外文文献工程管理造价
工程造价外文参考文献(精选120个最新)
[18]Richard Opoku,Isaac Adjei Edwin,Kofi A. Agyarko. Energy efficiency and cost saving opportunities in public and commercial buildings in developing countries – The case of air-conditioners in Ghana[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2019,230.
[4]Ricardo Mateus,Sandra Monteiro Silva,Manuela Guedes de Almeida. Environmental and cost life cycle analysis of the impact of using solar systems in energy renovation of Southern European single-family buildings[J]. Renewable Energy,2019,137.
[22]A. Yu,J. Hay,K.M. Zangwill. PIN40 POST-OPERATIVE ANTIBIOTIC COST PROJECT: DISCONTINUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS AFTER SURGICAL INCISION CLOSURE[J]. Value in Health,2019,22.
工程造价成本管理外文文献
Evaluation of the influence of the organizational environment on projectcost management based on the Grey Relational AnalysisZhi Dou,Wenjun YangCollege of Civil Engineering ，Chang'an University ，Xi'an 710061，ChinaKeywords ：the Organizational Environment, Engineering Project, Cost Management, ImpactEvaluation, Grey Relational AnalysisAbstract. From the organizational environment perspective, to explore the influence factors ofproject cost management, and to determine a evaluation system about the influence of theorganizational environment on project cost management. Using gray system theory to build a modelof the gray relational analysis between organizational environment and project cost management.The examples show that this method has a certain theoretical significance and practical value tosolve the project cost management.IntroductionAccompanied by the rapid development of China's construction industry and the further openingup of construction markets, the uncertainty of the external environment which constructionenterprises face increased, the underpricing bid between enterprises for contending projects, thedrastic fluctuation in raw material prices, the entering barriers are down while the exit cost are stillhigh, the ferocious entering momentum of foreign builders, these make China constructionenterprises stand in a competitive industry, and its profit margins are severely squeezed. The way toeffectively control the project cost has already become a focus of attention of constructionenterprises. Survey shows that the extensive management approach of China's constructionenterprises currently has not been fundamentally changed, the corporate structure, operationalprocesses and infrastructure management is weak, the level of project management is low, and theexisting project cost should be improved in aspects about management concepts, objectives, meansand so on [1].The effective implementation of advanced cost management methods must considerenterprises' particular organizational environment, Kaplan and Norton believes, the advanced costmanagement and evaluation methods break away from its corresponding organizationalenvironment, the possibility to success almost not exists [2].Therefore, the objective understandingof the organizational environment the construction enterprises face, and the comprehensive analysisabout the mechanism of the organizational environment to the project cost management for theconstruction cost management is essential.The determination of the affecting factor system of the project cost management byorganizational environmentOrganizational environment is a sum of forces and conditions which exist in the internal andexternal organization and affect the organizational performance. There are many environmentalfactors in internal and external organization, but not all of these factors constitute the organization'senvironment, the factors who has no impact on organizational performance do not belong to theenvironmental factors of organization, and elements of the organizational environment is often influx, the dynamics of environment perform clearly in a background of fierce competition both indomestic and foreign markets [3].According to the organization's controllable degree to its faced environment, the organizationalenvironment can be divided into two categories: the internal organizational environment and theexternal organizational environment. The external environment that construction enterprises face isthe sum of various factors which exist around the construction organization and affect the businessactivities and development of enterprises. The external environmental uncertainty of constructionInternational Conference on Education Technology, Management and Humanities Science (ETMHS 2015) © 2015. The authors - Published by Atlantis Press 985enterprises include the general environmental uncertainty and the task environmental uncertainty,the general environmental uncertainty include the uncertainties which brought for constructionenterprises from the political environment, economic environment, legal environment and technicalenvironment, and the task environmental uncertainty include the uncertainties which brought forconstruction enterprises from new entrants, owners, suppliers and existing competitors.Through the above analysis, the several affecting factors of the project cost management by theorganizational environment were researched; this paper considers the factors are: organizationstructure, control system and social relations. And the table 1, the affecting factor system of theproject cost management by organizational environment, is built by these factors.Tab.1. the Affecting Factor System of the Project Cost Management by Organizational EnvironmentFirst class index Second class indexThird class indexProject CostManagementA Organization Structure 1B Organization Framework 1C Internal Coordination 2C Internal Restriction 3CControl System 2B Budget Mechanism 4CAccounting Mechanism 5CMonitoring Mechanism 6C Analyzing Mechanism 7CChecking Mechanism 8CMaterial Cost Management 9CProject Manager Management 10CSocialRelations 3B Major Stakeholder 11C External Communication andCoordination 12CEvaluation of the influence of the organizational environment on project cost managementbased on the Grey Relational AnalysisTo determine the weighing values of all levelsBecause of the important degree of the influence of the above indexes on project cost are notidentical, it is required to determine the weights.We can choose to invited several experts whoadopted the ratio scale method to compare two factors, and to determine the ratio scale betweenvarious factors, as shown in table 2, then in turn collect the statistics of frequency mij of each indexratio scale Cj.()jij C i j m U U c n= （2.1） In the formula, mij is the number of times of Ui ∈ci; n is the number of experts to participate inthe evaluation; Uci(Ui) is the ratio scale of Ui belong to the cj, we can get the ratio scale()j n i C i j i R U U ==∑ （2.2）986Tab.2. The meaning of the scaledivision meaning1 Have the same importance3 The former is a bit more important than the latter5 The former is obviously more important than thelatter7 The former is particularly more important than thelatter9 The former is extremely more important than thelatter2,4,6,8 The median value of the above-mentioned adjacentvaluereciprocal The degree that the latter is more important than the formerCalculate the feature vector W of matrix H, inspect whether have stochastic consistencybetween matrix H and the feature vector W, and compute consistency index CI=(λmax-n)/(n-1),when CR=CI/RI<0.10, the consistency of judgment matrix is satisfied, or need to adjust thejudgment matrix. Among them, the elements Wi(i=1,2,...n) of W represents the lower the weight ofeach index relative to its upper part index.Quantitative treatment of indicatorsEvaluation index can be divided into two types: quantitative index and qualitative index.Qualitative indicators are unquantitative fuzzy evaluation index, thus the comprehensive fuzzyevaluation method of quantitative index can be used. By experts fuzzy scoring in the first place,reoccupy the average value to quantify according to the fuzzy membership degree just as is shownin table 3.Tab.3. The fuzzy membership listfuzzy language best bette r goo d general ly ba d wors e wor stmembership 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.40.3 0.2 To determine the reference data sequence and compared sequenceIn order to evaluate the eligible object data sequence, the first thing is to determine theevaluation reference data sequence, usually write to uik=(ui1,ui2,...uin),k=1,2,...s.A comparison with reference data sequence uik have n data index sequences, and each datasequence (scheme) have s factors (indicators), then these comparative data column can be written asU0=(u10,u20,...un0)T.To determine the reference sequence, according to the comparison reference sequence types ofindicators selected, index of different types, different values of the methods. Seen in the literatureindex types have six kinds, including efficiency, cost, fixed type, range, deviation and deviationinterval[4].Index correlation calculation of index layerIn order to ensure the quality of modeling and get the right system analysis, the data must becarried out on the original data standardization transformation and data processing, so that thedimension can be eliminated and the data can be comparable. in correlation analysis, the mostcommon methods were used in data transformation are initial value transformation method, themean transformation method, full transformation method, unitary transformation method, multiplechanges, poor maximum transformation method, standardized method and interval valuetransformation method[4-5]. In this paper, using the standardized method for data processing, namely:,1,2,,k k i i i u x k s u == （2.3） 987In the formula, 0 means the reference solution.Corresponds to a sequence of reference data, there are a number of comparative data sequence,the ith comparative data with reference data sequences in the first k corresponding indicators of relative difference is the correlation coefficient, can be expressed as()0000min min max max max max 1,2,;1,2,k k i i i i k i k i ki k k i i i i i k X X X X X X X X i n k s ηξη-+-=-+-== （2.4）Type: η is distinguish coefficient, 0<η<1, typically take η=0.5.The weighted average correlation coefficient under various factors11(1,2,;1,2,)n k k k i k n i n k s γωξ====∑ （2.5）Type: ωk is the weight, 0≤ωk≤1.According to the comparison and analysis of correlation, multi-level comprehensive evaluationof the construction project cost management is adopted. Generally speaking, the bigger thecorrelation of engineering project cost management level was, the engineering project costmanagement situation greater. In this way, we can made a more objective comprehensiveevaluation for the construction enterprise project cost management situation, and use this asreference data for the management of engineering project cost.ExampleNow with the influence of A, B, C three construction enterprise environment present situation onthe engineering project cost management as an example to illustrate the specific application ofevaluation model of gray association analysis.The index classification, the classification and the weight of each index of A, B, C threeconstruction enterprise organizational environment , are shown in table4 the comprehensiveevaluation of engineering project cost management.Tab.4. The project cost management comprehensive evaluationLevel indicator s The weigh t The second Level indicators The weig ht the index sequence of Project cost management evaluation A B C 0i uB 10.3 C 1 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6C 2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 C 3 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7B 20.4 C 4 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7C 5 0.15 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7C 60.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 C 7 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 C 8 0.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6C 9 0.12 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7C 10 0.13 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6B 3 0.3C 11 0.56 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 C 12 0.44 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6Weight is index to describe the affection of properties and various indicators of project costmanagement evaluation , scored by the expert , calculated the weight according to the type 2.1, 2.2 ,through the consistency check, in view of the length, not do detailed calculation here.Determine the optimal index (reference sequence)According to the principle of determining the optimal index, we can determine the referencesequence 0(0.6,0.7,0.7,0.7,0.7,0.6,0.6,0.6,0.7,0.6,0.7,0.6)i u =988Data standardization processBy the evaluation index system of project cost management, the evaluation index points belongto three classes. Processed the index sequence standardized according to the type (2.3) , threeclassification subset sequence are obtained. Calculate the absolute difference between the evaluation and the reference sequences sequencematrix, the calculation results are as follows:1max 0.33B ∆=，1min 0B ∆=；2max 0.17B ∆=，2min 0B ∆=；3max 0.43B ∆=，3min 0B∆=. Evaluation of the primary engineering project cost managementTake the resolution 0.5η=, the correlation coefficient of each subset can be calculated accordingto the type (2.4) , and correlation coefficient matrix is established. The table 4 shows that for Ⅰindexes, the weights 12(0.4,0.3,0.3)B ω=. According to the type (2.5) , he correlation of this indicator canbe calculated. [][]11120.330.370.541110.40.30.30.4110.470.50.540.37T B B B γωξ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⋅=⋅=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦On the basis of above, the primary evaluation can be conducted. For the class index, the sort ofthree construction enterprise correlation is C > B > A, which the index of engineering project costmanagement of construction enterprises B is optimal, C construction enterprise take the second, Abusiness is the worst.Similarly for II indexes, []20.790.350.5B γ=, we can judge that the optimal is A enterprise and Benterprise is the worst. For III indexes, []30.810.580.58B γ=, we can judge the optimal is A enterprise, B and C enterprise is the same.According to the corresponding evaluation results, management of construction enterprise projectcost management is optimized.The secondary comprehensive evaluation of the gray correlation analysisFrom the primary evaluation,we can be see that in the category of different indicators of thesame construction enterprise, both the optimal and the worst index category of engineering projectcost management can be appeared. Obviously , it is difficult to reflect the overall condition of theengineering project cost management. Therefore, all categories should be considered to thesecondary comprehensive evaluation on engineering project cost management. Primary indexweights ω1=(0.3,0.4,0.3), according to the type (2.5) ,we can get comprehensive correlation degree [][]10.410.790.8110.350.580.30.40.30.680.610.520.470.500.58T A γωξ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⋅=⋅=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ Order By the correlation size:A B C γγγ>>. As you can see, the construction enterprise project costmanagement situation of quality for A is the best, B enterprise second, C enterprise is the worst.ConclusionBased on actual engineering project cost management, this paper considers the organizationalenvironment factors and builds the organization environment factors to the engineering project costmanagement. With gray correlation analysis method to engineering project cost managementconducts a multi-level evaluation, obtains different levels of management evaluation results, theresult is consistent with the actual situation of construction enterprise.shows that this method hascertain theoretical significance and practical value. But in this study, the main factors affecting theproject cost management may have failed to be included in some factors, such as enterprise culture,national macro policy and other factors. In future study, we can further complete factors through thedesign organization environment impact on the engineering project cost of questionnaire.989References[1] XuTang.Based on the strategy of target cost management method in the application of international engineering contracting project .Chong qing.Southwestern university of finance and economics , 2003:6-7.[2] Kaplan,Norton.Strategic center type organization. Beijing:Ren min university of China publishing house,2001.[3] Yan Haifeng,Wang Ruixu.The modern organization theory and organizationinnovation.Beijing:People's posts and telecommunications publishing house,2003:61-81.[4] Wu Weidong , Jing Guoxun,Wei Jianping. Grey correlation analysis in six coal mine ventilation system scheme (recent) the application of the optimization . Journal of coal , 2001, 34(3): 290-293.[5] Xiao Xinping, Song Zhongmin,Li Feng.Gray technology base and application.Beijing: Science press.2005.990。
工程造价与管理论文英文文献中英对照
英文文献Engineering cost managementProject cost control emphasis should be transferred to the project construction early days, is transferred to the project decision and design stage. Project cost control in construction projects throughout the entire process, the key lies in the pre construction investment decision-making with design phase, whereas in the investment decision is made, the key lies in designing. According to expert analysis: architectural design, in the preliminary design stage, design stage, construction design stage to the engineering effect were 75% ~ 95%, 35% ~ 75%, 5% ~ 35%; while in the construction phase, through the optimization of construction organization design, construction cost saving the possibility of only 5% to 10%. We should put the focus shifted to the design stage, in order to get twice the result with half the effort.Pay attention to the technical and economic optimization combination. The combination of technology with economy is most effective way to control engineering cost. China engineering fields for a long time did not do this. The lack of technical personnel economy idea, design thought is conservative, the design of the outcome of the economy are not fully reflect. Therefore, we should solve the problem is to improve economic efficiency as the goal, in the construction process, organization, technology and economy organic ground union rises. Through the economic analysis, comparative study and effect evaluation, correct processing of advanced technology and reasonable in economy between the relation of unity of opposites, strive to advanced technology under the conditions of economic rational, reasonable in economy based on advanced technology.Carry out "limitation is designed" method. To be consciously put the application of value engineering to the specific design, actively promote quota design in engineering design contract, by way of bidding. This has been proven in practice is an effective way, it is not only an economic problem, more precisely a technical and economic problems. This "limitation is designed" to effectively control the project cost. In order to make the "limitation is designed" to achieve the desired objectives, should be involved in the design personnel must be experienced skilled economic designer. Their design results must be practical, advanced and reasonable cost. Control of engineering cost on the other hand is the need for comparison, because the outcome is a process of gradual improvement, and not to decide, so the comparison is a measure of its practical, advanced and economical means.Do good project cost control in the process. ( 1) compilation of economic and feasible construction scheme. Before construction, construction enterprises should be combined with the construction drawings and the actual situation at the scene, their mechanical equipment, construction experience, the management level and technical specification acceptance criteria, a set of practical and feasible construction scheme. The construction scheme is engineering implementation of the programme of action. ( 2) to technical personnel, materials, machinery and personnel staff communicationand coordination. In the process of construction, construction technology, materials and mechanical personnel should cooperate closely, understand each other, to management as the core, to reduce costs for the purpose of. ( 3) to the project completion settlement. Strict supervision system. Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision (including cost management ) system. Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.Strict supervision system. Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision (including cost management ) system. Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.To establish and perfect the independent project cost advisory body, cultivate a Zhi De have both engineering team. To establish a real sense of independent engineering cost consulting agencies. Through improving the laws and regulations, normative behavior, separate government functions from enterprise management, the establishment of independent business partnership, share-holding system, the limited responsibility system and other forms of organization, an industry-based, diversified services integrated project consulting company, build and development and reform the engineering cost intermediary service institutions, make construction project management of a gradual transition by an independent specialized agency in charge of project cost whole process tracking management, truly between owner and contractor plays an intermediary role. To strengthen engineering cost consulting industry association construction, establish project cost consulting industry self-discipline mechanism, and constantly improve the Engineering Cost Association in engineering cost consulting industry status, to be truly representative of the interests of the majority of the industry practitioners, government and enterprises to become connection link and the bridge. At the same time to strengthen the project cost specialty in higher education and in service education. As a result of project cost management in construction projects and various economic interests are closely related, and the whole social economic activities play a very important role, it requires the cost engineering technical personnel should have different levels of knowledge, in addition to their professional knowledge and have a deep understanding, also deal with the design content, design process, construction technology, project management, economic laws and regulations have a comprehensive understanding of. Therefore, the project cost management, project cost per unit of society groups, has already obtained a cost engineer qualification personnel, in order to carry out plan, has the goal, multiple levels of continuing education and training, to understand and master Chinese bilateral agreements with countries project cost technology, regulations, management system and its development trend, to expand domestic and foreign exchanges, and actively participate in international or regional engineering activities, improve their professional quality, so that the current practitioners in intelligentstructure, theory and working experience three aspects can meet the needs of engineering cost management. Cost engineering professionals need to strengthen their own learning, in addition to the professional knowledge to upgrade, should also work in combination with a broad understanding and master the relevant engineering and technical expertise, educational organizations and industry regulatory bodies constitute a complete education system, so as to the field of engineering senior talent development to create good conditions.中文译文：工程造价与管理工程造价控制重点应转移到项目建设的前期，即转移到项目决策和设计阶段。
工程造价国外参考文献介绍
工程造价国外参考文献介绍工程造价是工程建设过程中合理使用资源、控制成本、保证质量的重要环节。
在国外，工程造价也受到广泛关注和研究。
以下是一些国外工程造价方面的参考文献介绍。
1.《Total Cost Management Framework: An Integrated Approach to Portfolio, Program, and Project Management》该书是美国斯坦福大学的教授 Edward Merrow 所著，介绍了一种全面的项目管理方法，涵盖了项目规划、预算、成本控制、风险管理等方面。
这本书被认为是工程造价管理领域的经典之作。
2. 《Construction Cost Management: Learning from Case Studies》该书由英国利兹大学的教授 Keith Potts 所著，以案例研究的方式介绍了工程造价管理的实践经验。
该书覆盖了建筑、土木、机电、水利等多个领域的工程案例研究，为读者提供了宝贵的经验和教训。
3. 《Construction Cost Estimating: Process and Practices》该书由美国工程师 Adam Ding 所著，主要介绍了工程造价估算的方法和实践。
该书详细阐述了工程造价估算的流程、方法和技巧，并通过案例分析和实例说明，让读者更好地理解和掌握工程造价估算的技术和方法。
4. 《Cost Engineering for Construction Projects》该书由德国工程师 Holger Svensson 所著，主要介绍了工程造价管理的理论和实践。
该书涵盖了建筑、土木、机电、水利等多个领域的工程造价管理，通过案例分析和实例说明，让读者更好地理解和掌握工程造价管理的技术和方法。
以上是一些比较有代表性的工程造价方面的参考文献，这些文献涵盖了工程造价管理的各个方面，对于从事工程造价管理的人员和相关专业人员来说，具有非常重要的参考价值。
工程造价国外参考文献介绍
工程造价国外参考文献介绍随着国际贸易的发展和国际化程度的提高，工程造价的国际化程度也越来越高。
因此，掌握国外的工程造价理论和实践经验对于提升我们的工程造价水平具有重要意义。
以下是一些值得参考的国外工程造价文献：1. Construction Cost Management: Learning from Case Studies by Keith Potts这是一本非常实用的案例研究书籍，介绍了各种不同类型工程的成本管理技术和实践经验。
这本书涵盖了建筑、土木、机电、电力等各个领域的工程案例，对于工程造价实践者和学习者都非常有帮助。
2. Quantity Surveyor's Pocket Book by Duncan Cartlidge这本书是一本实用的参考工具书，介绍了工程造价领域的各种技术和术语。
该书主要包括诸如工程量计量、估算、成本控制和财务管理等方面的内容，是一本非常适合初学者和实践者使用的工程造价指南。
3. International Construction Contracts: A Handbook by William Godwin这本书是一本关于国际工程合同的权威参考书籍。
该书涵盖了国际工程合同的各个方面，包括合同类型、合同条款、合同管理和国际仲裁等方面的内容。
对于从事国际工程造价工作的人员来说是一本不可或缺的参考书。
4. Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis by Edward Blocher这是一本关于成本管理战略的书籍，重点介绍了成本管理的核心概念和技术。
该书还涵盖了成本管理在不同行业和企业中的应用，对于掌握成本管理的基本原理和实践经验非常有帮助。
总之，以上这些工程造价国外参考文献都非常值得我们参考和学习。
通过不断学习和实践，我们可以不断提升自己的工程造价水平，更好地服务于工程建设和经济发展。
工程造价英语文献
工程造价英语文献以下是一篇关于工程造价的英文文献：Title: Construction Cost Estimation Techniques: A Review Abstract:Construction cost estimation is a crucial process in the construction industry, as accurate cost estimates are essential for project planning, budgeting, and decision-making. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various construction cost estimation techniques that are commonly used in practice. The review includes traditional methods, such as the unit cost method, the square foot method, and the assembly method, as well as modern methods, such as parametric cost estimation, expert judgement, and statistical analysis. The advantages and limitations of each technique are discussed, along with their applicability to different types of construction projects. The paper also highlights the importance of considering uncertainties and risks in cost estimation, and provides an overview of risk assessment techniques that can be used in conjunction with cost estimation models. The review concludes with recommendations for future research in the field of construction cost estimation.Keywords: construction cost estimation, techniques, traditional methods, modern methods, risk assessmentIntroduction:Construction cost estimation plays a critical role in the success of construction projects. Accurate cost estimates are essential for project planning, budgeting, and decision-making. However, costestimation is a challenging task due to the complexity and uncertainty inherent in construction projects. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing and implementing new cost estimation techniques to improve the accuracy and reliability of cost estimates. This paper aims to review the existing literature on construction cost estimation techniques and identify their advantages, limitations, and applicability in different contexts. Methods:A systematic literature review was conducted to identify relevant studies on construction cost estimation techniques. The search was performed using online databases and academic journals. The selected studies were then analyzed and categorized based on the type of construction cost estimation technique they described. Results:The review identified several traditional and modern cost estimation techniques that are commonly used in practice. Traditional methods, such as the unit cost method and the square foot method, are simple and easy to apply, but they may lack accuracy and flexibility. Modern methods, such as parametric cost estimation and expert judgement, take into account more variables and can provide more accurate cost estimates. However, they require more data and expertise. The review also highlighted the importance of considering uncertainties and risks in cost estimation, and described various risk assessment techniques that can be used in conjunction with cost estimation models.Discussion:The review revealed that there is no one-size-fits-all costestimation technique. The choice of technique depends on the characteristics of the construction project, the available data, and the expertise of the estimator. Moreover, there is a need for further research to develop more accurate and reliable cost estimation models, as well as to improve the integration of risk assessment techniques into cost estimation processes.Conclusion:Construction cost estimation is a complex and challenging task. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various cost estimation techniques used in practice and highlights their advantages, limitations, and applicability. The review also emphasizes the importance of considering uncertainties and risks in cost estimation, and suggests areas for future research. By improving the accuracy and reliability of cost estimates, construction professionals can make more informed decisions and ensure the success of construction projects.。
工程管理专业外文文献3000字范文
工程管理专业外文文献1. 研究背景工程管理作为一门涵盖工程技术、商业管理和项目管理等多个领域的学科，其在现代社会中扮演着日益重要的角色。
随着全球化和跨国企业的兴起，工程管理的研究和实践也逐渐受到重视。
对于工程管理专业的学生和从业人员来说，了解国外的研究进展和理论成果是至关重要的。
2. 国外工程管理专业外文文献在国外，工程管理专业的研究和学术交流非常活跃，许多优秀的论文和研究成果被发表在国际知名的学术期刊上。
以下是一些关于工程管理的优秀外文文献，它们涵盖了工程项目管理、风险管理、质量管理、成本管理、进度管理等各个方面的内容。
3. 《Project management in small to medium-sized enterprises: matching processes to the nature of the firm》这篇文献研究了项目管理在中小企业中的应用。
作者通过案例分析和实证研究，探讨了中小企业与大型企业在项目管理实践中的区别，提出了与企业规模相适应的项目管理流程，为中小企业的项目管理提供了宝贵的经验和启示。
4. 《Evaluating risk oversight in public sector mega-projects》这篇文献关注公共部门超大型项目中的风险监管问题。
作者通过对多个公共部门项目的案例分析，评估了目前风险监管的情况，并提出了改进措施和建议。
该文献对于公共部门项目的风险管理研究具有重要的参考价值。
5. 《Quality management in construction projects: A literature review》这篇文献综述了建筑项目中的质量管理理论和实践。
作者对国际上大量的质量管理研究和案例进行了梳理和总结，系统地阐述了建筑项目中质量管理的重要性、管理方法和工具。
对于从事建筑项目管理和质量控制的专业人士来说，这篇文献具有很高的参考价值。
工程造价外国文献及译文
工程造价外国文献及译文以下为工程造价相关的外国文献及译文：1. "Engineering Cost Estimation and Control" by Philip E. Kesler and John M. Meredith。
《工程造价估算与控制》（Philip E. Kesler和John M. Meredith 著）。
2. "Cost Engineering for Construction Projects" by Ronald Klemencic。
《建筑工程造价工程》（Ronald Klemencic著）。
3. "Cost Estimating and Analysis for Engineering and Management" by Phillip F. Ostwald。
《工程和管理的成本估算和分析》（Phillip F. Ostwald著）。
4. "Construction Cost Engineering" by Stephen R. Devlen。
《建筑工程造价工程》（Stephen R. Devlen著）。
5. "Project Cost Control in Action" by Kim Heldman and William R. Duncan。
《项目成本控制实践》（Kim Heldman和William R. Duncan著）。
6. "Cost Estimating and Contract Pricing" by Michael D. Dell'Isola。
《成本估算和合同定价》（Michael D. Dell'Isola著）。
7. "Engineering Economics and Economic Design for Process Engineers" by Thane Brown。
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Construction project cost management system of the United States of AmericaConstruction industry is the second big industry, about 8% of U.S. gross domestic product. In the past two years, the construction market of the total investment of up to $six hundred billion every year, the United States for the construction of the project is divided into the government investment and private investment projects, for government investment projects, the United States takes a whoever investment management pattern, namely, direct investment by the government department management to private management project, the government does not intervene, but the engineering technical standards, safety and social impact on the environment and social benefit by laws, regulations and technical standards to guide or limit.the characteristics of the construction project engineering cost management in The United States.First, combined with the project quality and time limit for a project management costEngineering management system, in the United States did not take cost and time limit for a project, quality to separate separate management, but use them as a system for comprehensive management. The idea is to:1. Any project must meet the quality standards under the premise of reasonably determine the construction period;2. As a bait engineering must have engineering quality standard, and then talk about the cost of reasonable;3. The project must be strictly according to plan time to perform, could not break through a predetermined cost.Second, the pursuit of whole life cycle cost minimum .In the United States, after calculate the project cost, generally need to calculate the maintenance cost after the project put into operation, make the project life period cost estimates, and for the benefit of the project to conduct a comprehensive analysis, so as toavoid the one-sided pursuit of low cost, the project put into production after maintenance use costs continue to increase.Three, the widely application of value engineering American engineering cost estimation is based on value engineering, in engineering design research, generally has appraiser's participation. To ensure the functionality under the premise of as far as possible reduce the engineering cost, make the cost based on a reasonable level, so as to obtain the best investment benefit.Four, attaches great importance to the Work Breakdown Structure (the Work Breakdown Structure - the WBS) and accounting codeFor large and medium-sized project, in order to ensure the smooth implementation of the project, also need to Work should be completed by the decomposition, necessary to determine the cost of each unit and the implementation plan, a process known as Work Breakdown Structure of WBS (Work Breakdown Structure), and based on WBS and unified coding for accounting. Projectparticipants in the United States has always attached great importance to the WBS and the accounting code, see it as the basis of cost plan and schedule management.Five, the engineering cost change and project settlement of strict control(a) changes to the project cost1. Allow the premise of changeGenerally occurs only when the following in the United States, only then carries on the project cost may change:The contract changesProject internal adjustmentArrange project plan2. The change processProject cost change all needs to fill in the engineering budget price change application form, and a series of documents, approved by the owner and supervisor engineer is rear executable project cost change.(b) the construction settlement1. The settlement of payment for the contractor did not exceed the budget application, entrust by owner of the architect/engineer review and approval by the owner thereof after settlement;2. All more than the budget more than 5% of the payment request, must pass a strict causal analysis and review.For construction of the project construction cost management main body and its functionOne, the government departmentsGovernment departments involved in the project cost management approach and action are:(1) local governments regularly publish all kinds of engineering cost guidelines, reference for society;(2) shall be responsible for the department of the government investment projects of his own head direct management and accumulation of the relevant information form their own valuation standard;(3) the labor standards around the department formulate and publish to directly influence the project cost;(4) in charge of environmental protection and fire fighting departments through the organization to develop and release relevant environmental protection standards to indirectly influence the project cost;(5) through a bank interest rates and other economic leverage to macroeconomic regulation and control of the whole market, which affect the components of the project cost, ultimately affect the project cost.Second, private ownersOwners of private engineering distributed in all walks of life, such as cars, entertainment, banking, insurance, retail, energy production and distribution. In the United States, specialized division of labor is very fine, can't also don't have to have a owner company engaged in construction cost professionals, so the specific management of the project cost, owner isusually entrust social estimate company, engineering consultancy, etc.Third, architects and engineersArchitects and engineers, also known as design professionals. In the United States, there are many architects and engineers working in the public institutions and large private institutions. But the United States also has a lot of architects, engineers, registered private independent design company, according to the contract to complete the design work, this article points to the latter. In use such as please Build (the Design - Build) project management mode, the architects and engineers and is in charge of Design and is responsible for the construction of a company to sign contract with other project management mode, the architects and engineers signed a contract with the owner.Four, the contractorContractors are generally began in the middle and late project involved, according to owner, the initial conditions given design or construction of a facility,as the owner's intention is clear, have more solution was studied, and the choice and give up, the scope of the project and outline is quite clear.Contractor to very detailed, and the classification of cost apart from the above direct costs and indirect costs, for ease of construction control, also divided construction cost separately, it including direct Labour, construction equipment, as well as the indirect costs.The construction enterprise to manage the project cost and a group of measures is a technology management and service layer separation, employs only a small amount of technical management personnel, have no fixed workers and contract workers for a long time. According to the requirements of the construction task, at any time and sign the subcontract and all kinds of professional subcontractor in society after the completion of the task, immediate termination.Five, the construction managerConstruction Manager, Construction Manager) as a whole new way of project management to Constructionmanagement, Construction the Manage - CM), was born in a new career. Construction manager is that some building construction, construction management and construction economics expert, as the agents hired by the owner, main job is in construction stage, the architect/engineer and the contractor management, supervision and coordination. In addition, the work of construction by hanging in the early stages of the project work are:Stage 1. decision-making stages: help determine the project goals, objectives and priority programs, developing assessment operation planning, preliminary cost estimates, preparation of the initial schedule, assist in fund-raising, assist with site selection, assist design professionals.Stage 2. The design phase: to provide timely cost estimating, cost control analysis of the construction feasibility of alternative design scheme primary research, to provide data on engineering material z prepare periodic progress planning, coordination and contract documentation process review, value analysis, to provide construction technical and economic aspectsof the proposal, responsible for all record of the meeting.Stage 3. Purchasing: budgeting control, estimates published construction tender announcement, pre-trial selected bidders, the distribution of information and the bid documents, before the meeting and organize site inspection, receiving, analyzing bidding and award of bid proposal is put forward, track purchase stage and set up documents for all activities.The common models and methods of project management One, the owner management mode directlyThis way is a kind of traditional project management mode. Under this method, the owner respectively with design and construction of design agencies and contractors to sign the contract, the owner directly to supervise and control the design and construction work in construction phase, design professionals usually bear the important supervisory work.Two, the Design, construction mode of the Design - BuildingSo-called way of design, construction, project is in principle to determine, after the owner simply select the only entity is responsible for the design and construction of the project, design, construction contractor responsible for the design and construction phase of the cost, as for the specific implementation of engineering design and construction, depending on the specific circumstances, or completed by their professionals to a subsidiary, with professional design agencies and the subcontractor or by signing the agreement by its complete, respectively.Three, the Construction management mode (Construction Manage - CM)The management mode has two kinds, the first for the construction manager is the owner of the agent, the owners to attend all the contract situation; The second for construction managers and builders.Agent construction management is a more traditional form, under this form of construction manager is the owner's consultants and agents, to provide construction management services.Construction manager and builder of the project management mode is also called risk type construction engineering management mode, in fact is the pure ground construction management mode with the combination of the traditional model, in this way, construction general contractor, construction manager and construction manager in addition to the normal contract work income, due to the guarantee of construction cost risk can get extra income.Construction management mode than in the past compared to other models, the main features is possible design, bidding, construction of scientific and effective full lap, which greatly shorten the construction period of the project, and can effectively reduce the cost.Four, the proxy type way of Project management (Project Manage - PM)Proxy type is not a project management project management model, but for the project selected the appropriate consulting services. In this way, the project manager is seen as a substitute for owner's ahandy tool, and can according to the different ways to build (e.g., design the construction or design build) of each individual project or site to supervise the completion of the delivery.Proxy mode of project management is to achieve the purpose of the three big goals control, and provide to the owner by the contract management, information management and organization and coordination, etc.。