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements, comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design, selection of the best determination of the successful program.Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology, unique novelty, adaptability, as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea, contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design quality, strive to put the design phase of the project cost control approval of the investment ceiling.3.3 Strengthening design stageStrengthening the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design, mature technology, reduction inthe construction phase major design changes and changes in the program, in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved, excluding unfavorable factors may generally is excluded from the 80% errors. In the entire process of building cost control, construction began at best to save and invest 20%, the key lies in the construction phase of the identification and control costs. Supervision of the design phase include : Design Institute under the design drawings and notes help owners deal with different design options for the economy, capital expenditure to develop the preliminary estimates, to ensure that the investment can be most effectively utilized. With the owners of the Commissioner include:According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy, capital expenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options, the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and study, to the design staff costs, to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To seek aone-time small investment and economic good design program made the most rational economic indicators.3.4 To actively promote the so-called upper limit designDesign actively promote the so-called cap limit design, even with the approval of the design task and investment estimates, guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and control budget, according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for the design and construction design control. Limits, and every one professional, each of whom have a design threshold of a target. In the design process, designers should progress to more programs, design optimization, ensuring that the design is technically advanced and reasonable, innovative, stylish, and do not break the limit investment objectives, thus eliminating the engineering design raise the factor of safety and design standards, or only consider the technical feasibility of the program, rather than economic rationality phenomenon, the project cost to ensure effective control.Also known as the value of value engineering analysis, is a modern scientific management technique, is a new techno-economic analysis, is the product of functional analysis to conserve resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the traditional cost management simply focus on cost reduction and quality management only emphasizes improving the quality deficiencies, construction is conducive to resolving the long-standing long period, a lot of wastage, poor quality, high-cost problems. Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps: assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score; Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators; calculate the geometric design of the object, on average; from comparison choose the best design.4 Construction project implementation stage unit engineering cost managementConstruction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise, in the investment decision-making stage, the design phase and construction phase of the project put the project approval occurred in the control limits, strive in various construction projects rational use of human, material and financial resources to achieve good investment returns and social benefits.The project cost control and management is a dynamic process. The dynamic market economy, to make the investment in the identification and control become more complex, this will require the construction units to the management of project cost to the project runs through the entire process, it is necessary to have a comprehensive focus. The implementation phase of the projects. The implementation phase of the project cost management is the implementation of the entire process of project management. Project implementation phase of the project cost management can be divided into three parts: the tender management, construction management and settlement management.4.1 Bidding construction stage of construction units bidding systemBidding for the construction phase of the construction units Bidding system control engineering cost effective means, bid organization can improve thecost-effectiveness of construction projects and ensure the quality of construction projects, shortening the construction cycle return on the investment, construction units can take full advantage of bidding for the effective means of cost control.Construction No. 10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a "contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management." clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories. This requires the building of units conducting the tender exercise, in the tender document to include not only the usual content, like tender notes before schedule, tender notes, the conditions of the contract, the contract terms of the agreement, contract format, technical specifications, drawings, tender documents and other reference format, it is also necessary to provide the engineering inventory, Bidding as a reference document of the important components.Construction units in the tender document for the project inventory, in accordance with state or local rules promulgated by the calculation that the reunification of the divided projects, unified measurement units and the reunification of the engineering calculation rules, according to design drawings to be calculated and statistical arranged, obtain the list. Quantities to be followed in the preparation of an objective, impartial, scientific, and rational principle. Compilers must have strong manly budget, and should have certain knowledge of the engineering design and construction experience, and the material and mechanical construction technology for comprehensive scientific knowledge, in order to calculate the volume of the works without heavy missed. The basis of which must be in accordance with state regulations engineering calculation rules, and the sub-projects division engineering units, and in accordance with design drawings, design essential Love tender documentation requirements are calculated.Quantities of the project should have a testing general, the entries must be simple, while not appear Lousing wrong items Pricing should guarantee the correctness of the project. Should the requirements of the different grades separate engineering division, the situation was different; we may have different prices for the items separately. This requires the preparation of the list compilers, seriously study design drawings, Analysis of the tender documents include the elements of the work and the different technical requirements, all familiar with the process, and to the scene of seriousinvestigation, is forecast to make possible the construction of the case, right will have an impact on the Price of projects to be broken down. In addition, because the project inventories to calculate the amount of the project is not complete engineering and consider the interests of the construction units, clearly paying the price for the same overall price, the quantity list by the number of actual construction is a practical terms.In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the requirements of individual shows Price meets the requirements, and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is likely to change smaller projects to lower the price.Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of clearing works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price and the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineering assessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work, construction program, a comprehensive technical evaluation process, thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cost control basis. Signed tight construction contract, while strengthening the construction contract management can guarantee that the contract price is reasonable, legitimacy and reduce the performance of the contract A, B in disputes and safeguard the interests of both the contract, effective control of the works investment costs.After the signing of the contract, to do the management contract documentation, contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular meeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explained that the integrity must be preserved, in addition to establishing a technical files, Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis, results of the analysis to take proactive measures.4.2 Construction phase in the constructionConstruction phase in the construction phase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target, Ken control the cost of the project.At this stage of conservation has room for a small, but the possibility of waste is great. Thereby to control the cost of the project to give sufficient attention.4.2.1 Building planConstruction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re - to the contents of the work, a reasonable construction plan, shorten the construction period and ensure the quality of the project, improving economic efficiency, Construction of the program right from the technical and economic evaluation were compared, through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the quality, time, Cost three technical and economic indicators, be rational, and effective use of manpower, material and financial resources, achievebetter economic efficiency, good construction management relations, a comprehensive cost management is an important way.4.2.2 Strict involved in the project budget control change within budgetStrictly related changes to the project budget control in the proposed budget. Construction of the changes caused by many reasons, including works poorly designed, so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; the current market supply of materials do not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore, in the construction process, we must tighten customs change, through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards; increase the construction and contents, the best implementation of the "grade control, visa quota" system. Right to change the design, particularly as it relates to the cost of the design changes must be approved by the design units, construction units scene representatives, supervision engineers common signature, and should be ahead of this type of change, reduce losses, because it has been completed or partially completed project will entail the demolition of the contents, it is bound to cause major changes to the loss. Therefore, the construction units should be assigned to the project cost management professionals Permanent construction site, to grasp at any time. Control project cost of the changes.4.2.3 Engineering field visasWorks on the scene visa formalities through strict control of the construction project supervision system, the establishment of specialized departments, Professional use of the professional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas, not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious consequences. To serious change visa procedures to be taken to the building, Supervisor, the construction site together representatives signed the way to ensure that change, visa authenticity, legitimacy, economic and avoid fraud and the resulting phenomena arising from the dispute.In the course of construction, the construction units to enhance on-site construction management, supervision and construction side according to the drawings, and strictly control the change of the negotiations, materials substitution, the scene visas, and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necessary changes should be done first afterwards, after money, Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time cost of the project level, things to avoid a backlog of work that the true cost of the project. Construction unit representatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record, particularly concealed records and visas, reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious, works to bring a very large settlement of the trouble, lead to considerable economic losses, the scene strict visa management of the construction phase of the project cost control key.4.2.4 The detailed list of engineering quantity, strict censorshipOf project list rigorous review of the project on the review of inventories, Engineers‟ monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the lis t of measures is to complete construction projects, occurred in the pre-construction engineering and construction process technology, life and safety aspects ofnon-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender wait until the construction tender of the project design and actual scene have better access. Management Engineer addresses the gathering first-hand information on the original, itemized checking identification, inconsistent make revisions.5 conclusionAnyhow, project cost control is a control process, should say, every link not complacent, and each link is very important also. With China's accession to the wto, China's investment diversification, the investor to reduce cost, cost control and improve the benefit of investment increasing attention. Therefore, changing existing project cost estimation, budget, budget, the contract price, settlement price, final finish the removal. Lack of continuity conditions, with perfect control level, development control system of investment projects, the investment of construction projects, can promote the development of China's socialist market economy, to adapt the global economic integration.References[1] Zhangshili, engineering cost management [J], Small and medium-sized enterprise management and science ，No.27 2010[2]Hanbing，Talk about the our country engineering cost management development course and countermeasures [J]，China science and technology expo ，No.28 2010。
外文资料翻译(模板)
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文（空一行）（小4号字，1.25倍行距，居中）××××××（3号黑体，加粗，1.25倍行距，居中）J.R.Cho,S.J. Moon（Times New Roman字体，小4号字，1.25倍行距，居中，作者不译，不要作者工作单位）（空一行）（小4号字，1.25倍行距，居中）摘要（黑体，5号字，1.25倍行距）××××。
（摘要内容为宋体，5号字，1.25倍行距）关键字（黑体，5号字，1.25倍行距）××××××××（各关键词为宋体，5号字，1.25倍行距，段后0.5行，各词间用分号或一个汉字空格隔开）1 前言（各级标题均用黑体，加粗，小4号字，1.25倍行距，顶格）××××××××××××。
（正文均用宋体，小4号字，1.25倍行距）参考文献（见原文）（顶格，黑体，小4号字，1.25倍行距）（参考文献略去，不翻译，与正文间空一行）注意：1文中图表中（包括表头和图题），除符号外均要译成中文，一般为5号字，单倍行间距；表头和图题要处在表格的正上方和正下方，单位要用字母符号表示；要采用三线制表格。
2字母和数字应采用Times New Roman字体。
3物理量和希腊字母要采用斜体。
4最后一页要有“附件2：外文原文（复印件）”字样，且单独占一页。
5页边距按本模板。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）（注意：必须单独占一页）。
外文翻译译文模板
要求：1、外文资料翻译内容要求：外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域，并与毕业设计（论文）选题相关的技术资料或专业文献，译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上，同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。
不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。
2、外文资料翻译格式要求：译文题目采用小二号黑体，居中；译文正文采用宋体小四号，段前、段后距为0行；行距：固定值20磅。
英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马（Times New Roman）小四号字。
装订时原文在前，译文在后。
文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。
参考文献也要翻译成中文！用于无线传感器网络数据估算的节能协调算法摘要：无线传感器网络的各节点是用电池供电的，网络的生存期取决于各节点的能耗大小。
考虑到这类传感器网络在不同地方，节点都是检测单一现象并发送信息到汇聚中心(Fusion Center， FC为其缩写形式)，以便汇聚中心能够处理实时信息。
在传统的系统中，数据处理任务是由汇聚中心来完成的，在传输之前是没有进行加工处理的。
在综合各种适值计算方法基础上，把网络分成了多个簇，数据分两个部分进行处理。
第一个部分是在各个簇的各个传感器节点上完成本地数据共享。
第二部分将在汇聚中心从各簇节点接收到所有的信息后完成。
本地数据共享将会使比特数据传输方面更高效。
在每个簇的所有节点上，我们可以采用相同的数据备份和一个虚拟的多输入-多输出（V-MIMO）架构，在簇到汇聚（FC）中心之间进行数据传输。
一个虚拟V-MIMO网络是由一组的分布式节点组成，每个节点都有自己的天线。
通过他们之间的数据共享，这些节点将变成传统的MIMO 系统。
在协同/虚拟的MIMO架构提出之前，协同阶段是没有进行任何数据处理或压缩的。
我们改变现有的V-MIMO网络算法来适应我们所关心的特殊类别的传感器网络。
我们用正交的时空分组码（STBC）作为MIMO部分。
通过仿真表明，这种算法相比于传统系统更加节能。
I.简介一个典型的无线传感器网络是由一组小型的、低价的和只有有限能源的传感器节点组成。
外文翻译样本
The pricing and employment of resources: wage determination（外文原文标题：三号、Times New Romanp字体、居中，与正文空一行）The most important price you will encounter in your lifetime will most likely be your wage rate.It will be critical in determining your economic well-being.The following facts and questions may be of more than casual interest.Fact:Real wages and therefore living standards have increased historically in the United States. Question: what force account for these increases?Fact:Union workers generally receive higher wages than nonunion workers in the same occupation. Question: how are unions able to accomplish this wage advantage?Fact:The average salary for major league baseball players in 1991 was $890,844compareed to about $33000 for teachers. Questions: what causes differences in wages and incomes?Fact: Most people are paid a certain hourly wage rate. But some workers are paid by the number of units produced or receive commission and royalties. Question: what is the rationale for various compensation schemes?Having explored the strategic factors underlying resource demand, we now introduce supply as it characterizes the markets for labor, land, capital, and entrepreneurial ability, to understand how wages, rents, interest, and profits are determined.We discuss wages before other resource prices because to the vast majority of households the wage rate is the most important price in the economy; it is the sole or basic source of income. About there-fourths of the nation income is in the form of wages and salaries.（小四、Times New Romanp字体）资源的定价与使用：工资的确定（另起一页，三号、黑体、居中、与正文空一行）□□在人的一生中，你所碰到的最重要的价格，可能就是你的工资，它决定了你的经济状况和生活水平。
外文文献及译文格式模版
附件3：（本科毕业论文）文献、资料题目：院专班姓名：张三学号：2001888888指导教师：张九光翻译日期：2005.6.30山东建筑大学毕业设计（或毕业论文，二选一）外文文献及译文，the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been working to develop a new encryption standard to keep government information secure ．The organization is in the final stages of an open process of selecting one or more algorithms ，or data-scrambling formulas ，for the new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and plans to make adecision by late summer or early fall ．The standard is slated to go into effect next year ． AES is intended to be a stronger ，more efficient successor to Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES)，which replaced the aging DES ，which was cracked in less than three days in July 1998．“Until we have the AES ，3DES will still offer protection for years to come ．So there is no need to immediately switch over ，”says Edward Roback ， acting chief of the computer security division at NIST and chairman of the AES selection committee ．“What AES will offer is a more efficient algorithm ．It will be a federal standard ，but it will be widely implemented in the IT community ．”According to Roback ，efficiency of the proposed algorithms is measured by how fast they can encrypt and decrypt information ，how fast they can present an encryption key and how much information they can encrypt ．The AES review committee is also looking at how much space the algorithm takes up on a chip and how much memory it requires ．Roback says the selection of a more efficient AES will also result in cost savings and better use of resources ．“DES was designed for hardware implementations ，and we are now living in a world of much more efficient software ，and we have learned an awful lot about the design of algorithms ，”says Roback ．“When you start multiplying this with the billions of implementations done daily ，the saving on overhead on the networks will be enormous ．”……山东建筑大学毕业设计（或毕业论文，二选一）外文文献及译文- 2 -准，以确保政府的信息安全。
5外文翻译模板(示例)
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学 院： (用三号楷体，下同） 专 业： 姓 名： 学 号： 外文出处：附 件： 外文原文（复印件）(用外文写)译文标题（三号黑体，居中，单倍行距，段前0.5行；段后1行。
）ZUO Zheyi ,ZUO Zheer (四号Times New Roman ，行距20磅)(School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin Province, China) （五号TimesNew Roman ，行距18磅，居中，段后0.5行，作者简介不用翻译成中文）摘要：(小四宋体，加粗) 文章摘要，要反映文章主要的技术内容，如研究目的、方法阐述和具体结论，阐明文章的行文脉络及文章的重点即可。
说明文章主要内容是什么，分哪几个部分介绍的，最后客观阐述结论或试验结果，不要有个人对研究结果的主观评价和研究背景介绍。
(小四号宋体，1.5倍行距，两端对齐)关键词：(小四宋体，加粗)油水两相流；经验模式分解；Elman 神经网络 (小四号宋体) 1 一级标题一（小四宋体，加粗，1.5倍行距，段前段后各0.5行） 1.1二级标题（小四宋体，加粗，1.5倍行距，段前段后各0.25行）正文×××××（小四号宋体，1.5倍行距）××…………。
（要求3000～5000汉字） 正文中的公式。
221()mi i ij j E c t dt c ===∑⎰ (1)其中，ij c ( i =1,2,…,n ，j =1,2,…,m)表示IMF 的离散点的幅值，m 为信号采样点的数目。
（公式中涉及的字母所代表的物理量要全部指明。
公式所在行单倍行距，右对齐，符号大小在公式编辑器中尺寸栏中的“define ”下的“full ”项选12，其他默认）1.2 二级标题正文中的图。
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密级分类号编号成绩本科生毕业设计 (论文)外文翻译原文标题PLC AND THE FREQUENCY CHANGERCONNECT WHEN SHOULD译文标题可编程控制器和变频器时的连接和连接应注意的问题作者所在系别电子工程系作者所在专业自动化作者所在班级B07222作者姓名王鹏作者学号20074022219指导教师姓名耿炎指导教师职称教授完成时间2010 年12 月北华航天工业学院教务处制译文标题可编程控制器和变频器时的连接和连接应注意的问题原文标题PLC AND THE FREQUENCY CHANGER CONNECT WHEN SHOULD作者译名国籍原文出处8th International Conference on Accelerator & Large Experimental Physics Control Systems,2001可编程控制器和变频器时的连接和连接应注意的问题导言可编程控制器（ PLC ）是一种数字化运作和操作控制装置。
PLC作为传统继电器的替代产品，广泛应用于工业控制每个领域。
因为公司可以使用该软件来改变控制过程，并具有体积小，组装灵活，编程简单，抗干扰能力强和可靠性高等特点，特别适合在恶劣环境工作。
当进行控制使用变频器自动控制系统，在许多情况下采用PLC和坐标转换的变率器协调使用，例如我厂两个催化系统自动简易系统。
PLC可提供控制信号，并作出指示和中断的信号。
一个PLC系统由三部分组成，即中央处理单元，输入输出模块和方案编制单位。
本文介绍了变频器和PLC进行协调时，要注意的问题。
1. 转换命令信号输入转换命令输入信号转换在变频器的输入信号中包括运行状态等运动/停止，顺时针/扭转，罚款的议案进行操作开关命令信号。
The frequency changer usually or has the tip switch characteristic primary device using the tip (for example transistor) with PLC) connected, obtains the running status instruction, as shown in Figure 1.变频器通常有提示开关特性的主要设备使用提示（如晶体管）与PLC ）相连，得到运行状态指令。
When use tip, brings the misoperation frequently because of the bad contact; Uses when the transistor carries on the connection, then must consider factors and so on transistor's voltage, current capacity, guarantee system's reliability.当使用提示，使误操作经常因为坏接触;时所使用的晶体管进行连接，则必须考虑的因素等等晶体管电压，电流的能力，保证系统的可靠性。
When designs frequency changer's input signal electric circuit should also pay attention, when the input signal electric circuit connection not at that time sometimes also will create frequency changer's misoperation.当设计变频器的输入信号电路还应注意，当输入信号的电路连接没有在那个时候有时也将创造变频器的误操作。
For example, when the input signal electric circuit uses relay and so on perceptual the loads, the relay make and break produces the surge current brings the noise has the possibility to cause frequency changer's misoperation, should avoid as far as possible.例如，当输入信号电路采用继电器等感性负载，继电器生产制造和打破的浪涌电流带来的噪音有可能引起变频器的误动，应尽可能避免。
When the entry switch signal enters the frequency changer, sometimes will have the external power supply and the frequencychanger control supply (DC24V) between crosstalk.当输入开关信号进入变频器，有时将有外部电源和变频器控制电源（ DC24V ）之间的串扰。
正确的连接使用的PLC电源，外部晶体管的集电极经过二极管管接头在PLC 。
简单的PLC顺序控制系统生产机械的自动化控制领域， PLC顺序控制系统应当使用量大的表面是广泛的。
However, craft different production machinery request design different control system trapezoidal chart.然而，不同的生产工艺要求设计不同的机械控制系统的梯形结构图。
At present, many electrical design personnel still used the empirical design law to design the PLC sequential control system, not only the rated capacity is low, is easy the mistake, moreover the design stage discovers the mistake with difficulty, needs to debug, the revision only then to conform to the design many times to want.目前，许多电气设计人员仍在使用的经验设计法设计PLC顺序控制系统，不仅是额定容量低，是很简单的错误，而且在设计阶段发现的错误与困难，需要进行调试，修改只有到那时，以符合设计多次想。
This article proposed 4 simple design methods, can one time design the successful PLC sequential control system fast.本文提出的4简单的设计方法，可以一次设计成功的PLC顺序控制系统的快速。
Sequential control system's characteristic and design mentality顺序控制系统的特点和设计思想。
1.the characteristic sequential control system is refers to according to predetermined is controlled the implementing agency sequence of operation and the corresponding extension step the condition, carries on gradually automatic control system.特点顺序控制系统是指按照事先确定的控制执行机构序列的操作和相应的推广步骤的条件，逐步进行自动控制系统。
Its controlled plant usually is the sequence of operation invariable or the relatively fixed production machinery.其控制的植物通常是操作的顺序不变或相对固定的生产机械。
This kind of control system's extension step orders the signal majority is the limit switch (including position examination switches and so on electronic contact or non-contact limit switch, electro-optical switch, dry reed pipes switch, Hall part switch), sometimes also uses the pressure switch, the time relay and so on signal conversion part to take certain step extension step to order the signal.这种控制系统的延伸一步订单信号多数是限位开关（包括位置检查交换机等电子接触或不接触限位开关，光电开关，干簧管开关，霍尔开关部分），有时还使用压力开关，时间继电器等信号转换部分采取某些步骤延长一步命令信号。
In order to cause the sequential control system operation reliable, usually uses the step-type sequential control circuit structure.为了使顺序控制系统运行可靠，通常使用的步骤型顺序控制电路结构。
The so-called step-type sequential control, is refers to control system's any procedure step (hereafter refers to as step) the electricity tobeforehand step electricity, and this step extension step orders the signal to send out for the condition.所谓阶梯式顺序控制，是指控制系统的任何程序步骤（以下所指的一步）的电力电量预先一步，这一步一步扩展命令发出信号的条件。