2005和2007年中国农业大学考博英语真题20页有字迹
05年10月考博英语A卷
05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编58(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编58(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．To avoid an oil shortage more machines must ______ solar energy.A．developB．introduceC．exerciseD．utilize正确答案：D解析：utilize／-ise vt．利用，使用(如：Can you utilize a computer in your work? to utilize one’s abilities in a suitable job)。
develop vt.开发，研制；发展，形成。
introduce vt．引进，传入；介绍。
exercise vt．运用，行使(权力、影响、耐心、谨慎等)。
2．There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with______contempt.(2005年中国科学院考博试题)A．utterB．soleC．intimateD．corresponding正确答案：A解析：本题空格处是说“经理以完全蔑视的态度来对待他的员工”。
A项“utter 全然的，绝对的”符合题意，如：What he is doing is utter stupidity!(他正在做的是完全愚蠢的事!)其他三项“sole单独的，唯一的：intimate亲密的，隐私的：corresponding相应的，通信的”都不正确。
3．They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ______ones in this area?(2007年清华大学考博试题)A．evacuatedB．emptyC．vacantD．vacate正确答案：C解析：四个选项的意思分别是：evacuated撤退者的；empty空的，指里面什么东西都没有，如：The ease is empty．(这是个空箱子。
2005年03月考博英语试题及答案
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。
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修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
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请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage？A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。
人大考博英语真题整理2007年试题及答案-育明考博
人大考博英语真题整理2007年试题及答案Part I. Vocabulary (20%)Directions: Choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Markyour choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Tom doesn't think that the_______ situation here is as good as his hometown's.A. economicsB. economicC. economyD. economical2. ___ the increase in the number of computers in our offices, the amount of paper hat we need has risen as well.A. Along withB. AltogetherC. AlthoughD. All along3. The food was divided __ according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC. sufficientlyD. proportionally4. Our new firm __________ for a credible, aggressive individual with great skillsto fill this position.A. have lookedB. are lookingC. is lookingD. look5. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, __________ their cleanness, toughness and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC. for the sake ofD. as opposed to （PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547.063 .862 TEL：四零零六六八六九七八 有售各院校真题）6．He ___ himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A.. repealedB. resentedC. replayedD. reproached7. Many of the fads of the 1970s __________ as today's latest fashions.A. are being revivedB. is revisedC. are revoked.D. is being reviled8. All of the international delegates attending the conference ______ to bringa souvenir from their own countriesA. has askedB. is askingC. were askedD. was asking9. Britain hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered __________yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during preliminary session.A. a severe set-backB. sharp set-backC. s severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up10. If you want to do well on the exam, you _____ on the directions that the professor gives and take exact notes.A. will have concentratedB. have to concentrateC. will be concentratedD. will be concentrating11. What ____ about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, creel enough when facing that tragedy.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward12. Since his injury was serious, the doctor suggested that he ________ in the game.A. did not playB. must not playC. not playD. not to play13. According to the latest report, consumer confidence________ a breathtaking15 points last month, to itslowest level in ten yearsA. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated14. Our car trunk ________ with suitcases and we could hardly make room for anythingA. went crammingB. was crammedC. is crammingD. was been crammed15. The secretary didn't know who he was, or she ________ him more politely.A. will be treatingB. would have treatedC. was treatingD. would have been treated16. The instructions on how to use the new machine _______ that nobody seemedto be able to understand.A. were very simplisticB. was very confusedC. were so confusingD. was so simplistic17. John played basketball in college and _________ active ever since.A. have extremely beenB. has been extremelyC. will be extremelyD. should extremely be18. The________ of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from all over the country.A. clashB. clarifyC. clarityD. clatter19. _______ the gift in beautiful green paper, Sarah departed for the party.A. Having wrappedB. To wrapC. WrapD. Wrapping20. The advertisement for Super Suds detergent__________ that the sale' has increased by 25% in the first quarterof the year.A. have been so successfulB. had been so successfulC. has been so successfulD. will be so successful21. Tom and Alice___________ having a new car to replace their old one for year's.A. has been dreaming ofB. have been dreaming ofC. has dreamedD. will have dreamed22. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, theair is said to be_______.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated23. ______the heavy pollution, the city official shave decided to cancel school for the day. .A Prior B. By means of C. Due to D. through24. Our boss is taking everyone to the ballet tonight, and I need to make sure my new dress_____ for the occasion.A. has been cleanedB. should have been CleanedC. is being cleanedD. has been cleaning25. Peter’s mother kept telling him that ________ in the street is dangerous, but he would not listen.A. playedB. will playC. playingD. been playing26. A knowledge of history _____ us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC. offersD. satisfies27. He wouldn't even think of wearing clothes____ they make him look so old!A. sameB. despiteC. suchD. in that.28. Mary finally decided ______ all the junk she had kept in the garage.A. get ridB. gotten rid ofC. getting rid ofD. to get rid of29. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out__________.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be tile best routeD. something that to be the best route30. Tom Jones, who _________ around the world, will come to Asia next month.A. will be touringB. have touredC. had been touringD. has been touring31. The paint on the clown's face_________ that it scared the children he was trying to entertain.A. was so exaggerationB. were an exaggerationC. was such an exaggerationD. was exaggerating32. Men often wait longer to get help for medical problems than women, and _______ women live about six years longer than men on an average.A. instead ofB. constantlyC. consequentlyD. because33. The ____________ emphasis on exams is by far the worst form of competitionin schools.A. negligentB. EdibleC. FabulousD. disproportionate34. There is _________ conflicting information on how much iron women need in their diet.A. so muchB. so manyC. too fewD. a few35. It must guarantee freedom of expression, to the end that all _________ to the flow of ideas shall be removed.A. propheciesB. transactionsC. argumentsD. hindrances36. Not until the 1980s _________ in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens37. After failing his mid-term exams, Jeremy was _______ face his parents.A. too ashamed toB. too embarrassing toC. very ashamed ofD. very embarrassing to38. My grandmother has been going to a better dentist, so this_______ problems she is having with her dentures.A. won't eliminateB. will be eliminationC. should have been eliminatedD. should help eliminate39. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad __________ when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment40. During her two-week stay in Beijing, Elizabeth never __________ a chrome to practice her Chinese.A. passed byB. passed onC. passed outD. passed upPart II. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Read the following passages and then choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1British food has a good reputation, but English cooking has a bad one. Itis difficult to explain the reason for this. Unfortunately, however, superb raw ingredients are often mined the kitchen so that: they come to the table without any of the natural flavor and goodness.This bad reputation discourages a lot of people from eating in an English restaurant. If they do go to one: they ate usury full of prejudice against the food. It is a pity, because there are: excellent cooks’ in England, excellent restaurants, and excellent home-cooking. How, then has the bad reputation been built up.Perhaps one reason is that Britain’s Industrial Revolution occurred very early, in the middle of the nineteenth century. As a result, the quality of food changed too. This (was because Britain stopped being a largely agricultural country. The population of the towns increased enormously between 1840 and 1.870, and people could no longer grow. Their own food, or buy it fresh from a farm. Huge quantities of food had to be taken to the towns, and a lot of it lost its freshness on the way.This lack of freshness was disguised by "dressing up" the food. The rich middle classes ate long; elaborate meals which were cooked for them by French chefs. French became, and has remained, the official language of the dining room. Out-of-season delicacies were served in spite of their expense, for there, were a large number of extremely wealthy people who wanted to establish themselves socially. The "look" of the food was more important than its taste.In the 1930s, the supply of servant began to decrease. People still tried to produce complicated dishes, however, but they economized on the preparation time. The Second World War made things even worse by making raw ingredients extremely scarce. As a result, there were many women who never had the opportunity to choose a piece of meat from a well-stocked butcher's shop, but were content and grateful to accept anything that was offered to them.Food rationing continued in Britain until the early 1950s. It was only afterthis had stopped, and butter, eggs and cream became more plentiful, and it was possible to travel abroad again and taste other ways of preparing food, that the English difference to eating became replaced by a new enthusiasm for it.41 According to the author, it is difficult to explain_________.A. why excellent ingredients are spoiled in the process of cookingB. why people do not like English cookingC. why British food often has a natural flavorD. why people prefer home-cooking to ready made food42. The negative effect of Britain's Industrial Revolution on English cookingis that___________.A. the population in the countryside decreased dramaticallyB. people no longer grew their own food on their own farmsC. the freshness of food was lost on the way to the citiesD. Britain was no longer an agricultural country43 As a result of the Industrial Revolution__________.A. more attention was given to the look of the foodB. French became the official language .in English restaurantsC. a large number of extremely wealthy people ate in French restaurantsD. out-of-season delicacies became very expensive44. The Second World War worsened the problem because___________.A. there was an increasing demand f6r servantsB. there was a lack of raw ingredient supplyC. many women refused to choose meat from butcher's shopsD. French chefs dominated English restaurants45. A new enthusiasm for eating emerged in Britain ____________.A. when many women finally had the opportunity to purchase fresh meat froma well-stocked butcher'sshop.B. when butter, eggs and cream became availableC. when people started traveling to other cities.D. after the early 1950sPassage 2In his typically American open style of communication, Mr. Hayes confronted Isabeta about not looking at him. Reluctantly, she explained why. As a newcomer from Mexico, she had been taught to avoid eye contact as a mark of respect to authority figures teachers, employers, parents. Mr. Hayes did not know this. He then informed her that most Americans interpret lack of eye contact as disrespect and deviousness. Ultimately, he convinced I sabela to try and change her habit, which she slowly did. People from many Asian, Latin American, and Caribbean cultures also avoid eye contact as a sign of respect.Many African Americans, especially from the South, observe this custom, too.A master's thesis by Samuel Avoian, a graduate student at Central Missouri State University, tells how misinterpreting eye-contact customs can have a negative impact when white football coaches recruit African American players for the teams.He reports that, when speaking, white communicators usually look away from the listener, only periodically glancing at them. They do the opposite when listening they are expected to look at the speaker all the timeMany African Americans communicate in an opposite way. When speaking, they tend to constantly stare at the listener; when listening; they mostly look away. Therefore, if white sports recruiters are not informed about these significant difference, they can be misled about interest and attentiveness when interviewing prospective African American ball players.In multicultural America, issues of. Eye 'contact' have brought about social conflicts of two different kinds: in many urban centers, non-Koreancustomers .became angry when Korean shopkeepers did not look at them directly. The customers translated the lack of eye contact as a sign of disrespect, a habit blamed for contributing to the open confrontation raking place between some Asians and African Americans in New York, Texas, and California. Many teachers too have provided stories about classroom conflicts based on their misunderstanding Asian and Latin American children lack of eye contact as being disrespectful.On the other hand, direct eye contact has now taken on a new meaning among the younger generation and across ethnic borders. Particularly in urban centers, when one teenager looks directly at another, this is considereda provocation, Sometimes called mad-dogging, and can lead to physical conflict. Mad-dogging has become the source of many campus conflicts. In one high school, it resulted, in. a fight between Cambodian newcomers and African-American students. The Cambodians had been staring at the other students merely to learn how Americans behave, yet the others misinterpreted the Cambodians' intentions and thefight began.Mad-dogging seems to be connected with the avoidance of eye contact as a sign of respect. Thus, in the urban contemporary youth scene, if one looks directly at another, this disrespects, or "disses," that person. Much like the archaic phrase "I demand satisfaction," which became the overture to a duel, mad-dogging may become a prelude to a physical encounter.At the entrances to Universal Studio's "City Walk" attraction in Los Angeles, they have posted Code of Conduct signs. The second rule warns against "physically over bally threatening any person, fighting, annoying others through noisy or boisterous activities or by unnecessary staring .... "46. Many African Americans from the South _______..A. adopt a typically American open style of communicationB. often misinterpret the meaning of eye contactC. avoid eye contact as a sign of respectD. are taught to avoid eye contact whenever telling to the others47. When listening to the others, white communicators tend to________.A. look at the speaker all the timeB. glance at the speaker periodicallyC. look away from the speakerD. stare at the speaker48. Many customers in American cities are angry with Korean shopkeepers because_________.A. Korean shopkeepers do not look at them directlyB. they expect a more enthusiastic recelSfi0n from the shopkeepersC. there are some social conflicts in' many urban centersD. they are not informed about difference between cultures49. Mad-dogging refers to ________.A. a provocation from one teenager to another of a different ethnic backgroundB. physical conflict among the younger generation in urban centersC. a lack of eye contact as a sign of respectD. the source of many campus conflicts across ethnic borders in urban centers50. The archaic phrase, I demand satisfaction_________A. was connected with the avoidance of eye contactB. often led to a fightC. was assign of disrespect:D. often resulted in some kind of misinterpretationPassage 3When television is good, nothing not the theatre, not the magazines, or newspapers- nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. Iinvite you to sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and stay there without a book, magazine, newspaper, or anything else to distract you and keep if your eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that you will observe a vast wasteland. You will see a procession of game shows violence, audience participation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families, blood and thunder, mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western bad men, Western good men, private eyes, gangster, still more violence, and cartoons. And endlessly, commercials that scream and offend. And most of all, boredom. True, you will see a few things you will enjoy. But they will be very, very few. And if you think I exaggerate, try it.Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to Stretch, to enlarge he capacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the children's understanding of children in other lands? Is there no room for a children's news show explaining something about the world for them at their level of understanding?Is there no room for reading the great literature of the past, teaching them the great-traditions of freedom? There are some fine children's shows, but they are drowned out in the massive doses of cartoons, violence, and more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Search your conscience and see whether you cannot offer more to your young children whose future you guard so many hours each and every day. There are many people in this: great country, and you must serve all of us. You will get no argument from me if you Say that, given a choice between aWestern and a symphony, more people will watch the Western. I like Westerns and private eyes, too, but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest. Well know that people .would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated or informed. But your obligations are not satisfiedif you look only to popularity as a test of what to broadcast. You are not onlyin show business; you are free to communicate ideas as well as to give relaxation. You must provide a wider range of choices, more diversity, more alternatives.It is not enough to cater to the nation's whims you must also serve the nation's needs. The people own the air. They own it as much in prime evening time as theydo at six o'clock in the morning. For every hour that the people give you--you owethem something. I intend to see that your debt is paid with service.51. What the author advises us to do is to__________.A. read a book while watching television programsB. observe a vast wasteland on televisionC. watch all the programs of our television stationD. find out why television is good52. What seems to have offended the author most on television is________.A. violenceB. commercialsC. WesternsD. private eyes53. As far as children are concerned, the author's chief complaint is that __A. cartoons and violence have become trademarksB. there is no children's-news show on televisionC. there is no reading of great literature for childrenD. there are not enough good television programs for children54. According to the author, it is in the public interest to_________.A. broadcast only popular television programsB. cater for the needs-of all the peopleC. broadcast both Westerns and symphoniesD. entertain people only55. It is the obligation of television business to _________.A. cater to the nation's whimsB. provide best programs in prime evening freeC. broadcast news programs, at six in the morningD. serve the nation's needs all the timePassage 4Some of my classmates in the same dorm established a chatting group on the Net when broadband was available on campus. Then everyone faced their own laptops and talked to each other by sending messages in the chatting group in the same room. Their dorm was silent the whole night. The only sound came from tapping the keyboard. Before they went to bed that night, all of them sighed and said, " that's ridiculous."Information Technology brings about revolutionary changes to human communication. The Internet makes the world global village; that is to say, we can get in touch with each other: swiftly regardless of one's location.However, does the convenience in communication mean that we are actually getting closer? I don't think so. As the anecdote above shows, access to broadband made my fellow classmates fall in silence. The CambridgeInternational Dictionary defines "communication" as "various methods of sending information between people and places,” while it defines “communicate”as “to be able to understand each other and have a satisfactory relationship.”Therefore, the booming of IT in modern society is only the booming of communication. Exchanging ideas and mutual understanding between people do not base on such booming. On the contrary, due to the revolutionary changes, we’re getting farther from each other to some extent.Mutual understanding is based on expression. However, expression doesn’t necessarily lead to soul touching communication and understanding. When we waffle with a mere acquaintance, we normally conceal our true feelings. Thus, we don't establish communication with him, because we do not need him to understand us. The era of cyberspace further demonstrates such separation of form and content.The Internet gives us nearly absolute freedom to speak and express ourselves. With the prosperity of blog, there are, according to recent statistics, about 400,000 bloggers in China today, Bloggers express themselves on the Net at their will, while others read their blog and give comments once for a while. It seems that blog can make us touch upon the bloggers' inside world, and make us know them better. However, things are not always that perfect.Many netizens are abusing their right of free expression. Once you open the Explorer and browse a website,trash information about sex and violence hits our eyes. People scold and flirt in the chatroom and Bulletin Board System (BBS). When blog comes into being, netizens even transfer such vulgarity into their personal spaces, andshow it to the public.In the era of the Information Technology, boom, the farthest distance On earth is no longer die polar distance the negative impacts brought about by cyberspace have imposed an unfilled gulf between souls. Since we cannot communicate to each other like before, the distance between people's hearts has become the farthest distance on earth.56. The most ridiculous part of the anecdote is that .A. there was a dead silence in the dorm room the whole nightB. the only sound cane from tapping the keyboardC. those living in the same room communicated by sending messages via the NetD. they all faced their own laptops57 According to the author, Information Technology .A. brings people closer to each otherB. results/n silence, among her fellow classmatesC. enables us to reach anyone swiftlyD. helps to make the world a global village58. The author believes that the booming of IT in modern society .A. encourages the exchange of ideas and the mutual understanding between peopleB. leads to soul touching communication and understandingC. helps to establish a satisfactory relationshipD. results in further separation between people59. The prosperity of blog does not help us to touch each other because .A. many people abuse their right of free expression on the NetB. vulgarity has been transferred into bloggers' personal spacesC. bloggers express themselves on the Net at their willD. anyone is able to read blog and give comments60. The author believes that in the era of the Information Technology boom the distance between people's heartshas become the farthest distance on earth because .A. there is always a silenceB. people are not able to communicate to each other like beforeC. the Internet gives us nearly absolute freedom to express ourselvesD. people can scold and flirt in the chat room at willPassage 5According to a recent publication of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, at the present rate of, progress" it will take forty-three years to end job discrimination-----hardly a reasonable timetable.If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity-and it is then we need affirmative action to catch up. We are behind as a result of discrimination and denial of opportunity. There is one white attorney for every 680 whites, but only one black attorney for every 4,000 blacks; one white physician for every 659 whites, but only one black physician for every 5,000 blacks; and one white dentist for every 1,900 whites, but only one black dentist for every 8,400 blacks.Less than 1 percent of all engineers or of all practicing chemists--is black. Crueland uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need creative justice and compassion to help us close them.Actually, in the U.S. context, "reverse discrimination" is illogical and a contradiction in terms. Never in thehistory of mankind has a majority, with power, engaged in programs and written laws that discriminate against itself. The only thing whites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage something that was unnecessary in the first place.Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, as news accounts make it seem. There are 49 percent more whites in medical school today and 64 percent more whites in law school than there were when affirmative action programs began some eight years ago.In a recent column, William Raspberry raised an interesting question. Commenting on the Bakke case, he asked, “What if, instead of setting aside 16of 100 slots, we added 16 slots to the 100?” That, he suggested, would not interfere with what whites already have. He then went on to point out that this, in fact, is exactly what has happened in law and medical schools. In 1968, the year before affirmative action programs began to get under way, 9,571 whites and 282members of minority groups entered U.S. medical schools. In 1976, the figures were14,213 and 1,400 respectively. Thus, under affirmative action, the number of "white places" actually rose by 49 percent: white access to medical training was not diminished, but substantially increased. The trend was even more marked in law schools. In 1969, the first year for which reliable figures are available, 2,933 minority-group members were enrolled; in 1976, the number was-up to 8,484. But during the same period, law school enrollment for whites rose from 65,453 to 107,064 an increase of 64 percent. In short, it is a myth that blacks are makingprogress at white expense.Allan Bakke did not really challenge preferential treatment in general, for he made no challenge to the preferential treatment accorded to the children of the rich, the alumni and the faculty or to athletes or the very talented only to minorities.61. The author is for affirmative actionA. because there is discrimination and denial of opportunity in the U.S.B. if we aim at educational and economic equity and parityC. because it will take 43 years to end job discriminationD. when there is no reasonable timetable in the U.S.62. It requires ________ to close the gap's between the whites and the blacks in the U.S.A. one black attorney for ever 4000 blacksB. a lot more black engineers and chemistsC. education and economic developmentD. creative justice and compassion63. Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, according to the author, because _______.A. what whims give up is only unfair advantageB. there are 49 percent more white in medical school today alreadyC. whites, the majority in the U.S., will never discriminate against themselvesD. there are 64 percent more whites in law schools today64. William Raspberry, while commenting on the Bakke case, suggests_______.A. to offer 100 slots to whites and 16 to blacksB. to offer 84 slots to whites and 16 to blacksC. to follow what has happened in law and medical schoolsD. to interfere with what whites already have65. What Allan Bakke challenged was __.。
农学博士英语试题及答案
农学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a common agricultural practice?A. MonocultureB. PolycultureC. Both A and BD. None of the above2. The term "photosynthesis" refers to the process by which plants:A. Convert sunlight into energyB. Break down organic compoundsC. Absorb waterD. Release oxygen3. In agriculture, the use of "fertilizers" is primarily for:A. Soil structure improvementB. Pest controlC. Enhancing plant growthD. Harvesting crops4. What is the main purpose of crop rotation?A. To increase crop yieldB. To reduce soil erosionC. To prevent pest infestationD. All of the above5. The "Green Revolution" in agriculture is associated with:A. The use of high-yielding varietiesB. The application of organic farmingC. The reduction of chemical fertilizersD. The promotion of sustainable practices6. What is the role of "pesticides" in agriculture?A. To increase crop yieldB. To protect crops from pestsC. To improve soil fertilityD. To enhance crop quality7. "Organic farming" is characterized by:A. The use of chemical fertilizersB. The avoidance of synthetic chemicalsC. The reliance on monocultureD. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)8. The term "biotechnology" in agriculture refers to:A. The use of traditional farming methodsB. The application of modern scientific techniquesC. The cultivation of wild plantsD. The breeding of livestock9. "Sustainable agriculture" aims to:A. Maximize short-term profitsB. Ensure long-term productivityC. Increase the use of machineryD. Expand the scale of farming10. "Conservation tillage" is a method that:A. Involves deep plowing of soilB. Reduces soil disturbanceC. Increases the use of waterD. Requires more fertilizers二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil is known as __________.2. A system of farming that mimics natural ecosystems is called __________.3. The use of genetically modified seeds in agriculture can lead to __________.4. The practice of leaving land fallow for a period is known as __________.5. The main component of natural gas used as a fertilizer is __________.6. The technique of grafting involves joining two different plants to form a __________.7. The term "drought-resistant" refers to plants that can survive with __________.8. The process of converting solar energy into chemical energy in plants is __________.9. The use of manure as a fertilizer is an example of__________.10. The practice of planting different crops in the samefield at the same time is known as __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture.2. Describe the benefits of using compost in agricultural practices.3. What are the potential environmental impacts of using chemical fertilizers?4. Discuss the importance of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the role of biotechnology in modern agriculture and its potential implications for food security.2. Analyze the challenges and opportunities presented by the adoption of precision farming techniques.五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. Translate the following sentence into English: “土壤侵蚀是农业生产中一个严重的问题，需要采取有效措施来防止。
中国农业大学考博英语真题词汇汇总
中国农业大学考博英语真题词汇汇总pace/n.步，步伐v.踱步pacific/n.[the P]太平洋a.和平的，平静的pack/v.捆扎，打包;塞满，挤满n.包捆，(一)群，(一)副pact/n.合同，公约，协定pad/n.垫，衬垫;便笺簿;拍纸簿v.填塞paddle/n.桨v.用桨划pail/n.提桶painstaking/n.苦干;煞费苦心 a.苦干(的);煞费苦心(的)pamphlet/n.小册子panel/n.恐慌，惊慌panorama/n.喘气v.喘，气喘吁吁地说pants/n.裤子paperback/n.平装书需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
parachute/n.游行，检阅v.(使)列队行进，游行paradise/n.似非而是的话;反论parallel/a.(to，with)平行的，并联的;(to)相同的，类似的n.平行线，平行面;类似，相似物paralyze/v.使瘫痪(麻痹);使丧失作用parameter/n.寄生虫parliament/n.国会，议会partial/ a.部分的，不完全的;偏袒的，不公平的participant/n.参加者，参与者particle/a.特殊的，特别的;特定的，个别的n.[常pl.]详情，细目passion/n.热情，激情，爱好;激怒，大怒passive/ a.被动的，消极的pastime/n.牧草地，牧场patch/n.补钉，补片;碎片，碎屑v.补，修补patent/a.招人怜悯的，可悲的patriotic/ a.爱国的patrol/n.赞助人，保护人pattern/v.铺砌，铺(路)pavement/n.人行道peak/n.卵石peculiar/ a.古怪的，异常的;特殊的，特有的peculiarity/n.独特性，特色pedal/n.步行者，行人peep/v.偷看，窥视peer/n.同等的人，(复数)同龄人vt.仔细看，凝视penalty/n.处罚，惩罚pendulum/n.摆，钟摆penetrate/n.穿过，渗透penicillin/n.青霉素peninsula/n.养老金，年金perceive/n.香味，芳香;香水;香料/v.使发香，洒香水于periodical/v.丧生;凋谢;毁灭，消亡permanent/ a.永久的，持久的permeate/vt.弥漫，渗透permission/n.允许，同意perpetual/ a.永久的，永恒的，长期的perplex/v.使困惑，使费解，使复杂化persecute/v.迫害persever/vi.坚持，坚持不懈personnel/n.透视画法，透视图;远景，前途persuade/n.说服，说服力pessimistic/n.请愿书，申请书，诉状petroleum/n.石油petty/ a.小的，琐碎的;气量小的pharmacy/n.药房，药剂学phase/n.阶段，状态，时期;相，相位phenomenon/a.光电的photographic/ a.摄影的photography/n.摄影术physical/ad.物质上;体格上，身体上;按自然规律physician/n.内科医生physicist/n.物理学家physiology/n.生理学pickpocket/n.扒手v.扒窃pictorial/v.刺穿，刺破pilgrim/n.朝圣者，香客pillar/n.柱，台柱，栋梁pinch/v.捏，掐，拧，挟n.捏，掐;(一)撮，微量pint/n.品脱pioneer/n.先驱，倡导者，开拓者pipeline/n.管道，管线pirate/n.海盗;盗版v.海盗;盗版pistol/n.手枪piston/n.活塞pit/n.坑，陷阱;煤矿，矿井pitch/n.沥青;掷v.用沥青覆盖;投掷，扔plague/n.瘟疫，灾害plaster/n.灰泥;熟石膏;膏药plate/n.金属板，片;盘子，盆子v.镀，电镀plateau/n.高原platform/n.平台，台;站台，月台;政纲，党纲plausible/n.祈求，恳求plead/v.恳求，请求;为……辩护pledge/n.誓约;保证v.发誓;保证plentiful/ a.富裕的，丰富的plight/n.困境，窘境plot/n.秘密计划;小块土地v.标绘，绘制;密谋，策划plumber/n.管子工plunge/n.肺炎poke/v.刺，戳;伸出polar/n.政策，方针;保险单polish/v.磨光，擦亮;使优美，润饰n.擦光剂，上光蜡poll/vt.沉思，认真思考pool/n.水池，游泳池;合资经营，联营pop/n.罗马教皇，主教porcelain/n.瓷器 a.精致的，瓷器的porch/a.轻便的，手提(式)的portion/vt.描述，描绘pose/a.确实的，明确的;积极的，肯定的n.(摄影)正片postpone/n.(身体)姿势，体态;看法，态度potential/ a.潜在的，可能的;势的，位的n.潜能，潜力poultry/n.家禽practical/ad.几乎，实际上，简直practitioner/n.从业者pray/n.祈祷，祷告，祷文preach/v.宣讲(教义)，布道;竭力鼓吹，宣传precaution/n.预防，谨慎，警惕precede/n.先例preceding/ a.在前的，在先的precise/a.精确的，准确的precision/n.精确，精密度preclude/vt.排除;阻止predecessor/v.预言，预测，预告predominant/n.序言，引言，前言preferable/ a.(to)更可取的，更好的preference/n.(for，to)偏爱，喜爱;优惠pregnant/ a.怀孕的prejudice/n.偏见，成见;损害，侵害preliminary/n.前提，假设premium/v.指定，规定;处(方)，开(药)prescription/n.药方，处方preservation/v.保护，维持;保存，保藏;腌渍preside/n.声望，威信presumably/v.假设，假定;认为，揣测pretext/v.(over，against)取胜，占优势;流行，盛行prevalent/ a.流行的，普遍的prey/n.被捕食的动物，捕获物;受害者v.猎取动物prick/v.刺伤，刺痛，刺孔n.刺伤，刺痛primary/a.最初的，初级的;首要的，主要的，基本的prime/a.首要的，主要的;最好的，第一流的n.青春，全盛期，青壮年时期primitive/a.原始的，远古的，早期;粗糙的，简单的principal/n.信念，原则;主意，原理prior/n.先，前;优先，优先权privilege/n.特权，优惠，特许v.给予优惠，给予特权probe/n.探针，探测器v.(以探针等)探察，穿刺，查究procedure/n.程序，手续，步骤proceed/n.(会议)议程，进程process/n.过程，进程;工序，制作法，工艺v.加工，处理procession/n.队伍，行列proclaim/v.宣布，声明productive/ a.生产(性)的，能产的，多产的productivity/n.生产率proficiency/n.(in)熟练，精通profile/n.利润，收益，益处v.(by，from)得利，获益;利用，有利于。
中国农业大学考博英语词汇复习之基础部分
中国农业大学考博英语词汇复习之基础部分（五）Hhabitat n.(动植物的)生活环境,产地、栖息地,居留地,自生地,聚集处harassment n.折磨harsh adj.粗糙的,荒芜的,苛刻的,刺耳的,刺目的heave v.举起n.举起herb n.药草,香草hierarchy n.层次层级hike v.远足,飞起,步行n.远足,增加hip n.臀,蔷薇果,忧郁adj.熟悉内情的vt.使忧郁,给（屋顶）造屋脊int.喝彩声hop v.单脚跳,(鸟,蛙等)跳跃n.蛇麻草hound n.猎犬vt.带猎犬狩猎,卑鄙的人,追捕,激励,使追逐housing n.供给住宅,住宅群,机架,住房供给howl v.嚎叫,怒吼,嚎啕大哭,喝住,号叫n.嚎叫,怒号,嚎哭hum v.嗡嗡叫,哼n.嗡嗡声,吵杂声humiliate v.羞辱,使丢脸,耻辱hurl n.<俚>用力或猛烈的投掷vt.用力投掷,愤慨地说出,丢下,推翻vi.猛投,猛掷hurricane n.飓风,狂风Iidiot n.白痴,愚人,傻瓜ignorance n.无知,不知illusion n.幻想impart vt.给予(尤指抽象事物),传授,告知,透露incentive n.动机adj.激励的indulge v.纵容inference n.推论infrastructure n.下部构造,基础下部组织inhale vt.吸入vi.吸气inhibit抑制,约束,抑制installment n.部分instrumental adj.仪器的,器械的,乐器的intelligible adj.可理解的interface n.分界面,接触面,界面INTERNET=Interactive Network Analysis交互式网络分析intimidate v.胁迫（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) intrigue n.阴谋,诡计vi.密谋,私通vt.激起...的兴趣,用诡计取得intrinsic adj.(指价值、性质)固有的,内在的,本质的intrude vi.闯入,侵入vt.强挤入,把(自己的思想)强加于人invariable n.不变的,永恒的adj.不变的,不变量inventory n.详细目录,存货,财产清册,总量inverse adj.倒转的,反转的n.反面v.倒转irony n.反话,讽刺,讽刺之事irrigate vt.灌溉,修水利,冲洗伤口,使潮湿vi.进行灌溉isle n.小岛,岛vt.使成为岛屿vi.住在岛屿上Jjudicial adj.司法的,法院的,公正的,明断的junk n.垃圾,舢板Kkin n.家属(集合称),亲戚,同族,血缘关系,家族adj.有亲属关系的,性质类似的,同类的kit n.成套工具,用具包,工具箱,成套用具Llapse n.失误,下降,流逝,丧失,过失v.失检,背离,堕入,流逝,失效,下降laptop膝上型电脑layoff n.临时解雇,操作停止,活动停止期间,失业期lease n.租借,租约,租赁物,租期,延续的一段时间vt.出租,租出,租得legacy n.遗赠(物),遗产(祖先传下来)legislation n.立法,法律的制定(或通过)legitimate adj.合法的,合理的,正统的v.合法levy n.征收,征税,征兵v.征收,征集,征用linear adj.线的,直线的,线性的linguistic adj.语言上的,语言学上的literacy n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力lofty adj.高高的,崇高的,高傲的,高级的loom n.织布机,织机v.隐现,迫近lottery n.抽彩给奖法lure v.引诱Mmagistrate n.文职官员,地方官员maiden n.少女,处女adj.未婚的,纯洁的,处女的,无经验的majesty n.最高权威,王权,雄伟malignant adj.恶性的mammal n.哺乳动物manoeuvre n.策略,调动v.用策略,调动,演习,(敏捷地)操纵marital adj.婚姻的masculine adj.男性的,男子气概的,阳性的n.男子,男孩massacre n.残杀,大屠杀v.残杀,集体屠杀medieval adj.中世纪的,仿中世纪的,老式的,<贬>原始的meditate v.想,考虑,(尤指宗教上的)沉思,冥想meditation n.沉思,冥想melody n.悦耳的音调memo n.备忘录menace n.威胁,危险物v.恐吓,危及,威胁merely adv.仅仅,只,不过merge v.合并,并入,结合,吞没,融合metaphor n.隐喻,暗喻,比喻说话metropolitan adj.首都的,主要都市的,n.大城市人militant adj.好战的,积极从事或支持使用武力的millionaire n.百万富翁,大富豪missionary adj.传教的,传教士的n.传教士mob n.(集合词)暴徒,乌合之众,(盗贼等的)一群v.成群暴动,聚众滋扰module n.模数,模块,登月舱,指令舱momentum n.动力,要素monarch n.君主motivate v.激发mould n.肥土,壤土,霉,模具v.用土覆盖,发霉,铸造mug n.杯子mute n.哑巴,哑音字母,拒不答辩的被告,弱音器adj.哑的,无声的,沉默的vt.减弱...的声音vi.排泄Nnapkin n.餐巾,餐巾纸,<英>尿布,<美>月经带narrative adj.叙述性的n.叙述necklace n.项链nightmare n.梦魇,恶梦,可怕的事物nineteen num.十九norm n.标准,规范numerical adj.数字的,用数表示的nurture n.养育,教育,教养,营养品vt.养育,给与营养物,教养Oobsession n.迷住,困扰obstruct v.阻隔,阻塞,遮断(道路、通道等)n.阻碍物,障碍物opt vi.选择optimum n.最适宜adj.最适宜的option n.选项,选择权,买卖的特权orientation n.方向,方位,定位,倾向性,向东方outing n.外出,旅行,散步outrage n.暴行,侮辱,愤怒vt.凌辱,引起...义愤,强奸oval adj.卵形的,椭圆的n.卵形,椭圆形overturn n.倾覆,破灭,革命vt.推翻,颠倒vi.翻倒n.翻转,毁灭oxide n.氧化物ozone n.新鲜的空气,臭氧Ppact n.合同,公约,协定panorama n.全景全景画,全景摄影pants n.裤子,短裤paperback n.平装本,纸面本passerby n.过路人,行人pathetic adj.可怜的,悲惨的patrol v.出巡,巡逻n.巡逻patron n.(对某人,某种目标,艺术等)赞助人,资助人peer n.同等的人,贵族vi.凝视,窥视vt.与...同等,封为贵族permeate vt.弥漫,渗透,透过,充满vi.透入persevere v.坚持pharmacy n.药房,药剂学,配药业,制药业,一批备用药品physiology n.生理学pilgrim n.圣地朝拜者,朝圣plea n.恳求,请求,辩解,藉口plight n.情况,状态,困境,盟誓(婚姻)vt.保证,约定plumber n.水管工人poke n.刺,戳,懒汉,袋子vt.戳,捅,拨开,刺vi.戳,刺,捅,伸出,刺探,闲荡polar adj.两极的,极地的,南辕北辙的,南极的,(北极星似的)指引的,极性的,北极的n.极线,极面ponder v.沉思,考虑portray v.描绘poster n.海报,招贴,(布告,标语,海报等的)张贴者posture n.(身体的)姿势,体态,状态,情况,心境,态度v.令取某种姿势,摆姿势,作出姿态practitioner n.从业者,开业者precedent n.先例preclude n.排除predecessor n.前辈,前任,(被取代的)原有事物pregnant adj.怀孕的,重要的,富有意义的,孕育的premise n.前提,(企业,机构等使用的)房屋连地基vt.提论,预述,假定vi.作出前提premium n.额外费用,奖金,奖赏,保险费,(货币兑现的)贴水prestige n.声望,威望,威信prone adj.倾向于propaganda n.宣传,传道总会propel vt.推进,驱使prophet n.先知,预言者,提倡者prose n.散文prosecute vt.实行,从事,告发,起诉vi.告发,起诉,作检察官prosper v.成功,兴隆,昌盛,(指上帝)使成功,使昌隆,繁荣prosperity n.繁荣prototype n.原型prudent adj.谨慎的Qquest n.寻求questionnaire n.调查表,问卷quota n.配额,限额Rradiant adj.发光的,辐射的,容光焕发的rap n.叩击,轻拍,轻敲,斥责vt.敲,拍,打,厉声说出,斥责,使着迷vi.敲击,交谈abbr. Rocket Assisted Projectile,火箭助推炮弹rape n.掠夺,强奸,葡萄渣,油菜vt.掠夺,强奸rash adj.轻率的,匆忙的,卤莽的n.皮疹reassure vt.使...安心,再保证,使...恢复信心,打消...的疑虑recede v.后退recipient adj.容易接受的,感受性强的n.容纳者,容器reckless adj.不计后果的rectangle n.长方形,矩形recur vi.复发,重现,再来recycle v.使再循环,反复应用n.再循环,再生,重复利用redundant adj.多余的refrain n.重复,叠句,副歌vi.节制,避免,制止refugee n.难民,流亡者refund v.退还,偿还n.归还,偿还额,退款relish n.意味remnant n.残余,剩余,零料,残迹adj.剩余的,残留的renaissance n.复兴,复活,新生,文艺复兴,文艺复兴时期repertoire n.(准备好演出的)节目,保留剧目,(计算机的)指令表,指令系统,<美>(某个人的)全部技能repression n.镇压,抑制,抑压restore vt.恢复,使回复,归还,交还,修复,重建retention保持力retort v.反驳,反击,回报n.曲颈甑,曲颈瓶,蒸器retrieve v.重新得到n.找回retrospect n.回顾revelation n.显示,揭露,被揭露的事,新发现,启示,揭示rigorous adj.严格的,严厉的,严酷的,严峻的riot n.暴乱,骚动,(植物,疾病等)蔓延,放荡,暴动v.骚乱,放纵,挥霍,参加骚动rip v.撕,剥,劈,锯,裂开,撕裂n.裂口,裂缝ritual n.典礼,(宗教)仪式,礼节adj.典礼的,(宗教)仪式的robust adj.精力充沛的本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中国农业科学院2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(附答案解析)
★绝密★中国农业科学院 2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(考试时间3小时满分100分)Ⅰ. Vocabulary Part A.Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The scene is so beautiful that it my power of description. A. transports B. transfersC. transcendsD. transforms2. The schoolmaster the girl’s bravery in his opening speech. A. applauded B. enhancedC. elevatedD. clapped3. The meaning of “yellow” is a color, but it can also mean “cowardly.” A. positive B. negativeC. underlyingD. literal4. Many people think that the standards of public have declined. A. morality B. rightness C . awareness D. mentality5. People were surprised to find that he had the ability to everything he was involved in.A. precedeB. dominateC. pervadeD. denominate6. The fact that they reacted so differently was a reflection of their different . A. performancesB. personalitiesC. qualitiesD. debut7. This medicine will the pain in the stomach.A. ascertainB. agitateC. alleviateD. allocate8. The apartment was as $50,000 and its owner decided to sell it. A. automated B. assessedC asserted D. avenged9. The minister all his officials pay the tax.A. bidsB. blessesC. barksD. baffles10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his can be distributed. A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B.Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phraseunderlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is clo sest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.11. Tourists flock from the remotest places to see the capital’s sights. A. invade B. troop C. p rompt D. gather12. He has told so many lies that we can no longer place any reliance on what he says. A. beliefB. trustC. convictionD. dependence.13. Oil can change a society more drastically than anyone could ever have imagined. A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. radically14. In times of economic difficulty, governmental budgets for education are often slashed before any others.A. shiftedB. cutC. checkedD. donated15. Modern printing equipment quickly turns out duplicate copies of textual and pictorial matter.A. identicalB. doubleC. illustratedD. legible16. With her youngest child having left home, she felt a pressing need to fill her time. A. tenseB. thoroughC. urgentD. small17. The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not alter, the notes on a printed sheet of music.A. omitB. reproduceC. composeD. change.18. Aircraft and rocket can be used to collect radioactive debris, while high-altitude satellites carr y detectors for gamma rays and other emissions. A. diffusion B. remains C. glitter transfe r19. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington accepted the presidency of the United States.A. favoredB. honoredC. exhaustedD. weakened20. Between French friends, who have chosen each other for congeniality of their point of view, li vely disagreement and sharpness of arguments are the breath of life. A. coexistence B. coincide nce C. correlation D. compatibilityⅡ. ClozeDirections: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET. We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history. (21) evidence shows, for example, that people who lived o ver three thousand years ago ate (22) fish. Stealing salt was considered a major crime at cert ain times in history. In theeighteenth century, for instance, if a person was (23) “stealing salt”, he could be put in prison . History reveals that about ten thousand people were put in prison during that century (24) stealing salt.In the modern world salt has many uses (25) the dining table. It is used in making glass and ai rplane parts, in the (26) of crops and in killing weeds. It is also used to make water soft, to m elt ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to (27) colors in cloth.Salt can be obtained in various ways, besides being taken from mines underground. Evaporation o f salt water from the ocean or from salt water lakes or small seas is one of the (28) commo n processes for manufacturing salt. In Australia, it can even be taken from a “salt bush”. Yet, (29) it is obtained, salt will continue to play an important (30) in the lives of men and women everywhere.21. A. Ancient B. Historic C. Historical D. Old 22. A. salt B. salted C. saltingD. salty 23. A. arrested B. caught C. got D. seized 24. A. as B. byC. forD. through 25. A. besides B. beyond C. except D. over26. A. bearing B. developing C. growing D. training 27. A. fasten B. fix C. preserve D. tie 28. A. little B. many C. much D. more29. A. however B. whatever C. whenever D. wherever 30. A. duty B. functionC. responsibilityD. roleⅢ. Reading ComprehensionPart A.Directions: There are three reading passages in this part. Each passage isfollowed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices m arked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One(1) Poultry farmers need to adopt strict hygiene standards to curb Asia\'s deadly bird flu virus, a t op Vietnamese official said on the eve of an international conference Wednesday on fighting the disease.(2) A dozen Vietnamese have died of bird flu since Dec. 30, raising concerns that the disease could be re-emerging after an outbreak last year spread to 10 Asian countries, forcing the slaughter of more than 100 million birds.(3) “It\'s difficult to change their habit but we need to educate them," Bui Quang Anh, head of the Department for Animal Health, said Tuesday. "Once they understand and follow all the instructi ons, we can prevent the virus from spreading.”(4) Big commercial farms learned from the first outbreak and applied preventive measures, such a s strict hygiene standards and regular disinfection, Anh said. The most recent outbreak was only r eported in small farms, which failed to apply preventive measures, he said.(5) New regulations should include separating ducks from chickens, requiring ducks to be raised i n cages and improving hygiene measures, Anh said. Ducks should not roam freely in rice fields as they do now in the southern Mekong Delta, he added. (6) The conference will be looking at a vari ety of issues, including mass vaccinations, flu research, farm hygiene, animal husbandry practices and improving coordination between animal health and human health agencies.(7) The virus, which in the last year has killed 46 people — including 32 from Vietnam and 12 fro m Thailand — has yet to mutate into a form that can betransmitted between humans. But scientists say it may mutate to a human form that could beco me as deadly as the ones that killed millions during three influenza pandemics of the 20th centur y.31. The subject of the international conference mentioned in the first paragraph is aboutA. battling the SARSB. epidemic disease controlC. fighting the avian fluD. public health32. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true? A. Bird flu was first found in Vietnam.B. Big commercial farms have taken preventive measures to curb bird flu.C. Bui Quang Anh believ es that it is impossible to prevent the bird flu.D. 1, 000 birds were killed during the last year outb reak of bird flu.33. According to the passage, which of the following measures are NOT effective in fighting agains t the bird flu?A. to adopt strict hygiene standards in poultry farms.B. to carry out regular disinfectionC. to raise ducks and chickens separatelyD. to stop poultry trade34. We can infer from the last paragraph thatA. currently the bird flu virus cannot be transmitted between humansB. the bird flu virus is easy t o mutate.C. the bird flu has killed millions of peopleD. the bird flu is more deadly than common influenza.35. The best title for the passage is . A. Bird Flu: A Deadly DiseaseB. What Can We Learn from the Bird FluC. Vietnam: the Biggest Victim of the Bird FluD. Official Urges Farmers to Curb Bird Flu Passage T(1) The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, th ere was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an u nderstandable tendency to seek an externalscapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most imp ortant, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhis m, which since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even befor e the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became a pparent that inaddition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded. (2) In part , the very presence of the missionary evoked attack, they were, after all, the first foreigners to lea ve the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a long time they were virtually the only f oreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches the Chinese empire. For m any of the indigenous population,therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign i ntrusion could e vented. In part too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which h e made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging ba ttle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditiona l monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently, assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals, and they enjoyed an extrat erritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever bee n possessed by the gentry. (3) Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.(4) In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the l ocal gentry class. Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activit ies, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.36. In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling stemmed from .A. the mere presence of invadersB. a generalized unfocused feelingC. the introduction to the W estD. none of the above37. The author would agree that .A. many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence.B. many probl ems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the WestC. scapegoats perform a nec essary function and there should be more of themD. all of the above are true.38. With which of the following statements would the author agree? A. Ethnocentricism is a manl y tradition.B. The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.C. Although Chri stianity was not well received in China, Buddhism was.D. The author would agree with A and C.39. Missionaries .A. often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars didB. were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populationC. had greater ac cess to authority than Chinese peasantsD. may be described by all of the above40. Provincial authorities .A. cooperated fully with the central government’s policyB. were alive to local feelingsC. were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementationD. may be descri bed by B and C.Passage Three(1) The natural environment has, of course, always conditioned technology. For example, the nature of an environment (polar, desert, jungle) engenders thedevelopment of technologies appropriate to that environment to enable man to adapt successfull y to it. Further, emerging scarcity of some technological resource mayignite a research for, and gradual transition to, a new technology using resources present in the e nvironment in greater abundance, as, for example, in the case of the gradual change from wood-based to coal-based technology in England that began in Elizabeth times and stretched until the e nd of the eighteenth century.(2) In modern Western society, environment has begun to condition technology in new ways, although admittedly more indirectly. The safety and quality of the environment and public percep tions of it have begun to translate into presidential politics and congressional mandates to regulat ory agencies to protect or enhance environmental quality or safety, occasionally even at the cost of some perturbation of the tech-economic status-quo. In France, Italy, and recently the United St ates, political parties have been formed, organized around a complex of technology/ environment issues. In general, in the last fifteen years, the gradual development of broad-based environment al awareness, the lobbying and litigious activities of environmental interest groups, and guideline s issued and reinforced by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in response to congression al mandates have markedly increased the heed paid to the environment by many corporations in going about their technology activities. Both research an development priorities and capital inves tment programs of the corporations have been affected by this.41. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Environment enables man to adapt successfully to new technology.B. Technologies enable ma n to adapt successfully to his environment.C. The development of the technologies depends solely on the natural environment.D. Lack of technologies to cope with the environment is caused by lack of natural resources.42. We can infer from the article that in the 1800s England was probably rich in . A. wood resou rces B. technological resources C. natural resources D. coal resource43. in modern Western society, the environmental problem has . A. received great attention fo rm the governmentsB. caused some serious disorders in technology and economy Affected modern technologies mor e directly than before.D. become more important but received less and less attention44. The underlined word “heed” in the last but one sentence of the passage means . A. lawsuitB. interestC. attentionD. expense45. What is the best topic for the passage? A. What can nature contribute to technology?B. Environment can sometimes block the progress of technology.C. Technologies of all kinds shou ld serve the natural environment.D. Environment deserves the most attention in the development of technology.Part BDirections: After you have read the following passage, write out a summary in English whit about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary on the ANSWER SHEET.What is Society?Society is a group of human beings, held together by agreement for reasons that are mutually be neficial to the individual members. Societies operate as a whole, as a collective body, chiefly in w ays that look out for the highest common good of all. Members have specific roles and responsibi lities within the society. One of the best direct analogies is with the human body itself. The cells a re all alive, independently, yet they group together and establish roles, responsibilities, and relati onships that allow a greater whole to exist that is more than just the sum of the parts. The cells g ain from the specific roles they play because they are allowed to be what they are more effectivel y. Further, they are given a limited awareness of the whole that their efforts aid in creating. Similarly, when individual human beings group together to form societies, anorganization is created in which the members are the cells. Subgroups of the members may form organs through which higher level functions can then manifest. If the relationships are loose, the body created has limited functionality over that of any individual member because there is little s ynergy. When the relationships are close and founded on a basis of love, the body thus created h as significant functionality over that of the individuals. When the group is small, few organs can b e created so there is limited complexity or functionality. When the group is large, many organs ca n be created, resulting in highly increased complexity and functionality.Countries, regions, states cities, and neighborhoods could all be considered to be societies as coul d teams, groups, and any other organizations of people. For our purposes here, the most importa nt society is The United States of America since it is the one established to set up the New Order f or the Ages, Novus Ordo Seclorum. Society is more than the government, however. It also includ es all the economic and social infrastructure necessary to provide people with what they need. Ⅳ. Translation1. Translate the following passage into Chinese.Water is a limited natural resource and a public good fundamental for life and health. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realiza tion of other human rights. The Committee has been confronted continually with the widespread denial of the right to water in developing as well as developed countries. Over I billion persons lac k access to a basic water supply, while several billion do not have access to adequate sanitation, which is theprimary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to water. The continuing contaminatio n, depletion and unequal distribution of water is exacerbating existing poverty. States have to ado pt effective measures to realize, without discrimination, the right to water.2. Translate the following passage into English.和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。