Argumentation
高级英语写作2argumentation
Inductive Argumentation
归纳论证
从个别事例中推导出一般结论的推理过程。
特点
基于观察、经验和证据，逐步推导结论。
例子
通过观察一组数据，发现某种趋势，从而得 出结论。
Interpretation
解释论证
对某个观点、文本或事件进行深入分析和解释，以证 明其合理性的推理过程。
特点
需要深入挖掘信息，理解背景和语境，提供全面解释。
I will seek opportunities to write and receive feedback on argumentative essays, focusing on areas where I need the most improvement.
01
introduction
Theme Introduction
Theme
Argumentation in Advanced English Writing
Description
This course focuses on the art of persuasive writing, including the structure, logic, and language of argumentation.
要点二
Key Concepts
Important concepts such as the use of logical fallacies and the development of counterarguments were thoroughly explained and discussed.
Building Argumentation Structure
英语写作2(argumentation) PPT
❖ Words to use in the thesis sentence
Purposes of argumentation --to convince --to defend --to attack
& Essential elements of argumentation
❖ Ø The issue—a controversy, a problem, or an idea about which people disagree and hold different points of view
Alternative: A senior high is considering which university to apply to. He/she comes to you for suggestions. Try to give as many reasons as possible to persuade him/her that BISU is an ideal place for learning. (选择二外的几大理由）
❖ Intro 2
❖ Many people argue that cash incentives are an unfair means of motivating employees. Others love the simple, practical, down-toearth gift of money for a job well done. I feel that while there are some circumstances where money is the best recognition for extra work, there are other times it is inappropriate.
(完整)Argumentation 写作模板
Argumentation1. What’s your opinion? My view 型-——agree or disagree型/ some …others型介绍双方观点--—提出你支持的观点___________________（主题)is a common occurrence in our lives。
The attitudes toward this issue vary /differ from person to person. Some people tend to ____________ (观点A)。
However, others argue that ______________（观点B). As far as I am concerned， I will choose to ___________(你的观点）/ Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter.介绍对方观点及其1-2个理由介绍背景句。
Some people are of the opinion/ have the idea/ point out/ take the view that_______. They assert/ contend/ argue/hold/ insist/maintain/ claim thatSpeaking for myself，________________________。
(你的观点）。
I would like to present 2—3 explanations to confirm that I am right。
/ My arguments for this point are listed as follows.First, …Second …Third…From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ____________.简述上述理由或提出希望、方法等Topic OneNowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other。
四种论证方法
四种论证方法论证（argumentation）是指从一定的观点出发，使用逻辑思维和推理方法，有条理地说明事实并论证观点。
它是基于某种认识的客观事实，分析之后得出的某种结论，让旁观者也能认同的一种技巧。
在日常生活、工作和学习中，我们经常遇到论证这一技巧，而有四种主要的论证方法，它们分别是：对比比较、推理推断、经验论据以及自然规律论据。
首先是对比比较，它是一种最普遍也是最常用的论证方法，其特点就在于找出可比较的事物，并通过对比比较推断出一定的结果。
比如，某个商品的质量好还是坏，通过与其他相似的产品进行对比比较，可以得出结论，解决日常生活中的种种疑难问题。
其次是推理推断，也就是通过对事物特征和性质及其相互关系之间的推断，从而得出一定的结论。
推理推断是论证中最基本的方法，通过深入分析事物的特质和性质，以及它们之间的关系，进而得出一定的结论。
若是用推理推断对某个事件进行分析，则可以准确地判断出结果。
第三种是经验论据，从本质上讲，它是将一些具体的现象作为凭据，通过它来论证观点的真实性。
经验论据注重实践应用，而不是理论抽象，其实就是在现实生活中发现一些有用的经验，再对其进行总结，辨证分析，以支持自己的观点。
比如，我们在做某项事情时，可以去参考他人具体的经验，从而使自己更好地处理问题。
最后是自然规律论据，它是从一定的客观规律出发，综合考虑多方面的因素，得出某种结论的论证方法。
自然规律论据是借助天然规律，来说明某种状况的存在，而不是臆测，从而论证观点的真实性。
比如，说明一种物质的温度最低时的状态，可以通过观察它的冷却速率和热力学冷却原理，从而得出结论。
从上面可以看出，论证是一项日常生活、工作和学习中很常见的技巧，它也是解决各种实际问题的有效方法之一。
而有四种主要的论证方法，它们分别是：对比比较、推理推断、经验论据、自然规律论据。
它们在论证中的应用不同，但是它们都具有一定的通用性，可以有效解决实际问题。
论证方法的运用，涉及到丰富的逻辑技巧，从而使我们能够更好地把握实际问题，更加清楚地解读问题，更准确地作出判断。
Definition of argumentation
4
Example
public
Not allowing smoking in public places and office buildings is a very good rule . （中心论点） I believe this
for several reasons.Not only will banning smoking improve people’s health, it will also increase worker productivity and reduce conflicts. Unfortunately,when smokers are able to smoke in public buildings, they can make other people sick. They may work with people who are allergic to smoking,for examples. In that case,the nonsmokers have no choice unless they want to quit their jobs. They can only get sicker,which is unfair. Of course,banning smoking in public buildings and offices will please non-smokers. It will also improve the smokers’ health. They will have fewer opportunities to smoke, so they will smoke fewer cigarettes.
Finally, it is a good idea to ban smoking in public places and office buildings because a ban can reduce conflicts. （分论点 3 ） Non-smokers tend
英语实用写作argumentation范文
Sound Argumentation1.归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备展开攻击。
2.攻击逻辑错误。
3.concession。
Case 1:The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned.By making a comparison of the city of, the city Wuhan with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the city of Beijing, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Wuhan’s speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.However, the citizens of Wuhan are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit. Such alternatives may include the fact that there are fewer reliable car traveling the roads in Beijing, or that the age bracket of those in Wuhan may be more conductive to driving safely. It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Beijing than there are in Wuhan. In addition,the citizens have failed to consider the geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. Perhaps Wuhan’s highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur. It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area. Beijing may be in an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Wuhan’s speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety. However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Wuhan should evaluate all possible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Beijing.Sample 2This loan applicant claims that a jazz club in X city would be a protfitable venture. To support this claim the applicant points out that X city has no other jazz clubs. He also cites various other evidence that jazz is popular among X residents. Careful examination of this supporting evidence, however, reveals that it lends little credible support to the applicant’s claim.First of all, if the demand for a live jazz club in X city were as great as the applicant claims, it seems that X would already have one or more such clubs. The fact that the closest jazz club is 65 miles away suggests a lack of interest among X residents in a local jazz club. Since the applicant has not adequately responded to this concern, his claim that the proposed club would be profitable is untenable.The popularity of X’s annual jazz festival and its nightly jazz radio show might appear to lend support to the applicant’s claim. However, it is entirely possible that the vast majority of festival attendees are out –of-town visitors. Moreover, the author provides no evidence that radio listeners would be interested in going out to hear live jazz. For that matter, the radio program might actually pose competition for the YY club, especially considering that the program airs during the evening.Nor does the mere fact that several well-know jazz musicians live in X city lend significant support to the applicant’s claim. It is entirely possible that these musicians perform elsewhere, perhaps at the club located 65 miles away. This would go a long way toward explaining why X does not currently have a jazz club, and it would weaken the applicants assertion that the YY club would be profitable.Finally, the nationwide study showing that the average jazz fan spends $ 1, 000 each year on jazz entertainment would lend support to the applicant’s claim only if X residents typify jazz fans nationwide. However, the applicant provides no credible evidence that this is the case.In conclusion, the loan applicant’s argument is not persuasive.To bloster it he must provide clearer evidence that X residents would patronize the YY club on a regular basis. Such evidence might include the following: statistics showing that a significant number of X residents attend the jazz festival each year: a survey showing that fans of X’s jaxx radio program would go out to hear live jazz if they had the chance: and assurances from well-known local jazz musicians that they would play at the YY if given the opportunity.。
argumentation(中国应该实行网络实名制)
China should Carry Out Real-name System on the InternetWith the increasing internet users, instant messaging gradually connected the users into a virtual society.So,it should be protected,and its environment should be safe.Nowadays,people hold a fierce discussion about whether China should carry out real-name system on the internet.Undoubtedly,I hold the opinion that we should do it.There is no doubt that there are more and more netizens in China now.Without real-name system,more and more problems like cyber crime,morals lacking of network,piracy and so forth are emerging.Without real-name system,every netizen can make any comments,being not worried about any consequences.Because every netizen wears mask and no one knows who he is.Badly,someone may stigmatize anyone he doesn’t like without punishment.But it is cyber crime.So,without real-name system,cyber crime can happen without any punishments.Without real-name system,morals lacking of network is becoming more and more serious.It is common that we can see people quarreling with each other in some forums.Meantime,we can see many pornographic contents on the internet.In today’s society,the network has become an important part of teenager’s life.But the uncivilized behavior has posed a great threat to the development of teenager’s responsibility,obligation and moral sense.Without real-name system,tort problems are becoming worse and worse.Anonymous users can release pirated software and they can also use it.Meantime,they can download music without copyright owner’s permission.So it is necessary to carry out real-name system on internet.Maybe,the challengers will say they dare not make comments under other’s supervision.But we can use technologies to solve the problem.Then,you can freely make a speech without breaking the low.Meantime,because of the real-name system,we couldn’t easily say some words and do something with violating moralities.。
英语写作的四种类型
英语写作的四种类型：
1、narration 记叙文：
记叙文是以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主，以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体形式。
2、argumentation 议论文：
议论文，又叫说理文，是一种剖析事物论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。
作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。
议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。
3、exposition 应用文：
应用文是人类在长期的社会实践活动中形成的一种文体，是国家机关、政党、社会团体、企业事业单位在日常工作、生活中处理各种事物时，经常使用的具有明道、交际、信守和约定成俗的惯用格式文体。
4、description 说明文：
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。
它通过对实体事物科学地解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等能有科学的认识，从而获得有关的知识。
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1. Arguing Pro or Con
Choosing a topic that is appropriate for an argumentative essay is especially important because some things can't be argued, for instance, you can't argue against a fact statement. And your topic should have two viewpoints that you can argue either for (pro) or against (con) in order to be effective.
* Induction: Inductive reasoning begins with the examination of facts and proceeds from facts to a general conclusion. The process of induction is moving from specific examples to a general statement. * Deduction: Deductive reasoning is just the opposite of inductive reasoning. It moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion. So deduction is mainly based on a three-part assumption, that is, a pattern called a syllogism (演绎法). It consists of three statements: two assumptions or premises and a conclusion. Here is an example: a. All children in Class One listened to the story. b. He is in Class One.
Chief argument: To make the poor contented is in the interest of the big business Analysis:
I.
II.Βιβλιοθήκη Presenting the age-old problem: How to Get the Poor off Our Conscience
Now let’s begin with the review of the two argumentative essays in Unit 2 and Unit 3.
The Analysis of the Text in Unit Two
Title: Science and Humanity in the Twenty-First Century
consequences of scientific research and bring benefits to human beings
The Analysis of the Text in Unit Three
Title (Theme): How to Get the Poor off Our Conscience
A grave problem raised in the essay: Humanity, as well as Science itself, would be destroyed by unlimitedly inflated egos Chief argument: The research and application of science and technology should be regulated to prevent destructive purposes to human beings Analysis: This is caused by the complete perversion of the lofty ideals of science
Proposals:
A. To establish an ethical code of conduct for scientists
B. To establish ethical committees to review research projects
Conclusion: The implementation of the above proposals would prevent harmful
(4) Clear organization A typical argumentative essay consists of three parts: an introduction which identifies the issue to be discussed and explains the importance of such discussion; a body which presents the evidence; and a conclusion in which the proposition, if it is stated at the beginning, is reaffirmed. (5) An honest and friendly attitude To argue is not to quarrel. The force of an argument does not come from abuse, sarcasm (挖苦), exaggerations, or fierce attacks, but from solid evidence, logical reasoning, and careful analysis. A domineering (压制) or hostile tone could only raise doubts about the writer's good faith and weaken the credibility of his argument, whereas an honest and friendly attitude will help him win the trust of his
Writing Up an Argumentative Essay
(1) A well-defined theme The theme of an argumentative essay is often stated in the first or introductory paragraph. It is called a proposition (命题) if it is put in the form of a simple declarative sentence in the affirmative. (2) Sufficient evidence The proposition of an essay has to be backed up with sufficient facts, examples, statistics, reasons, or opinions of reliable authorities. Valid evidence is that which is clearly and directly connected with the view it is to prove. (3) Good logic Good logic is even more important to argumentation than to any other type of writing. All the facts and reasons that are given as evidence should be logically connected with the conclusion and with each other. Any fallacy m logic or wrong step in reasoning would leave the reader in doubt about the whole argument
Five historical solutions for the age-old problem
III. Transition: the age-old tendency to avoid thinking about the poor
seemed to have been solved. However, it was only suspended.
Counter-argument 1: Bad things are always accompanied with good deeds Counter-argument 2: Scientific research should be allowed to develop without restriction Counter-argument 3: Scientists are not to be responsible for the application of their scientific research.
Argumentative
Argumentation is actually exposition with the special purpose of convincing and persuading. Expository essays usually use narrative or descriptive writing techniques; and argumentative essays often employ the other three types of writing, especially exposition. To an argumentative essay, the writer's purpose is to convince someone that a particular opinion or point of view is the right one. A typical layout for this type of essay is that the writer argues his/her point, gives reasons to support it, and tries to convince the reader.