英美文学常识
英语专八-最全英美文学常识.
英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
英美文学考点
一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. Two of the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer' s Iliad and Odyssey. The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy (神曲) by the Italian poet Dante. The two most famous English epics are the Anglo- Saxon Beowulf and John Milton' s Paradise Lost, which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism 自然主义(文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨)Naturalism is a term of literary history, primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the 19th century, although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the 19th and early years of the 20th cents. In France Emile Zola (1840-1902) was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员) of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent (鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者;能手，大师) of its doctrines. The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical (彻底的) break with Realism, rather the new style is a logical extension of it. Broadly speaking, Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws. The Naturalists shared withthe earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment. Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior, and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament. Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London, Stephen Crane and Frank Norris, who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and socialsituation limit one's character.3. Modernism现代派(盛行于20世纪的文学风格)Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century and prosperity in the 20th century. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, the past, the present and the future are mingled (混合) together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism 超验主义It was a reaction to the 18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows.1 The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.2. The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individualwas the most important element of society.3. The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spiritor God Nature was, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God' s overwhelming presence.I. Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance: Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens, knights and ladies, and including unlikely or supernatural happenings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances. John Keats' s The Eve of St. Agnes is one of the greatest metrical (格律) romances ever written.2. Ballad(民谣，叙事歌谣): A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many centuries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have n0 known authors. They were transmittedorally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. The most popular subjects, often tragic, are disappointed love, jealousy, revenge, sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain (叠词) , incremental repetition (叠句) and code language (特定语言) . A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad. The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge' s The Rime of the .Ancient Mariner (老水手之歌) ，二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its---tales of--- and---, in marked contrast of____ and---of Anglo-Saxon poetry.● romantic, love , adventure, strength, somberness (昏暗;冷静) Geoffrey Chaucer1. The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only--tales, of which two are left unfinished.●242. The--provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.●Prologue 序言3. The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer' s greatest work and the greater part ofit was written in--Couplets.●Heroic (英雄双韵体)4. The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket at the place named---●Canterbury5. In The Canterbury Tales, from the character of---，we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class, and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer' s own day.●the Wife of Bath (巴斯夫人: 齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人)Renaissance1 Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and---are generally regarded as Shakespeare' s four great tragedies.●Macbeth2. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of---●Queen Elizabeth3.---wrote his---in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people' s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.●Thomas More, UtopiaThe literature of the 17th century1 After---' s death, monarchy was again restored in 1660. It was called theperiod of---●Oliver Cromwell; Restoration2. The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of---●1688.3. Paradise Lost tells how---rebelled against God and how---and---were driven out of Eden.●Satan; Adam, Eve.4. Bunyan' s most important work is---，written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of---and dream.●The Pilgrim' s Progress; allegory寓言The 18th century literature1. The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel---.●Robinson Crusoe2. The 18th century in English literature is an age of---●prose3. Jonathan Swift s masterpiece is---●Gulliver' s Travels4. William Blake' s work.--- (1794) are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌●The Songs of Experience经验之歌5. The greatest of --- poets in the 18th century is Robert Burns.●ScottishThe 19th century literature1. With the publication of William Wordworth' s ---with S. T Coleridge, ---began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.●Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集，Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in 1832 when the last Romantic writer___ died.●Walter Scott3. The greatest historical novelist---was produced in the Romantic Age.●Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poety of---, ---, ---, ---, ---, and ---.●Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge科尔里奇，Byron, Shelley, Keats ,Moore, Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists. They are---●Scott and Austen6. In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the--- and ---of the language.●simplicity, purity7. Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems, one is Childe Harold' s Pilgrimage, and the other is ---.●Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale” was written by---.●John Keats9.Jane Austen' s literary concern is about human beings in their---relationships.●personalVictorian Age1.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend--- appeared after the romantic poetry, and flourished in the time of---.●Critical realism, 1840s and 1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies in the essentially--- and---character of critical realism.●Democratic, humanitarian3.In A tale of Iwo Cities, the two cities are---and ---in the time of revolution.●London, Paris .4.In 1847, Thackeray published his masterpiece---, which marks the peak of his literary career.●Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form---.●Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1__ had its outstanding advocate in Kipling, who with drum and trumpet, called upon England to “take up the Whiteman' s burden” by dominatingall “lesser breeds without the law."●lmperialism2.Those “novels of character and environment” by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as both a---and a critical realist writer.●Naturalistic3. It took Galsworthy twenty- two years to accomplish the monumental work, his masterpiece---.●The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家4. Lawrence finished---, the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years, which was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the “Oedipus Complex' 'in fiction.●Sons and Lovers5.---and--- are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.●James Joyce, Virginia Woolf.6.--- is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf s most remarkable work.●To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the 17th century, the English settlements in---and---began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.●Virginia, Massachusetts2. Washington Irving' s____ became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.●Sketch Book3.Cooper' s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the---.●Leatherstocking Tales4.____ was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New 1and---.●Ralph Waldo Emerson5. A superb book entitled---came out of Henry David Thoreau' s two-year experiment at Walden Pond.●Walden6.The book---is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit ofa seemingly supernatural white whale.●Moby DickBook two chapter one1. In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass, ---gave America its first genuine epic poem.●Walt Whitman2. As the founder of American Critical Realism, ---enjoys the fame as “Lincoln of American literature?●Mark Twain3.---was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.●Henry James4.The identification of potency (影响) with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,---●An American TragedyThe 20th century1 Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the---“Movement●Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the 20th century was---●The Waste Land3.---of the 1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.●The Jaz Age4. Hemingway' s novel---painted the image of a whole generation, the Lost Generation.●The Sun Also Rises5.---wrote about the disintegration (瓦解) of the old social system in the American southern states, and the lives of modern people, both black and white.●William Faulkner三、True or False1. In 1066, Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England. It was called the Norman Conquest.●F (William the Conqueror)2. The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination (顶点) of the romances about Charles the Great.●F(King Arthur and his knights)3. Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.●F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people. F(Irish)5. It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.6. Of all the romantic poets of the 18th century, Blake is the most in dependent and the most original. T7. George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner. (true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte. (true)9. The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose, especially of the novel. (true)10 David Copperfield is Thackeray' s masterpiece. F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan' s Pilgrim' s progress. (true)12 In 1907, John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for “idealism inliterature. Kim is his long novel. F (Kipling)13. George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“ art for art' s sake14. The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde. T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthome' s novel The Scarlet Letter.16 In 1828, Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.17.5tirred by the teachings of transcendentalism, writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance. T18. The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe' s poems. F(novels)19 Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature. T20 Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet. F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem” was written by Jack London. F (O Henry)22 While embracing the socialism of Marx, Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild. F Martin Eden)23. Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the 20th century, there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences, as well in the field of art in Europe, which played anindispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States. T24. The decade of the 1910s, American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights. F(1920s)、。
英美文学常识
American Naturalism美国自然主义：是一种新的、更具批判性的现实主义。是在战争和影响人们早期信念的社会动乱的影响之下形成的。美国的自然主义者往往否定了广为接受的道德真理的正确性，他们想达到极端的客观与直率，他们所展现的人物往往都是下层社会的人，他们的命运受到环境和遗传的制约。在反应生活方面，自然主义作家往往表现出早期浪漫主义中感伤主义特征，但和浪漫主义不同的是，自然主义者认为，世界缺乏道德，人不论男女都没有自由的意愿，他们的生活都受到遗传和环境的控制，人在生前过着
骑士文学盛行于西欧，反映了骑士阶层的生活理想。 骑士精神和道德是上层社会的贵族文化精神，它是以个人身份的优越感为基础的道德与人格精神，但它也积淀这西欧民族远古尚武精神的某些积极因素。
三联剧：在古希腊悲剧创作中，有一类悲剧均由三部分组成，每部分即能独立存在，各部之间又有紧密联系。这种剧合则为一，分则为三，代表作家为埃斯库罗斯。
“黑色幽默”：的小说家突出描写人物周围世界的荒谬和社会对个人的压迫，以一种无可奈何的嘲讽态度表现环境和个人（即“自我”）之间的互不协调，并把这种互不协调的现象加以放大，扭曲，变成畸形，使它们显得更加荒诞不经，滑稽可笑，同时又令人感到沉重和苦闷。作品《第二十二条军规》、《万有引力之虹》、《烟草经纪人》和《第五号屠场》等。
七星诗社：是16世纪中期法国的一个文学团体，是由七位人文主义诗人组成的文学团体。他们中以龙沙和杜贝莱最著名。七星诗社的诗人们从事过各种创作，他们的诗声望很高，但他们的主要贡献却是对于法语改革的主张。
狂飙突进运动：是18世纪德国文学界的运动，是文艺形式从古典主义向浪漫主义过渡时的阶段，也可以说是幼稚时期的浪漫主义。但其中心代表人物是歌德和席勒，歌德的《少年维特的烦恼》是其典型代表作品，表达的是人类内心感情的冲突和奋进精神。
英美文学常识
16、William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯 1770-1850 17 、 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 柯 勒 律 治 1772-1834 18 、 Walter Scott 瓦 尔 特·司各特 1771-1832
英国文学
1、Geoffrey Chaucer 杰佛 利·乔叟 1340-1400 2 、 William Shakespeare 莎士比亚 1564-1616 长诗：The House of Fame 声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde 特罗勒斯与克丽西德 小说：Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作 （他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人） The Tempest 暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz 维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure 恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors 错中错;Much Ado about Nothing 无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost 空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜 之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As You Like It 如愿;The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍 记;All’s Well That Ends Well 皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night 第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故 事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third 约
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。
这些作品代表了英美文化的精髓，对于理解这两个国家的历史、社会和文化有着重要的意义。
在学习英美文学时，我们需要掌握一些重要的作品和作家，以及他们的主要思想和风格。
首先，我们来看看英美文学的起源。
英国文学可以追溯到中世纪，最早的英国文学作品是史诗《贝奥武夫》。
这部作品讲述了一个英雄的故事，强调了勇气、荣誉和忠诚的重要性。
这种史诗的传统在英国文学中一直延续到今天，影响了许多作家，如莎士比亚和狄更斯。
莎士比亚是英国文学的巅峰之作。
他的戏剧作品包括悲剧、喜剧和历史剧，涵盖了各种主题和情感。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的人物描写和复杂的情节，他的语言也非常美丽和富有表现力。
莎士比亚的作品对于理解人性和社会问题有着重要的启示，被广泛地研究和演出。
在美国文学方面，最早的作品可以追溯到殖民地时期。
这些作品主要是宗教文学，反映了殖民地居民的信仰和价值观。
其中最著名的作品是《普利茅斯植民者的历史》，它记录了普利茅斯植民者在美洲建立殖民地的经历。
这些作品对于理解美国的宗教和政治历史有着重要的意义。
美国文学的巅峰时期是19世纪，这个时期出现了许多重要的作家和作品。
其中最著名的是马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
这部小说以一个少年的视角描写了美国南方的奴隶制度和种族歧视，对于美国社会的问题提出了尖锐的批评。
这部小说被认为是美国文学的经典之作，对于后来的作家产生了重要的影响。
除了莎士比亚和吐温，还有许多其他重要的英美作家和作品。
例如，英国的狄更斯和奥斯汀，美国的海明威和福克纳。
这些作家的作品涉及了各种不同的主题和风格，从社会问题到个人成长，从浪漫主义到现实主义。
他们的作品代表了英美文学的多样性和丰富性。
在学习英美文学时，我们不仅需要了解这些作家和作品，还需要理解它们的背景和文化内涵。
英美文学反映了英国和美国的历史、社会和价值观，它们是这两个国家文化遗产的重要组成部分。
英美文学重点知识归纳
英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
英美文学具有悠久的历史，涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。
2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。
其中，早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表，中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表，文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。
2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派，包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。
浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力，关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。
2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派，出现于19世纪后期。
代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。
现实主义文学揭示社会问题，关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。
2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。
现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑，追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。
3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。
他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
3.2 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家，被誉为英国小说的经典作家。
她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。
3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家，代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。
他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。
【内部】英美文学常识
【内部】英美文学常识Puritanism: stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God’s graceStressed hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety 以伊甸园传说为基础Transcendentalism(超验主义)marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first renaissance spirit and individual and nature；American Puritanism + European RomanticismRealism: broadly defined as “the faithful respentation of reality” or “verisimilitude”.Naturalism: a term created by Emile Zola(法国女作家)；men are weak; philosophical pessimistsA more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.Modernism: cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss; refused to accept the traditional valuesFree verse: poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhythm/line length;depends on natural speech rhythms & the counterpoint of stressed and unstressed syllablesThe Gilded Age(镀金时代1865-1914)：Mark Twain –内战后的普遍disillusionment & frustration工业化成果& Gold Rush 特点：1. Straightforward 2. Focus on commonness of common people’s lives3. Objective4. Present moral visions5. Usually open endingLost Generation: Paris, a term created by Gertrude Stein(美国女作家) Hemingway –代言人Young writers who were cut off from old values and yet unable to handle the new eraJazz Age(1920s)/the Roaring Twenties: exciting acceleration; restless pursuit of stimulus and pleasuredisillusionement(幻灭) with ideas and civilization F. Scott Fitzgerald1. Benjamin Franklin(富兰克林1706-1790):The Autobiography《自传》：simplicity, frankness & wit; American Dream2. Thomas Paine(潘恩1737-1809 政治宣传册):Common Sense《常识》：独立革命时期最佳政治宣传册The American Crisis: 16本系列宣传册；3. Philip Freneau(弗伦诺1752-1832 诗人): Father of American Poetry; Poet of the American RevolutionThe Wild Honeysuckle《野金银花》；4. Thomas Jefferson(杰斐逊1743-1826): the 3rd President The Declaration of Independence起草者之一三、American Romanticism/Renaissance浪漫主义文学(18世纪末-19世纪中后期) individualismfold stories as an escape from the civilized society and were rich in mystic color; against rationalism1) Pre-Romanticism(1770-1830):5. Washington Irving(欧文1783-1859): 美国首位国际闻名作家& 美国文学之父the author of the first American short stories; the first prose stylist of American Romanticism文风：American indigenous humor; mild and prone；simplicity, lucidity, poise and ease flowThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow；Rip Van Winkle: German legend；an escape from society and return to nature；Essay: The Sketch Book《见闻札记》: 美国浪漫主义开端6. James Fenimore Cooper(库珀小说家): one of the first authors to write about the American Westward Movement.发展了三类小说：the revolutionary past- The Spy; sea novels -The Pilot《领航者》; the American frontier novelsLeather Stocking T ales: frontier novels - The Pioneer《拓荒者》(the first true romance of American frontier)；The Pathfinder《探路者》; The Prairie《大草原》; The Deerslayer《杀鹿者》; The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》(成就最高) 2) Post-Romanticism(1830-1860)7. Ralph Waldo Emerson(爱默生思想家，散文家&诗人)：father of American literature超验主义代表;主题- nature & meditationEssays: Nature《论自然》：超验主义圣经(manifesto) ；Self-Reliance《论自立》；The TranscendentalistThe American Scholar《论美国学者》：美国知识分子独立宣言–文化独立&文学地位;8. Henry David Threau(梭罗1817-1862 思想家): Walden《瓦尔登湖》;9. Nathaniel Hawthorne(霍桑1804-1864 小说家): 美国首位杰出小说家道德伦理问题; human soul文风：the most ambivalent; mystical; criticism of life; soft, flowing and almost feminine The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》The Scarlet Letter: Hester Prynne, Chillingworth & Dimmesdale The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》；The House of the Seven Gables《有七个尖角阁的房子》：family decadence Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》10.Herman Melville(梅尔维尔1819-1891小说家)：Moby Dick《白鲸》: the first American prose epic; Ishmael as the narrator, steeped in symbolismOne of the world’s greatest masterpieces to get t o know the 19th century AmericanThe voyage = the search for the truth; Moby Dick = 宇宙的神秘；自然的强大；世间的邪恶11. Edgar Allan Poe(爱伦?坡1809-1849 诗人,小说家&批评家):首位美国职业作家；美国侦探小说之父Poems:To Helen The Raven；Annabel Le e(哥特风)小说：The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》; The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》12. Walt Whitman(惠特曼1819-1892 诗人)：democratic poet , Free verseweekly newspaper: the Long IslanderLeaves of Grass《草叶集》：Democratic Bible；the birth of truly American poetry & the end of the American romanticism Song of Myself《自我之歌》; I hear America Singing；I sit and look out; beat! beat! drums!13. Emily Dickinson(迪金森1830-1886女诗人)：theme –religion, life and death, love and marriage, nature, immortality 文风: Abundant use of dashes, and irregular and often idiosyncratic punctuation and capitalization and clear-cut and delicately original imagery, precise diction and fragmentary pattern; ImagismBecause I Could Not Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死神》；I’m Nobody. Who Are You?《我是无名小卒！你是谁？》This is My Letter to the World; I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died《我死时听到一只苍蝇叫》对比：惠特曼- society at large 迪金森- life on individuals四、The Age of Realism现实主义(19世纪中期-20世纪初) 南北战争–废奴小说- 现实主义起点~ 温和现实主义：William Dean Howells –大贵族大资产阶级vs. 乡土小说：Mark Twain –底层社会14. William Dean Howells(豪威尔斯1837-1920): The Rise of Silas Lapham《赛拉斯拉帕姆的发迹》;A Modern Instance《现代例证》; A Hazard of New Fortunes 《新财富的危害》：三部曲15. Henry James(詹姆斯1843-1916小说家): the founder of psychological realism 文风：highly refined languageDaisy Miller: an outrage to American girlhood；the heroine = the free spirit of the New World The Ambassadors;The Bostonians《波士顿人》; The American; The Portrait of a Lady; The Wings of the Dove; The Golden Bowl；评论集：French Poets and Novelists; Hawthorne; Partial Portraits《不完整的画像》16. Mark Twain(马克?吐温1835-1910): 美国文学里程碑the true father of our national literaturerealists and humorists ；local color fiction: mixed with plots with realistic description Life on the Missippi;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆?索耶历险记》; The Prince and the Pauper《王子与贫儿》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利?费恩历险记》：western literature and civilization, all of modern American literature comes from mk; a masterpiece of American realism that is one of the great books of world literature.The Innocents Abroad《傻瓜出国记》：newspaper articles about his European trip；The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉韦拉斯县有名的跳蛙》;The Gilded Age《镀金时代》;17. Theodore Dreiser(德莱赛1871-1945 小说家): 自然主义代表Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》; The “Genius”;Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》：the purposelessness of life;An American Tragedy;Trilogy of Desire《欲望三部曲》: The Financier; The Titan; The Stoic五、the Age of Modernism 现代主义(一战后–至今) 现代诗歌繁荣(1912-1922)1) 小说：Lost Generation - Hemingway vs. 南方文学– Faulkner18. F. Scott Fitzgerald(菲茨杰拉德1896-1940): leader of the Jazz Age/Lost Generation；Tales of the Jazz AgeThis Side of Paradise《人间天堂》; Tender Is the Night《夜色温柔》;The Last Tycoon《最后的巨头》The Great Gatsby: irony and disillusionment of the American Dream; Nick Carraway视角短篇小说：Babylon Revisted《重访巴比伦》The Crack-up《崩溃》(自传体文集)19. Ernest Hemingway(海明威1899-1961): 1953 Pulitzer Prize & 1954 Nobel Prize Hemingway’ s code herotheme – courage to tragedy文风：spare, laconic, yet intense prose with sort sentences and very specific details The Old Man and the Sea The Sun Also Rises: 迷惘一代的写照; A Farewell to Arms(Lieutenant Henry);For Whom the Bell Tolls;短篇小说：The Winners Take Nothing；Death in the Afternoon: 生死观政论：To Have and Have Not《贫与富》2) 诗歌：introspection(自省) and social criticism 1912-1922: 繁荣期20. Ezra Pound(庞德1885-1972诗人&评论家)：the father of modern American poetry Imagism self-consciousPisan Cantos《比萨诗章》：the Bollingen Prize - In a Metro Station salutation the second;21. Thomas Stearns Eliot(艾略特1888-1965 诗人,剧作家&批评家): leader of the new poetry and criticismAsh Wednesday; Murder in the Cathedral; The Hollow Man 《空心人》; The Sacred Wood《圣林》; Gerontion《小老头》；The Waste Land《荒原》: 二战后的社会文化；西部地区的精神贫穷central text of modernism ;four quartets 22. Robert Lee Frost(弗洛斯特1874-1963 诗人): focus on New England 诗集：A Boy’s Wish《少年的意志》; North of Boston文风：combine traditional verse forms with a clear American local speech rhythm Desert PlacesNew Hampshire; The Road Not taken-abaab;。
(精品)英美文学复习资料(全)
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经Myth 神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
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16、William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯 1770-1850 17 、 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 柯 勒 律 治 1772-1834 18 、 Walter Scott 瓦 尔 特·司各特 1771-1832
3 、 Francis Bacon 培 根 1561-1626 4、John Milton 约翰·弥尔 顿 1608-1674 5 、 John Bunyan 班 扬 1628-1688 6、Joseph Addison 艾迪生 7 、 Richard Steele 理 查 德·斯梯尔 1672-1729 8、 Danniel Defoe 丹尼尔·迪 福 1660-1731 9、Jonathan Swift 斯威夫 特 1667-1745 10、Alexander Pope 蒲柏 1688-1744 11、Henry Fielding 亨利·菲 尔丁 1707-1754（英国现实 主义小说的奠基者） 12、Samuel Johnson 塞缪 尔·约翰生 1709-1784 13、Oliver Goldsmith 哥尔 斯密 1728-1774 14、William Blake 布莱克 1757-1827 15 、 Robert Burns 彭 斯 1759-1796
英国文学ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
1、Geoffrey Chaucer 杰佛 利·乔叟 1340-1400 2 、 William Shakespeare 莎士比亚 1564-1616 长诗：The House of Fame 声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde 特罗勒斯与克丽西德 小说：Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作 （他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人） The Tempest 暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz 维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure 恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors 错中错;Much Ado about Nothing 无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost 空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜 之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As You Like It 如愿;The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍 记;All’s Well That Ends Well 皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night 第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故 事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third 约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth 亨利四世 （上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth 亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth 亨利八世； Troilus and Cressida 脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus 考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus 泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet 罗密欧与朱丽 叶；Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth 麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet 哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear 李尔 王;Othello 奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline 辛白林;Pericles 波里 克利斯;Venus and Adonis 维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece 露克利斯;The Sonnets 十四行诗 Advancement of Learning 学术的进展;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic 新大西岛;Essays 论 文集（Of Studies 论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self） L‘Allegro 欢乐的人;Il Penseroso 沉思的人;Comus 科马斯;Lycidas 列西达斯;Areopagitica 论出版自 由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense 为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda 再为英 国人民声辩;Paradise Lost 失乐园;Paradise Regained 复乐园;Samson Agonistes 力士参孙 The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程; The Life and Death of Mr Badman 培德曼先生的一生 诗：The Campaign 远征； 剧本：Cato 加图 名文；Adventure of A shilling 一先令的历险 The Christian Hero 基督教徒的英雄 名文：The Spectator Club 旁观者俱乐部 （标志着近代英国小说的形成） Hymn to the Pillory 枷刑颂;Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾孙飘流记;Captain Singleton 辛格顿船长;Moll Flanders 莫尔弗兰德斯;A Journal of the Plague Year 大疫年日记 The Battle of Books 书的战争;A Tale of A Tub 一个木桶的故事;The Drapier’s Letters 布商的书 信 ;A Modest Proposal 一 个 温 和 的 建 议 ;Guilliver’s Travels 格 列 佛 游 记 (A Voyage to Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms 小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记) Pastorals 田园诗集;An Essay on Criticism 批评论;Windsor Forest 温莎林;The Rape of the Lock 卷发遇劫记;The Duncial 愚人志;Moral Essays 道德论;An Essay on Man 人论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot 与阿布斯诺博士书 剧本：The Coffeehouse Politician 咖啡屋政客;Don Quixote in England 堂·吉诃德在英国;The Historical Register for the Year 历史记事 长篇小说：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams 约瑟·安德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great 大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling 汤姆·琼斯;Amelia 阿美利亚 A Dictionary of the Engligh Language 英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets 诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes 人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas 拉塞勒斯 名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield 给吉士菲尔伯爵的信 The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德牧师传;The Citizen of the World 世界公民;The Deserted 荒 村;She Stoops to Conquer 屈身求爱;The Rivals 情敌 ；The School for Scsanda 造谣学校 Poetical Sketches 素描诗集;Songs of Innocence 天真之歌;Songs of Experience 经验之歌 The French Revolution 法 国 革 命 ;The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天 堂 与 地 狱 的 婚 姻;America;Milton;Jerusalem 名诗：London;The Tiger Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 苏格兰方言诗集 名诗：The Tree of Liberty 自由村;Scots Wha-Hae 苏格兰人;The Two Dogs 两只狗;Holy Willie’s Prayer 威利长老的祈祷;My Heart’s in the Highlands 我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose 一朵红红的 玫瑰;John Anderson 约翰·安德生,My Jo;A Man’s A Man for A’That 不管身在何处都须保持尊 严;Robert Bruce’s March to Bannockburn An Evening Walk 黄昏漫步;Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）;Lucy Poems 露西组诗 (She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways;To the Cuckoo 杜鹃颂;I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud;The Solitary Reaper 孤寂的刈麦人);Ode on Intimations of Immorality 不朽颂;Ode to Duty 义务颂;The Excursion 远足;The Prelude 序曲 Lyrical Ballads;The Fall of the Bastille 巴士底狱的毁灭;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 老船 夫;Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗;Biographia Literaria 文学传记 诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border 苏格兰边区歌谣集;Marimion 玛里恩;The Lady of the Lake 湖上夫人 小说：Waverley 威弗利;Guy Mannering 盖·曼纳令;Rob Roy 罗布罗伊;The Heart of Midlothian 米 德洛西恩监狱;Ivanhoe 艾凡赫;Kenilworth 坎尼尔华斯;Woodstock 皇家猎馆;Queentin Durward 昆 廷·达沃 Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见;Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感;Emma 爱玛;Mansfield Park 曼 斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion 好事多磨;Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺 Tales from Shakespeare 莎士比亚故事集;Alburn Verses 诗集;Essay of Elia 伊利亚散文集(Dream Children 梦中儿女;A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig 烤猪论;Old China 古瓷;New Year’s Eve 除 夕;The Praise of Chimney Sweepers 扫烟囱童工赞;The Superannuated Man 领取养老金的人;A 1