湖南英语专业翻译课程笔记1
最全面的英语翻译笔记
第一部分：数词的译法一、数字增减的译法：1.句式特征：by＋名词＋比较级＋thanThe wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。
2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋to+n.译为：增加到。
或减少到。
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。
二、百分数增减的表示法与译法1.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋％The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35％2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋by＋％Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3％The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60％3.句式特征：表示减少意义的动词＋to+%表示减少后剩余的数量By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，铁的损失量减少到20％4.句式特征：％＋比较级＋than表示净增减的数量Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比，有望增加9％。
5.句式特征：％＋比较级＋名词表示净减数The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型机械能耗量净减10％6.句式特征：a + % + increase表示净增数There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比，今年钢产量净增20％7.句式特征：％+ (of) 名词（代词）表示净减数，数字n照译The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60％8.句式特征：%＋up on 或over表示净增数The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20％。
大学英语笔译知识点总结
大学英语笔译知识点总结一、英汉互译中的困难及解决方法1、语法结构的差异英汉语法结构有相当的不同之处。
在英语中，形容词和副词通常放在名词和动词之前，而在汉语中，一般由形容词和副词放在名词和动词之后。
此外，在英语中定语从句和状语从句通常出现在句子的末尾，而汉语中则通常出现在句子的前面。
要解决这一问题，译者需要对英语和汉语的语法结构有深入的了解，并在翻译时进行灵活运用，确保句子通顺、符合习惯表达的方式。
2、词汇的差异英语和汉语词汇的差异主要表现在词义、词性以及搭配上。
在翻译时，译者需要充分了解英语和汉语词汇的特点和用法，并在翻译时进行合理的转换和调整。
需要注意的是，有些英语词汇在汉语中没有直接对应的词，译者需要结合上下文和情境来进行合适的译文转换。
3、句式结构的差异英语和汉语在句式结构上也存在一定的差异。
在英语中，一般采用主谓宾的句式结构，而在汉语中则采用主谓宾或主谓双宾的结构。
在翻译时，译者需要根据原文的句式结构和语义意义进行合理的转换和调整，确保译文能够准确传达原文的信息。
二、英语笔译中的常用技巧1、逐词逐句翻译逐词逐句翻译是英语笔译中常用的一种技巧。
它要求译者尽量忠实地将原文的词语和句子逐词逐句地翻译成目标语言。
这种技巧适用于对原文内容理解透彻、熟悉目标语言表达方式、能够保持句子流畅性的情况下，能够有效地保持原文的语言风格和内容特点。
2、意译意译是英语笔译中常用的一种技巧。
它是指译者在翻译时，根据原文的含义和情感色彩，采用适当的语言表达方式，将原文的意义传达到目标语言中。
这种技巧适用于原文与目标语言在语言结构、语境和习惯表达方式上存在较大差异的情况下，能够有效传达原文的信息和意思。
3、借位翻译借位翻译是英语笔译中常用的一种技巧。
它是指译者在翻译时，根据原文的内容和情境，选择适当的词语和表达方式，灵活运用目标语言的表达方式，将原文的意义传达到目标语言中。
借位翻译适用于原文与目标语言在语言结构、文化背景、表达方式上存在较大差异的情况下，能够有效传达原文的信息和意思。
（完整版）翻译笔记
（完整版）翻译笔记第一次课好英文：主次分明，逻辑严密，主三次八（主则主句主谓主系表，次则从句名形介副非谓三各种短语）好中文：音调和谐，结构匀称，具体表现凡十：双声（声母相同eg 坎坷，迷茫），叠韵（韵母相同eg 彷徨，徜徉），叠音，双音节，四字格，对仗，平仄，量词准（找准比喻角度，活用动量词eg.一本芭蕉），动词活（eg.眉毛一扬，头发一甩general／specific words）活用动词四法：具体，高频，靠近，连用好译文：faithful and smooth 忠通脱读是文章对读没走样（content &style）翻译：技巧，语言比较，相关表达怎么学：reading－observing－imitating－producing （speaking & writing & translating）条件：三语让之间之外技巧全攻略：增减逆顺转类换正反拆合引申难增减－eg.汉译英代词增加逆顺－英文先主后客，中文先客后主拆合－英译汉多拆；汉译英多合引申－深宽抽象事物具体化1.风在吼，马在叫，黄河在咆哮，河东河西高粱熟，万山丛中游击健儿逞英豪。
Wind howling，horses neighing，the Yellow River roaring. Sorghum ripe on both banks, the guerilla soldiers are fighting bravely in mountains beyond mountains.2.广出猎，见草中石以为虎而射之，中石，没全族，视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能入矣。
（三个左右的动词合一次，取一个最重要的做谓语）Once out on a hunting trip, General Li Guang mistook a rock in the grass for a tiger and shoot an arrow at it. He hit it with such force that the tip of the arrow get inside the rock. Laterhe discovered it to be only a rock. Thus, he wanted to try shooting again but was unable to pierce it.3.松下问童子，言师采药去。
英文翻译知识点总结
英文翻译知识点总结I. IntroductionTranslation is the process of transferring the meaning of a text from one language to another while maintaining the essence and the style of the original. It is a complex and challenging task, requiring an in-depth understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and social context in which the original text was created. In this knowledge point summary, we will discuss the key points and principles of English translation, including linguistic, cultural, and stylistic considerations.II. Linguistic Considerations1. Language Proficiency: A proficient translator must have a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, including grammar, vocabulary, syntax, and idiomatic expressions. This requires regular practice and immersion in both languages.2. Contextual Understanding: Translators need to consider the context in which the original text was written, including the intended audience, purpose, and cultural references. This helps in accurately conveying the meaning and tone of the original text.3. Accuracy and Clarity: A good translation should be accurate, conveying the exact meaning of the original text, while also being clear and easily understandable in the target language. This requires attention to detail and linguistic precision.4. Linguistic Equivalents: Translators often encounter words, phrases, or concepts that do not have direct equivalents in the target language. In such cases, they need to use their creativity and linguistic skills to find suitable alternatives that convey the same meaning and nuance.III. Cultural Considerations1. Cultural Sensitivity: Translators need to be culturally sensitive and aware of the customs, traditions, and social norms of both the source and target cultures. This helps in avoiding misunderstandings and ensuring that the translation is culturally appropriate.2. Localization: In some cases, a literal translation may not effectively convey the intended message in the target culture. Translators may need to adapt the text to the local cultural context, using idiomatic expressions, references, and examples that resonate with the target audience.3. Taboos and Sensitive Topics: Certain topics or concepts may be considered taboo or sensitive in some cultures. Translators need to be aware of these cultural sensitivities and handle them with care to avoid causing offense or misunderstanding.4. Historical and Political Context: Historical and political references in the original text may not be readily understood in the target culture. Translators need to provide explanations or contextual information to help the reader grasp the significance of these references.IV. Stylistic Considerations1. Register and Tone: Translators need to match the register and tone of the original text in the target language, whether it is formal, informal, technical, or literary. This ensures that the translation reflects the style and voice of the original author.2. Cohesion and Coherence: A good translation maintains the cohesion and coherence of the original text, ensuring that the ideas flow logically and smoothly in the target language. This requires careful attention to transitions, pronoun references, and sentence structure.3. Rhythm and Style: In literary translations, the rhythm and style of the original work need to be preserved to the extent possible. This may involve creative choices in the use of language and imagery that capture the essence of the original.4. Idiomatic Expressions: Translators need to be adept at handling idiomatic expressions, proverbs, and wordplay, finding creative ways to convey the same meaning and impact in the target language.V. Practical Considerations1. Translation Tools: Translators often use computer-assisted translation tools, such as CAT software, dictionaries, and glossaries, to aid in the translation process. These tools can help maintain consistency and accuracy across large or complex projects.2. Proofreading and Editing: A thorough proofreading and editing process is essential to ensure the quality and accuracy of the translation. This may involve multiple revisions and feedback from other language experts.3. Specialized Knowledge: Translating technical, medical, legal, or scientific texts may require specialized knowledge and terminology in the relevant fields. Translators need to familiarize themselves with the specific language and conventions of these domains.4. Client and Audience Expectations: Translators need to understand the needs and expectations of their clients or target audience, whether it is for marketing, education, entertainment, or information. Adapting the translation to meet these expectations is crucial.VI. ConclusionIn conclusion, English translation is a multifaceted process that requires a deep understanding of linguistic, cultural, and stylistic considerations. It demands a high level of language proficiency, cultural sensitivity, and creativity to produce accurate and effectivetranslations. By mastering these key points and principles, translators can bring the richness and diversity of the world's languages and cultures to a global audience.。
老师整理的翻译笔记
翻译理论知识概要第一部分：翻译术语1. Definitions of translationTranslation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Being a very complicated human activity, its whole picture is never easy to describe. Scholars with different academic backgrounds have attempted to define it from various perspectives.(1). Linguistic Views on TranslationTranslation theorists from the linguistic school conceive of translation as a linguistic activity and some believe that translation theory is a branch of linguistics, approaching the issues of translating primarily from the viewpoint of the linguistic differences between source and target texts.Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (the target language). (Catford, 1965: 20).Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber,1969:12). Translation theory derives from comparative linguistics, and within linguistics, it is mainly an aspect of semantics; all questions of semantics relate to translation theory. (Newmark, 1982 /1988:5).(2). Cultural Views on TranslationIn the cultural approach, translation is regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of cultures, i.e. translation is an "intercultural communication"; hence the terms of "intercultural cooperation", "acculturation", and "transculturation".Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages {Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997:35).A translator who uses a cultural approach is simply recognizing that each language contains elements which are derived from its culture (such as greetings, fixed expressions and REALIA), that every text is anchored in a specific culture, and that conventions of text production and reception vary from culture to culture (Shuttleworth & Cowie1997:35).For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function. (Nida, 2001:82).翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。
英语翻译课堂笔记
英语翻译B的定语从句一的要点(1)中英文中定语的位置差异中文定语一般前置，英文中一般后置。
例如：This is a agreement beneficial to all the parties.这是一份对各方都有利的协议。
（2）英译汉的主要步骤三步曲：断句、翻译和重读例如：on the whole/, such a conclusion can be draw/ with a certain degree ofconfidence/, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitudetowards the test/ as the others/ with whom he is being compared /and only if he waspunished by lack of relevant information/ which they possessed.翻译：总体上来说，可以得出这样一种结论，结论的得出需要一定程度的信心，但是只要假设这个小孩对于测试和其他人一样拥有相同的态度。
这个小孩与其他人相比而言，也只要他没有因为缺少相关信息而受到惩罚，其他小孩拥有。
重读后的翻译：总体上来说，得出这样一种结论需要一定的信心，但是只要这个小孩对于测试的态度和与之相比较的其他小孩子的态度相同，也只要他没有因为缺少别的孩子所拥有的相关信息而得到惩罚。
（3）英文中介词翻译成中文的方法介词译为副词例如：there is a book on the desk. 桌子上有本书。
介词on 译为….上。
介词以为动词例如：I went to the Paris by plane. 我坐飞机去巴黎。
介词by译为动词坐。
（4）中英文句式的差异中英文句式的第一个差异：中文善于用短句且注重用标点符号；而英文善于用长句，不注重标点符号的使用。
大学英语翻译专业汉译英理论笔记
理论复习：1. 严复的翻译理论：信、达、雅（faithfulness; expressiveness; elegance）2. 翻译的基本过程（程序）包括：理解、表达、修改comprehension (or understanding); expression (or representation); testing(checking).3. 翻译的要素包括：译者（translator）, 作者(author), 源语言(source language), 目标语言（target language），原文读者(source-text readers), 译文读者(target-text readers) 4．During the process of representation, we should try to avoid 翻译过度over-representation and 翻译不足under-representation which means that the translator can omit anything of the source text at will or overlook the features of the source text.5．教材中常见的翻译方法有：annotation加注, paraphrase释义分译, amplification; 增词, omission,减词, shift of perspective; 视角转换, adaptation(or domestication)归化, division分译and combination合并. （见下面解释）6．在翻译中使用增词法（amplification）主要是出于语法需要grammatical need(s)，语义需要semantic need(s)，修辞需要rhetorical need.7. 现代英语最主要的特征是形合（Hypotaxis）汉语是意合(parataxis)8. The sociosemiotics-oriented principle (社会符号学) for translation requires us topay due attention to the three types of meaning in translation: designative meaning（指称意义）, linguistic meaning （言内意义）and pragmatic meaning （语用意义）. （见课件）annotation加注，如：1. The Beat Generation 跨掉的一代(指二十世纪五十年代初在美国出现的一个文学流派,也指他们所代表的一代人.他们不满于战后美国的社会现实,否定传统的文化道德和价值观念,追求无拘无束的自我实现和自我表达.)；2. The Fifth Avenue 第五大道(指纽约曼哈顿区第34街到第59街这一片区域.街上到处都是百货商店以及各种商铺,也是万圣节游行的必经之地.现已成为高贵与富有的象征.)；3.The American Dream 美国梦(即美国式的民主与自由.不依赖世袭的物质条件和社会地位,白手起家的个人奋斗精神.)）;paraphrase释义分译，如：1) I am no Hamlet. 我决不犹豫.)2) I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.我不知道他是否是个内奸.)3) The goalkeeper is the heel of Achilles.那守门员太弱是致命的缺陷. )amplification; 增词，如：(A) For the sake of grammar1. One interesting study was successfully done with chimps. Six chimps were trained to operate a special vending machine. One ripe grape came out for each while token put into the slot.曾经对黑猩猩成功地进行了一项有趣的实验,实验对六只黑猩猩进行训练,让它们操纵一台专用售货机,往投币孔里塞入一枚白色筹码可得到一颗热葡萄.(增量词)2. --- observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall toless as winter progressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted.--- 观察鹿是如何从夏季的活动频繁状态慢慢进入冬季的不频繁状态的,而到冰雪逐渐融化的春季时,它们的活动又是如何增多起来的.(增副词)3. Her eyes were filled with tears.她双眼满含泪水.4. The old man said, "They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are."老头说:"听人说,他爸爸过去是打鱼的,他以前八成跟咱们现在一样穷."(B) For clarity5. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.读书足以怡情,足以傅采,足以长才.6. Earl and I decided to walk our dog. Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River. It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the waters.我和艾勒决定把狗带出去溜溜,不知不觉朝公园走去,公园就在小桥那边,桥下很深的地方,汹涌的落杉矶河水滚滚流过.现在回想起来,就仿佛是一场梦,当时的情景还在脑海里缓缓流动.那一天,许多小孩在靠近水边的地方玩耍.(增主体和时间状语)7. With this in mind, he decided to revive scholasticism as an academic lark to challenge the Sputnik-panicked classrooms of America.考虑到这一点,他便决定重新搬出中世纪经院哲学的一套来开个学术性玩笑,向惊恐于苏联第一颗人造卫星的美国课堂教育发出挑战.(增反映背景情况的词)(C) For the sake of rhetoric8. All is not gold that glitters.闪闪发光的东西不一定都是金子.9. We all enjoy applause, compliments and praise.我们都喜欢博得掌声,听到赞扬或受到称赞.10. This power is strong enough to shatter complacency.这种力量足以打破自满情绪.(增表具体的词)omission,减词1. A soldier must obey orders.军人必须服从命令.(省冠词)2. When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低,沸点就低.(省动词)3. It was an early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in thefirst few miles of a 10.5-mile race over a course through steep exhausting hills.那是九月初的一天,秋高气爽,阳光明媚,正是赛跑的好时光.我正参加一场10.5英里的比赛,刚跑了几英里.比赛路线要穿越一些陡峭,使人精疲力竭的山坡.(省连词)4. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive.使自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致.(省强调句中的it)5. One must make painstaking efforts before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 要掌握一门外语,非下苦功夫不可.(省代词)6. Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you.不要自寻麻烦.(省名词)7. Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成.(省表条件的连词)8. The joint decision to build the Tunnel was announced by President Francois Mitterrand and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in a ceremony at Lille on 21 January.一月二十一日,弗朗索瓦o密特朗总统和玛格丽特o撒切尔首相在里尔举行的一次仪式上宣布了联合修建英法隧道的决定.(省介词)9. University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人,有工作经验的将优先录取.(修辞性省略)10. As it is late, let us go to bed.不早了,睡吧!(省重复部分)shift of perspective; 视角转换，如：1. The University of San Francisco is located near the Golden Gate Park.旧金山大学座落在金门公园附近.(语态的转换)2. Her parents are both in their seventies.她父母都已年过古稀.(表达方式的转换)3. If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.孩子们之所以能把自己的母语学好,恰恰是因为他们投身于语言的海洋之中,而不单单是读几本教科书而已.4. You can mass-produce … incredible quantities of facts and figures. Y ou cannot mass-produce knowledge, which is created by individual minds, drawing on individual experience, separating the significant from the irrelevant.你可以大批制造……数量惊人的事实与数字,但不可能大批生产知识,因为知识是个人头脑用个人经验,经过去伪存真后创造出来的.(定语从句转换成原因状语从句)5. "Coming!" Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch."来啦!"她转身蹦跳着跑了,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊.(介词转换成动词)6. Highway and air traffic came to a standstill in most of Eastern Washington.华盛顿州大部分地区的公路交通和空中航线都已陷入停顿.(名词转换成动词)7. I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.我同样认为,欧洲应该日益团结起来,并且用一个共同的声音说话,这是符合全世界的利益的.(词序调整)8. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.当时我确实不大懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事.(词序调整)9. It is a good workman that never blunders.智者千虑,必有一失.(反说正译)10. Keep off the lawn!请勿践踏草地!(正说反译)adaptation(or domestication)归化,如：⑴Lead a dog's life 过着牛马不如的生活⑵Jack of all trades 三脚猫⑶A drowned rat 落汤鸡⑷Let the cat out of the bag. 露马脚⑸Every dog has his day. 风水轮流转.⑹Don't shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that they're met with misfortune.别在我面前装慈悲,你自己知道你对他们遭遇不幸有多高兴.⑺Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk.法官先生,我承认错误,我当时酩酊大醉了.⑻Don't play your ace in the hole until the critical moment.不到关键时刻不要亮出你的绝招.⑼The gravy train is just not for me.这种油水足的美差压根儿轮不到我.⑽George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.乔治·华盛顿在独立战争期间采取过拖延战术.);division分译，如：1、He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face. 他留下一封信,对我表示欢迎,那信写得热情洋溢,一如其人.2、Our little romantic friend formed visions of future for herself. 我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想,憧憬着美好的未来.）;combination合并，如：His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea. 他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨开小铺.）。
英汉翻译教程笔记
Translation ConclusionUnit 1 stories1. He was thirty-six， his youth had passed like a screaming eagle， leaving him old and disillusioned.他已三十六岁，青春像一路鸣叫的鹰，早已一闪而逝，留给他的是衰老和幻灭。
2. average height 普通高度3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉4. in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄5. ignoring the chair offered him， Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was， what he had done in the past， how he had fled from Yunnan， talked with Sun Yat-sen， been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai， and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China.朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调，说明自己的身份和经历：他怎样逃出云南，怎样会见孙中山，怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝，怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲。
6. When both visitors had told their stories， Chou smiled a little， said he would help them find rooms， and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received.两位来客把经历说完后，周恩来微笑着说，他可以帮他们找到住的地方，替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续，在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前，暂时作候补党员。
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ContentChapter 1 A General Introduction of TranslationChapter 2 Process of TranslationChapter 3 Strategies of TranslationChapter 4 Contrast between English and ChineseChapter 5 TranslationeseChapter 6 Negation and AffirmationChapter 7 AmplificationChapter 8 OmissionChapter 9 DivisionChapter 10 ConversionChapter 1 A General Introduction of Translation1. Definition of T ranslation2. Functions of T ranslation3. Criteria of T ranslation4. Qualities of a Good T ranslator1. Definition of Translation1) Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida)2) Translation is rendering the meaning of text into another language. (Newmark)3) Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).2. Functions of Translation1) A means of cross-linguistic communication.2) An instrument to transmit culture and promote social development.e.g. introduction of Buddhism from India to China, sci-tech exchanges among different countries3) A way of enriching language expressions.e.g. 武装到牙齿，掉鳄鱼眼泪，paper tiger, kungfu..4) A technique to improve language acquisition.3. Criteria of Translation1) Some criteria proposed by famous translators⑴Faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance (Y an Fu)⑵Rather being faithful in thought than smooth in form(Lu Xun)⑶Spiritual alike(Fu Lei)⑷Reach the acme of of perfection (Qian Zhongshu)⑸Functional equivalence(Nida)⑹A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; A translation should haveall the ease of the original composition. (Tytlor)2 ) Two fundamental criteria for translation⑴Faithfulness: The translation should be faithful to the original, not only in terms of meaning, but also in terms of style.Ex 1. S he is a pretty girl with the hard, bright face like a china doll‟s.【Original V ersion】她是个漂亮女孩，脸蛋又冷有艳，活象一个中国娃娃。
【Corrected V ersion】她是个漂亮女孩，脸蛋又冷有艳，活象一个瓷娃娃。
Ex 2. She tried going through the first pages.【O.V】她试着翻翻第一页。
【C.V】她试着翻翻前几页。
Ex 3. The governor was driven off in his car.【O.V】总督开着车走了。
【C.V】总督坐着车走了。
Ex 4. Grasp all, lose all.【O.V】如果你什么都像抓，你什么都抓不住。
【C.V】样样抓，样样差。
⑵Smoothness:The translation should be smooth, natural and without translationese.Ex 1. He was so angry that he couldn‟t spe ak.【O.V】他是如此的愤怒，以致说不出话来。
【C.V】他愤怒得说不出话来。
Ex 2. The body lay white and still beneath the pines.【O.V】这具尸体苍白而安静的躺在松树下。
【C.V】苍白的尸体安静的躺在松树下。
Ex 3. This book is the beginning of his fame.【O.V】这本书是他名声的开始。
【C.V】这本书是他的成名之作。
Attention: A translator should deal with properly the relationship between faithfulness and smoothness and try to avoid:①Word-for-word translation/mechanical translationEx . He eats no fish and plays game.【O.V】他不吃鱼，玩游戏。
【C.V】他既忠诚，又公正。
②Using the Chinese habitual expression without any concern for the originalEx . Try to be modest and prudent, guard against complacency【O.V】要谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁。
【C.V】要谦虚谨慎，防止骄傲情绪。
4. Qualities of A Good Translator1) Mastery of source language and target language(including vocabulary and grammar)Ex 1. The die is cast.【V ersion】木已成舟。
Ex 2. He is a wet blanket.【V】他是个令人扫兴的人。
Ex 3. Y ou can‟t be too careful.【V】你再怎么仔细也不为过。
2) Broad knowledge (A translator should know everything of something and something of everything)Ex 1. Big Apple：纽约Milky way：银河Cancer stick：香烟Ex 2. This book mainly deals with conductors and semiconductors such as silicon and germanium.【V】本书主要讨论导体以及硅和锗这样的半导体。
Ex 3. This book mainly deals with conductors and semiconductors such as copper and silicon. 【V】本书主要讨论铜和硅这样的导体和半导体。
3) Command of commonly-used translation techniques such as conversion, amplification, omission, negation and so onEx. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man‟s past wrong doings.【V】老人同儿子交谈的时候，原谅了年轻人以前所做的错事4) Sense of responsibilityExerciseSituated between the state of New Y ork of the United States and the province of Ontario of Canada, and with an age of 25,000 years, Niagara Falls is one of the most spectacular natural wonders on the North American continent. The falls are on the Niagara River, which flows between the United States and Canada from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The falls are about 17 miles northwest of Buffalo, N .Y.. The industrial city and tourist center of Niagara Falls, N.Y., is adjacent to the American side of the falls. Niagara Falls, Ontario, is across the river.Reference translation尼亚加拉瀑布地处美国纽约州和加拿大安大略省交界处，有25，000年历史，是北美洲最壮观的自然奇观之一。