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仓库优化外文专业翻译--英文翻译

Optimizing Warehouse ManagementJoe SciosciaHe is vice president of sales at VABody:The best practices of warehouse layout, management systems, and training are critical to implementing management solutions.warehouse solutions include both the software and hardware used to ensure accuracy of inventory and organization of product services, such as shipping, receiving, inventory management, product or service layout, staff, bins, and purchasing. Having the right software in place is an integral component to a pharmaceutical organization’s supply chain and is crucial to the success of overall business processes. Appropriate software simplifies inventory processing through automation, thus ensuring tight control and lot tracking at all levels of warehouse management, and meets pharmaceutical industry-specific regulations and institutional requirements.Measures for the management of the warehouse, of course, also contain other, such as the warehouse the goods storage area, in addition to the warehouse management personnel and the personnel related to the business need, anyone without approval shall not enter the warehouse. When entering the warehouse, the personnel must first go through the warehouse registration procedure and be accompanied by the warehouse personnel, not to enter the warehouse alone.Although software and the over- all warehouse management solution (WMS) are crucial tools, common mistakes can make it challenging to maintain a successful warehouse operation even when these tools are being used. Common problems include failure to put in place an efficient warehouse lay- out best suited to the products being handled, lack of knowledge of the inventory on hand, and inadequate preparation and training of personnel.Warehouse layoutIt may sound like a simple concept, but having a logical warehouse layout is par-amount to the success of any warehouse solution. Think of a warehouse like an architectural blueprint—an easy to navigate system where each section is clearly defined. Most warehouses store product materials in bins that are often scattered throughout the warehouse floor, which makes it challenging to find a product’s location and causes delays and errors in product shipment. To avoid this, companies can establish a naming convention for bins so warehouse staff can find things quickly and easily, thus creating a logical sequence to bring people to where they need to be. Name the bins and layout the warehouse in such a way that when someone looks at a bin tag, they will know how to find the bin.How well you and your staff know your products and inventory on hand will also help determine the warehouse layout and ultimate success of ware- house software. Place higher moving products near picking lanes that are close to shipping areas, place bulk areas in a location to facilitate bin replenishment, and determine logical areas for items that require cage, cooler, and vault storage. Be aware of how products are moving so that you can periodically re- arrange their location in the warehouse as needed. A good WMS will show how a system is performing and how products are coming in and going out.Within a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility, be sure to segregate products by keeping controlled substances in a locked area. Apply the same logic and flexibility to expensive, dangerous, or hazardous items that need to be kept in a specific place (i.e., safe zone). It is crucial for staff to keep records of date tracking, as most products have expiration dates,which could potentially result in ship- ping of outdated or near-date product.Warehouse management systemWarehouse management system is an important part of modern logistics management, ensure the timely supply of production needs, accelerate turnover, save the goods use, reduce cost and improve the economic benefits of enterprises plays an important role, so the warehouse management system has become an important part of modern company management system, it mainly includes the following several aspects: first, should according to outbound goods and goods management situation and the way of packaging planning the required location and area, make more efficient use of warehouse storage space. According to the different properties of the goods, the region shall be divided into two categories, s uch as goods of similar goods, inspection and non-conforming products to be stored in order to improve management. According to its name, specifications, quantity and so on, the goods are indicated on the material card or warehouse configuration diagram, and the inventory status is displayed at any time. Warehouse staff should master is the most important and dynamic of each location, product specification, and in accordance with the "first in first out, according to the batch outbound" the principle of setting inventory storage solutions, in principle should configure two or more small location each specification for used alternately, in turn to reach the requirement of first in first out.Personnel trainingAssigning and training personnel One of the most important components of developing a logical warehouse is the staff. The number of warehouse personnel will play a crucial role in operational effectiveness. With a large warehouse staff, consider organizing employees into smaller or specialized groups and assign specific employees to specific areas. Each situation will be unique based on the products a company is moving and the size of the staff.When investing in warehouse management software, it is important to test whether the software will operate with other existing technologies, such as RF scanners, and with automation systems, such as conveyors and carousels. Once a warehouse solution has been selected, tested, and implemented, employees should be trained on every component of the system to best maximize the warehouse solution investment and ensure that warehouse inventory is being moved and tracked in the most efficient manner. Whether it is bar code and radio-frequency (RF) data collection, returns, order management, or other software that is leveraged for warehouse management, personnel need to be trained and become comfort- able using this technology.The key to successfully implementing a warehouse solution and ensuring streamlined operations, automated processes, top efficiency, and reduced costs is to make sure that the most important assets—products and staff—are well prepared and organized in all areas of warehouse operations.Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.。

外文翻译---人工神经网络

英文文献英文资料：Artificial neural networks (ANNs) to ArtificialNeuralNetworks, abbreviations also referred to as the neural network (NNs) or called connection model (ConnectionistModel), it is a kind of model animals neural network behavior characteristic, distributed parallel information processing algorithm mathematical model. This network rely on the complexity of the system, through the adjustment of mutual connection between nodes internal relations, so as to achieve the purpose of processing information. Artificial neural network has since learning and adaptive ability, can provide in advance of a batch of through mutual correspond of the input/output data, analyze master the law of potential between, according to the final rule, with a new input data to calculate, this study analyzed the output of the process is called the "training". Artificial neural network is made of a number of nonlinear interconnected processing unit, adaptive information processing system. It is in the modern neuroscience research results is proposed on the basis of, trying to simulate brain neural network processing, memory information way information processing. Artificial neural network has four basic characteristics:(1) the nonlinear relationship is the nature of the nonlinear common characteristics. The wisdom of the brain is a kind of non-linear phenomena. Artificial neurons in the activation or inhibit the two different state, this kind of behavior in mathematics performance for a nonlinear relationship. Has the threshold of neurons in the network formed by the has better properties, can improve the fault tolerance and storage capacity.(2) the limitations a neural network by DuoGe neurons widely usually connected to. A system of the overall behavior depends not only on the characteristics of single neurons, and may mainly by the unit the interaction between the, connected to the. Through a large number of connection between units simulation of the brain limitations. Associative memory is a typical example of limitations.(3) very qualitative artificial neural network is adaptive, self-organizing, learning ability. Neural network not only handling information can have all sorts of change, and in the treatment of the information at the same time, the nonlinear dynamic system itself is changing. Often by iterative process description of the power system evolution.(4) the convexity a system evolution direction, in certain conditions will depend on a particular state function. For example energy function, it is corresponding to the extreme value of the system stable state. The convexity refers to the function extreme value, it has DuoGe DuoGe system has a stable equilibrium state, this will cause the system to the diversity of evolution.Artificial neural network, the unit can mean different neurons process of the object, such as characteristics, letters, concept, or some meaningful abstract model. The type of network processing unit is divided into three categories: input unit, output unit and hidden units. Input unit accept outside the world of signal and data; Output unit of output system processing results; Hidden unit is in input and output unit, not between by external observation unit. The system The connections between neurons right value reflect the connection between the unit strength, information processing and embodied in the network said the processing unit in the connections. Artificial neural network is a kind of the procedures, and adaptability, brain style of information processing, its essence is through the network of transformation and dynamic behaviors have akind of parallel distributed information processing function, and in different levels and imitate people cranial nerve system level of information processing function. It is involved in neuroscience, thinking science, artificial intelligence, computer science, etc DuoGe field cross discipline.Artificial neural network is used the parallel distributed system, with the traditional artificial intelligence and information processing technology completely different mechanism, overcome traditional based on logic of the symbols of the artificial intelligence in the processing of intuition and unstructured information of defects, with the adaptive, self-organization and real-time characteristic of the study.Development historyIn 1943, psychologists W.S.M cCulloch and mathematical logic W.P home its established the neural network and the math model, called MP model. They put forward by MP model of the neuron network structure and formal mathematical description method, and prove the individual neurons can perform the logic function, so as to create artificial neural network research era. In 1949, the psychologist put forward the idea of synaptic contact strength variable. In the s, the artificial neural network to further development, a more perfect neural network model was put forward, including perceptron and adaptive linear elements etc. M.M insky, analyzed carefully to Perceptron as a representative of the neural network system function and limitations in 1969 after the publication of the book "Perceptron, and points out that the sensor can't solve problems high order predicate. Their arguments greatly influenced the research into the neural network, and at that time serial computer and the achievement of the artificial intelligence, covering up development new computer and new ways of artificial intelligence and the necessity and urgency, make artificial neural network of research at a low. During this time, some of the artificial neural network of the researchers remains committed to this study, presented to meet resonance theory (ART nets), self-organizing mapping, cognitive machine network, but the neural network theory study mathematics. The research for neural network of research and development has laid a foundation. In 1982, the California institute of J.J.H physicists opfield Hopfield neural grid model proposed, and introduces "calculation energy" concept, gives the network stability judgment. In 1984, he again put forward the continuous time Hopfield neural network model for the neural computers, the study of the pioneering work, creating a neural network for associative memory and optimization calculation, the new way of a powerful impetus to the research into the neural network, in 1985, and scholars have proposed a wave ears, the study boltzmann model using statistical thermodynamics simulated annealing technology, guaranteed that the whole system tends to the stability of the points. In 1986 the cognitive microstructure study, puts forward the parallel distributed processing theory. Artificial neural network of research by each developed country, the congress of the United States to the attention of the resolution will be on jan. 5, 1990 started ten years as the decade of the brain, the international research organization called on its members will the decade of the brain into global behavior. In Japan's "real world computing (springboks claiming)" project, artificial intelligence research into an important component.Network modelArtificial neural network model of the main consideration network connection topological structure, the characteristics, the learning rule neurons. At present, nearly 40 kinds of neural network model, with back propagation network, sensor, self-organizing mapping, the Hopfieldnetwork.the computer, wave boltzmann machine, adapt to the ear resonance theory. According to the topology of the connection, the neural network model can be divided into:(1) prior to the network before each neuron accept input and output level to the next level, the network without feedback, can use a loop to no graph. This network realization from the input space to the output signal of the space transformation, it information processing power comes from simple nonlinear function of DuoCi compound. The network structure is simple, easy to realize. Against the network is a kind of typical prior to the network.(2) the feedback network between neurons in the network has feedback, can use a no to complete the graph. This neural network information processing is state of transformations, can use the dynamics system theory processing. The stability of the system with associative memory function has close relationship. The Hopfield network.the computer, wave ear boltzmann machine all belong to this type.Learning typeNeural network learning is an important content, it is through the adaptability of the realization of learning. According to the change of environment, adjust to weights, improve the behavior of the system. The proposed by the Hebb Hebb learning rules for neural network learning algorithm to lay the foundation. Hebb rules say that learning process finally happened between neurons in the synapse, the contact strength synapses parts with before and after the activity and synaptic neuron changes. Based on this, people put forward various learning rules and algorithm, in order to adapt to the needs of different network model. Effective learning algorithm, and makes the godThe network can through the weights between adjustment, the structure of the objective world, said the formation of inner characteristics of information processing method, information storage and processing reflected in the network connection. According to the learning environment is different, the study method of the neural network can be divided into learning supervision and unsupervised learning. In the supervision and study, will the training sample data added to the network input, and the corresponding expected output and network output, in comparison to get error signal control value connection strength adjustment, the DuoCi after training to a certain convergence weights. While the sample conditions change, the study can modify weights to adapt to the new environment. Use of neural network learning supervision model is the network, the sensor etc. The learning supervision, in a given sample, in the environment of the network directly, learning and working stages become one. At this time, the change of the rules of learning to obey the weights between evolution equation of. Unsupervised learning the most simple example is Hebb learning rules. Competition rules is a learning more complex than learning supervision example, it is according to established clustering on weights adjustment. Self-organizing mapping, adapt to the resonance theory is the network and competitive learning about the typical model.Analysis methodStudy of the neural network nonlinear dynamic properties, mainly USES the dynamics system theory and nonlinear programming theory and statistical theory to analysis of the evolution process of the neural network and the nature of the attractor, explore the synergy of neural network behavior and collective computing functions, understand neural information processing mechanism. In order to discuss the neural network and fuzzy comprehensive deal of information may, the concept of chaos theory and method will play a role. The chaos is a rather difficult toprecise definition of the math concepts. In general, "chaos" it is to point to by the dynamic system of equations describe deterministic performance of the uncertain behavior, or call it sure the randomness. "Authenticity" because it by the intrinsic reason and not outside noise or interference produced, and "random" refers to the irregular, unpredictable behavior, can only use statistics method description. Chaotic dynamics of the main features of the system is the state of the sensitive dependence on the initial conditions, the chaos reflected its inherent randomness. Chaos theory is to point to describe the nonlinear dynamic behavior with chaos theory, the system of basic concept, methods, it dynamics system complex behavior understanding for his own with the outside world and for material, energy and information exchange process of the internal structure of behavior, not foreign and accidental behavior, chaos is a stationary. Chaotic dynamics system of stationary including: still, stable quantity, the periodicity, with sex and chaos of accurate solution... Chaos rail line is overall stability and local unstable combination of results, call it strange attractor.A strange attractor has the following features: (1) some strange attractor is a attractor, but it is not a fixed point, also not periodic solution; (2) strange attractor is indivisible, and that is not divided into two and two or more to attract children. (3) it to the initial value is very sensitive, different initial value can lead to very different behavior.superiorityThe artificial neural network of characteristics and advantages, mainly in three aspects: first, self-learning. For example, only to realize image recognition that the many different image model and the corresponding should be the result of identification input artificial neural network, the network will through the self-learning function, slowly to learn to distinguish similar images. The self-learning function for the forecast has special meaning. The prospect of artificial neural network computer will provide mankind economic forecasts, market forecast, benefit forecast, the application outlook is very great. The second, with lenovo storage function. With the artificial neural network of feedback network can implement this association. Third, with high-speed looking for the optimal solution ability. Looking for a complex problem of the optimal solution, often require a lot of calculation, the use of a problem in some of the design of feedback type and artificial neural network, use the computer high-speed operation ability, may soon find the optimal solution.Research directionThe research into the neural network can be divided into the theory research and application of the two aspects of research. Theory study can be divided into the following two categories:1, neural physiological and cognitive science research on human thinking and intelligent mechanism.2, by using the neural basis theory of research results, with mathematical method to explore more functional perfect, performance more superior neural network model, the thorough research network algorithm and performance, such as: stability and convergence, fault tolerance, robustness, etc.; The development of new network mathematical theory, such as: neural network dynamics, nonlinear neural field, etc.Application study can be divided into the following two categories:1, neural network software simulation and hardware realization of research.2, the neural network in various applications in the field of research. These areas include: pattern recognition, signal processing, knowledge engineering, expert system, optimize the combination, robot control, etc. Along with the neural network theory itself and related theory, related to the development of technology, the application of neural network will further.Development trend and research hot spotArtificial neural network characteristic of nonlinear adaptive information processing power, overcome traditional artificial intelligence method for intuitive, such as mode, speech recognition, unstructured information processing of the defects in the nerve of expert system, pattern recognition and intelligent control, combinatorial optimization, and forecast areas to be successful application. Artificial neural network and other traditional method unifies, will promote the artificial intelligence and information processing technology development. In recent years, the artificial neural network is on the path of human cognitive simulation further development, and fuzzy system, genetic algorithm, evolution mechanism combined to form a computational intelligence, artificial intelligence is an important direction in practical application, will be developed. Information geometry will used in artificial neural network of research, to the study of the theory of the artificial neural network opens a new way. The development of the study neural computers soon, existing product to enter the market. With electronics neural computers for the development of artificial neural network to provide good conditions.Neural network in many fields has got a very good application, but the need to research is a lot. Among them, are distributed storage, parallel processing, since learning, the organization and nonlinear mapping the advantages of neural network and other technology and the integration of it follows that the hybrid method and hybrid systems, has become a hotspot. Since the other way have their respective advantages, so will the neural network with other method, and the combination of strong points, and then can get better application effect. At present this in a neural network and fuzzy logic, expert system, genetic algorithm, wavelet analysis, chaos, the rough set theory, fractal theory, theory of evidence and grey system and fusion.汉语翻译人工神经网络（ArtificialNeuralNetworks，简写为ANNs）也简称为神经网络（NNs）或称作连接模型（ConnectionistModel），它是一种模范动物神经网络行为特征，进行分布式并行信息处理的算法数学模型。

外文翻译中英文对照

Strengths优势All these private sector banks hold strong position on CRM part, they have professional, dedicated and well-trained employees.所以这些私人银行在客户管理部分都持支持态度，他们拥有专业的、细致的、训练有素的员工。

Private sector banks offer a wide range of banking and financial products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels such as ATMs, Internet-banking, mobile-banking, etc. 私有银行通过许多传递通道（如自动取款机、网上银行、手机银行等）提供大范围的银行和金融产品、金融服务进行合作并向客户零售。

The area could be Investment management banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management, retail loans such as home loans, personal loans, educational loans, car loans, consumer durable loans, credit cards, etc. 涉及的领域包括投资管理银行、生命和非生命保险、风险投资与资产管理、零售贷款（如家庭贷款、个人贷款、教育贷款、汽车贷款、耐用消费品贷款、信用卡等）。

Private sector banks focus on customization of products that are designed to meet the specific needs of customers. 私人银行主要致力于为一些特殊需求的客户进行设计和产品定制。

采矿工程毕业设计_外文翻译英译汉中英文

ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类OPEN STOPING空场采矿法An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping.露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。

通过块矿或采场的支柱和（也称为肋或肩）采场墙形式的废料的支持来（至少是暂时的）预防放顶煤的开幕。

除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。

语音识别中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Speech Recognition1 Defining the ProblemSpeech recognition is the process of converting an acoustic signal, captured by a microphone or a telephone, to a set of words. The recognized words can be the final results, as for applications such as commands & control, data entry, and document preparation. They can also serve as the input to further linguistic processing in order to achieve speech understanding, a subject covered in section.Speech recognition systems can be characterized by many parameters, some of the more important of which are shown in Figure. An isolated-word speech recognition system requires that the speaker pause briefly between words, whereas a continuous speech recognition system does not. Spontaneous, or extemporaneously generated, speech contains disfluencies, and is much more difficult to recognize than speech read from script. Some systems require speaker enrollment---a user must provide samples of his or her speech before using them, whereas other systems are said to be speaker-independent, in that no enrollment is necessary. Some of the other parameters depend on the specific task. Recognition is generally more difficult when vocabularies are large or have many similar-sounding words. When speech is produced in a sequence of words, language models or artificial grammars are used to restrict the combination of words.The simplest language model can be specified as a finite-state network, where the1permissible words following each word are given explicitly. More general language models approximating natural language are specified in terms of a context-sensitive grammar.One popular measure of the difficulty of the task, combining the vocabulary size and the language model, is perplexity, loosely defined as the geometric mean of the number of words that can follow a word after the language model has been applied (see section for a discussion of language modeling in general and perplexity in particular). Finally, there are some external parameters that can affect speech recognition system performance, including the characteristics of the environmental noise and the type and the placement of the microphone.Table: Typical parameters used to characterize the capability of speech recognition systems Speech recognition is a difficult problem, largely because of the many sources of variability associated with the signal. First, the acoustic realizations of phonemes, the smallest sound units of which words are composed, are highly dependent on the context in which they appear. These phonetic variabilities are exemplified by the acoustic differences of the phoneme，At word boundaries, contextual variations can be quite dramatic---making gas shortage sound like gash shortage in American English, and devo andare sound like devandare in Italian.Second, acoustic variabilities can result from changes in the environment as well as in the position and characteristics of the transducer. Third, within-speaker variabilities can result from changes in the speaker's physical and emotional state, speaking rate, or voice quality. Finally, differences in sociolinguistic background, dialect, and vocal tract size and shape can contribute to across-speaker variabilities.Figure shows the major components of a typical speech recognition system. The digitized speech signal is first transformed into a set of useful measurements or features at a fixed rate, typically once every 10--20 msec (see sectionsand 11.3 for signal representation and digital signal processing, respectively). These measurements are then used to search for the most likely word candidate, making use of constraints imposed by the acoustic, lexical, and language models. Throughout this process, training data are used to determine the values of the model parameters.Figure: Components of a typical speech recognition system.Speech recognition systems attempt to model the sources of variability described above in several ways. At the level of signal representation, researchers have developed representations that emphasize perceptually important speaker-independent features of the signal, and de-emphasize speaker-dependent characteristics. At the acoustic phonetic level, speaker variability is typically modeled using statistical techniques applied to large amounts of data. Speaker adaptation algorithms have also been developed that adapt speaker-independent acoustic models to those of the current speaker during system use, (see section). Effects of linguistic context at the acoustic phonetic level are typically handled by training separate models for phonemes in different contexts; this is called context dependent acoustic modeling.Word level variability can be handled by allowing alternate pronunciations of words in representations known as pronunciation networks. Common alternate pronunciations of words, as well as effects of dialect and accent are handled by allowing search algorithms to find alternate paths of phonemes through these networks. Statistical language models, based on estimates of the frequency of occurrence of word sequences, are often used to guide the searchthrough the most probable sequence of words.The dominant recognition paradigm in the past fifteen years is known as hidden Markov models (HMM). An HMM is a doubly stochastic model, in which the generation of the underlying phoneme string and the frame-by-frame, surface acoustic realizations are both represented probabilistically as Markov processes, as discussed in sections,and 11.2. Neural networks have also been used to estimate the frame based scores; these scores are then integrated into HMM-based system architectures, in what has come to be known as hybrid systems, as described in section 11.5.An interesting feature of frame-based HMM systems is that speech segments are identified during the search process, rather than explicitly. An alternate approach is to first identify speech segments, then classify the segments and use the segment scores to recognize words. This approach has produced competitive recognition performance in several tasks.2 State of the ArtComments about the state-of-the-art need to be made in the context of specific applications which reflect the constraints on the task. Moreover, different technologies are sometimes appropriate for different tasks. For example, when the vocabulary is small, the entire word can be modeled as a single unit. Such an approach is not practical for large vocabularies, where word models must be built up from subword units.Performance of speech recognition systems is typically described in terms of word error rate E, defined as:where N is the total number of words in the test set, and S, I, and D are the total number of substitutions, insertions, and deletions, respectively.The past decade has witnessed significant progress in speech recognition technology. Word error rates continue to drop by a factor of 2 every two years. Substantial progress has been made in the basic technology, leading to the lowering of barriers to speaker independence, continuous speech, and large vocabularies. There are several factors that have contributed to this rapid progress. First, there is the coming of age of the HMM. HMM is powerful in that, with the availability of training data, the parameters of the model can be trained automatically to giveoptimal performance.Second, much effort has gone into the development of large speech corpora for system development, training, and testing. Some of these corpora are designed for acoustic phonetic research, while others are highly task specific. Nowadays, it is not uncommon to have tens of thousands of sentences available for system training and testing. These corpora permit researchers to quantify the acoustic cues important for phonetic contrasts and to determine parameters of the recognizers in a statistically meaningful way. While many of these corpora (e.g., TIMIT, RM, ATIS, and WSJ; see section 12.3) were originally collected under the sponsorship of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to spur human language technology development among its contractors, they have nevertheless gained world-wide acceptance (e.g., in Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and the U.K.) as standards on which to evaluate speech recognition.Third, progress has been brought about by the establishment of standards for performance evaluation. Only a decade ago, researchers trained and tested their systems using locally collected data, and had not been very careful in delineating training and testing sets. As a result, it was very difficult to compare performance across systems, and a system's performance typically degraded when it was presented with previously unseen data. The recent availability of a large body of data in the public domain, coupled with the specification of evaluation standards, has resulted in uniform documentation of test results, thus contributing to greater reliability in monitoring progress (corpus development activities and evaluation methodologies are summarized in chapters 12 and 13 respectively).Finally, advances in computer technology have also indirectly influenced our progress. The availability of fast computers with inexpensive mass storage capabilities has enabled researchers to run many large scale experiments in a short amount of time. This means that the elapsed time between an idea and its implementation and evaluation is greatly reduced. In fact, speech recognition systems with reasonable performance can now run in real time using high-end workstations without additional hardware---a feat unimaginable only a few years ago.One of the most popular, and potentially most useful tasks with low perplexity (PP=11) is the recognition of digits. For American English, speaker-independent recognition of digit strings spoken continuously and restricted to telephone bandwidth can achieve an error rate of 0.3% when the string length is known.One of the best known moderate-perplexity tasks is the 1,000-word so-called Resource Management (RM) task, in which inquiries can be made concerning various naval vessels in the Pacific ocean. The best speaker-independent performance on the RM task is less than 4%, using a word-pair language model that constrains the possible words following a given word (PP=60). More recently, researchers have begun to address the issue of recognizing spontaneously generated speech. For example, in the Air Travel Information Service (ATIS) domain, word error rates of less than 3% has been reported for a vocabulary of nearly 2,000 words and a bigram language model with a perplexity of around 15.High perplexity tasks with a vocabulary of thousands of words are intended primarily for the dictation application. After working on isolated-word, speaker-dependent systems for many years, the community has since 1992 moved towards very-large-vocabulary (20,000 words and more), high-perplexity (PP≈200), speaker-independent, continuous speech recognition. The best system in 1994 achieved an error rate of 7.2% on read sentences drawn from North America business news.With the steady improvements in speech recognition performance, systems are now being deployed within telephone and cellular networks in many countries. Within the next few years, speech recognition will be pervasive in telephone networks around the world. There are tremendous forces driving the development of the technology; in many countries, touch tone penetration is low, and voice is the only option for controlling automated services. In voice dialing, for example, users can dial 10--20 telephone numbers by voice (e.g., call home) after having enrolled their voices by saying the words associated with telephone numbers. AT&T, on the other hand, has installed a call routing system using speaker-independent word-spotting technology that can detect a few key phrases (e.g., person to person, calling card) in sentences such as: I want to charge it to my calling card.At present, several very large vocabulary dictation systems are available for document generation. These systems generally require speakers to pause between words. Their performance can be further enhanced if one can apply constraints of the specific domain such as dictating medical reports.Even though much progress is being made, machines are a long way from recognizing conversational speech. Word recognition rates on telephone conversations in the Switchboard corpus are around 50%. It will be many years before unlimited vocabulary, speaker-independentcontinuous dictation capability is realized.3 Future DirectionsIn 1992, the U.S. National Science Foundation sponsored a workshop to identify the key research challenges in the area of human language technology, and the infrastructure needed to support the work. The key research challenges are summarized in. Research in the following areas for speech recognition were identified:Robustness:In a robust system, performance degrades gracefully (rather than catastrophically) as conditions become more different from those under which it was trained. Differences in channel characteristics and acoustic environment should receive particular attention.Portability:Portability refers to the goal of rapidly designing, developing and deploying systems for new applications. At present, systems tend to suffer significant degradation when moved to a new task. In order to return to peak performance, they must be trained on examples specific to the new task, which is time consuming and expensive.Adaptation:How can systems continuously adapt to changing conditions (new speakers, microphone, task, etc) and improve through use? Such adaptation can occur at many levels in systems, subword models, word pronunciations, language models, etc.Language Modeling:Current systems use statistical language models to help reduce the search space and resolve acoustic ambiguity. As vocabulary size grows and other constraints are relaxed to create more habitable systems, it will be increasingly important to get as much constraint as possible from language models; perhaps incorporating syntactic and semantic constraints that cannot be captured by purely statistical models.Confidence Measures:Most speech recognition systems assign scores to hypotheses for the purpose of rank ordering them. These scores do not provide a good indication of whether a hypothesis is correct or not, just that it is better than the other hypotheses. As we move to tasks that require actions,we need better methods to evaluate the absolute correctness of hypotheses.Out-of-Vocabulary Words:Systems are designed for use with a particular set of words, but system users may not know exactly which words are in the system vocabulary. This leads to a certain percentage of out-of-vocabulary words in natural conditions. Systems must have some method of detecting such out-of-vocabulary words, or they will end up mapping a word from the vocabulary onto the unknown word, causing an error.Spontaneous Speech:Systems that are deployed for real use must deal with a variety of spontaneous speech phenomena, such as filled pauses, false starts, hesitations, ungrammatical constructions and other common behaviors not found in read speech. Development on the ATIS task has resulted in progress in this area, but much work remains to be done.Prosody:Prosody refers to acoustic structure that extends over several segments or words. Stress, intonation, and rhythm convey important information for word recognition and the user's intentions (e.g., sarcasm, anger). Current systems do not capture prosodic structure. How to integrate prosodic information into the recognition architecture is a critical question that has not yet been answered.Modeling Dynamics:Systems assume a sequence of input frames which are treated as if they were independent. But it is known that perceptual cues for words and phonemes require the integration of features that reflect the movements of the articulators, which are dynamic in nature. How to model dynamics and incorporate this information into recognition systems is an unsolved problem.语音识别一定义问题语音识别是指音频信号的转换过程，被电话或麦克风的所捕获的一系列的消息。

外文翻译(英文)

外文文献Gold refining technology introductionGold ore in the content is extremely low, in order to extract gold, need to will be broken and fine grinding ore and adopt。

With the mineral processing or enrichment from ore in advance that gold is isolated. Gold ore dressing is used in moreRe-election and flotation, re-election method in ShaJin production in an important position, flotation method is rock gold mine。

Widely use of mineral processing mountain, at present our country about 80% of the rock gold mines use this law to choose gold, choose。

Ore technology and equipment level is distinctly improved.(A) Broken and grindingAccording to the survey, our country choose gold in the jaw crusher for crushing, using standard cone broken. Ore machine broken, and finely used the short head type tapered roller machine and broken mine to break mine machine. Medium and small choose.Gold factory is used mostly for two broken a closed-circuit ore, large choose the three sections of a gold factory closed-circuit broken mine process. In order to improve the dressing production ability, mining equipment potential, broken mine to process, the reform.Grinding machine utilization coefficient increase, the major measures taken the little mill is broken, reduce ore into the ground particle size.(B) Re-electionRe-election in rock gold mine apply more extensive, and more as aided process, in the grinding loop of the recovery. Coarse grain of gold, for flotation and cyanide process to create favorable conditions, improve concentration index, improve the total return to gold. The yield, to increase production and reduce the cost is playing a positive role. Shandong province about more than 10 pick. Gold factory used heavy choose this one process, the average total recovery can be increased 2% ~ 3%, the enterprise economic effectGood profit, according to not complete count, may have millions of dollars a year of the profits. Henan, hunan, Inner Mongolia, etc. Provinces (areas) also have good effect, the main equipment is chute, wave bed, jig and short cone. Vortex machines etc. From our mostgold mine to see, float-heavy joint process (flotation tailings used heavy Choose) suitable for.(C) FlotationAccording to the survey, 80% of rock in the gold mines flotation method selected gold, the output of the concentrate more. Sent to non-ferrous smelter processing. Because of leaching gold cyanide process of development and enterprise to improve economic efficiency. Good, reduce concentrate transportation loss, in recent years the product structure has experienced a greater change, take more local processing (of course also because of mineral smelting and the contradiction between the problems and valuation, forcing the mine in situ to place Richard) prompted the flotation process have larger development, in the gold production occupies an important position in the. Usually Priority of flotation and mixing floatation two craft. In recent years in the process modification and potions add system .With new progress, flotation recoveries also increased significantly. More than 40 selected according to the national gold factory, flotation work.(D) The choose-leaching gold technology sector1. Mix mercury law of leaching goldMix mercury method of leaching gold process is a kind of old mention gold process, easy, and economic, and is suitable for coarse grains. Monomer recovery of gold. Our country many gold mine still follow the method. Along with the development of the gold production and the progress of science and technology, mix mercury law of leaching gold process is also constantly have improved and perfected. Due to the environment.The increasingly strict requirements, some mining cancelled mix mercury assignments, as heavy choose, the flotation and cyanide process of leaching gold.process replaced. In the gold production, mixed mercury method of leaching gold technology still has its important role in the domestic and foreign are should be with a practical example. At present in zhangjiakou, hebei province, liaoning erdaogou, jilin jiapigou, shandong etc many gold incorporated. Mine the process application. Liaoning erdaogou gold mine was a single flotation process, according to the ore properties instead.2. Of leaching gold cyanide process technologyCyanide process technology of leaching gold from oreconcentrate is modern or extraction of the main method of gold. Cyanide process mention.Gold technologies include: by roasting-cyanide leaching process, leaching of pulp washing filtering, kau liquid or are the cicc pulp.The extraction and the finished product and so on several basic processes of smelting. China's gold mines are the two basic existing factory. Kind of leaching gold process, one kind is dense continuous against washing machine, with zinc powder replacement precipitation back. The gold of so-called ordinary cyanide process of leaching gold process (CCD method and CCF law), the other is without filter washing, the active carbon adsorption in the pulp are directly from the recovery of gold without filter are carbon plasma process (CIP method and CIL law).Ordinary cyanide process of leaching gold process according to the different materials handled and two .(E) Heap leaching process for productionGold resources in China, low grade oxidation of ore has certain proportion, deal with this kind of ore.The routine of leaching gold cyanide process technology not economically viable, and the production process heap leaching, there are economic effect. The victims. Further expand the production scale heap leaching, is increase China's gold production of one of the path.20. At the end of the 70 s, China began to low grade contain gold ore heap leaching oxidation of the production process research, liaoning dandong hushan gold small-scale production trials are successful, successively in henan spirit lake, silver Hole slope, yunnan MoJiang, hebei worship ritual, Inner Mongolia and some of the mine in chifeng application, take more satisfactory economic effect, low grade for the gold ore containing the oxidation of the development and utilization of the opened up.。

外文翻译----柔性制造系统

外文翻译英文原文：Flexible Manufacturing SystemA logical step from the concepts of group layout and of NC machine tools and robotics are computer-controlled interlinked outstation machining complexes, or 11exibe manufacturing systems(FMS)as they have bedclothes call.do.Such systems can be looked upon as highly automated cells manufacturing families of components. The concept of FMS is not a new one; the first proposals were made in the mid 1960s. In recent years we have seen a growth in the number of systems, particularly in Japan, such that it is estimated that in excess of a hundred systems have been installed worldwide. A flexible manufacturing system contains a number of features as follows:1. Interlinked NC workstations operating on a limited range or family of work pieces. In early propos-ales the machines were of modular construction, but in recent systems general-purpose NC machines, in particular machining centers, are most commonly used.2. Automatic transportation, loading at unloading of work pieces and tools, using automatic guided vehicles (AGVs), robots,etc.3. Work pieces mounted on pallets ft* transportation, pattly to overcome the problems of new setups at each workstation.4. Centralized NC or DNC, together with overall computer control of the system.5. Operation for significant periods of time with little or no manual intervention.With FMS the tern flexibility means the ability to aptness a variety of components without having to adjust machine setups. Or change tooling. High flexibility implies that a large family of different components can be produced by the particular system. Figure 5. 17 show that several variants of the basic FMS con-kept exist. These are;l.Flexible manufacturing cells(FMs): These are basically machining centum but with the addition of a pallet pool or magazine(Fig.5. t8 ).The aim is to machine the work piece with one stupefies type of machine can be operated unmanned for long periods of time, with the palletized work pieces transformed au-somatically to and from the machine. Flexible manufacturing cells of this type must be served by machines or operators engaged in blank preparation and polarization of work pieces. These cells are highly flexible in operation, having the ability to deal with a wide range of pats (40 to 800), in small batches of from 15 to 500.2. Flexible transfer lines (fall): These, systems consist of a number of NC or head-changeable ma chine tools connected by automatic material transfer systems. The system can machine different components but without flexible routing of the workpieces.The family of components is relatively small (< 20) and the components must be quite similar to one another, as the overall flexibility of tote system is too low for a larger variety to be accommodated@. In consequence, the work cycles at each station nulls are quite well balanced. Production quantities must be quite large for economic use of these system (1 500 to 15000 per annum for each component).3. Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), in these systems NC workstations are linked by automatic work piece transfer and handing. With flexible routing and automatic work piece loading and unloading. A-chining times at each station can differ considerably. The number of different components that can be pro-cussed by these systems is 'ohm 10 'o 150 in general and moderate quantities can be produced (15 to 500 components per annum for type)1．Work Handling for FMSWork pieces are usually mounted on standard pallets for processing in FMS and these pallets locate automatically at each workstation in the system. A variety of work-handling devices are used to transport parts, pallets, and tools around the system. Some of these ate as follows:1. Tow carts: These are the most cannon devices used; they consist of a simple platform on castors and are towed around the system by engagement with under floor, continuously moving chains. Cats stop at workstations by means of a mechanism total releases the tow pin at the appropriate time. Branches and loops are canalled in a similar manner to railway systems. 11te main advantage of tow carts is their simplicity and low cost, since no on-board power is required for their movement or control. Facilities must beavailable at each workstation to load and unload pallets from the carts. Also, the circulation of carts must be unidirectional.2. Automatic guided vehicles (AGVs). These devices are usually designed to follow wins buried in the floor of the plant or lines painted on tote floor. On-board power and control is required for bolt move mint and steering ate for tote handling of pallets. Automatic guided vehicles ate more expensive than tow cats and are both larger and heavier. Tale main advantage of AGVs is their greater flexibility of opera-ton. These devices may move in either direction, but for ease of control, circulation is usually restricted to one direction only in practice.3. Rail cats: These carts move on rails and are generally restricted to backward and forward motion along straight tracks. Power and control instructions ate ttunsferred by overhead conductors or extra rails.Rail carts often accommodate two pallets to allow for pallet exchange at the system workstations.4. Roller conveyors: Most of tote early FMS developments utilized powered-roller conveyors for moving work pieces from statuette to station. The use of these convents in modern systems is less common.Roller conveyors are expensive to install and occupy valuable floor space. In addition, these conveyors are relatively inflexible in operation and difficult to alter if the overall system is expanded.5. Industrial robots: Robots are used in FMS but not extensively unless the cell consists of only a few machines. They may be used as second at) handling devices, particularly for turned work pieces, which may be transported around the system in hatches on pallets by other handling devices and then transferred to the machine tool by robots at each workstation. Gripper designs suitable for handling a wide variety of components are important in this case.2．Layouts for FMSA variety of different layouts for the machine tools in FMS have been adopted, The choice depends on the scope of the system and the type of handling devices used for transporting work pieces from workstation to workstation. The use of rail carts mean that a straight track must be used, with machines located at the side of tote track. Early systems using roller conveyors usually employed a simple loop configura-tio11, with branches to the workstations.The increased use of tow carts and AGVs has resulted in more complex multicolor or tree-type layouts being used. The latter type is most suitable for AGVs and is particularly useful if expansion of the system with additional workstations is anticipated. Figure 5.19 shows a typical multicolor layout using tow carts, and Fig.5.20 shows a typical layout where AGVs are used for work handling.3．Factory of the FutureOn the basis of the advances made to date in all aspects of manufacturing technology and computer controls, we may envisage the factory of the future as a fully automated facility in which human beings would not be directly involved with production on the shop i1oor (hence the term unmanned factories).All manufacturing, material handling, assembly, and inspection would be done by automated and computer-controlled machinery and equipment.Similarly, activities such as processing incoming orders, production planning and scheduling, cost accounting, and various decision-making processes (usually performed by management) would also bedone automatically by computers. The role of human beings would be confined to activities such as supervising, maintaining (especially preventive maintenance), and upgrading machines and equipment; ship-ping and receiving supplies and finished products ; providing security for the plant facilities ; and programming, upgrading, and monitoring computer programs, and monitoring, maintaining, and upgrading hard-ware.Industries such as some food, petroleum, and chemical already operate automatically with little human intervention. These are continuous processes and, unlike piece part manufacturing, are easier to automate fully. Even so, the direct involvement of fewer people in manufacturing products is already apparent: Surveys show that; only 10-15 percent of the workforce is directly involved in production. Most of the workforce is involved in gathering and processing information.Virtually unmanned manufacturing cells already make products such as engine blocks, axles, and housings for clutches and air compressors .For large-scale, flexible manufacturing systems, however, highly trained and skilled personnel will always be needed to plan, maintain, and oversee operation.The reliability of machines, control systems, and power supply is crucial to full factory automation. A local or general breakdown in machinery, computers, power, or communications networks will, without rapid human intervention cripple production.The computer-integrated factory of the future should be capable of automatically rerouting materials and production flows to other computers in case of such emergencies.译文：柔性制造系统以成组布局的方式，将由计算机控制的多台数控机床及机器人结合成多工位成套加工设备，即称为柔性制造系统（FMS），这种系统被视为对各类零件族进行加工的高度自动化制造单元。

外文翻译格式

外文翻译原文1（中文宋体、英文Times New Roman Title of media choices, especially the Internet, prestige.Author （宋体小四顶格）：Nationality （宋体小四顶格）：Originate from （宋体小四顶格）：译文1（中文宋体、英文Times New Roman译文标题作者国籍（宋体小四顶格）：出处（宋体小四顶格）：附件3外文翻译原文1Information technology capability and valueInformation technology (IT) has become an essential element of firm capability and a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Although it is widely accepted that IT resources contribute to performance and future growth potential of the firm, the empirical results of the relationship between IT capability and firm performance is still ambiguous [1,2]. The unavailability of publicly available data, the accelerated pace of IT innovation,the possible interactive effects betweenHypothesis 2 predicts that the relationship between human capital investment and firm performance will be positive and results from all the five models strongly support this hypothesis.Alternative Hypotheses 3A and 3B predict the possible interaction effects of IT capability and human capital investment on firm performance. Results from Models 1, 2 and 3 support Hypothesis 3B.……作者：Zorayda Ruth B.Andam国籍：菲律宾出处：Amercan Management Association译文1信息技术能力和价值创造：来自美国银行业的实证信息技术已成为企业能力的一个重要组成部分和可持续竞争优势的资源之一。

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The smart gridSmart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advancedcontrol method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently.The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow.China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power.Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communicationtechnology, computing technology, automationand intelligent control technology and physical grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid, it can realize the observable (all the state of the equipment can monitor grid), can be controlled (able to control the power grid all the state of the equipment), fully automated (adaptive and self-healing) and system integrated optimization balance (power generation, transmission and distribution, and the optimization of the balance between electricity), so that the power system is more clean, efficient, safe and reliable.American electric power research institute: IntelliGrid is a composed of numerous automation system of power transmission and distribution power system, in a coordinated, effective and reliable way to achieve all of the power grid operation: have self-healing function;Rapid response to the electric power market and enterprise business requirements;Intelligent communication architecture, realizes the real-time, security, and flexible information flow, to provide users with reliable, economic power services. State grid electric power research institute, China: on the basis of the physical power grid (China's smart grid is based on high voltage network backbone network frame, different grid voltage level based on the coordinated development of strong power grid), the modern advanced sensor measurement technology, communication technology, information technology, computer technology and control technology and the physical power grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid.It to fully meet user demand for electricity and optimize the allocation of resources, guarantee the safety, reliability and economy of power supply, meet environmental constraints, ens ure the quality of electric energy, to adapt to the development of power market, for the purpose of implementing the user reliable, economic, clean and interactive power supply and value-added services.BackgroundStrong smart grid development in the wor ld is still in its infancy, without a common precisely defined, its technology can be roughly divided into four areas: advanced Measurement system, advanced distribution operation, advanced transmission operation and advanced asset management.Advanced meas urement system main function is authorized to the user, make the system to establish a connection with load, enabling users to support the operationof the power grid;Advanced core distribution operation is an online real-time decision command, goal is to disaster prevention and control, realizing large cascading failure prevention;Advanced transmission operation main role is to emphasize congestion ma nagement and reduce the risk of the large-scale railway;Advanced asset management is installed in the system can provide the system parameters and equipments (assets) "health" condition of advanced sensor, and thereal-time information collected by integrat ion and resource management, modeling and simulation process, improve the operation and efficiency of power grid.The smart grid is an important application of Internet of things, and published in the journal of computer smart grid information system archit ecture research is carried on the detailed discussion on this, and the architecture of the smart grid information system are analyzed.The market shareThe establishment of the smart grid is a huge historical works.At present many complicated smart grid project is underway, but the gap is still great.For the provider of the smart grid technology, promote the development of facing the challenges of the distribution network system i s upgrading, automation and power distribution substation transportation, smart grid network and intelligent instruments.According to the latest report of parker investigators, smart grid technology market will increase from $2012 in 33 billion to $2020 in 73 billion, eight years, the market accumulated up to $494 billion.China smart grid industry market foresight and investment forward-looking strategic planning analysis, points out that in our country will be built during the "twelfth five-year""three vertical and three horizontal and one ring" of uhv ac lines, and 11 back to u hv dc transmission project construction, investment of 300 billion yuan.Although during the period of "much starker choices-and graver consequences-in" investment slowed slightly, the investment is 250 billion yuan.By 2015, a wide range of national power grid, long distance transmission capacity will reach 250 million kilowatts, power transmission of 1.15 trillion KWH per year, to support the new 145 million kilowatts of clean energy generation given and sent out, can satisfy the demand of morethan 1 million electric cars, a grid resource configuration optimization ability, economic efficiency, safety and intelligent levels will be fully promoted.The abroad application of analysisIn terms of power grid development foundation, national electricity dema nd tends to be saturated, the grid after years of rapid development, architecture tends to be stable, mature, have a more abundant supply of electric power transmission and distribution capacity.Germany has "E - Energy plan, a total investment of 140 million euros, from 2009 to 2012, four years, six sites across the country to the smart grid demonstration experiment.At the same time also for wind power and electric car empirical experiments, testing and management of power consumption of the Internet.Big companies such as Germany's Siemens, SAP and Swiss ABB are involved in this plan.To smart grid Siemens 2014 annual market scale will reach 30 billion euros, and plans to take a 20% market share, make sure order for 6 billion euros a year.The advanced nat ureCompared with the existing grid, smart grid, reflects the power flow, information flow and business flow marked characteristics of highly integration, its advancement and advantage mainly displays in:(1) has a strong foundation of grid system and te chnical support system, able to withstand all kinds of external disturbance and attacks, can adapt to large-scale clean energy and renewable energy access, strong sex of grid reinforced and ascend.(2) the information technology, sensor technology, automatic control technology organic combination with power grid infrastructure, a panoramic view of available power grid information, timely detection, foresee the possibility of failure.Fault occurs, the grid can be quickly isolate fault,realize self recovery,to avoid the occurrence of blackouts.(3) flexible ac/dc transmission, mesh factory coordination, intelligent scheduling, power storage, and distribution automation technology widespread application, makes the control of power grid operation more flexibl e,economic, and can adapt to a large number of distributed power supply, power grid and electric vehicle charging and discharging facility access.(4) communication, information, and the integrated use of modern management technology, will greatly improve the efficiency of power equipment, and reduce the loss of electrical power, making the operation of power grid is more economic and efficient.(5) the height of the real-time and non real-time information integration, sharing and utilization, to run the show management comprehensive, complete and fine grid operation state diagram, at the same time can provide decision support, control scheme and the corresponding response plans.(6) to establish a two-way interactive service mode, users can real-time understand the status of the power supply ability, power quality, price and power outage information, reasonable arrangement of electric equipment use;The electric power enterprise can obtain the user's electricity information in detail, to provide more value-added services.developmentaltrend"Twelfth five-year" period, the state grid will invest 500 billion yuan to build the connection of large ene rgy base and center of the "three horizontal three longitudinal" main load of ultra high voltage backbone network frame and 13 back to long branch, engineering, to form the core of the world first-class strong smart grid."Strong smart grid technology standards promulgated by the state grid system planning", has been clear about the strong smart grid technology standards roadmap, is the world's first used to guide the development of smart grid technology guiding standards.SGC planning is to built 2015 basic information, automation, interaction characteristics of strong smart grid, formed in north China, central China, east China, for the end to the northwest and northeast power grid for sending the three synchronous power grid, the grid resource allocati on ability, economic efficiency and safety level, technology level and improve intelligent level.(1) the smart grid is the inevitable developing trend ofpower grid technology.Such as communication, computer, automation technology has extensive applicati on in the power grid, and organic combination with traditional electric power technology, and greatly improve the intelligent level of the power grid.Sensor technology and information technology application in the power grid, the system state analysis and auxiliary decision provides the technical support, make it possible to grid self-healing.Scheduling technology, automation technology and the mature development of flexible transmission technology, for the development and utilization of renewable energy an d distributed power supply provides the basic guarantee.The improvement of the communication network and the popularization and application of user information collection technology, promote the two-way interaction with users of the grid.With the further development of various new technologies, application and highly integrated with the physical power grid, smart grid arises at the historic moment.(2) the development of smart grid is the inevitable choice of social and economic development.In order to ach ieve the development of clean energy, transport and given power grid must increase its flexibility and compatibility.To withstand the increasingly frequent natural disasters and interference, intelligent power grid must rely on means to improve its securit y defense andself-healing ability.In order to reduce operating costs, promote energy conservation and emissions reduction, power grid operation must be more economic and efficient, at the same time must to intelligent control of electric equipment, reduce electricity consumption as much as possible.Distributed generation and energy storage technology and the rapid development of electric cars, has changed the traditional mode of power supply, led power flow, information flow, business flow constantly fusion, in order to satisfy the demands of increasingly diverse users.PlanJapan plans to all the popularity of smart grid in 2030, officer of the people at the same time to promote the construction of overseas integrated smart grid.In the field of battery, Japanese firms' global market share goal is to strive to reach 50%, with about 10 trillion yen in the market.Japan's trade ministry has set up a "about the next generation of energy systems international standardizationresearch institute", the japan-american established in Okinawa and Hawaii for smart grid experimental project [6].Learns in the itu, in 2020 China will be built in high power grid with north China, east China, China as the center, northeast, northwest 750 kv uhv power grid as the sending, connecting each big coal base, large hydropower bases, big base for nuclear power, renewable energy base, the coordinated development of various grid strong smart grid.In north China, east China, China high voltage synchronous ZhuWangJia six "five longitudi nal and transverse" grid formation.The direction ofIn the green energy saving consciousness, driven by the smart grid to become the world's countries to develop a focus areas.The smart grid is the electric power network, is a self-healing, let consum ers to actively participate in, can recover from attacks and natural disasters in time, to accommodate all power generation and energy storage, can accept the new product, service and market, optimize asset utilization and operation efficiency, provide qua lity of power supply for digital economy.Smart grid based on integrated, high-speed bidirectional communication network foundation, aims to use advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipment, technology and advanced control methods, and adv anced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly, and the use of safe run efficiently.Its development is a gradual progressive evolution, is a radical change, is the product of the coordinated development of new and existing technologies, in ad dition to the network and smart meters also included the wider range.Grid construction in high voltage network backbone network frame, all levels of the coordinated development, informatization, automation, interaction into the characteristics of strong smart grid, improve network security, economy, adaptability and interactivity, strength is the foundation, intelligence is the key.meaningIts significance is embodied in the foll owing aspects:(1) has the strong ability of resources optimization allocation.After the completion of the smart grid in China, will implement the big water and electricity, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency, regional power exchange capacity improved significantly.(2) have a higher level of safe and stable operation.Grid stability and power supply reliability will be improved, the safety of the power grid close coord ination between all levels of line, have theability to against sudden events and serious fault, can effectively avoid the happening of a wide range of chain failure, improve power supply reliability, reduce the power loss.(3) to adapt and promote the dev elopment of clean energy.Grid will have wind turbines power prediction and dynamic modeling, low voltage across, and active reactive power control and regular units quickly adjust control mechanism, combined with the application of large capacity storage technology, the operation control of the clean energy interconnection capacity will significantly increased, and make clean energy the more economical, efficient and reliable way of energy supply.(4)implementing highly intelligent power grid scheduling.Co mpleted vertical integration, horizontal well versed in the smart grid scheduling technology support system, realize the grid online intelligent analysis, early warning and decision-making, and all kinds of new transmission technology and equipment of effi cient control and lean control of ac/dc hybrid power grid.(5)can satisfy the demands of electric cars and other new type electric power user services.Would be a perfect electric vehicle charging and discharging supporting infrastructure network, can meet the needs of the development of the electric car industry, to meet the needs of users, realize high interaction of electric vehicles and power grid.(6) realize high utilization and whole grid assets life cycle management.Can realize electric grid system of the whole life cycle management plan.Through smart grid scheduling and demand side management, power grid assets utilization hours, power grid assets efficiency improvedsignificantly.(7) to realize power convenient interaction between the user and the grid.Will form a smart electricity interactive platform, improving the demand side management, to provide users with high-quality electric power service.At the same time, the comprehensive utilization of the grid can be distributed power supply, intelli gent watt-hour meter, time-sharing electricity price policy and the electric vehicle charging and discharging mechanism, effectively balance electric load, reduce the peak valley load difference, reduce the power grid and power construction costs.(8)grid management informatization and the lean.Covering power grid will each link of communication network system, realize the power grid operation maintenance integrated regulation, data management, information grid spatial information services, and production and scheduling application integration, and other functions, to realize all-sided management informatization and the lean.(9) grid infrastructure of value-added service potential into full play.In power at the same time, the national strategy of "triple play" of services, to provide users with community advertising, network television, voice and other integrated services, such as water supply, heating, gas industry informatization, interactive platform support, expand the range of value-added services and improve the grid infrastructure and capacity, vigorously promote the development of smart city.(10)Gridto promote the rapid development of related industries.Electric power industry belongsto the capital-intensive and technology-intensive industry, has the characteristics of huge investment, long industrial chain.Construction of smart grid, which is beneficial to promote equipment manufacturing information and communication industry technology upgrade, for our country to occupy the high ground to lay the foundation in the field of electric power equipment manufacturing.Important significanceLife is convenientThe construction of strong smart grid, will promote the development of intelligent community, smart city, improve people's quality of life.(1) to make life more convenient.Home intelligent power system can not onlyrealize the real-time control of intelligent home appliances such as air conditioning, water heater and remote control;And can provide telecommunication network, Internet, radio and television network access services;Through intelligent watt-hour meter will also be able to achieve au tomatic meter reading and automatic transfer fee, and other functions.(2) to make life more low carbon.Smart grid can access to the small family unit such as wind power and photovoltaic roof, pushing forward the large-scale application of electric cars, so as to raise the proportion of clean energy consumption, reduce the pollution of the city.(3) to make life more economical.The smart grid can promote power user role transformation, both electricity and sell electricity twofold properties;To build a family for the user electricity integrated services platform, to help users choose the way of electricity, save energy, reduce the energy expense.Produce benefitThe development of a strong smart grid, the grid function gradually extended to promote the optim al allocation of energy resources, guarantee the safe and stable operation of power system, providing multiple open power service, promote the development of strategic emerging industries, and many other aspects.As China's important energy delivery and configuration platform, strong and smart grid from the investment construction to the operation of production process will be for the national economic development, energy production and use, environmental protection bring great benefits.(1)in power system.Can save system effective capacity;Reducing the system total power generation fuel cost;Improving the efficiency of grid equipment, reduce construction investment;Ascension grid transmission efficiency, reduce the line loss.(2)in terms of power customers.Can realize the bidirectional interaction, to provide convenient services;Improving terminal energy efficiency, save power consumption;To improve power supply reliability, and improve power quality.(3) in the aspect of energy saving and environment.Can improve the efficiency of energy utilization, energy conservation and emissions reduction benefit.To promote clean energy development, realize the alternative reductionbenefits;Promote the overall utilization of land resources, saving land usage.(4) other aspects.Can promote the economic development, jobs;To ensure the safety of energy supply;Coal for power transmission and improve the efficiency of energy conversion, reducing the transportation pressure.Propulsion system(1) can effectively improve t he security of power system and power supply e of strong smart grid "self-healing" function, can accurately and quickly isolate the fault components, and in the case of less manual intervention make the system quickly returned to normal, so as to improve the security and reliability of power supply system.(2) the power grid to realize the sustainable development.Strong smart grid technology innovation can promote the power grid construction, implementation technology, equipment, operation an d management of all aspects of ascension, to adapt to the electric power market demand, promote the scientific and sustainable development of power grid.(3) reduce the effective ing the power load characteristics in different regions of the ch aracteristics of big differences through the unification of the intelligent dispatching, the peakand peak shaving, such as networking benefit;At the same time through the time-sharing electricity price mechanism, and guide customers low power, reduce the peak load, so as to reduce the effective capacity.(4) to reduce the system power generation fuel costs.Construction of strong smart grid, which can meet the intensive development of coal base, optimization of power distribution in our country, thereby red ucing fuel transportation cost;At the same time, by reducing the peak valley load difference, can improve the efficiency of thermal power unit, reduce the coal consumption, reduce the cost.(5)improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment.First of all, by improving the power load curve, reduce the peak valley is poor, improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment;Second, by self diagnosis, extend the life of the grid infrastructure.(6) reduce the line loss.On the important basis of uhv transmission technology of strong smart grid, will greatly reduce the loss rate in the electric power transmission;Intelligent scheduling system, flexible transmission technology and real-time two-way interaction with customers, can optimize the tide distribut ion, reducing line loss;At the same time, the construction and application of distributed power supply, also reduce the network loss of power transmission over a long distance.Allocation of resourcesEnergy resources and energy demand in the reverse distribution in our country, more than 80% of the coal, water power and wind power resource distribution in the west, north, and more than 75% of the energy demand is concentrated in the eastern and central regions.Energy resources and energy demand unbalance d distribution of basic national conditions, demand of energy needs to be implemented nationwide resource optimizing configuration.The construction of strong smart grid, for optimal allocation of energy resources provides a good platform.Strong smart grid is completed, will form a strong structure and sending by the end of the power grid power grid, power capacity significantly strengthened, and the formation of the intensity, stiffness of uhv power transmission network, realize the big water and electricit y, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency transport capacity significantly increased power a wide range of energy resources optimization.Energy developmentThe development and utilization of clean energy such as wind power and solar energy to produce electricity is given priority to, in the form of the construction of strong smart grid can significantly improve the grid's ability to access, given and adjust clean energy, vigorously promote the development of clean energy.(1) smart grid, the application of advanced control technology and energy storage technology, perfect the grid-connected clean energy technology standards, improve the clean energy acceptance ability.Clean energy base, (2) the smart grid, rational planning of large-scale space truss structure and sending the power structure, application of uhv, flexible transmission technology, meet the requirements of the large-scale clean energy electricitytransmission.(3) the smart grid for large-scale intermittent clean energy to carry on the reasonable and economic operation, improve the operation performance of clean energy production.(4) intelligent with electric equipment, can achieve acceptance and coordinated cont rol of distributed energy, realize the friendly interaction with the user, the user to enjoy the advantages of new energy power.Energy conservation and emissions reductionStrong smart grid construction to promote energy conservation and emissions reduc tion,development of low carbon economy is of great significance: (1) to support large-scale clean energy unit net, accelerate the development of clean energy, promote our country the optimization of energy structure adjustment;(2) to guide users reasonable arrangement of electricity, reducing peak load, stable thermal power unit output, reduce power generation coal consumption;(3) promote ultra-high voltage, flexible transmission, promotion and application of advanced technology such as economic operation, reduce the transmission loss, improve power grid operation efficiency;(4) to realize the power grid to interact with users effectively, promote intelligent power technology, improve the efficiency of electricity;(5) to promote the electric car of large-scale application, promote the development of low-carbon economy, achieve emission reduction benefits.There are three milestones of the concept of smart grid development:The first is 2006, the United States "smart grid" put forward by the IBM solution.IBM smart grid is mainly to solve, improve reliability and safety of power grid from its release in China, the construction of the smart grid operations management innovation - the new train of thought on the development of China's power "the white paper can be seen that the scheme provides a larger framework, through to the electric power production, transmission, the optimization of all aspects of retail management, for the relevant enterprises to improve operation efficiency and reliability, reduce cost dep icts a blueprint.IBM is a marketing strategy.The second is the energy plan put forward by the Obama took office, in addition to the published plan, the United States will also focus on cost $120 billion a year circuit。