语言学期末考试

1. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as_____linguistics. DA. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronic2. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a __C__ formula "S→NP VP".A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. vertical3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? AA. [p]B.[m]C.[b]D.[t]4. The words “make” and “bus” are called _____D____because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemes B .inflectional morphemesC. bound morphemesD. free morphemes5. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are____B______.A. gradable antonymyB. relational (converse) antonymyC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms6. The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as ____C___.A.＋animate,＋human,＋male,－adult;B.＋animate,＋human,－male,－adult;C.＋animate,＋human,＋male,＋adultD.—animate,＋human,－male,－adult7. What kind of function does the sentence “How do you do?” have? BA. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative8. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as_______A____.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words9. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?______A_.A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formationB. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use10. The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called__C?A. morphologyB. sociolinguisticsC. pragmaticsD. psycholinguistics11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all bilanial .13、Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、In most b communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、.In the history of any language the speech____ form always came into being before the writing system.18--19、Syntactic categories refer to s ( ) and c ( ) only.20、As a type of linguistic system in L 2 learning, interlanguage is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.( F )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( F )22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( T)23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( T)24、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( F)25、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV. 1. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions: Symbols here in order:26. ［t∫］27 ［б］28. ［d］29.［I］30. ［э:］1) voiceless, palatal, affricate 2) voiced, dental, fricative3) voiced, alveolar, stop 4) open, close, short5) back, semi-open, long2. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds31 ［m］32［r］33［e］34［w］35［h］31 ［m］voiced, bilabial, nasal; 32［r］voiced, alveolar, liquid;33［e］front, high, semi-close; 34［w］voiced, bilabial, glide;35［h］voiceless,fricatives,glottal;V. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a treediagram for each of the sentences:1.Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.2.The detective went out and the mysterious man came in..Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible:1.What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?The criteria used to classify English vowels are:The height of the tongue raising: high, mid, and lowThe position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, and backThe degree of lip rounding: rounded, un-roundedThe degree of tenseness/the length of sound: tense (long) or lax (short)The change of sound quality: pure (monophthong), gliding (diphthong)2 What are the four maxims of CP (Cooperative Principle)?The Cooperative PrincipleThe maxims are:Quantity: Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Quality –Try to make your contribution one that is true.Do not say what you believe to be false.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Relation – Be relevant.Manner – Be perspicuous. Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). Be orderly.Explain what pragmatics studies for and how it differs from traditional semantics.A general definition: pragmatics is the study of language in use.Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics. Semantics traditionally deals with meaning as a dyadic relation, while pragmatics deals with meaning as a triadic relation. Thus meaning in pragmatics is defined relativeto a speaker or the user of the language; whereas meaning in semantics is defined purely as a property of expressions in a given language, in abstraction from particular situations, speakers or hearers.’ Therefore, what essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.To analyze the language acquisition theories you’ve learned in classes, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why?II. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) (Omit)11. 12 .13 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.。