外文系1
英语系-权威教材、精品课程资源表
任课 担任课程名 教师 称 姓名
权威教材、重要参考书籍
冀成会等.2009.《高级英语写作教程》.上海：外语教学与研究出版社 高级英语写 作与修辞 郑超.2008.《英语写作通用教程》.河南：科学出版社 刘浪版社 基础英语 朱通伯prehensive College English.上海：外语教学与研究 出版社
论文写作
李五全. 2004. Writing Creatively. 成都：四川人民出版社.
翻译理论 刘小 蓉
廖七一.2006.《当代西方翻译理论探索》.南京：译林出版社
英国小说选 高继海.2008.《英国小说史》.开封：河南大学出版社 读
基础英语3
杨立民.2002.《现代大学英语（3）精读》（08版）北京：外语教学与 研究出版社.
翻译理论与 张培基.2003.《英汉翻译教程》.上海：上海外语教育出版社. 实践 冯庆华. 2010.《实用翻译教程》. 上海:上海外语教育出版社.
邓文 韬
张中载，张毓霖.1987.《大学英语教程》第六册.北京：外语教学与研 究出版社. 张中载,张毓霖,王家湘,刘新民编.1989.《大学英语教程》（教师用 书）第六册.北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 邓文 现代英美散 王家湘．2003.《高级英语》（自学考试用书）下册.北京：外语教学与 韬 文 研究出版社. 张鑫友．2000.《大学英语教程第六册学习指南》.湖北人民出版社.
杨立民等编.1996.<<大学英语教程>>(第三册修订本).北京:外语教学与 研究出版社.
基础英语3
杨立民等编.2002.<<现代大学英语>>(精读3).北京:外语教学与研究出 版社.
第三章 外文数据库检索之一-三大检索系统
其它常用于评价的检索工具
一、ISR：科学评论索引（Index to Scientific Reviews）
由ISI公司出版，半年刊，每年收录200多种综述 出版物和3000多种期刊中的综述类文献。学科范围 与SCI基本相同。我们通常所说的四大检索工具除 以上的SCI、EI、ISTP外，还包括ISR，目前只发 行印刷本。
JCR常用词语解释：
Total Cites: 在选定的年限里对某一方面刊中所有 文章的被引用次数的总和. Impact Factor: 用该期刊前两年发表论文在当年 被引用的次数除以该期刊前两年发表论文的总数所 得到的值。可以用来评估同一研究领域不同期刊的 相对重要性。 Immediacy Index：用某一年中发表的文章在当年 被引用次数除以同年发表文章的总数得到的指数。 用于评估特定期刊在当年被引用的速度。
JCR常用词语解释：
Current Articles：某特定期刊当年发表 的文章的总数。 Cited Half-life：指期刊达到50%被引用 率所需要的时间。该数值有助于图书馆 确定期刊的馆藏和存档的策略。 查某种期刊的影响因子,可进入: “图书馆主页-服务指南-SCI、EI指南期刊引用报告JCR”
wwwlibcaueducnsciscie2008htm其它年份收录查询见图书馆主页服务指南sciei指南sci收录中国期刊一览表scisci的作用的作用科研成果评价依据科研机构被sci收录的论文总量反映整个机构的科研尤其是基础研究的水平个人的论文被sci收录的数量及被引用次数反映他的研究能力与学术水平定量分析某单位科研产出和影响力journalcitationreportsjcrjournalcitationreportsjcrjcrscienceedition提供scie中所收录的科学技术领域6500多种期刊的引文分析信息jcrsocialsciencesedition提供ssci中所收录的社会科学领域1900多种期刊的引文分析信息jcr对每种被收录的期刊都会提供以下的统计数引文和论文数量
《外文信息检索之EI》幻灯片PPT
个下拉式菜单中选择要检索的各个字段。 高级检索 提供更强大而灵活的功能，与快速检索相比，用
户可以使用更复杂的布尔〔Boolean〕逻辑，该检索方式 包含更多的检索选项。
检索字段
简易检索可以任意字段在检索 快速检索有15个检索字段 All fields、Subject/Title/Abstract、Abstract、
{WU, SHI-QI}、{WU, S.Q.}、{WU, S-Q}、 {SHIQI, WU}、{SHIQI, W.}等等
作者单位(AF字段)
– 尽可能使用作者单位索引浏览
– 中文作者单位可能会有许多不同的拼写 (电子科技大学在EI中有60余种不同的拼 写)
检索式输入
高级检索 直接输入检索式，限制在特定字段中检索用字
– 使用中文检索工具，查找相应论文
提取检索词 拆分：采用|硅隔离|技术|的|压力|传感器 确定核心词：硅隔离|压力|传感器 确定检索词：pressure sensor/pressure
sensors/pressure transducer/pressure transducers、 soi/silicon-on-insulator 检索式 (pressure $sensor or pressure $transducer) and (soi or "silicon on insulatior*")
检索词 输入框
检索结 果排序
关闭自 动取词
根
选择检 索字段
高级检索界面
高级检索无自 动取词根功能
快速检索 浏览索引
浏览索引
高级检索 浏览索引
南邮外文翻译一范例
南京邮电大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系)：经济与管理学院专业：学生姓名：班级学号：外文出处：Journal of Occupational Psychology,1977, Vol.50附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文附件：1.外文资料翻译译文重新评估工作满意度和工作生活质量——詹姆斯.C.泰勒有用的工作满意度的措施在评估工作的特点以及改善工作生活质量中是有问题的。
根据民意调查和组织调查显示，多年以来，虽然在高和稳定的工作满意度水平下，雇员的挫折感和异化迹象却一直在增加。
经过更密切的检查，这似是而非的调查导致的结论是：无论再严谨的工作满意度调查及测量，得到的只是修改工作和减少员工的挫折感方面的没必要的信息。
根据以往的经验以及对工作生活质量的研究表明，为了克服这个缺陷，在测量工作满意度的时候，雇员本身需要更多地参与测量。
工作满意度已经成为一个模糊不清的尴尬概念。
许多代表着工业人文主义利益的社会科学调查员都对工作满意度十分有兴趣，他们建议要去关注和改善人与职位的关系，提高工作满意度。
从20世纪30年代开始，这种关注已经从制造业扩展到服务和文职部门。
然而，我们可以断言，大部分对工作满意度的研究都无法仅通过对工作及工作本身的研究。
历史上曾经有过对工作满意度的研究，这或许可以支持或者攻击现状，这种趋势还将继续下去。
尴尬的是，在对美国雇员的工作满意度的继续调查研究中，用极高的百分比来衡量他们工作的满意程度，而在同一时间内降低对工人的承诺，雇员所表达的通过增加缺勤率（特别是部分周缺勤），罢工（因其他原因除了工资）而拒绝谈判达成的合同以及破坏产品的比率显然变得更大。
雇员异化的这些问题已经提起公众的注意，但是如果公众关注继续增长，为什么雇员安静的绝望与工作越来越被看作是与压力之间的和解，这些事实和精心准备将使对工作满意度的严格调查成为必然。
前言本文的目的是在不减少抽样误差和防范反应的情况下，使用更精密的统计测试，在不同的模式下对满意度数据进行界定和衡量。
锟斤拷院锟斤拷系通讯硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥)
68034303
北京市阜外月坛北小街2号
经济所科研处
100836
工业经济系
（工经系）
402
谷玉珍
68033728
北京市阜外月坛北小街2号
工业经济所科研处
100836
农村发展系
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403
张斌
85196477
北京市建国门内大街5号
农村发展所
100732
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（财贸系）
404
孙亮
68027440
刘强
81360060
北京市房山区良乡高教园区
中国社会科学院研究生院
文物与博物馆硕士教育中心
102488
北京市东城区张自忠路3号
西亚非洲所科研处
100007
美国研究系
（美国系）
605
许安结
64039046
北京市东城区张自忠路3号东院美国所科研处
100007
欧洲研究系
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606
蔡雅洁
85195736
北京市建国门内大街５号
欧洲所科研处
100732
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（亚太系）
607
朴光姬
64063922
北京市阜外月坛北小街2号
财贸所科研处
100836
数量经济与技术经济系
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405
沈嘉
65137561
北京市建国门内大街5号
数技经所科研处
100732
投资经济系
（投资系）
406
程翼
63908826
北京西城区木樨地北里甲11号国宏大厦B座806投资系
100037
城乡建设经济系
常用免费外文全文数据库
常用免费外文全文数据库1.SpringerLINK数据库德国施普林格(Springer-Verlag)是世界上著名的科技出版集团, 通过SpringerLink系统提供其学术期刊及电子图书的在线服务。
2002年7月开始，Springer公司和EBSCO/Metapress 公司在国内开通了SpringerLink服务。
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采用IP控制访问权限，不需要帐号和口令。
3.WorldSciNet数据库WorldSciNet为新加坡世界科学出版社(World Scientific Publishing Co.)电子期刊发行网站，该出版社委托EBSCO / MetaPress 公司在清华大学图书馆建立了世界科学出版社全文电子期刊镜像站.4.Ptics ExpressOptics Express由美国光学学会创办，刊登光学技术领域方面的报告和新进展。
提供1997年创刊以来的全部文献，以平均49天一期的速度出版，并支持彩色图像和多媒体文件。
网站地址：/创建者：Optical Society 0f America5.New Journal 0f PhysicsNew Journal 0fPhysics由英国皇家物理学会和德国物理学会出版，提供1998年创刊以来的全部文献。
所有用户可免费获取电子版文章。
网站地址：创建者：Institute of Physics & German Physical Society6.The Journal of Machine Learning ResearchThe Journal of Machine Learning Research由麻省理工学院出版，是机械研究领域的优质学术性论文的平台，用户可下载2000年创刊以来的全部文章。
外文期刊简介
accounting journals 会计杂志目前各国定期出版的会计和与会计有关的杂志种类很多，美国和英国等英语系国家比较著名的会计杂志有以下20 种：(1) 《算盘》杂志(Abacus)；(2) 《会计》杂志(Accountancy)；(3) 《会计师杂志》(Accountant)；(4) 《会计师杂志》(Accountant's Magazine)；(5) 《会计与工商业研究》(Accounting and Business Research)；(6) 《会计历史学家杂志》(Accounting Historians Journal)；(7) 《会计研究》(Accounting Review)；(8) 《审计》(Audit)；(9) 《特殊会计师杂志》(CA Maga-zine)；(10) 《注册公共会计师杂志》(CPA Journal)；(11) 《财务分析师杂志》(Financial Analyst Journal)；(12) 《高级财务管理人员》杂志(Financial Executive)；(13) 《政府会计师杂志》(Government Accountants Journal)；(14) 《内部审计师》杂志(Internal Auditor)；(15) 《会计杂志》(Journal of Accoun-tancy)；(16) 《会计和经济学杂志》(Journal of Accounting and Economics)；(17) 《会计、审计和财务杂志》(Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance)；(18) 《会计研究杂志》(Journal of Ac-counting Research)；(19) 《管理会计》杂志(Management Accounting)；(20) 《税务咨询师》杂志(The Tax Ad-viser)。
1外文文献：信息系统开发和数据库开发
Information System Development and Database DevelopmentIn many organizations, database development from the beginning of enterprise data modeling, data modeling enterprises determine the scope of the database and the general content. This step usually occurs in an organization's information system planning process, it aims to help organizations create an overall data description or explanation, and not the design of a specific database. A specific database for one or more information systems provide data and the corporate data model (which may involve a number of databases> described by the organization maintaining the scope of the data. Data modeling in the enterprise, you review of the current system, the need to support analysis of the nature of the business areas, the need for further description of the abstract data, and planning one or more database development project. Figure 1 shows PineValley furniture company's enterprise data model of a part.1.1 Information System ArchitectureAs shown in figure 1, senior data model is only general information system architecture (ISA> or a part of an organization's information system blueprint. In the information system planning, you can build an enterprise data model as a whole information system architecture part. According to Zachman (1987>, Sowa and Zachman (1992> views of an information system architecture consists of the following six key components:Data (Figure 1 shows, but there are other methods that>.Manipulation of data processing (of a data flow diagram can be used, with the object model methods, or other symbols that>.Networks, which organizations and in organizations with its main transmission of data between business partners (it can connect through the network topology map and to demonstrate>. People who deal with the implementation of data and information and is the source and receiver (in the process model for the data shows that the sender and the receiver>.Implementation of the events and time points (they can use state transition diagram and other means.>The reasons for the incident and data processing rules (often in the form of text display, but there are also a number of charts for the planning tools such as decision tables>.1.2 Information EngineeringInformation systems planners in accordance with the specific information system planning methods developed information system architecture. Information engineering is a popular and formal methods. Information engineering is a data-oriented creation and maintenance of the information system. Information engineering is because the data-oriented, so when you begin to understand how the database is defined by the logo and when information engineering a concise explanation is very helpful. Information Engineering follow top-down planning approach, in which specific information systems from a wide range of information needs in the understanding derived from (for example, we need about customers, products, suppliers, sales and processing of the data center>, rather than merging many detailed information requested ( orders such as a screen or in accordance with the importation of geographical sales summary report>. Top-down planning will enable developers to plan more comprehensive information system, consider system components provide an integrated approach to enhance the information system and the relationship between the business objectives of the understanding, deepen their understanding of information systems throughout the organization in understanding the impact.Information Engineering includes four steps: planning, analysis, design and implementation. The planning stage of project information generated information system architecture, including enterprise data model.1.3 Information System PlanningInformation systems planning objective is to enable IT organizations and the business strategy closely integrated, such integration for the information systems and technology to make the most of the investment interest is very important. As the table as a description, information engineering approach the planning stage include three steps, we in the follow-up of three sections they discussed.1. Critical factors determining the planningPlanning is the key factor that organizational objectives, critical success factors and problem areas. These factors determine the purpose of the establishment of planning and environment planning and information systems linked to strategic business planning. Table 2 shows the PineValley furniture company's key planning a number of possible factors, these factors contribute to the information systems manager for the new information systems and databases clubs top priority to deal with the demand. For example, given the imprecise sales forecasts this problem areas, information systems managers in the organization may be stored in the database additional historical sales data, new market research data and new product test data.2. The planning organizations set targetsOrganizations planning targets defined scope of business, and business scope will limit the subsequent analysis and information systems may change places. Five key planning targets as follows:● organizational units in the various sectors.● organizations location of the place of business operations.●functions of the business support organizations handling mission of the relevant group. Unlike business organizations function modules, in fact a function can be assigned to various organizations modules (for example, product development function is the production and sale of the common responsibility of the Ministry>.● types of entities managed by the organization on the people, places and things of the major types of data.● Information System data set processing software applications and support procedures.3. To set up a business modelA comprehensive business model including the functions of each enterprise functional decomposition model, the enterprise data model and the various planning matrix. Functional decomposition is the function of the organization for a more detailed decomposition process, the functional decomposition is to simplify the analysis of the issue, distracted and identify components and the use of the classical approach. PineValley furniture company in order to function in the functional decomposition example in figure 2 below. In dealing with business functions and support functions of the full set, multiple databases, is essential to a specific database therefore likely only to support functions (as shown in Figure 2> provide a subset of support. In order to reduce data redundancy and to make data more meaningful, has a complete, high-level business view is very helpful.The use of specific enterprise data model to describe the symbol. Apart from the graphical description of this type of entity, a complete enterprise data model should also include a description of each entity type description of business operations and a summary of that business rules. Business rules determine the validity of the data.An enterprise data model includes not only the types of entities, including the link between the data entities, as well as various other objects planning links. Showed that the linkage between planning targets a common form of matrix. Because of planning matrix need not be explicitmodeling database can be clearly described business needs, planning matrix is an important function. Regular planning matrix derived from the operational rules, it will help social development activities that top priority will be sorting and development activities under the top-down view through an enterprise-wide approach for the development of these activities. There are many types of planning matrix is available, their commonalities are:●locations - features show business function in which the implementation of operational locations.●unit - functions which showed that business function or business unit responsible for implementation.● Information System - data entities to explain how each information system interact with each data entity (for example, whether or not each system in each entity have the data to create, retrieve, update and delete>.● support functions - data in each functional entities in the data set for the acquisition, use, update and delete.●Information System - target indication for each information system to support business objectives.Figure 3 illustrate a possible functions - data entities matrix. Such a matrix can be used for a variety of purposes, including the following three objectives:1> identify gaps in the data entities to indicate the types of entities not use any function or functions which do not use any entity.2> found that the loss of each functional entities involved in the inspection staff through the matrix to identify any possible loss of the entity.3> The distinction between development activities if the priority to the top of a system development function for a high-priority (probably because it important organizational objectives related>, then this area used by entities in the development of the database has a high priority. Hoffer, George and Valacich (2002> are the works of the matrix on how to use the planning and completion of the Information EngineeringThe planning system more complete description.2 database development processBased on information engineering information systems planning database is a source of development projects. These new database development projects is usually in order to meet the strategic needs of organizations, such as improving customer support, improve product and inventory management, or a more accurate sales forecast. However, many more database development project is the bottom-up approach emerging, such as information system user needs specific information to complete their work, thus beginning a project request, and as other information systems experts found that organizations need to improve data management and begin new projects. Bottom-up even in the circumstances, to set up an enterprise data model is also necessary to understand the existing database can provide the necessary data, otherwise, the new database, data entities and attributes can be added to the current data resources to the organization. Both the strategic needs or operational information needs of each database development projects normally concentrated in a database. Some projects only concentrated in the database definition, design and implementation of a database, as a follow-up to the basis of the development of information systems. However, in most cases, the database and associated information processing function as a complete information systems development project was part of the development.2.1 System Development Life CycleGuide management information system development projects is the traditional process of system development life cycle (SDLC>. System development life cycle is an organization of the database designers and programmers information system composed of the Panel of Experts detailed description, development, maintenance and replacement of the entire information system steps. This process is because Waterfall than for every step into the adjacent the next step, that is, the information system is a specification developed by a piece of land, every piece of the output is under an input. However shown in the figure, these steps are not purely linear, each of the steps overlap in time (and thus can manage parallel steps>, but when the need to reconsider previous decisions, but also to roll back some steps ahead. (And therefore water can be put back in the waterfall!>Figure 4 on the system development life cycle and the purpose of each stage of the product can be delivered concise notes. The system development life cycle including each stage and database development-related activities, therefore, the question of database management systems throughout the entire development process. In Figure 5 we repeat of the system development life cycle stage of the seven, and outlines the common database at each stage of development activities. Please note that the systems development life cycle stages and database development steps一一对应exists between the relationship between the concept of modeling data in both systems development life cycle stages between.Enterprise ModelingDatabase development process from the enterprise modeling (system development life cycle stage of the project feasibility studies, and to choose a part>, Organizations set the scope and general database content. Enterprise modeling in information systems planning and other activities, these activities determine which part of information systems need to change and strengthen the entire organization and outlines the scope of data. In this step, check the current database and information systems, development of the project as the main areas of the nature of the business, with a very general description of each term in the development of information systems when needed data. Each item only when it achieved the expected goals of organizations can be when the next step.Conceptual Data ModelingOne has already begun on the Information System project, the concept of data modeling phase of the information systems needs of all the data. It is divided into two stages. First, it began the project in the planning stage and the establishment of a plan similar to Figure 1. At the same time outlining the establishment of other documents to the existing database without considering the circumstances specific development projects in the scope of the required data. This category only includes high-level data (entities>, and main contact. Then in the system development life-cycle analysis stage must have a management information system set the entire organization Details of the data model definition of all data attributes, listing all data types that all data inter-entity business linkages, defining description of the full data integrity rules. In the analysis phase, but also the concept of inspection data model (also called the concept behind the model> and the goal of information systems used to explain other aspects of the model of consistency categories, such as processing steps, rules and data processing time of timing. However, even if the concept is such detailed data model is only preliminary, because follow-up information system life cycle activities in the design of services, statements, display and inquiries may find that missing element or mistakes. Therefore, the concept of data often said that modeling is a top-down manner, its areas of operation from the general understanding of the driver, rather than the specific information processing activities by the driver.3. Logical Database DesignLogical database design from two perspectives database development. First, the concept of data model transform into relational database theory based on the criteria that means - between. Then, as the design of information systems, every computer procedures (including procedures for the input and output format>, database support services, statements, and inquiries revealed that a detailed examination. In this so-called Bottom-up analysis, accurate verification of the need to maintain the database and the data in each affairs, statements and so on the needs of those in the nature of the data.For each separate statements, services, and so on the analysis must take into account a specific, limited but complete database view. When statements, services, and other analysis might be necessary to change the concept of data model. Especially in large-scale projects, the different analytical systems development staff and the team can work independently in different procedures or in a centralized, the details of their work until all the logic design stage may be displayed. In these circumstances, logic database design stage must be the original concept of data model and user view these independent or merged into a comprehensive design. In logic design information systems also identify additional information processing needs of these new demands at this time must be integrated into the logic of earlier identified in the database design.Logical database design is based on the final step for the formation of good data specifications and determine the rules, the combination, the data after consultation specifications or converted into basic atomic element. Most of today's database, these rules from the relational database theory and the process known as standardization. This step is the result of management of these data have not cited any database management system for a complete description of the database map. Logical database design completed, we began to identify in detail the logic of the computer program and maintenance, the report contents of the database for inquiries.4. Physical database design and definitionPhysical database design and definition phase decisions computer memory (usually disk> database in the organization, definition ofAccording to the library management system for physical structure, the procedures outlined processing services, produce the desired management information and decision support statements. The objective of this stage is to design an effective and safe management of all data-processing database, the physical database design to closely integrate the information systems of other physical aspects of the design, including procedures, computer hardware, operating systems and data communications networks.5. Database ImplementationThe database prepared by the realization stage, testing and installation procedures for handling databases. Designers can use the standard programming language (such as COBOL, C or Visual Basic>, the dedicated database processing languages (such as SQL>, or the process of the non-exclusive language programming in order to produce a statement of the fixed format, the result will be displayed, and may also include charts. In achieving stage, but also the completion of all the database files, training users for information systems (database> user setup program. The final step is to use existing sources of information (documents legacy applications and databases and now needs new data> loading data. Loading data is often the first step in data from existing files and databases to an intermediate format (such as binary or text files> and then to turn intermediate loading data to a new database. Finally, running databases and related applications for the actual user maintenance and retrieval of data. In operation, the regular backup database and the database when damaged or affected resume database.6. Database maintenanceDuring the database in the progressive development of database maintenance. In this step, in order to meet changing business conditions, in order to correct the erroneous database design, database applications or processing speed increase, delete or change the structure of the database. When a procedure or failure of the computer database affect or damage the database may also be reconstruction. This step usually is the longest in the database development process step, as it continued to databases and related applications throughout the life cycle, the development of each database can be seen as a brief database development process and data modeling concepts arise, logical and physical database design and database to achieve dealing with the changes.2.2 Information System developed by other meansSystem Development Life Cycle minor changes in law or its variant of the often used to guide information systems and database development. Information System is a life-cycle methodology, it is highly structured approach, which includes many checks and balances to ensure that every step of produce accurate results, and new or alternative information system and it must communications or data definitions consistent existing system needs consistency. System development life cycle because of the regular need to have a working system for a long time been criticized because only work in the system until the end of the whole process generated. More and more organizations now use rapid application development method, it is a includes analysis, design and implementation of steps to repeat the rapid iterative process until convergence to users the system so far. Rapid Application Development Act required the database has been in existence, and enhance system is mainly to the application of data retrieval application, but not to those who generate and modify database applications.The most widely used method of rapid application development is one of the prototype. The prototype system is a method of iterative development process, analysts and users through close co-operation, continuing to revise the system will eventually convert all the needs of a working system. Figure 6 shows prototype of the process. In this diagram we contains notes, briefly describes each stage of the prototype of the database development activities. Normally, when information systems problems were identified, tried only a rough concept of data modeling. In the development of the initial prototype, the design of the user wants to display and statements, and that any new database needs and define a term prototype database. This is usually a new database, copy the part of the existing system, but might also added some new content. When the need for new content, these elements are usually from external data sources, such as market research data, the general economic indicators or industry standards.When a prototype of a new version to repeat the achievement and maintenance of database activities. Usually only a minimum level of security and integrity control, because at this time the focus is as soon as possible to produce a prototype version can be used. But document management project also deferred to the final, only be used in the delivery of user training. Finally, once constructed an acceptable prototype, developers, and users will be the final decision of whether to prototype delivery and the use of the database. If the system (including database> efficiency is very low, then the system and database will be re-programming and re-organization in order to achieve the desired performance.Along with visual programming tools (such as Visual Basic, Java, Visual C + + and fourth generation language> increasingly popular use of visual programming tools can easily change the user interface with the system, the prototype is becoming the choice of system development methodology. Customers using the prototype method statements and show changes to the content and layout is quite easy. In the process, the new database needs were identified, so it is the development of the use of the existing database should be amended. There is even the possibilityof a need for a new database system prototype method, in such circumstances, when the system demand in the iterative process of development in the ever-changing needs access to sample data, the construction or reconstruction of the database prototype.3 database development of the three-tier architecture modelIn this article on the front of the database development process mentioned in the interpretation of a system development project on the establishment of the several different, but related database view or model:● conceptual model (in the analysis stage of the establishment>.● external model or user view (in the analysis phase and the establishment of logical design phase>.● physical model or internal model (in the physical design phase of the establishment>. Figure 7 describes the database view that the relationship between the three, it is important to remember that they are the same organizations database view or model. In other words, each organization has a database of the physical model, a concept model and one or more users view. Therefore, the three-tier architecture model using the same data set observe the different ways definition database.Concept models on the full database structure, has nothing to do with the technical specifications. Conceptual model definition do not involve the entire database data stored in the computer how the secondary memory. Usually, the conceptual model by entities - links (E-R> map or object modeling symbols such a graphical format to describe, we have this type of concept model called the data model. In addition, the conceptual model specification as a metadata stored in the database or data dictionary.Physical models including conceptual model of how data stored in computer memory in the two specifications. Analysts and the database design is as important to the physical database (physical mode> definition, it provides information on the distribution and management of data storage and access of the physical memory space of two full database technology specifications.Database development and database technology database is among the three models divided into basis. Database development projects may have a role to only deal with these three views of a related work. For example, a beginner may be designed for one or more procedures external model, and an experienced developer will design the physical model or conceptual model. Database design issues at different levels are quite different.4 three-tier structure of the database positioning systemObviously, all the good things in the database are, and the "three"!When designing a database, you have to choose where to store data. This option in the physical database design stage. Database is divided into individual databases, the Working Group database, departmental databases, corporate databases and the Internet database. Individuals often by the end-user database design and development of their own, just by database experts to give training and advice to help, it only contains individual end-users interested in the data. Sometimes, personal database from the database or enterprise Working Group extracted from the database, such circumstances database prepared by some experts from the regular routine to create local database. Sector Working Group database and the database is often the end-user, business experts and the central database system experts development. The collaborative work of these officers is necessary because in the design of the database to be shared by a large number of issues weigh: processing speed, ease of use, data definition differences and other similar problems. Due to corporate databases and the Internet database broad impact, large-scale, it is normally concentrated in the database development team has received professional training to develop adatabase of experts.1. Customers layerA desktop or notebook also known as that layer, which specialized management user interface and system localization data in this layer can be implemented on the Web scripting tasks.2. Server / Web serverHTTP protocol handling, scripting tasks, the implementation of computing and provide data access, the layer known as processing services layer.3. Enterprise Server (Minicomputer or mainframe> layerThe implementation of complex computing and inter-organizational management from multiple data sources of data integration, also known as data services layer.In an organization, hierarchical database and information system architecture for distributed computing and the client / server architecture of the concept of correlation. Client / server architecture based on a LAN environment, including servers (referred to as database server or database engine> database software implementation from the client workstation database orders, each customer applications focus on their user interface functions. In fact, the whole concept of the database (as well as the application of these databases to handle routine> as a distributed database or the separate but related physical database distribution in the local PC workstation, server intermediate (working group or sector> and one center server (departments or enterprises >. Simply said that the use of client / server architecture for:●it can handle multiple processors on the same application at the same time, improve application response time and data processing speed.●It can use each computer platform of the best data processing (such as PC Minicom Advanced user interface with the mainframe and computing speed>.●can mix various client technology (Intel or Motorola processor assembly of personal computers, computer networks, information kiosks, etc.> and public data sharing. In addition, you can change the technology at any layer and other layers only a small influence on the system module.● able to handle close to the data source to be addressed to improve response time and reduce network traffic.● accept it to allow and encourage open systems standards.For database development, the use of a multi-layered client / server database architecture development is the most meaningful of the database will be easy to develop and maintain database module to the end-user and that the contents of the database information system module separated. That routine can be used as PowerBuilder, Java, and Visual Basic language to provide this easy-to-use graphical user interface. Through middleware that routine interaction between layers can be passed to access routine, the routine visit to the necessary data and analysis of these data in order to form the required information. As a database developers and programmers, you can in this three-tier level of any of the work, developing the necessary software.申明：所有资料为本人收集整理，仅限个人学习使用，勿做商业用途。
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外文系“安全文明寝室”评比活动策划书
一．主题：追求健康高雅情趣、拒绝消极不良行为
二．背景：学生宿舍是学生休息、学习的重要场所，也是学院精神文明建设的重要阵地，是校园文明的窗口。
为了进一步加强宿舍文明建设，创建安全、整洁、文明、和谐的宿舍环境，特制定本计划。
三．面向对象：外文系全体学生（系上召开动员会）
四．时间：2012年3月—2012年4月
五．主办单位：外文系团总支学生会
六．活动流程
1.前期准备工作
（1）宣传部在学校教学楼和食堂共出4张海报；
（2）在活动开始之前，召开10级11级各班班长和各宿舍舍长会议（劳生部主持会议）
2.实施过程
（1）在开始活动的同时收集各个参选宿舍的精神文明类征文，并在3月底完成征文的收集及评比工作；（采取自愿原则，但获奖宿舍在总评比中可加分，此环节可由学习部及女生部配合完成）（2）在活动开展以后，每周不定期去各个参选宿舍检查卫生及不安全因素，并且将每天晚上的查宿情况纳入到本次活动当中。
（3）评选细则：（见附件1）
3.最终评定
（1）文明安全宿舍的奖惩
①“文明安全宿舍”以精神鼓励为主，颁发奖状，同时给予一定额度的物质奖励。
②获得“文明安全宿舍”的，该宿舍宿舍长可加素质学分4分，宿舍成员可加素质学分2分。
（得与系里相关部门沟通）
（2）2012年4月初，评选出6个左右的优秀宿舍并拍影留念（记者团配合进行）
（3）召开表彰会，给优秀宿舍颁发奖状及奖品（由系领导进行颁奖）
（4）对于在文明宿舍创建评比过程中，累计三次被通报的，取消一切评定奖助学金及推优入党资格。
（与系里相关部门协商）
4.主要进行评比部门：劳生部，保卫部，女生部，外联部
5.参与人员各持策划书一份，以便评分表格上以数字代号时清楚明了。
进行评比人员应持公平，
公正，认真，负责态度
6.活动经费预算
略
八、本项活动最终解释权在外文系学生会
外文系团总支学生会
2012年3月17日
附件1：
文明安全宿舍评选条件
一、文明宿舍的条件
（一）文明（此环节情况了解可向隔壁宿舍或对面宿舍人员进行了解）
1．宿舍成员举止文明、团结互助、和睦相处、礼貌待人。
2．学习氛围浓厚，宿舍精神文明建设活动成效明显。
3．坚持原则、弘扬正气、敢于批评、制止不良风气，主动配合宿舍管理人员开展工作。
（二）卫生（12分）
1．宿舍卫生制度健全，张贴有宿舍信息表、卫生值日表和班级课程表。
2．门窗、玻璃干净无污迹、无灰尘，不乱张贴、无蜘蛛网。
3．保持室内空气清新无异味。
4．床面干净，被子叠放整齐。
5．物品摆放整齐、有序，桶、脸盆、牙缸、毛巾等用具摆放整齐，凳子摆放整齐，桌面物品摆放整齐，暖水瓶统一摆放。
6．衣物、鞋子摆放;干净衣服必须放入衣柜，未晾干的晾在室外，摆放整齐。
7．宿舍环境格调高雅，室内布置简洁、整齐，不乱贴乱挂，有一定特色。
（三）安全（10分）
1．宿舍内无酗酒、吸烟、赌博、打架斗殴和聚众喧哗，不进行迷信和宗教活动。
不使用和存放各种火源（如蜡烛、酒精炉、煤油炉等）、易爆、易腐蚀、管制刀具等危险物品。
2．严格执行用电安全制度，寝室内无使用电加热器（吹风机、热得快、电烧水壶、电饭锅、电炉、电热杯、电热毯、饮水机等）和劣质（次品、破损）接线板、连接器，无私接电源和乱拉电线等情况。
3．遵守学院作息时间，严格外出报告请假制度，按时就寝，无迟归、夜不归宿现象。
4．不在宿舍区推销商品或进行商业行为。
5.自觉遵守学院其它各项规章制度，年度内无人受到处分。
附件2：
宿舍安全检查评分标准
1．寝室内无酗酒、吸烟、赌博、打架斗殴、聚众喧哗。
不使用和存放各种火源（如蜡烛、酒精炉、煤油炉等）、易爆、易腐蚀、管制刀具等危险物品。
（3分）
（a）发现烟头扣0.2分/个，抽烟的扣0.5分/人次；
（b）有酗酒情况的扣0.5分/人次；
（c）有赌博情况的扣0.5分/人次；
（d）有打架斗殴的扣0.6分/人次；
2．严格执行用电安全制度，寝室内无使用电加热器（吹风机、热得快、电烧水壶、电饭锅、电炉、电热杯、电热毯、饮水机等）和劣质（次品、破损）接线板、连接器，无私接电源和乱拉电线、网络线等情况。
发现有使用电加热器和劣质（次品、破损）接线板、连接器的扣0.2分/个。
（3分）
3．遵守学院作息时间，严格外出报告请假制度，按时就寝，无迟归、夜不归宿现象。
发现有晚归的扣0.2分/人次，发现有夜不归宿者扣0.5分/人次。
（5分）
4.若连续3次同一宿舍出现夜不归宿者，取消其评选资格，并在全系进行通报批评。
5.若一个宿舍连续3次被全系通报批评，取消该宿舍全体成员该年度评优资格（三优、入党积极分子、奖助学金）。
附件3：
宿舍卫生及文明检查评分标准
实行12分制，最高分12分，最低分0分
1.宿舍地面整洁无垃圾，门窗、玻璃干净（2分）
2.室内没有空气清新、无异味（2分）
3.被子叠放整齐、床单被罩干净（2分）
4.桌面、公共区域摆放整齐（2分）
5.门口没有堆放物（2分）
6.文化底蕴丰富、积极，墙面没有乱贴乱画（2分）
注：以上各项可根据宿舍具体情况进行评分，所列分值为最高分
外文系团总支学生会
2012年3月17日。