中国古典园林 英文
中国古典园林和英国自然风景式园林异同点比较
区别
从本质上看，中、英园林仍然在造园理念和创作手法上 有着较为明显的区别。总的来说， “自然 ”在这两种园林 中体现出不同的性格， 即：中国园林是一种内向的自然， 英国自然风致式是一种外向的自然。
1.从园林具体空间组织上 中国古典园林显得幽深、隐逸，是一种内向的自然；英国园林 大片的草坡沿着自然的地形起伏，这里没有围墙，显得开朗、 大方和安详。英国自然风景式园林所具有的这种开放性和公共 性使它所表现的自然呈现一种外向开朗的性格。
空间布局的比较 意大利式台地园
从空间的平面布局来看， 意大利台地园一般将建筑放于顶层台地 布置，建筑前后是花园，花园外是茂密的树林，从而形成“建筑一花 园一林园” 的平面布局结构， 开创了欧洲体系建筑由室内向室外延伸 的先河，完成人工向自然的和谐过渡。 轴线作为台地园中的几何构图 线，以建筑为中心，贯穿整个花园，形成纵横交织的平面骨架，在轴 线的节点处设置喷泉、水池、雕塑等形成视觉对景。
14-16
、历史背景
1.意大利台地园14-16世纪的文艺复兴时期 是一场发生在14世纪中期至16世纪末的思想文化运动， 在中世纪晚期发源于佛罗伦萨， 后扩展至欧洲各国， 带 来一段科学与艺术革命时期， 揭开了近代欧洲历史的序 幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。 马克思主义史学 家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。
突出轴线，强调对称，注重比例，讲究主
从关系，将庭园与建筑看做整体
立面特征
适应地形的露台建筑式
平面图案式
美学原则
古典主义
“伟大风格 ”，皇权至上的主题思想
庭园构思
立体的堆积感
平面的舒展感，利用宽阔的园路构成贯通
的透视线，体现恢弘的园景
中国古典园林艺术鉴赏(英文)
building types of Chinese classical garden
Gardens building is very important role. It can satisfy people’s wish of enjoying and admiring the view . Chinese architectural form is diversiform(各式各样的）.
Classical Chinese garden art appreciation
Contents
• Classify • Building type • Overseas Chinese classic garden
According to the occupiers identity points
2. Jiangnan type
The south is dense population, so garden area is small. South park Lin's representative mostly concentrates in the nanjing, Shanghai, wuxi, suzhou, hangzhou, yangzhou.
more than two folds. often become a scene of the garden, especially under the condition of the mountains even more so.
borrow surrounding view constitute, is generally built in water around a low platform for rail. The function of the pavilions with ornamental primarily, and rest place.
高中美术：中国建筑艺术——古典园林教案
新修订高中阶段原创精品配套教材中国建筑艺术——古典园林教材定制 / 提高课堂效率 /内容可修改Chinese Architectural Art-Classical Garden教师：风老师风顺第二中学编订：FoonShion教育中国建筑艺术——古典园林高中美术教案：中国建筑艺术——古典园林杭师院附高罗雪峰一、古典园林概况（一）、发展史高中美术教案：中国建筑艺术——古典园林（商）→(西周)囿→(汉代)帝王的离宫、苑囿→（魏晋南北朝）追求自然情趣的私家园林→（唐）发展迅猛，长安附近建别墅，官署建园，唐中叶东都洛阳造园→（五代、宋）首都汴梁、陪都洛阳造园，江南筑山叠石之风很盛→（元明）江南园林发达，遏制→（明中叶）新的生机园林设计主导思想：诗情画意高中美术教案：中国建筑艺术——古典园林魏晋南北朝私家园林崇自然野致的风格，唐宋官僚和文人画家将他们的生活思想及传统文学和绘画描绘的意境贯于园林的布局与造景中，形成了这种主导思想。
高中美术教案：中国建筑艺术——古典园林（二）、分类北方皇家园林——承德避暑山庄江南园林——苏州园林、汾阳别墅岭南园林——广州越秀公园（三）古典园林欣赏（录象）请学生讲园林构造：由木构架结构的厅堂、轩馆、楼阁、亭台、桥廊与山石、湖池、花木组合成景，再配以匾额楹联等书法、诗句，形成了一个供游人直接玩赏且意蕴无穷的景观。
二、古典园林特点（一）、顺应自然的布局布局采用曲折多变的手法，和谐地顺着山径、水标或林间安设景点，不人为强求，形成中国园林的特点。
“曲”造成景物的深层感，能在有限的面积上，创造出无限的空间效果。
（二）、雅朴恬淡的品格园林建筑：宁静、简洁、清新古典殿堂建筑：富丽、作“雕梁画栋”的粉饰清代戏曲家李渔强调“宜简不宜繁，宜自然不宜雕斫”“但其取其简者、坚者、自然者变之”（三）、空透灵巧的面貌高中美术教案：中国建筑艺术——古典园林1、园林以景观为目的，建筑除了点缀自然环境，还以其空灵起到“借景”与“融合”的作用。
中国传统文化英文
1.According to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, what are the administrativedivisions of China? 根据中华人民共和国宪法，我国的行政划分是什么？The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. 我国的行政划分是省，自治区和直辖市。
2.What climatic zone does China lies in?China’s climate conditions vary greatly. It includes tropical, subtropical, the temperate and cool-temperate conditions. But the country for the most part lies in temperate zone. 中国的气候条件差异很大，包括热带，亚热带，温带和中温带。
但是大多数区域处于温带。
3.In what area does China still fall behind its neighbors? 中国在什么领域落后于邻国？China still falls behind its neighbors in the area of design. 中国在设计领域落后于邻国。
4.How many schools is cooking in China divided into? 中式烹饪有那几派？Cooking in China is divided into four schools: the Cantonese, Sichuan, Shandong, and Huaiyang Dishes. 中式烹饪分为粤菜，川菜，鲁菜和淮阳菜。
《中国古典园林史》 英文名
《中国古典园林史》英文名The History of Classical Chinese GardensThe essence of Chinese culture is deeply rooted in the harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. This profound connection is beautifully manifested in the timeless art of classical Chinese gardens, which have captivated and inspired people for centuries. These enchanting landscapes seamlessly blend architecture, horticulture, and philosophy, creating a serene and contemplative oasis that reflects the Chinese pursuit of balance and harmony.The origins of classical Chinese gardens can be traced back to the ancient dynasties, where the ruling elite sought to create private retreats that embodied the principles of Taoism and Confucianism. These early gardens were not merely ornamental spaces but rather metaphorical representations of the cosmos, with each element carefully selected and arranged to evoke a sense of spiritual and philosophical contemplation.One of the earliest and most influential examples of classical Chinese gardens is the Lingering Garden, located in the historic city of Suzhou. Constructed during the Ming Dynasty, this exquisite gardenis renowned for its intricate rockeries, meandering pathways, and meticulously curated plant life. The Lingering Garden's design is a masterful blend of natural and man-made elements, with each feature carefully positioned to create a harmonious and visually captivating landscape.Another iconic example of classical Chinese gardens is the Summer Palace in Beijing, which was originally built in the 18th century as a retreat for the Qing Dynasty emperors. The Summer Palace's expansive grounds feature a breathtaking array of pavilions, lakes, and gardens, all of which are seamlessly integrated to create a sense of tranquility and escape from the bustling city. The garden's centerpiece, the Kunming Lake, is a stunning body of water that reflects the surrounding architecture and serves as a serene backdrop for the intricate pathways and lush vegetation.Beyond the grand imperial gardens, the art of classical Chinese gardening also found expression in the private retreats of scholars and literati. These smaller-scale gardens, often found in the homes of the educated elite, were designed to provide a space for contemplation, poetry, and the appreciation of nature. The Scholar's Garden in Suzhou, for instance, is a testament to the refined and introspective nature of these private oases, with its carefully curated rockeries, pavilions, and calligraphic inscriptions.The design principles that govern classical Chinese gardens are rooted in the philosophical and aesthetic traditions of the East. The concept of "tian ren he yi," or the unity of heaven and humanity, is a central tenet that guides the placement and arrangement of elements within these gardens. The careful balance of yin and yang, the integration of water and stone, and the strategic use of framing and sightlines all contribute to the creation of a harmonious and visually captivating landscape.Furthermore, the art of classical Chinese gardening is deeply influenced by the principles of Taoism, which emphasize the importance of natural harmony and the pursuit of a harmonious coexistence between humanity and the natural world. This philosophy is reflected in the gardens' emphasis on the organic flow of pathways, the integration of natural elements such as rocks and water, and the careful curation of plant life to create a sense of timelessness and tranquility.The legacy of classical Chinese gardens continues to captivate and inspire people around the world. These enchanting landscapes have not only served as havens of contemplation and relaxation but also as repositories of cultural and historical significance. As the world continues to grapple with the challenges of urbanization and environmental degradation, the enduring wisdom and beauty of classical Chinese gardens offer a timeless model for the harmoniousintegration of nature and human endeavor.In conclusion, the history of classical Chinese gardens is a testament to the enduring power of the human spirit to create spaces that transcend the boundaries of the physical world and connect us to the deeper truths of our existence. From the grand imperial retreats to the intimate scholar's gardens, these enchanting landscapes continue to captivate and inspire, reminding us of the profound beauty that emerges when humanity and nature are in perfect harmony.。
纪录片字幕英译汉的翻译策略——以国新办纪录片翻译项目《探秘中国古典园林》为例
时间如同白驹过隙，研究生开学典礼的情景还历历在目，一转眼我即将毕业。
在上外高翻读研期间，我收获颇多。
我遇到了良师益友、获取了知识、提高了自己，这段美好的时光是我生命中的宝贵财富。
首先，我要感谢我的导师江帆老师。
在撰写论文的过程中，从最初的论文选题到结构的调整直至论文的最终完成，江老师一直对我悉心教导，提出了许多建议，及时帮助我解决遇到的难题，令我获益匪浅。
此外，我还要感谢姚锦清老师和龚锐老师。
在姚老师的笔译理念课上，我学习到了专业笔译的基本理念，对翻译有了更深刻的认知。
感谢龚锐老师，研一的专业课上龚老师的作业讲解、实战项目和案例讨论，让我学习到了很多翻译技巧，龚老师严谨负责的态度也值得我一生学习。
我还要感谢读研期间的其他授课老师，教授文学翻译的吴刚老师、经贸翻译的黄协安老师、法律翻译的冯国扶老师、政务翻译的费祖志老师、联合国翻译的吴明老师，还有教授理论课程的张莹老师、李红玉老师、郑晔老师。
师者,所以传道授业解惑也，在此衷心感谢各位老师的帮助与指导。
同时我要感谢我的研究生同学们，是缘分让我们聚集在上外高翻，共度两年半的美好时光。
从同学们身上我看到了他们对翻译的热情，朝夕相处中我们建立了深厚的友谊，愿我们的友谊地久天长。
还要感谢我的家人和朋友，他们对我的关怀、鼓励和支持是我不断向前的动力。
最后，我要向在百忙之中抽出时间论文进行审阅、评议和参与论文答辩的各位老师表示感谢。
21世纪以来，中国的政治和经济影响力不断增强，国际影响力持续提高。
中国的发展吸引了全球的目光，世界各国都开始重视与中国之间的文化交流与合作。
国外拍摄了越来越多中国题材的纪录片。
在引进国外纪录片时，字幕翻译起到了举足轻重的作用。
本文的案例是国新办纪录片《探秘中国古典园林》英译汉项目，纪录片用外国人的视角介绍了苏州古典园林和中国的风土人情。
通过分析纪录片字幕特点、字幕翻译的时空限制以及英译汉中文化还原等要素，本文对比初译和审校两种译文，从词汇、句子、语篇三个层面上探讨了纪录片字幕英译汉的策略。
从建筑文化的构成分析中国古典园林的形成发展_英文_000
Evol uti o n of C l assi cal Chi nese Gardens Based ont he Co mponent s of Archit ect ural Cult ureZHAO Fe i he 1,Y I N Shua i ke21.Post doc t oral Programs ofM anage m entSc i e nce and Engineering ,Tong ji Universit y ,Shanghai 200092,C hina ;2.Schoo l of Landsc ape A r ch i t ecture ,Be ijing Fores tr y Univ ersit y ,Beijing 100083,ChinaAbstract Based on t he struc t uralmode o f c u lt ural ec osy s t e m,a s t ructural mode of architectur a l culture w as est ab lished in this s t udy by replac ing hu man soc i e ty ,exteri o r env iron ment and cult ure in t he cultural ec os ys t e m w it h hu man activ iti e s ,archit ec t ural envir on ment and archit ectural culture .W it hin t h i s mode ,architectur a lengineering t echno l o gy was i n the utt er mos t layer of the architec t ur a l cultural struc t ur e ,des ign t ec hni q ues and w ritten w orks in the m i d dl e layer ,and v a l u es in t he inner most layer .Itwas app lied t o anal y ze t he ev olution of c lass i c al Chinese gardens along t he line of dynastic changes ,fr om the pers pec tiv es of soc i a l consc i o us ness ,cultural ps ychology and aes t heti c habi,t itwas point ed out t hat c lass i c al Chinese gardens hav e ev o l v ed fro m anm i al park to lands cape garden ,f ro m urban residenti a l garden t o pri v at e garden in t he sout hern reg i o ns of the Yangt ze R i v er ,w hic h a l s o indic ated a trans iti o n fro m focus i n g on ex t eri o r f or m s to stress i n g practi c al functi o ns ,and such a transition was realiz ed on t he ba s is of soc ial cons c iousness and values of the tm i e w it h t he he l p of proper des ign t echniques .Key wo r ds C ultural ecosyst em ,C l a ssical Chinese gar dens ,Co mponent s of arc h it ectural cultureReceived :March 2,2011 Accept ed :April 10,2011Ema i :l zhaofeihe @126.co m.The co mponent analysis of archit ectural cultures is bas ed on t he struc t ural mode of cultural ecosyst em .Variables and presentations in all layers of archit ectural development w ill be cl a rifi e d in a bett er way from t he pers pective of archit ectural cultural componen.t Landscape art is t he dualde m onstrati o n of bot h mat eri a l and ment al cultures .C lassicalChinese garden is an m i port ant part of the world garden ,its f or mati o n and devel op m ent is a significant demonstration of t he components of ar chit ectural cult ures .1 S tructur almode of cu ltural ecosyste mCult uralecology is the t heory study i n g the birth ,devel o pmen,t evolution and laws of cultures fro m the perspecti v e of in teracti o n a m ong all fac t ors in bot h nat ural environ ment and soc i a l env iron ment [1],first proposed by Julian St eward ,an Amer i c an anthropol o gis.t It is to observe t he generati o n ,devel o p ment and evolution of culture by putting it into the whole envi ron m en,t so as to find out how hu man beings adapt t o env iron ment and creat e their own cultures ,and how t hese cultures graduall y evol v e along w ith environment changes .If hu man ac tivities are regarded as soc i a l subjects ,hu man cult ures are cl a ssified int o 4layers :science and t echnology (inc luding ex peri e nce and know ledge),econom ic syst em ,social organiza tion ,values (including custo m s ,morals ,religi o ns and philoso phy),a struc t uralmode of cultural ecosyst em w ill be obt ainedaccording to their rel a ti o ns w it h natural env ironment [1].F i g .1shows t hat intelligent cultures are those hav ing the most inti mat e and direct relationship w ith natural env ironmen,t such as science and technol o gy ,because most of the i n ventions about tools and machi n es are directl y related t o t he nat ural env ironmen;t then regul a ti v e cultures such as econo m ic syst em andsocialorganization ;values have the l e ast m i pact on natural en viron men,t and t hey usuall y take effect via i n t er medi a t e vari a bl e s of sc i e nce and technol o gy ,econo m ic syst em and socialorganiz ati o n [1].But values have t he most i n tm i at e and direct rel a ti o nshi p w ith social cultures ,t hat is ,ment al cultures such as cust oms ,morals ,religi o ns ,and phil o sophy ;t hen socialor ganization and econom ic syst em ;science and technology ,nat ural env iron m ent have t he l e ast m i pac.tF i g .1 Structuralmode o f cultural ecosyste mCult ural ecosyst em is a compl e t e syst em of variables ,such as natural environ ment where cult ures generat e and de vel o p ,science and technology ,econom ic syst e m ,soci a lorgan izati o n and val u es .Archit ecture as amaj o r sy mbolof hu man cul t ures w ill surely be integrat ed i n t o the cultural ecos yst e m.2 Str ucturalmode of arch it ectur al cu ltureFro m t he perspec tive of f or m ,archit ecture onl y provides a living env iron ment f or hu man bei n gs ,but it is diff erent fro m natEdit or :Shao M ei Journa l of Lands cape Res earc h Proofr eader :W u Xiaoy an2011,3(4):10-12uralenviron men,t becaus e the latt er is a pure ext ernal env iron men,t but archit ecture bears t oo many traces of hu man activi ties .Many layers from values t o science and technology are cl e arly and profoundl y demonstrat ed i n architect ure .A structural mode of archit ectural culture can be est ab lished if archit ecture is regarded as an i n t ensive de m onstrati o n of hu man acti v ities ,as F i g .2shows .The transfor mati o n of nat uralenviron ment is l a rgel y shown as the for mati o n of architec tural env iron m en,t that is ,t he f or m ation of spaces f or people working ,studying and relax ing .Archit ectural culture is f or med i n the f or mation ,use and regeneration of archit ecture .Archi tect uralengineering t echnol o gy has the f astest and direct influ ence on archit ectural environ men,t show ing practical functi o ns of architect ure in mat erial f or ms .Val u es have onl y indirect in fluence on architec t ure ,and such influence is realized via int er medi a te layers such as architect uraldesign techni q ues ,i n stit u tions and rules ,but it is decisive and prof ound .Planning and design t echni q ues have moderat e influence bet ween architec tural engineering t echnology and values ,t hey t ake eff ect only by changi n g f or m s and f unctions of architec t ure v i a engineering technology ,and have t o enrich themselves on t he basis of desi g n know ledge and experience [2].I nfluence of archit ectural environ ment on architec t ural cult ure is als o gradually changing fro m t he out er t o the inner l a yer.F i g .2 S tr uctur almode o f ar ch itectur al cu ltur es3 Evo l u ti o n of classical Chinese gar dens fro m t he perspecti v e o f t he str uct uralmode of architect ural cultur eLandscape art is the dual demonstration of mat erial and ment al cult ures ,its physical f or ms cont ainmessages about cul tural spirits and aest hetic consc i o usness ,t hat is ,cultural prod ucts left by creators and the age those creators live in .C l a ssi cal Chinese gardens are es peciall y out standing i n this aspect as a powerful f or m of concentrating cultures and traditions .The role of classical Chines e gardens in t he hu m an life deter m i n es its intm i at e rel a tionshi p w it h social consc i o usness ,culturalpsy chology and aesthetic habits ,so its f or mati o n and development can be regarded as an m i portant de m onstrati o n f or m of archi tect uralcultural co mponents .In the Shang and Zhou dynasti e s (fro m t he 17thcentury t ot he 3r d cent ury B.C .),anm i alparks were enclosed in t he natural environment for hunti n g .According t o the S hi J i Yi n Ben j i (H i s t ori ca lRecords B i o g raph i c S ke tches o f Em pe rors i n t he S hang Dynas t y ),King Zhou of Shang "once had Shaqi uyuant ai built f or keeping beasts and birds".Duri n g the Q inand Han dynasties (from t he 3rdcent ury B.C .t o t he 3rd centu ry A.D .),Q in ShiHuang (F irst Emperor ofQ in ,259-210B .C .)by f ollo w i n g the patt ern of anm i al park in the Shang and Zhou dynasties ,had Shanglin Yuan built by the s out h of t he W eiR i v erw ith the Chang Chi (Long Pond)by introducing wat er fro m the river ,and piling eart h int o Penglai Mountain [3].Emperor W u of the Han Dynasty (156-87B .C .,on t het hrone from 141B.C .to 87B .C .,t he 7themperor of t he Han Dynast y)had t he Tai y e Poolbuilt w it h t hree hills in it (res pec tively ,Pengla,i Fangzhang and Yingzhou)sy mbolizing t he t hree s acred mount ains in t he East China Sea .C hunq i u Fanl u w rote by Dong Zhongshu (179-104B.C .,a great er ideol o gist and politi c i a n in the Han Dynasty)has an ink ling of such a de sign ,whi c h is a book absorbi n g yi n yang and five ele m ents the ori e s of that age (five ele ment s ref er t o meta,l wood ,wat er ,fire and earth),expounds t he sublm i e words w ith deep mean ings in C hunq i u (The S p ri ng and Au t um n Anna l s ),el a borat es t he concept of "int erac tion bet ween heaven and mank ind".It holds that allwonderful vie w s in heaven or earth can be found corres pondingl y i n t he hu man world ,so three s acredmountai n sare s ymbolized by one pooland t hree hills in this case [4].Fro m t heW ei Dynast y t o the Northern and Southern Dynasty (from the 3rd century to t he 6thcentury),China was in a st ate of chaos ,people w it h hi g h lit erat ary reputation coul d not dis play their abilit y although they were a mbiti o us and t alented ,Confuc i a nis m at that tm i e coul d not prov i d e proper strat egi e s f or governing the country ,or shortcut s f or obt aining f ame and f ort une ,or means of getting away fro m wars and disast ers .Co mm on peopl e began t o fi n d othermeans t o substit ut e Confu cianis m ,Buddhis m and Taois m grew popul a r in this period ,so di d Xuan Xue (a philosophicalsect in theW ei(220-265)and Jin (265-420)dynasties).Philosophers of XuanXue t hen f o cusedm ore on the self m i provement of i n ner spirits ,but not t he transient f ame and prosperit y ,so most of t he m were broad m inded ,and unrestrai n ed i n behavior .J i n S hu J i Kang Zhuan (The Book o f t he J i n Dynas ty B i o graphy o f J iKang )records that Ji Kang is never int erested in Confuc i a n c l a ssics ,but f avors doc trines of Zhuangz iwhich further indulges his w ildand undisc i p lined charact er [5]."Non being"and nat uralis m is adm ired by schol a rs in the W ei and Jin dynasties ,respect f or t he nature and pursuit f or naturalbeauty is the moti v e of garden ing during this period ,and l a ndscape garden f or reproducing natu ral beaut y emerges .S ong S hu Da iYong Zhuan (The Book of the S ong Dynas t y B i og raphy o fDa iYong )records t hat as Dai Yong (a f a mous artist i n the SongDynasty f a mous f or his filialpi ety ,377-441)moves t oW u (t he presentSuzhou and nei g hbor ing areas),schol a rs hel p hm i build houses ,pil e rockeri e s and in troduce water i n t o the garden ,gro w pl a nts and di g gull y s ,t hen pl a nts gro w fl o urishi n gly just li k e natural ones .I n t he Tang Dynast y (618-907),urban home garden be11ZHAO Fei he e t a l .Evo l u ti o n ofC lass ic a l Chines e Gardens Based on the C o mponents o fArchit ectura lC ultur eca me popular as an m i portant f or m of privat e garden.U rban home garden prov i d ed schol a r bureaucrats a l a nd of tranquility i n bustle f or t heir physical and mental relaxation,enabled them to enjoy a peaceful m ind among the lm i it ed spatial land scapes[6].Bai Juyi(a great poet in t he Tang Dynast y,772-846)su mmarizes schol a rs love f or privat e gardens as"amod erat e seclusion",because t he greatest seclusion is living in the noisiest f air,the t emporal sec lusion is in t hew ilds,but such"a moderat e s ec l u sion"is just fit f or scholars like hm i,so t hey "can live in both t heir own pri v ateworl d and the out erworld,be not busy or idl e,don t have t o work w ith theirm ind and hands, orworry about hunger and col d.I n thi s way,Confuc i a ns pur suit of career success and Zhuangzi s"inacti o n"(letting thi n gs take t heir own courses)f or m a compl e ment ation psychological l y in hearts of schol a r bureaucrats[7].Therefore,urban home garden i s an idealplace f or t he m not being tied down by t he ups and downs of t heir offici a l careers,and not going t o t he w ilds f or li v i n g a peacef ul lif e.A design t echni q ue is m i plied in such attit udes t o lif e,philosophy of lif e and mat erial for m s of urban garden,which ex ist s i n the f or m of poe m or prose.For exa m ple,Bai Juyi in his Cao Tang J i(The No te o f Lushan C ott age) says,"a fl a t ground in front of t he cottage is about t en zhang (zhang,a unit of lengt h=10/3met ers,here it refers t o the w i d t h of fl a t ground),a platf or m in t he cent er covers half of i,t a square poor t o t he sout h of t he platf or m doubles its size. Bamboos and flo wers fl o urish around the poo,l whit e l o tus and w hit efish li v e freel y i n t he poo.l Going south ward further,a gul l y extends from rocks w ith pines and cedars grow ing on bot h si d es ".Scholar s garden t akes shape in t he Tang Dynast y, reaches its prm i e i n the Song Dynasty,f urt her develops in the M i n g and Q ing dynasties.Li Gefei(about1045-1105,a f a mous scholar in the Nort hern Song Dynast y)clearly records garden t ypes in t he Song Dynasty in his Fam ous Ga rdens o f Luoyang,such as Tian wang Yuan,Renf eng Yuan of Li s f am i l y,and Guiren Yuan.At t hat tm i e,aestheti c f eat ures of garden s artisti c concept arem ai n ly de monstrat ed as t he popu l a rit y of t ablets w ith i n scri p tions and t he advanced horticulture and pott ed landscape ar,t which is closel y rel a ted t o their owners indifference to f ame andwealth,and pursuit of an"en j o yabl e"lif e.There are still many well preserved gardens of scholars in s out hern regions of the Yangtz e River,such as Master of Nets Garden,and Ge Yuan.M ast er of Net s Garden actually m i plies t hat its owner w ishes living in sec lus i o n as a fisher man,t he whole garden is do m i n ated by wat erscapes,its owner s pursuit of t he"enjoyable"lif e is fully demonstrat ed in garden designs.The M ing andQ ing dynasties arem ature periods of cl a ssi calChinese gardens,some prof ess i o nalw ritings about garden i n g co m e ou,t The C ra ft o f Ga rdens by J iCheng is surely the most fa mous one.It is t ot ally diff erent fro m the for mer poem or prose s i n ging praises of gardens bef ore,as the ol d est w ritt en work of gardening,it t ouches upon m any aspect s of garden, from t he overall pl a nni n g to the det ailed des i g n of i n di v i d ual constructi o ns,fro m gardening concepts t o techniques of con structing scenery[8].In the m iddl e and l a ter period of t he M ing Dynast y,the econo m y shows considerabl e developmen,t but dist ort ed f eudalaut ocracy holds its econo m y back from f urt her developmen,t i n dustrial and co mm erc i a l sections have to bear heavier burdens,the whole society is m i mersed in an at m os phere of ex travagance.As t he econom ic leveland living st and ards are m i proved,progress of individuals and aut ocracy of government conflict w ith other,many schol a r bureaucrats re treat and thi n k,pay more att ention to one s own moral uplift w it hout t hought of ot hers,and privat e gardens grow popular in such a contex.t Special t alents in gardening e merge in this peri od,such as Ji Cheng,Zhou B ing cheng,Zhang Li a n,Li Yu and so on,and most of t he well preserved gardens at pres ent in Suzhou are finished in thi s period.Fro m anm i alpark t o l a ndscape garden,fro m urban ho m e garden to privat e garden in s out hern region of the Yangt ze R iv er,fro m"interacti o n bet ween human and nat ure"to Xuan Xue in theW ei and J i n dynasties,from the doctrine of t he mean to t he int egrati o n of Confuc i a nis m and Taois m,from poe m and prose s i n ging praises of gardens t o the great gardening work-The C ra ft of Ga rdens,c l a ssical Chinese gardens changes in f or m are first shown as t he changing externalappearances and practical f unc tions,and such changes are supervised by i d eol o gy and values of t he tm i e via design t echni q ues,and t hen real ized by archit ecturalengi n eering t echnol o gy.It proves t hat gar dens in all hist oricalperiods co mply w ith the structuralmode of it s archit ectural cult ure.References[1]XI E S G.Enc yc l o pedi a ofChina:soc i o logy[M].Beiji n g:Encycloped i a ofChina Publishi n g Hous e,1992.(in Chin es e).[2]WANG SJ.Coll e ction ofWang Shiren s Arc hit ec t ural hi s t or y theor y[M].Beijing:China Arc hit ec t ure&Buil d ing Pr es s,2001.(in Chi nes e).[3]W riting gr ou p of The H ist ory of Chi n es e Arc hit ecture.The his t ory ofChin es e arc hit ecture[M].Be iji n g:Chi n a Ar chitecture&Buil d ing Press,1997.(in Chin es e).[4]DONG ZS:Han Dynasty.Chun qiu f an lu[M/OL].(2006-05-10)www.ebook007.co m.(in Chines e).[5]FA N S Z.H ist ory overvie w[M].Shangha:i Fu dan Univ ers it y Press,2000.(in Chin es e).[6]ZHANG J J.The hist ory of Chi n es e gardening[M].Harbin:Heil o ngji a n g Peop l e s Publi s hing Hous e,1986.(in Chinese).[7]REN XH.Dhyana and Chin es e garden[M].Beijing:The Co mmercial Pr es s I nt ern ati o nal Lt d,1994.(i n Chinese).[8]CHEN Z.Yuan Ye c o mment s[M].Be iji n g:Chin a Arc hit ec t ur e&Buildi n g Pr es s,1988.(i n Ch i n ese).从建筑文化的构成分析中国古典园林的形成发展赵飞鹤1,阴帅可2 (1.同济大学管理与科学博士后流动站,上海200092;2.北京林业大学园林学院,北京100083)作者简介 赵飞鹤(1974-),女,河南宜阳人,讲师,博士,从事城市产业规划、设计产业集群研究,E m a i:l zhaofei he@126.co m。
中国古典园林 英文
Western Han Dynasty
• Upper-Forest Garden (上林园). This park combined the features of botanical and zoological gardens, as well as the traditional hunting grounds. • Kunming Lake with a recreation of the three fairy islands in the center, a motif that would become a common feature of later designs. • Natural elements
Chinese Classical Garden
History
Design
The classical gardens of Suzhou
History
• Chinese garden, and its associated garden culture are expressions of Chinese vernacular landscape architecture aesthetics. • Several cultural factors to form Classical Chinese Gardens and make it distinctive include Neolithic shamanism(萨满教), Geomancy（撒土占卜）, Confucianism and Taoism.
Water
• The softness of water offsets the solidity of the rocks, while also acting to reflect the constantly changing sky above. • Goldfish, carp(鲤鱼), and mandarin ducks are three of the mohe goal of the design is to make the scenery beautiful, the surrounding is quiet and cool, and the landscape wonderful. Temples, resthouses and short bridges are common features. Also, small fountains were a favorite.
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Brief introduction
Traditional Chinese gardens fall into three categories: imperial, private, and landscape gardens:
the Summer Palace in Beijing(颐和园) the Humble Administrator’s Garden in Suzhou(拙 政园) the West Lake in Hangzhou(西湖)
the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) Suzhou, Jiangsu Province
It was built in the early years of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty. The Humble Administrator’s Garden was known as “Four Famous Gardens” in China together with the Beijing Summer Palace, Chengde Mountain Resort and Suzhou Lingering Garden.
Bridges
Most of the bridges are of stone, including straight, winding and arched ones:
The straight bridge consists of just one stone slab without any decoration.
I. Brief introduction
Brief introduction
Chinese people started to build gardens more than 2000 years ago.
It first appeared as early as the 11th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty in the form of a hunting preserve for emperors and nobles. Garden building had its heyday(全盛期) during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Bridges
Rockeries
Rocks and rockeries are special features of southern Chinese gardens. Some large stones form sceneries of their own, while smaller ones are put together to form artificial hills to add to the fantastic attractiveness of the gardens.
designs.
方形 圆形 六角形 八角形
扇形
“便面”
Windows
III. Famous Chinese private gardens
Famous Chinese private gardens
the Humble Administrator’s Garden (拙政园) the Lingering Garden(留园) Geyuan Garden(个园)
II. Features of Chinese private gardens
Features of Chinese private gardens
Most private gardens are found in the South China. The private gardens are composed of rockeries(假山), ponds, pavilions, bridges, trees and flowers. Surrounding the beautiful scene are corridors(游廊)or walls with latticed(装 有格子的) windows or beautifully shaped doors.
叠山理水的艺术
Windows
Corridors are dotted by windows of various
shapes——square, round, hexagonal and
even octagonal. Many of the windows are
decorated with very beautiful patterns and
The winding bridges have low balustrades(栏杆). The arch bridges can be divided into the single-
arch and the multi-arch varieties. 直桥 曲桥 拱桥（单拱桥和多拱桥）
Classical Chinese
Private Gardens
中国古典私家园林
Main contents
I. Brief introduction II. Features of Chinese private gardens III. Famous Chinese private gardens