大学英语词汇学练习题Test 6
词汇学试题及答案
词汇学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学是研究语言中词汇的科学，它主要研究的是语言中的（）。
A. 词汇的构成B. 词汇的意义C. 词汇的运用D. 词汇的演变答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是词汇学的研究内容？（）A. 词义的演变B. 词义的分类C. 词义的辨析D. 语法规则答案：D3. 词汇学中，词素是指（）。
A. 构成词的基本单位B. 词的发音单位C. 词的书写单位D. 词的意义单位答案：A4. 在词汇学中，语义场是指（）。
A. 词义的分类B. 词义的演变C. 词义的辨析D. 一组词义相关的词答案：D5. 词汇学研究中，同义词是指（）。
A. 意义完全相同的词B. 意义相近的词C. 形式相同的词D. 用法相同的词答案：B6. 下列哪一项不是词汇学中词义的分类？（）A. 抽象意义B. 具体意义C. 语法意义D. 色彩意义答案：C7. 词汇学中，词义的演变通常包括（）。
A. 词义的扩大B. 词义的缩小C. 词义的转移D. 以上都是答案：D8. 词汇学中，词义的辨析主要研究的是（）。
A. 词与词之间的联系B. 词与词之间的差异C. 词与词之间的相似性D. 词与词之间的对立答案：B9. 在词汇学中，词义的模糊性是指（）。
A. 词义的不确定性B. 词义的明确性C. 词义的多重性D. 词义的单一性答案：A10. 词汇学中，词义的多义性是指（）。
A. 一个词有多种意义B. 一个词只有一种意义C. 一个词的意义是固定的D. 一个词的意义是单一的答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学中的词素是指构成词的________。
答案：基本单位2. 语义场是指一组________的词。
答案：词义相关3. 同义词是指意义________的词。
答案：相近4. 词义的演变包括词义的________、________和________。
答案：扩大、缩小、转移5. 词义的辨析主要研究的是词与词之间的________。
《英语词汇学》练习测试题集及答案
华中师范大学网络教育学院《词汇学》练习测试题及答案 本科I. Decide whether the statements are true or false and write T (true) or F (false) in the correspondibrackets. （每题一分） ( ) 1. “All national character ” is the most important of all the five characteristics of the basic word stock. ( ) 2. By origin, English words can be classified as “native words ” and “loan words ”. ( ) 3. The languages (Norwegian, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish) all belong to Germanic Family excepNorwegian. ( ) 4. Old English vocabulary is full of endings. ( ) 5. Allomorphs are phonological variants which realize morphemes. ( ) 6. Inflectional morphemes are added to the end of words to show grammatical concepts. ( ) 7. The most productive means of word-formation is affixation. ( ) 8. Acronyms are words of initial letters, which are pronounced letter by letter. ( ) 9. Reference refers to the relationship between different languages. ( ) 10. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates grammatical concepts. ( ) 11. In the process of “Radiation Radiation”” the derived meanings of words are not directly related to the primarymeaning. ( ) 12. The diachronic approach to polysemy is to find how a word gradually acquires its meanings in process of development. ( ) 13. When a word changes from a specific to a general meaning, it goes through extension of meaning.( ) 14. “meat meat”” is an example of narrowing of meaning. ( ) 15. “teacher teacher”” and “student student”” are converses. ( ) 16. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym. ( ) 17. Meaning is a relatively stable element in a language compared with spelling. ( ) 18. The changes of meaning are caused by both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. ( ) 19. Extra-linguistic context refers to factors beyond language. ( ) 20. Linguistic context provides clues for guessing meanings of new words. ( ) ) 21. 21. 21. Idioms Idioms Idioms are are are phrases phrases phrases and and and short short short sentences sentences sentences the the the meanings meanings meanings of of of which which which are are are not not not easy easy easy to to to infer infer infer from from from the the constituents in most cases. ( ) 22. Idioms can be classified in different ways but the classification according to grammatical function the most helpful way. ( ) 23. Commonization involves proper nouns used as common words. ( ) 24. In some pairs of antonyms, the marked terms cover the meaning of the unmarked. ( ) 25. Variations of idioms are the idioms whose forms are modified. ( ) 26. Non-basic vocabulary includes terminology, Anglo-Saxon words, argot and neologisms. ( ) 27. Aliens, semantic loans, translation-loans and denizens are all borrowings. ( ) 28. The three sources of new words are creation, semantic change and borrowing. ( ) 29. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language. ( ) 30. The minimal free form of a language is a morpheme. ( ) 31. Derivational morphemes are used to form new words. ( ) 32. Compounding involves the combination of affixes and bases. ( ) 33. Partial conversion is a process of using adjectives as ordinary nouns. ( ) 34. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. ( ) ) 35. 35. 35. Associative Associative Associative meaning meaning meaning consists consists consists of of of connotative connotative connotative meaning, meaning, meaning, stylistic stylistic stylistic meaning, meaning, meaning, affective affective affective meaning meaning meaning and and emotive meaning. ( ) 36. Polysemy is concerned with words of more than one meaning. ( ) 37. The most important source of English synonyms is shortening. ( ) 38. Associated transfer involves words used in their figurative sense. ( ) 39. Objective meaning shows that the subject (or agent) is the one to be affected by the action overb. ( ) 40. Complementaries are antonyms characterized by “mutual exclusion ” and “gradability gradability””. ( ) 41. The superordinate term covers the concept of the subordinate. ( ) 42. Elevation is also known as amelioration. ( ) 43. “villain villain”” is an example of degradation. ( ) 44. Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs and even cultural background. ( ) 45. Ambiguity is often caused by inadequate context. ( ) 46. Idioms are generally informal in nature. ( ) 47. Structurally, idioms can never be changed. ( ) ) 48. 48. 48. The The The four four four major major major foreign foreign foreign contributors contributors contributors to to to the the the development development development of of of English English English vocabulary vocabulary vocabulary are are are Latin, Latin, Latin, Greek, Greek, French and Scandinavian. ( ) 49. Relative synonyms may differ in denotation, connotation and application. ( )50. The contemporary vocabulary expansion of English is mainly by borrowing and affixation. ( ) 51. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450. ( ) 52. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly related to the prim ary meaning. ( ) 53. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary. ( ) 54. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym. ( ) 55. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average. ( ) 56. Extra-linguistic context refers to the physical situation or cultural background. ( ) 57. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side. ( ) 58. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity. ( ) 59. Compounding is the process of creating new words by combining affixes and bases. ( )60. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word. ( )61. In a natural language, most words are non-motivated. ( )62. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers. ( )63. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable. ( )64. A form to which an affix of any kind can be added is called a stem. ( )65. Contradictory terms are non-gradable. ( )66. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words. ( )67. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylistic features of words and so on. ( )68. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem. ( )69. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive or negative. ( )70. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary. ( )71. )71. Idioms Idioms Idioms are are are set set set phrases phrases phrases whose whose whose meaning meaning meaning is is is often often often difficult difficult difficult or or or impossible impossible impossible to to to infer infer infer from from from the the the constituent constituent words. ( )72. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changing meanings of old words. ( )73. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society. ( )74. Homographs are words identical in form but different in pronunciation. ( ) 75. Homonyms come mainly from borrowing —the most important source. ( ) 76. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years. ( ) 77. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language. ( ) 78. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character, denizens and productivity. ( ) 79. The superordinate differs from the subordinate in that the former covers the concept of the latter. ( ) 80. Words of old English were full of endings. ( ) 81. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their origins as well as sense relatedness. ( ) 82. Modern English is an analytic language. ( ) 83. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. ( ) ) 84. 84. 84. Denizens Denizens Denizens are are are words words words which which which were were were borrowed borrowed borrowed from from from other other other languages languages languages but but but later later later became became became assimilated assimilated assimilated into into into the the the English English language. ( ) 85. Lexical context refers to the words that appear only before the lexical item in question. ( ) 86. Generally speaking, native words have a higher frequency of use than loan words. ( ) 87. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and the objective world. ( ) 88. Free morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words. ( ) 89. Context gives a polysemic word a definite meaning. ( ) 90. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-converted ones still retain adjective features. ( ) 91. Motivation explains why a particular word of a language has a particular meaning. ( ) 92. By origin English is more closely related to German than to French. ( ) 93. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate. ( ) 94. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do. ( ) 95. In the phrase “the tongues of fire”, the word fire is semantically motivated. ( ) 96. The origins of words are a key factor that distinguishes homonyms from polysemants. ( ) 97. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the one affected by the action. ( ) 98. The meaning of a word which is etymologically motivated is closely related to its origin. ( ) 99. The result of the human cognition of the objective world is called concept. ( )100. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language. ( )101)101. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly related to the prima . “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly related to the primameaning. ( )102. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary. ( )103. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym. ( )104. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average. ( ) 105. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character, denizens and productivity. ( ) 106. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side. ( ) 107. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity. ( ) 108. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their origins as well as serelatedness. ( )109. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word. ( )110. Aliens are words of the native element. ( )111. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but later became assimilated into the English language. ( )112. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers. ( )113. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable. ( )114. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and the objective world. ( )115. Contradictory terms are non-gradable. ( )116. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words. ( )117. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylistic features of words and so on.( )118. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-converted ones still retain adjectivefeatures. ( )119. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive or negative. ( )120. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary.( )121. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do. ( )122. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changing meanings of old words. ( )123. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society. ( )124. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the one affected by the action.一、答案1、 T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T 11. F 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. T 21. T 22. T 23. T 24. F 25. T 26. T 26. T 27. T 27. T 28. T 29. T 30. F 31. T 32. F 33. F 34. T 35. F 36. T 37. F 38. T 39. T 40. F 41. T 42. T 43. T 44. F 45. T 46. T 47. F 48. T 49. T 50. F 51. F 52. F 53. T 54. F 55. F 56. T 57. F 58. T 59. F 60. T 61. T 62. T 63. F 64. T65. T 66. T 67. F 68. F 69. T 70. F 71. T 72. F 73. F 74. T 75. T 76. F 77. T 78. F 79. T 80. T 81. T 82. T 83. T 84. T 85. F 86. T 87. T 88. T 89. T 90. F 91. T 92. T 93. T 94. T 95. T 96. F 97. T 98. T 99. T 100. T 101. F 102. T 103. F 104. F 105. F 106. F 107. T 108. T 109. T 110. F 111. T 112. T 113. F 114. T 115. T 116. T 117. F 118. F 119. T 120. F 121. T 122. F 123. F 124. T II. Analyze the following words and say how they are formed, and put your answers in the brackets:（每词0.5分）Example : disobey ( prefixation) headache (compounding ) newton ( commonization) expresident (prefixation ) book (v) (conversion ) ID (acronymy ) brunch (blending ) enthuse (backformation (backformation ) ) deadline (compounding ) tick-tuck (duplication ) quake (clipping ) kodak (commonization (commonization ) ) exwife (prefixation ) elbow(v) (conversion ) laser (acronymy ) autocide (blending ) laze (backformation ) historic (suffixation ) bow-wow (duplication ) bike (clipping ) airline ( compounding ) changeable changeable (affixation/suffixation) (affixation/suffixation) postwar (prefixation ) NA TO (acronymy ) bike (clipping ) smog (blending ) donate (backformation (backformation ) ampere ) ampere (proper words ) antinuclear (prefixation ) daydreaming (compounding ) lase (back-formation ) copter (clipping/front clipping) newly-weds (conversion ) cutthroat (compounding ) memorize (affixation/suffixation) botel (blendin ) tantalize (proper names ) VIP (acronymy ) quake (clipping ) defeather (affixation/prefixation) 三、填空答案三、填空答案 1． meaning; conventional 2. affixation; compounding; conversion affixation; compounding; conversion 3. 3. root 4. prefixes; suffixes 5. synonym; relative 6. superordinate; subordinate 7. context; linguistic; extra-linguistic/non-linguistic 8. minimal/smallest; meaning; syntactic 9. Latin; Scandinavian 10. stem 11. verbs; adjectives 12. stylistic 12. stylistic 13. semantic; related 13. semantic; related 14. elevation/ amelioration; transfer/transference 15. morphological 16. concept 17． intrinsic/logical meaning arbitrary 18. Latin Greek Scandinavian 19. morpheme prefixes 20. suffixes unmarked 21. marked extension/generalization 22. Anglo-saxon 23、affixation compounding conversion (注：位置可以调换) 24．Latin Greek French (注：位置可以调换)25. derivation affixes The connection between sound and is arbitrary and . The three major means of word-formation are , and . The form which remains after all affixes are removed is called . generally do not change part of speech whereas absolute In hyponymy the term which denotes something general is meaning is . falls into two kinds, namely context and A word is the free form which has a give sound, and are , , Greek, vocabulary are and . 10. The form which remains after removing an inflectional affix is called The form which remains after removing an inflectional affix is called . The words which are involved in conversion are nouns, and . 11. The words which are involved in conversion are nouns, The stylistic features of words form their 12. The stylistic features of words form their 13. field refers to a set of words which are semantically . The modes of semantic change in words include extension, narrowing, , degradation and . 14. The modes of semantic change in words include extension, narrowing, 15. 16. 32. 32. When a word changes its meaning from negative to positive, it goes through the process ______ and When a word changes its meaning from negative to positive, it goes through the process ______ and opposite process is called ______. 33. The overtones and associations suggested by the conceptual meaning is ____ meaning. IV 选择答案：1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A 10.B 11. B 12.C 13.C 14.D 15. A 16. B 17. C 18.D 19.D 20.D 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30.B 31.C 32. A 33. B 34. DIV . . Each Each Each of of of the the the statements statements statements below below below is is is followed followed followed by by by four four four alternative alternative alternative answers. answers. answers. Choose Choose Choose the the the one one one that that that would would would best best best complete complete complete the the statement and put the letter in the brackets. （每题一分）（每题一分）( )1. Non-basic vocabulary includes __________. A. argot and jargon B. archaisms and neologisms C. technical terms D. all the above ( )2. Functional words are ________________. A. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions B. adjectives, nouns, articles C. articles, prepositions, conjunctions D. verbs, pronouns, prepositions ( )3. ___________ is not a characteristic of basic word stock. A. Colloquialism B. All national character C. Stability D. Polysemy ( ) 4. Modern English began with the establishment of ________ in England. A. printing B. Bourgeois Revolution C. Industrial Revolution D. Renaissance Time ( )5. Stylistic meaning refers to the features of __________of words. A. formality B. affectiveness C. appropriateness D. part of speech ( ) 6. The derivational process, in which an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix, is called ____________. A. compounding B. back-formation C. functional shift D. derivation ( )7. Grammatical meaning does not include ________. A. part of speech B. plural forms of nouns C. tenses D. appropriateness ( )8. English words can be motivated______. A. phonologically B. morphologically C. etymologically D. all the above ( )9. Stylistic meaning may be defined as the feature of ________ of words. A. formality B. affectiveness C. appropriateness D. part of speech ( )10. There are two main approaches to the study of English words namely ________. A. descriptive and prescriptive B. synchronic and diachronic C . spoken and written D. competence and performance ( )11. Which of the following is NOT studied in semantics? A. polysemy B. language family C. ambiguity D. complementaries ( )12. The hyponyms of …vegetable‟ are ________. ________. A. banana, pear, jam B. pear, apple, banana C. cucumber, celery, peas D. tree, pine, elm ( )13. The discrete units which realize morphemes are known as ________. A. allomorphs B. phonemes C. morphs D. lexis ( )14. )14. _________ _________ _________ is is is a a a word-formation word-formation word-formation process process process by by by which which which a a a word word word is is is changed changed changed from from from one one one word-class word-class word-class into into another without the change of form. A. Blending B. Affixation C. Back-formation D. Conversio ( )15. The first monolingual English dictionary was compiled in ________. A. 1604 B. 1066 C. 1406 D. 1046 ( )16)16. “The birds sing to welcome the smiling year.” Is an example of . “The birds sing to welcome the smiling year.” Is an example of ________. A. euphemism B. synecdoche C. metonymy D. metaphor ( )17)17. “child—parent” are . “child—parent” are _______ antonyms. _______ antonyms. A. root B. derivative C. relative D. complementary ( )18. The word “water” is _________ motivated. A. phonetically B. semantically C. morphologically D. non- ( )19)19. “Give somebody an inch and he‟ll take a mile” is a . “Give somebody an inch and he‟ll take a mile” is a _________. A. sentence idiom B. proverb C. clause idiom D .both A and B ( ) 20. Narrowing excludes ________. A. change from material nouns to common nouns B. change from common nouns to proper nouns C. words shortened from phrases to retain the meaning of the whole for economy D. change from specific meanings to general meanings ( ) 21. According to the idiomaticity of idioms, idioms include ________. A. true idioms B. semi-idioms C. regular combinations D. all the above ( ) 22. Motel is a/an is ________. A. blend B. clipped word C. initialism D. acronym ( ) 23. “sow” (to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow” (fully grown female pig )are called ________.“sow” (to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow” (fully grown female pig )are called ________.A. Homophones B. homographs C. perfect homonyms D. acronyms ( ) 24. “die” and “pass away” are synonyms. They differ in ________.“die” and “pass away” are synonyms. They differ in ________.A. connotative meaning B. emotive meaning C. stylistic meaning D. all the above ( ) 25. He‟s nice, but he hasn‟t much brai n. _________. A. Simile B. metaphor C. Metonymy D. synecdoche ( ) 26. Which of the following is not associative meaning? A. collocative meaning B .stylistic meaning C. affective meaning D. primary meaning ( ) 27. One billion is ________ in British English. A. 1,000,000,000 B. 1,000,000,000,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 1,000,000,000,000,000 ( ) 28. The morpheme “-s” in “desks” is ________ morpheme.A. derivational B. free C. inflectional D. root ( ) 29. ________ are contrary terms. A. dead / alive B. parent / child C. single / married D. like / dislike ( ) 30. The first people known to inhabit the British Isles were ________. Their languages were dialecof still another branch of the In-do-European Language Family ________. A. German / Germanic B. Celts / Celtic C. Italian / Italic D. Sweden / Swedish ( ) ) 31. 31. 31. The The The modes modes modes of of of modem modem modem English English English vocabulary vocabulary vocabulary grow grow grow through through through three three three major major major channels: channels: channels: ________ ________ ________ , , semantic change and __________. A. exchange/lending B. derivation/borrowing C. creation/borrowing D. affixation/creation ( ) 32. Conversion is a method of __________. A. turning words of one part of speech into those of a different part of speech B. converting words of one meaning into those of a different meaning C. deriving words by grammatical means D. changing words in morphological structure ( ) 33. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _________. A. prefixation B. suffixation C. acronymy D. conversion ( ) 34. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. _________ of them are still in use today. A. 85% B. 56% C. 72% D. 75% narrowing manuscript deer extension poison governor elevation vulgar bonfire degradation journal lust disease alibi narrowing journal girl extension villain marshal elevation barn mill degradation deer knight criticize liquor minister elevation deer governor degradation manuscript criticize VI. Do the following according to instructions.A Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of titalicized words, using such terms as definition, example, explanation, synonym, antonym, superordinate, subordinate, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets. and so on, and put your answers in the brackets. （每题1分）分）1. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of them still remembered the horrible slaughter not long ago. ( ) 2. I like fruit, but not avocado , which is too soft. ( ) 3. Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog the street and ate it. ( ) 4. Most dentists ‟ offices are drab places, but Emilio ‟s new office is bright, cheerful. ( ) 5. After a day of hunting, John was ravenous . He ate two bowls of soup, salad, a large chicken, and a piece ochocolate cake before he was finally satisfied. ( ) 6. A north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou ’wester usually brings rain. （ ）7. Some African tribes still practice polyandry , a marriage system which allows a woman to have more than one husband. ( ) 8. Modern technology is a kind of dehumanization of the human society. ( ) A ．答案．答案 1. synonym/synonymy 2. subordinate/hyponym 3. example/exemplification/superordinate 4. antonym/antonymy 5. relevant details 6. antonym/antonymy 7. explanation 8. word structure B Decide whether the words in italics are used in the subjective oro bjective objective sense and put your answers in the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）1. The policeman was suspicious of the suspicious proof given by the suspect to show that he had nothing to proof given by the suspect to show that he had nothing to do with the robbery. ( ) ( ) 2. The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman in the neighborhood. ( ) 3. The earthquake was so dreadful that many people would be afraid even to see the movie based on it. ( ) 4. Fearful TV programs are not suitable to pre-school children. ( ) 5. It is very considerate of Mr Li to make that arrangement. ( ) 6. The excuse given by the United States of America is really doubtful . ( ) 7. The children were fearful of the fearful picture of the monster. ( ) ( ) 8. What a pitiful girl! She lost her parents when she was so small. girl! She lost her parents when she was so small. ( ) 9. The listeners were doubtful of the witness‟s testimony which sounded verydoubtful.( ) ( ) 10. What a boring man he is! ( ) 11. 11. The The doubtful teacher listened patiently to the doubtful story told by the student who was late for class. ( ) ( ) 12. 12. It is very It is very considerable of you to make such arrangements. ( ) 13. 13. The The little match girl was really pitiful . She died from cold and hunger on the Christmas Eve.( ) 14. Learning a foreign language is a painful process. No one can expect to learn the language well without pains. ( ) B. 答案1. 1. subjective; objective subjective; objective 2. objective 3. objective 4. objective 5. subjective 6. objective 7. 7. subjective; objective subjective; objective 8. objective 9. subjective; objective 10. 10. objective objective 11. subjective, objective 12. subjective 13. objective 14. objective C . Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of the italicized worusing such terms as definition, example, synonym, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets.（每题1分）1. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of them still remember the horrible killing not long ago. ( ) 2. Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog in the street andit. ( ) 3. The tribal community still practices polygamy , a custom in which someone can be married to more than one person at thsame time. ( ) 4. As fighting on all fronts reached its peak, the economy neared its nadir ( ). 5. In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing sou’wester , the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.C. 答案答案 1. synonym/synonymy 2. example/ exemplification 3. definition/explanation 3. definition/explanation 4. antonym/antonymy 4. antonym/antonymy 5. relevant details VII . Match the rhetorical devices in Column A with the idioms in Column B and put the letters incorresponding brackets. （每题1分）A B( ) 1. alliteration a. snake in the grass ( ) 2. rhyme b. toss and turn ( ) 3. reiteration c. powder one ‟s nose ( ) 4. repetition d. earn one ‟s bread ( ) 5. juxtaposition e. wear and tear ( ) 6. metaphor f. up and down ( ) 7. metonymy g. pick and choose ( ) 8. synecdoche h. from cradle to grave ( ) 9. personification i. Failure is the mother of success. ( ) 10. euphemism j. hand in hand VII 连线答案：1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (g) 4. (j) 5. (f) 6. (a) 7. (h) 8. (d) 9. (i) 10. (c)VIII. Change each of the following into a word, paying attention to part of speech: （每题1分）。
词汇学试题及答案
词汇学试题及答案【篇一：词汇学试题】ss=txt>i choose the best answer from the four choices. (30‘)1. the M sll in —drumsll is ___ .a. a free morphemeb.a stemc. a rootd.an inflectional affix2. a word is the combi nation of form and _______ ・a. spellingb. writingc. meaningd. denoting3. trumpet is a(n) _____ motivated word・a. morphologically b semanticallyc. phoneticallyd. etymologicall4. ____ i s a pair of emotive synonyms・a. —dadll and —fatherllb.—flatll and —apartmentllb. c.—meanil and —frugallld.—chargell and —accusell5. the word —Ianguagell is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person's language.this is called _______ ・a. scientific Ianguageb.idiolectb. c.colloquial language d.formal language6. the meaning of the word fond changed from foolish to affectionate by mode of ______ .a. extensionb. narrowingc. elevationd. degradation7. degradation can be illustrated by the followingexample ____ .b. a. lewd —> ignorant b. silly —> foolishc. c・ Iast —> pleasured・ knave —> boy8. english lexicology embraces morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics and _____ ・a. linguisticsb・ pragmaticsc・ Iexicographyd・ phonology 9. which of the following is incorrect?a —airmailll means —mail by airllb. —reading-lampll means —lamp for readingllc. —green hornil is the horn green in colord. —hopelessll is —without hopeIIlO.which group of the following are perfect homonyms?a. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)b. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used forshooting)c. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)d. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)11. the following are the main sources of homonyms excepta. change in meaningb. change in sound c ・change in spelling d. borrowing42. antonyms can be classified into three major groups except ・a. evaluative termsb. contrary termsc. complementary termsd. conversive terms13. —parent/child, husband/wife, predecessor/ successorllarea. contrary termsb. contradictory termsc. conversive terms d・ complementary terms14, _________________________________________ there are2 main process of sense -shift except ______________ .a. radiationb. concatenationc. borrowing45. according to morphology, there are 2 types of classifications except ____ ・a. root antonymsb. derivative antonymsc・ contraries46. there are derivative antonyms except____ ・a pleasant-—unpleasant b. polite---impolitec. war-一antiwar d・ large一一small17. there are complementary antonyms except ___ ・a. child----girlb. single—marriedc. dead-™alived. brother—sister48. there are 3classifications of homonyms except _____ ・a. perfect homonymsb. homographsc. homophonesd. contrary homonyms・19. modern english is derived from the Ianguage of earlytribes.a. greekb. romanc・ italiand. germanic20. the prehistoric indo-europea n pare nt Ian guage is thoughtto be a highly _____ Ianguage・a. inflected b・ derivedc・ developedd・ analyzed4.in modern english one may find some words whose soundssuggest their ____ ・2」exical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _______________ .3. ___ t he meanings of many words often relate directly to their _____ ・ in the words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word・4. part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs all belong to _______ meaning.5.1 exicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _______________ of words・6. generally speaking,linguistics is the ______ study ofIan guage ・7. there are two main approaches to study of english lexicology,that is ___ and ____ ・8・“tulip”and “rose”，are ____ of <<flower,,.u flower,,is the superordinate term and u tulip,,,u rose n are the _______ term.8. at the beginning of the fifth century britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern europe:angles, _____ and _____ 9. four group of loanword s ______ , ________ , _____ a n d _______ .iii. put the following words into the appropriate blanks.(4O') flock herd school troop pride1. a __ of cattle2.a ____ o f monkeys3. a __ of lions4.a ___ of sheep5. a __ offishiv. judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.(24. 『elations between meanings of words can be synonymy, antonymy or hyponymy.2. in semantics, meaning of Ianguage is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experie nee.3. grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates grammatical concepts・4. the connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary.5. —male/female, present/absentllare contrary terms・v. define the following terms.(2,+4,=6,)1. word2. motivatio nvi. answer the following questions .(6,+6,+8,=20,) 1 ・ what is the d iff ere nee betwee n homonyms and polysemy? how to differentiate them?2. how do linguists divide the history of the english language for analysis?3. discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.答案1. d.2.c3.c4.c5.b6.c 7b 8.c 9.c 10 c 11.a12. a 13.c 14.c 15.c 16.d 17.a 18.d 19.d 2O.aii.1. meaning2.associated meaning3.origins4.grammatical5. meani ngs6. s cientific7.synchronlc,diachronic 8,hyponymys, superordinate8. sax on s,jutes9. aliens, denizens,translation・loans,semantic borrowings • • •IIIherd troopprideflockschooliv1. t2.f3.t4.f5.tV・1. a word is a minimum free form,that is to say,the smallest form that may appear in isolation・2. motivation acco unts for the conn ection betwee n the linguistic symbol and its meaning.most words can said to benon-motivated.that is,the conn ection of the sign and meaning does not have logical connectionexplanation.neverthelss,english does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent.vi.1 ・ homonyms refer to d iff ere nt words which happe n to share the same form and polysemy refer to the fact that the same word has several distinguishable meanings・ by seeing their etymology, we can distinguish them, i. e. homonyms are from d iff ere nt sources while a polysemy is from the same source which has acquireddifferent meanings in the course of development. the secondprincipal consideration is semantic relatedness・ the various meaning of a polysemy are correlated and connected to do with one another, additionally, In dictionary, a polysemy has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries・2. three periods in the development of english language (vocabulary)1) old english or anglo-saxon period (449-1100)1 much of the old english vocabulary was borrowed from latin 如bargain, cheap, inch, pound; cup, dish, wall, wine, etc2 old english was a highly in fleeted language .it has a complete system of declensions of words2) middle english period ( 1100-1500 )1 french influence and norman conquest in 1066law and government administration: military affairs> religion、art 2 middle english is becoming from highly inflected language to analytic language3) modern english period (1500-)【篇二：词汇学考试题目】1.in old english there was ______ agreement between sound form.()a moreb. littlec. lessd. gradual2. both Idee and cceld are ______ ・()a. general dictionariesb monolingual dictionariesc. both a and bd. neither a and b3. the word miniskirt is ______ ・()a. morphologically motivatedb etymologically motivatedc. semantically motivatedd. none of the above4. the most important way of vocabulary development in present-dayenglish is _______ ・()a borrowingb. semantic changec. creation of new wordsd. all the above5. beneralization is a process by which a word that originallyhad a specialized meaning has now become ________ ・()a. generalizedb. expandedc. elevatedd・ degraded6. _________________________ some morphemes have as they are realized by morethan one morph according to their position in word.()a. alter native morphsb. single morphsc. abstract unitsd. discrete units7.old english vocabulary was essentially _______ with a number of borrowings from latin and Scandinavian・()a. italicb germanicc. Celticd. hellenica. semanticsb. grammarc. phoneticsd. Iexicology9.if two main constituents of an idiom share the same initial sound, it is called ____________ .()a. repetitionb. alliterationc. rhymed. none of the abovelO.which of the following words is a functional word?()a. oftenb. neverc. althoughd. desk41. _______________________________ rhetorical features are shown in such respects of phonetic and lexical manipulation as well as _____________________________ ・()a. semantic unityb. structural stabilityc. idiomatic variationd. figure of speech12.the advantage of classifying idioms according to grammatical functions is to _________________ .()a. use idioms correctly and appropriatelyb understand idioms correctlyc. remember idioms quicklyd. try a new method of classification13. borrowing as a source of homonymy in english can be illustrated by _______ .()a. long (not short)b. ball (a dancing party)c. rock (rocknroll)d. ad (advertisement)14. the change of word meaning is brought about by the following internal factors except _______ .()a. the influx of borrowingb. repetitionc. analogyd ・ shortening15. w hich of the following is not a comp orient of linguistic context?()a. words and phrases ・b. sentencesc. text or passaged. time and placeii. match the words or expressions in column a with those in column b according to 1 )types of meaning changes; 2)types of meaning;3)language branches and 4)meaning and context. (10%)16. seandinavian ( ) l (place where things are made) 22. participants ( ) g.determined23. difference in denotation ( ) h.pigheaded24. appreciative ( ) i.non-linguistic25. pejorative ( ) j.iron (a device for smoothing clothes)iii. study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of bound morphemes underlined, and 2) types of word formation or prefixes. (20%))17. germanic () 18. extension () 49.narrowing () 21. ambiguity () b. grammaticalc.d ouble meaning d.s wedish f. dutch27. mote I ()()29. blueprint ()30. preliminaries ()31. southward ()32. demilitarize ()33. hypersensitive ()34. retell ()35. multi-purposes ()iv. define the following terms. (10%)36. acr onymy37. native words38. elevatio n39. stylistic meaning40. monolingral dictionaryV・answer the following questions. your answers should the clear and short・ write your answers in the space given below・(10%)41 ・how many types of motivation are there in english? give one example for each type・42. what are the major sources of english synonyms? illustrate your points・Vl.analyze and comment on the following. write your answers in the space given below・(20%)43. a nalyze the morphological structures of following words and point out the types of the morphemes.recollection, nationalist, unearthly英语词汇学试题参考答案I. (30%)1. a2.c3.a4.c5.a6.a7.b8.d9.b 10.c 11.d 12.a 13.b 14.b 15.d II. (10%)16. d17. f18. a19. j20. b21. c22.i23. e24. g25. hm.(2o%)26. bound root27. (head+tail) blending28.inflectional affix/morpheme30. full conversion31. derivational suffix32. derivation33. prefix of degree34. derivational prefix35. number prefixIV. (10%)36. the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms・37. n ative words, also known as anglo-saxon words, are words brought to britian in the 5th century by the germanic tribes・38. the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importanee.39. the distinctlve stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for different context.40. a dictio nary writte n in one language, or a dicti on ary in which entries are defined in the same Ianguage.V. (10%)41. there are four types of motivation:1) onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc.2) morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc.3) semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc.4) etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc.42. key points:borrowing; dialects and regional english; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidenee with idiomatic expressions.VL(20%)43.1) each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection (re+collect+ion) ,nationalist(nation+al+ist) ,unearthly (un+earth+ly).2) of the nine morphemes, only collect,nation and earth are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves・3) all the rest re-,-ion，-al,-ist,un・ and -ly are bound as none of them can stand alone as words・【篇三：英语词汇学试题】write the terms in the blanks according to the definitions・(20 points)4. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ()2. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ()3. a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ()4. a morpheme that can stand alone ()5. a morpheme attached to a stem alone ()6. an affix that indicates grammatical relations ()7. an affix that forms new words with a stem or root ()8. what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes ()9. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ()40. the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words () ii. form negatives pf each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non・，un-. (40 points) smoker capablepractical obey security relevant mature ability officially willingnesslegal agreement logicalloyal convenientathleic moral regularhonest likeiii. decide whether the following statements are true or false・ (20 points)english is more closely related to german than french.2. old english was a highly inflected Ianguage・3. middle english absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but withlittle change in word endings・4. conversions refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class・5. words mainly invoIved in conversation are nouns, verbs, and adverbs.6. motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning ・7. unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstableandin determinate.8. perfect homonyms share the same spelling and pronounciation ・9. contradictory terms do not show degrees・10. antonyms should be opposites of similar intensity.iv. study the sentences below and give and antonyms to the word in bold type in each context. (20 points)4. the discussion enabled them to have a clear idea of the nature of the problem.2. they are faced with clear alter natives ・3. his grandfather's mind was not clear during the time he made the will.4. i'd like to get a clear plastic bag to carry this・5. wash the substances with clear cold water.6. the singefs voice remai ned pure and clear throughout the eveni ng.7. all colors were clear, the river below her was brilliant blue・8. her eyes behind the huge spectacles are clear andun troubled ・9. now that Pve told her everyth!ng, i can leave with a clear con scie nee.10. he is a shortish man of clear complexion.参考答案英语词汇学i. 1.morpheme 2. allomorph 3. bound morpheme 4. free morpheme 5. affix6. inflectional affix7. derivational affix8. root9. stem 10. etymology11. n onsmoker, in capable, impractical, discovery, insecurity, irrelevant, immature,inability/disability, unofficially, unwillingness, illegal, disagreeme nt, illogical, disloyal, inco nv enient, non athletic, immoral, irregular, dishonest, dislikeiii. l.t 2.t 3.f 4.t 5.f 6.t 7.t 8.t 9.t 10.tiv. 1. confusing 2. ambiguous 3. muddled 4. opaque 5. dirty6. harsh7. dull8. shifty9. guiltylO. blemished。
英语词汇学综合练
英语词汇学综合练习I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false1. The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English (1100-1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French.2. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are loan words.3. Acronyms and derivations are all processes of shortening words or word groups.4. Componential analysis enables us to have an exact knowledge of the conceptual meaning of words.5. Polysemy is an essential feature of a language’s economy and efficiency.6. The great majority of the basic word stock of the English language are native words, that is, words of Anglo-Saxon origin.7. Clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word, which is also available in its full form.8. Content words have lexical meaning but no grammatical words.9. The impact of context on meaning differs from one word to another and from one instance or passage to another.10. When an idiom is reordered, its sense is usually destroyed.11. There is an intrinsic connection between the sound symbol and the sense of all English words.12. Inflectional affixes have only grammatical meanings.13. The most important development of the English language in the United States has been in the grammatical structure.14. “Aliens”are foreign borrowings which have been naturalized in English in terms of pronunciation and spelling.15. Many established suffixes in English are still active today in producing new derivatives.16. The classification of morphemes into free and bound is now considered more scientific than the classification of morphemes into roots and affixes.17. The coinage of common words from proper names constitutes one of the major types of English word formation.18. The ability of one word to denote several senses is one of the basic peculiarities of human speech.19. All roots can stand alone as words.20. “Composition” is a word-building process in which a word is formed through joining two or even more existing words (or free morphemes).21. The meaning of a word, esp. that of a polysemous word, is often determined by the context in which it occurs.22. During the Renaissance English borrowed a large number of Latin and Greek words.23. Words like “coup d etat” and “détente” are usually considered to be foreign by native speakers of English.24. English is more closely related to German than French.25. Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.26. Old English was a highly inflected language.27. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.28. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and Italian.29. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in sciences and technology as well as influence of foreign cultures and languages.30. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.31. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words with a little change in word endings.32. Open compounds look like free phrases as the elements forming each word are written separately.33. As a rule, the stress of compounds falls on the first element.34. A compound functions as a single grammatical unit, so the internal structure can not be changed.35. Such words as the poorer, the departed, a Republica n are all examples of partial conversion.36. Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning.37. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.38. Affective meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates the attitude of the user.39. By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.40. Relative terms are relational opposites, which include verbs reversing the action of each other.41. Idioms are fixed in structure and so can never be changed.42. Some idioms deny analysis in terms of grammar.43. Idioms are characterized by terseness, expressiveness and vividness.44. The prefix “de” is polysemic.45. The basic word stock is made up of native words exclusively.46. Complete or absolute synonyms are very rare in English.II. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by circling A, B, C, or D which best completes the sentence.1. The English language from to the present is called Modern English.A. 450B. 1100C. 1500D. 18002. The sentence “John was fired for petty thieving” is stylistically .A. literalB. colloquialC. archaicD. neutral3. Of the following words, is an acronym.4. The definition of a word given in the dictionary is called its meaning.A. connotativeB. denotativeC. stylisticD. affective5. The language the early immigrants brought with them to America was different from present-day English; the greatest difference lies in .A. spellingB. pronunciationC. grammarD. vocabulary6. serves as a typical example of euphemism.A. “Pious” means “hypocritical virtuous”B. “A mental hospital” referring to “a madhouse”C. “A landscape architect” meaning “ a garden”D. “Slow learners” referring to “underachievers”7. The word “success” used to mean “result, outcome”; now it means a “favourable outcome orresult”. This is an example of of meaning.A. elevationB. degenerationC. extensionD. restriction8. Middle English began with the conquest of England in 1066.A. GreekB. NormanC. DanishD. Roman9. New words in a language are also referred to as .A. archaismsB. neologismsC. colloquialismsD. euphemisms10. The branch of linguistics treating of word origins is called .A. grammatologyB. phraseologyC. lexicologyD. etymology11. The root “-retain” as in “maintain”, “retain” and “detain” means .A. to holdB. to giveC. to getD. to put12. The suffix “ling” as in “hireling” and “weakling” has a shade of meaning.A. poeticB. euphemisticC. commendatoryD. derogatory13. “Bank” has the meanings of “land along the side of a river” and “a place in which money is kept and paid out”. This is an example of .A. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. homophony14. “Journey” originally meant “a day’s walk”. Now it means “distance traveled”. This is a case of .A. generalizationB. specializationC. degenerationD. amelioration15. He is one of my fast friends. “Fast” here means .A. rapidB. steadfastC. secureD. sensitive16. The history of English begins with the conquest of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the .A. ScandinaviansB. DanesC. JutesD. Norsemen17. In Modern English, most Greek borrowings came into English through .A. GermanB. DutchC. LatinD. Celtic18. Idioms are usually semantically .A. determinedB. opaqueC. arrangedD. flexible19. The language which has most seriously affected present-day British English is probably contemporary .A. YiddishB. FrenchC. SpanishD. American20. “Donate” resulting from “donation” is an example of .A. clippingB. compoundingC. reduplicationD. back-formation21. is not a pair of contrasting words.A. High, brightB. Empty, fullC. Rough, gentleD. Fair, dark22. The prefix in the word does not change it to a different word-class.A. endangerB. unearthC. antiwarD. unfair23. The use of “senior citizen” for old people is a case of .A. vulgarismB. euphemismC. colloquialismD. archaism24. “Tired” and “fatigued” are synonyms, but they differ in .A. denotative meaningB. connotative meaningC. stylistic meaningD. affective meaning25. is a non-productive affix.A. “anti” as in “antiwar”B. “with” as in “withhold”C. “mal” as in “maltreat”D. “un” as in “unjust”26. Words formed from elements of mixed origins are called .A. hybridsB. translation loansC. hyponymsD. taboos27. Since World War II, gives rise to the largest percentage of new words in the English language.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. borrowing28. “Watergate” meaning a political scandal is derived from the name of a .A. personB. buildingC. trademarkD. literary character29. The words in the group make up a semantic field.A. “father, teacher, son, brother”B. “red, white, rose, milk”C. “sorrow, grief, regret”D. “socks, slippers, shoes, glass”30. The three foreign languages that have exercised the greatest influence on the development of the English vocabulary are .A. German, French and ItalianB. Greek, Latin and FrenchC. Italian, Spanish and GermanD. Greek, Italian and Celtic31. The word”pioneer”, originally meaning “foot-soldier”, is an example of .A. extension of meaningB. elevation of meaningC. degeneration of meaningD. narrowing of meaning32. English has borrowed a large number of words from various foreign languages, and such words as “ballet” and “chauffeur” are examples of .A. denizensB. semantic borrowingsC. translation loansD. aliens34. Broadly speaking, words of deep emotional content are likely to be .A. those of foreign originB. those newly formedC. those long handed down from English originD. those not frequently used35. A morpheme is a two-facet language unit which possesses both and meaning.A. functionB. lettersC. syllableD. sound36. The language brought to North America by the British explorers in the seventeenth century belongs to the early stage of English.A. OldB. MiddleC. ModernD. Contemporary37. The word “villain”, originally meaning “a man who worked on a farm or villa”, is an example of .A. elevation of meaningB. degradation of meaningC. narrowing of meaningD. extension of meaning38. The noun “dissatisfaction” is formed by a word-building process known as .A. derivationB. compositionC. blendingD. back-formation39. The idiomatic expression in “the old fellow has kicked the bucket” means .A. The old fellow has struck a pail with his feetB. The old man has passed awayC. The old man has gone to the bucketD. The old pail has been damaged40. “Sow” (put seeds in soil) and “sow” (a fully grown female pig) are .A. homophonesB. homographsC. hyponymsD. perfect synonyms41. The verb “sculpt” is probably due to the process of .A. clippingB. back-formationC. acronymyD. reduplication42. The word “knight”, which originally meant “youth” or “servant”, gives an example of .A. restrictionB. elevationC. degenerationD. extension43. The sentence “Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early” is stylistically .A. colloquialB. slangC. literaryD. neutral44. “Beautiful” and “ugly” form a pair of .A. complementariesB. gradable antonymsC. marked antonymsD. conversives45. The part “-ceive” in the verb “conceive” is .A. a free rootB. an inflectional affixC. a bound rootD. a derivational affix46. The majority of back-formed words are .A. nounsB. adjectivesC. verbsD. adverbs47. “Tired” and “fatigued” are synonyms, but they differ in meaning .A. affectiveB. stylisticC. denotativeD. connotative48. The word “dilly-dally” characterizes the process of .A. clippingB. acronymC. reduplicationD. back-formation49. The prefix “de” in “debug” and “defrost” means .A. to addB. to dropC. to removeD. to break50. Today the largest number of words formed by conversion are .A. nouns from verbsB. verbs from nounsC. adjectives from verbsD. verbs from adjectives51. The word “fond”, which originally meant “foolish”, gives an illustration of of meaning.A. degenerationB. restrictionC. extensionD. elevation52. The semantic relationship between the word “willow” and “tree” is one of .A. synonymyB. homonymyC. antonymyD. hyponymy53. “Starve ” used to mean “to die”. Now it means “to die of hunger”. This is a case of .A. generalizationB. specializationC. degenerationD. elevation54. The words “worked” and “working” have the same .A. denotative meaningB. connotative meaningC. lexical meaningD. grammatical meaning55. Antonyms are found primarily in .A. qualitative adjectivesB. possessive adjectivesC. possessive pronounsD. conjunctions56. “Principle” and “principal” are .A. homophonesB. homographsC. hyponymsD. perfect synonyms57. The difference between sound and form are due to .A. the fact of more letters than phonemes in EnglishB. stabilization of spelling by printingC. influence of the working of studentsD. innovations made by linguists58. Statesman is an appreciative word while politician is a word.A. colloquialB. derogatoryC. commendatoryD. neutral59. Happy and unhappy are a pair of .A. non-gradable antonymsB. root antonymsC. derivational antonymsD. conversives60. The noun “flu”comes from the word “influenza”. This is an example of the word-building process known as .A. shortening/clippingB. back-formationC. functional shiftD. conversion61. Words completely out of current use are called .A. archaicB. poeticC. slangD. obsolete62. It is possible for to be free morphemes.A. prefixesB. inflectional affixesC. rootsD. combining form63. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” belongs to the type of antonyms known as .A. complementariesB. conversivesC. contrastsD. relational opposites64. The semantic relationship between “chair” and “furniture” is one of .A. synonymyB. homonymyC. antonymyD. hyponymy65. If a word consists of a free morpheme and a bound morpheme we call it a .A. simple wordB. compound wordC. derived wordD. complicated word66. The word “stretched” is made up of two .A. vowelsB. morphemesC. syllablesD. phonemes67. In terms of oppositeness of meaning, is a pair of conversives.A. “buy” and “sell”B. “present” and “past”C. “love” and “hate”D. “far” and “near”68. A of sheep is gazing in the field.A. flockB. herdC. shoalD. swarm69. When you have a problem in your study, you may ask the teacher for help. “Ask”here means .A. inviteB. demandC. requireD. requestIII. Blank-fillingDirections: Complete the following sentences by supplying an appropriate term for each blank according to the course book.1. Borrowed words which still sound foreign and look foreign are .2. There is no relationship between sound and meaning as the connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.3. are borrowings that have become naturalized or assimilated in English.4. Archaisms are words no longer in use or obsolete in use.5. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are . Functional words enjoy a higher frequency in use than content words.6. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is and conventional.7. The written form of English is an representation of the spoken form.8. de-, dis-, un- are prefixes.9. The Norman Conquest in 1066 started a continual flow of words into English.10. Content words have both meanings, and meaning in particular.11. The name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo is .12. Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to .13. is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.14. Synchronically, is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.15. The same idiom may show differences when it is assigned different meanings.16. Mal-, mis-, and pseudo- are prefixes.17. is the relationship between language and the world.IV. Fill in each blank with a word contrary in meaning to the word given in the bracket.1. Beads and shells are forms of money. (modern)2. I have finished all the exercises. I am done. (partially)3. On a humid day, there is lots of in the air. (dryness)4. Mosquitoes won’t bite just anyone. They look for someone (ordinary).5. If you want to drive, it is to have a driver’s license (unnecessary)6. There is a great in our political beliefs. We agree on most things. (difference)7. The man said, “I am . I didn’t do it.” (guilty)8. The solider stood in a position while the general walked past him. (relaxed)9. You will have to the string in order to open the box. (tighten)10. No one lives in that house (inhabited).11. My talks with my boss were . I will probably get a promotion soon. (unprofitable)12. After his wife died, Mr. Green became very ; no one could cheer him up. (cheerful)13. Doesn’t it seem as if large companies that communicate with customers mostly by computers are to human problems? (sensitive)V. Complete the following sentences using the words given belowA). narrow, circumstantial, cool, fair, hollow, cold, random, cardinal, close,double-minded, round, green-eyed, happy, open-ended, capital, burning1. When votes are counted and found to be nearly equal, for and against, it is said there has been a vote.2. It is comfort to a man in deep affliction to tell him that it is his fate to suffer and that what can’t be cured must be endured.3. A close shave is a synonymous expression for a escape from danger.4. The points are the four points of the horizon known as north, south, east and west.5. A question is a matter in dispute which urgently presses for settlement.6. A sentence is one judicially pronouncing death upon a man as the punishment due to his crime.7. There was no direct evidence in the case and the evidence was not sufficient to attach guilt to him.8. One whose nature is not easily excited is sometimes spoken of as having a head.9. One whose mind wavers between tow or more courses of action is called a man.10. These fields give promise of a good harvest.11. The monster is jealousy.12. A expression is a clever, suitable suggestion, which show the way out of embarrassment.13. A compliment is a compliment which is meant without heartiness or sincerity.14. Since no conclusion is forthcoming, let’s keep the question .15. A student at an examination in attempting to answer a question he is not sure of, is sometimes said to take a shot at the question.16. The medical men signed a robin unanimously agreeing upon the terms they would charge.B). illegible, ineligible, lightening, lighting, plaintiff, plaintive, principle,principal17. What are the two exports of this country?18. Even if you are making notes for your won use, your writing should not be .19. As the storm grew worse, they set about the boat.20. The lost child continued to whimper in a manner.21. As the witnesses gave their evidence, the felt confident that he would win the case.22. He expressed the new scientific in a mathematical formula which we did not understand.23. It is a rare occurrence for a human being to be struck by .24. His age made him for the competition.C). crevice, crevasse, incredible, incredulous, respectfully, respectively, stationary, stationery25. All the we need for our work is supplied by the school.26. You should remember that the building is a war memorial and speak more .27. The car was when it was struck by the railway engine.28. The explorer found himself suspended at the end of a rope far down in a .29. A pavilion and a swimming pool are to be built at the girls’ and boys’ schools .30. the number of careless drivers we saw was .31. I have dropped some money into a between these paving stones.32. The boy’s mother was when we told her of the success.D).guilt, gilt, board, bored, stare, stair, waist, waste, root, route, serial, cereal33. The jury had no doubt about the of the accused.34. Others thought the program was amusing but I was .35. I was so amazed at the sight I could only stand and .36. The invaders laid the entire countryside.37. We were lost because our guide was unfamiliar with this .38. I want to get home early because my favourite is on the program.VI. Section A. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with appropriate adverbs or prepositions.1. A soft sea breeze set at midnight.2. He is wise enough to see all these fine pretensions.3. He set all objections and granted my request.4. If land is cropped and not manured, it will run .5. The judge said he would hold your case until the next sitting of the court.6. If the weather holds , I suggest we go out on a picnic.7. As neither of us would give in, the bargain fell .8. He let his feeling run away his judgment.9. He meant to put in a share of the profits.10. One is not sorry to see the proud pulled .11. He passes a learnt man in our little community.12. He will draw from what he has promised.13. He showed violent opposition at first, but when the scheme was fully explained, he came round our view.14. He will stick nothing to accomplish his purpose.Section B: Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions15 They have a heated debate on the question tea.16. His voice was surprisingly profound one of so thin a neck.17. He is meanness and deceit.18. The picture is only Rubens, not by him.19. We put quality quantity.20. Cloth is sold the yard or the meter.21. There is an island a little way the coast.22. You must provide a possible lack of water.23. He inherited this his father’s will. What he did is nothing what he might have accomplished.VII. MatchingMatch words in column A with the words or phrases in column BSection AA B1. extension A. calculus2. narrowing B. can-opener (all-purpose key)3. elevation C. thee4. degradation D. paranoid5.transfer E. voyage6. archaism F. busyboy7. argot G. box8. neologism H. sergeant9. terminology I. pride10. jargon J. microelectronicsSection BA B1. denizen A. chook2. alien B. bazaar3. archaism C. indigestion4. neologism D. shift5. dialectal words E. brethren6. terminology F. laymen7. extension G. microteaching8. narrowing H. mistress9. elevation I. voyage10. degradation J. sergeantSection CA B1. jargon A. audiovisual2. terminology B. troth3. archaism C. gossip4. neologism D. dip (pick-pocket)5. slang E. holler6. argot F. naughty7. elevation G. doctor8. degradation H. futurology9. extension I. citizen10. narrowing J. personaVIII. Explain the following terms with appropriate examples.1. back-formation2. polysemy3. blending4. homonymy5. conversion6. compounding7. root8. elevation of meaning9. hyponymy10. specialization 11. generalizationIX. Answer the following questions1. What are the types of homonyms?2.What is prefixation?3. What is linguistic context?4. What is degradation?5. What is the discrimination of synonyms?6. What are the features of compounding?7. How do you classify English words?8. What is extra-linguistic context?9. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? Explain with two examples.10. What are the major differences between basic word-stock and nonbasic vocabulary?11. What are the characteristics of antonyms?12. What is semantic unity of idioms?X. Analyze and Comment on the following1. Grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, connotative meaning, collocative meaning, conceptual meaning, associative meaning, denotative meaning, formal, neutral, informal, appreciative, pejorativeMeaning---2. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.recollection, nationalist, unearthly3. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule. Consider the following conversation that takes place between a waitress and a customer in a restaurant:“You are not eating the fish,” the waitress said to him, “Anything wrong with it?”“Long time no sea,” the man replied.4. Collocation can affect the meaning of words5. The “pen” is mightier than the “sword”.Explain what “pen” and “sword” mean respectively using the theory of motivation.6. Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example.11。
(完整版)(整理)英语词汇学练习及答案
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6. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.
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7 . The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin ,French
Chapter One
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大学英语词汇学练习题
大学英语词汇学练习题1. Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired __B___.A. associationsB. referenceC. conceptsD. motivation2. Reference is the relationship between language and __A___.A. the worldB. the contextC. the senseD. the concept3. A concept is universal to all men alike regardless of __D______.A. cultureB. raceC. languageD. all the above4. Meaning and concept are ____C______.A. unrelatedB. identicalC. connectedD. same5. Unlike reference, “sense” denotes the relationships _A____.A. inside the languageB. outside the languageC. between the languageD. between symbols and things6. Every word that has meaning has sense, but not every word has __D___.A.MeaningB. senseC. conceptD. reference7. The relationship between the word-form and meaning is __C___.A.logicalB. connectedC. arbitraryD. consistent8. ___B____ accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.A. ConceptB. MotivationC. ReferenceD. Sense9. Most words can be said to be ____A_____.A.non-motivatedB. relatedC. MotivatedD. logical10.Echoic words such as bleat, croak, neigh, hiss and the like are largely __A_____.A. motivatedB. arbitraryC. logicalD. connected11.The word “hopeless” with the meaning of “without hope” is a ____B_____ motivated word.A. semanticallyB. morphologicallyC. phoneticallyD. historically12.Lexical meaning and __A___ meaning make up the word-meaning.A. GrammaticalB. conceptualC. semanticD. associative13. Conceptual meaning is also known as __D___ meaning.A. connotativeB. collocativeC. affectiveD. denotative14. Associative meaning comprises several types except __C___.A. stylistic meaningB. affective meaningC. conceptual meaningD. collocative meaning15. The word “tiny” is _____D______.A. poeticB. formalC. dialectalD. colloquial1. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of ________, it can refer to something specific. context2. By means of ________, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about. reference3. Concept, which is beyond __________, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. language4. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of ________ relationships with other expressions in the language. semantic5. Semantic motivation explains the connection between the _____ sense and figurative sense of the word. literal6. Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and _________ meaning. associative7. The same word may have different ________ meanings as shown in “do, does, did, done, doing”. grammatical8. __B___ accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.A. ConceptB. MotivationC. ReferenceD. Sense9. Most words can be said to be __A___.A. non-motivatedB. relatedC. motivatedD. logical10.Echoic words such as bleat, croak, neigh, hiss and the like are largely __B___.A. MotivatedB. arbitraryC. logicalD. connected11.The word “hopeless” with the meaning of “without hope” is a __B___ motivated word.A. semanticallyB. morphologicallyC. phoneticallyD. historically12.Lexical meaning and ___A__ meaning make up the word-meaning.A. GrammaticalB. conceptualC. semanticD. associative13.Conceptual meaning is also known as _D____ meaning.A. connotativeB. collocativeC. affectiveD. denotative14.Associative meaning comprises several types except _C____.A. stylistic meaningB. affective meaningC. conceptual meaningD. collocative meaning8. _________ meaning is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period and so on. Connotative9. The word “famous” is appreciative, but the word “notorious” is ____. pejorative10. The words “swimming-pool” and “airmail” are ___ motivated words. morphologically1. Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual context. T2. Functional words have little lexical meaning than content words. T3. The same word has the same associative meaning to all the speakers of the same language4. The word “horse” is neutral, but the word “nag” is formal.5. Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude toward the person or thing in question. T6. In many cases, the appreciative or pejorative meanings of the words are brought out in context. T7. There are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the stylistic meaning. T8. Associative meaning, which is fixed, differs from the conceptual meaning.9. The word “mouth” in “the mouth of a river” is an etymologically motivated word.10. Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and their meanings are the sum total of the morphemes combined.11. Meaning and concept are related indirectly to referents.12. When a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent, the sign becomes meaningful. T1. What is reference? What are the characteristics of reference?Reference refers to the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. Reference is a kind of abstraction, but with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.2. What is motivation? How is it classified?1) Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.2) Motivation is classified into onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.3. What is grammatical meaning?Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their reflectional forms. Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual context. Different lexical items may have the same grammatical meaning. On the other hand, the same word may have different grammatical meanings.4. What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate.5. What is collocative meaning?Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Collocative meaning overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocation.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. The pen is mightier than the sword.What kind of motivation is used in the above sentence? What is the definition of that motivation? What do “pen” and “sword” mean?1) Semantic motivation is used in the sentence.2) Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.3) “Pen” and “sword” are two semantically motivated words. Their literal meanings are “a tool for writing or drawing with ink” and “a weapon with a handle and a long metal blade” respectively, but their figurative meanings are “writing” and “war” respectively.2. After casting a stone at the cops, they absconded with the loot.Are all the words used in the above sentence appropriate? If not, explain the reasons and improve the sentence.1) Structurally, the sentence with a gerund structure is very formal, but the words “cops” and “loot” used in the sentence are all slang/slangy words, and they are not consistent with the gerund structure.2) The slang/slangy words “cops” and “loot” should be replaced by “police” and “money” respectively. The revised sentence “After casing a stone at the police, they absconded with the money” is appropriate in style.3. Women are flowers; women are tigers.Explain the grammatical, conceptual and connotative meaning of the word “women” which appears twice in the above sentence.1) The word “women” in the first part of the sentence and the one in the second have the same grammatical and conceptual meanings. Their grammatical meanings are: plural nouns and subjects; their conceptual meaning is: female adult.2) The connotative meaning of the word “women” in the first part is “beautiful”, or “lovely”, and that of the word “women” in the second part is “fierce” or “malicious”.1. The first meaning of a word is called the __C___ meaning.A. stylisticB. affectiveC. primaryD. associative2. __B___ is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages because many words have more than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. PolysemyC. HomonymyD. Synonymy3. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word is usually dealt with from _A____ different angles.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five4. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the _D____ meaning.A. firstB. primaryC. derivedD. central5. Of the three types of homonyms, __A___ constitute the largest number and are most common.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. homophones and homographs6. Homographs are words identical only in __B___ but different in two other aspects.A. soundB. spellingC. meaningD. sense7. Perfect homonyms and polysemants are __C___ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.A. fully differentB. slightly differentC. fully identicalD. slightly identical8. Relative synonyms are similar or nearly the same in __D___.A. connotative meaningB. stylistic meaningC. affective meaningD. conceptual meaning9. The most important source of synonyms is perhaps ___D_____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressionsB. figurative and euphemistic use of wordsC. dialects and regional EnglishD. borrowing10. The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas except ___A______.A. word-classB. connotationC. applicationD. denotation11. Antonyms can be defined as words which are ____C_____ in meaning.A. differentB. identicalC. oppositeD. similar12. Antonyms can be classified into the following types except __B______.A. relative termsB. absolute termsC. contradictory termsD. contrary terms13.___C__ deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.A. HomonymyB. SynonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy14. The status of words either as superordinate or subordinate is __B___ to other terms.A. stableB. relativeC. absoluteD. fixed15. All of the following are the sources of homonyms except __D___.A.change in soundB. shorteningC. borrowingD. extension1. Synonyms share a likeness in __________ as well as in part of speech. denotation2. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups: absolute synonyms and ____________ synonyms. relative3. Based on the degree of ____________, homonyms fall into three classes: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. similarity4. Radiation is a semantic process in which each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the _________ meaning. primary5. Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain ____________ period of time. historical6. Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are _________ in meaning in all its aspects. identical7. Synonyms may differ in the range and __________ of meaning. intensity8. Antonymy is concerned with ________ opposition. semantic9. Antonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the ________ of words. meanings10. The meaning of a more ___word is included in that of another more general word. Specific1. The words “tulip” and “rose” are hyponyms of “flower”. T2. A word which has more than one meaning can have one antonym.3. One of the features of the contradictory terms is that such antonyms are gradable.4. Synonyms form different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns. T5. By connotation we mean the stylistic and conceptual meaning of words.6. The words “small” and “tiny” are absolute synonyms.7. Homonyms are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.8. One of the sources of homonyms is extension.9. Concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains. T10. Diachronically, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. TIV. Answer the following questions.1. What is the difference between radiation and concatenation?Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.2. What is the main difference between homonyms and polysemants?The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Comment on the following two sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would come to our university next Monday.1)In the first sentence, “man”, “school”, and “week” are all superordinates while “visitingscholar”, “university”, and “Monday” in the second sentence are all subordinates compared with the corresponding expressions in the previous sentence.2)The second sentence is clearer because subordinates are vivid, precise and concrete.3)The relationship between some words used in the above two sentences is hyponymy.2. Male/femaleExplain what kind of antonymy they belong to and the characteristics of this kind of antonymy.1)They are contradictory antonyms.2)Contradictory antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed toeach other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be.1. Word-meaning changes by modes of __D__.A.degradation and elevation B, extension and narrowin C. transferD. all the above2. Extension of meaning is also known as __B___.A. TransferB. generalizationC. degradationD. elevation3. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words, etc. are often due to __A___ factors.A. psychologicalB. historicalC. scientificD. internal4. The linguistic factors of the change of meaning include the following types except _A____.A. BlendingB. shorteningC. analogyD. borrowing5. The meaning of “lip” in “the lip of a wound” has experienced __C___.A. degradationB. extensionC. associated transferD. elevation6. The original meaning of “silly” is “happy”, but now it means “foolish”. This is __C___ of word-meaning.A. semantic transferB. elevationC. degradationD. extension7. Pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic __B___.A. narrowingB. elevationC. extensionD. transfer8. __D___is the most unstable element of a language.A. GrammarB. MeaningC. PronunciationD. Vocabulary9. Of all the modes of word-meaning changes, ____D____ are the most common.A.extension and degradationB.elevation and narrowingC.transfer and elevation D,extension and narrowing10. The so-called “King’s English” serves as a __A_______ reason in word-meaning changes.A. classB. historicalC. culturalD. psychological1. Extension is a process by which a word that originally had a ___________ meaning has now become generalized. specialized2. Extension and __________ are thought to be the most common of the modes of word-meaning changes. narrowing3. Narrowing of meaning is also called _________________. specialization4. There are generally ________ major factors that cause changes in word-meaning. two5. The _________ transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words, etc. are often due to psychological factors. associated6. Transfer may also occur between abstract and __________ meanings. concrete7. The word “clear-sounding” is a good example of transfer of __________. sensations8. __________ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. Elevation9. Changes of word-meaning are due to linguistic factors and ___________________ factors.extra-linguistic10. It is much more common for word meanings to change in denotation from _______________ to pejorative than it is for them to go the other way. neutralIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Comparatively, the form is even more unstable than the content.2. Extension and elevation are the most common types of word-meaning changes.3. Altogether there are four types of changes in word-meaning.4. Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language, for it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. T5. The word “barn” originally meant “a place for storing only barley”, but now it means “a storeroom”, so we can say that it has undergone extension of meaning. T6. The word “fond” formerly meant “foolish”, but now it means “affectionate”, so its meaning hasbeen narrowed.7. The word “copperhead” used to refer to those northern informers is a good example of the historical reason accounting for the change of word-meaning.8. Different social varieties of language have come into being as language records the speech and attitude of different social classes. T9. Analogy is thought to be one of the linguistic factors. T10. So far as the change of word-meaning is concerned, increased scientific knowledge and discovery are unimportant factors1. What is transfer? What are the main types of transfer?Transfer or semantic transfer refers to a process of the change of word-meaning whereby a word used to designate one thing has been changed to mean something else. The four main types of semantic transfer are: associated transfer, transfer between abstract and concrete meanings, transfer between subjective and objective meanings, and transfer of sensations.2. What are the two major factors that cause changes in meaning? How are they classified?The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are: linguistic factors and extra-linguistic factors. Linguistic factors include shortening, the influx of borrowings and analogy. Extra-linguistic factors include the historical reason, the class reason and the psychological reason.3. What is the difference between elevation and degradation?Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance, but degradation of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. Degradation is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, but now it refers to a specific animal. What kind of word-meaning change has the word experienced? What accounts for the change of word-meaning?1)The word “deer” has experienced narrowing or specialization of meaning.2)The narrowing of word-meaning is caused by the influx of borrowings, one of the majorlinguistic factors leading to the change of word-meaning. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, and later the word “animal” from Latin and the word “beast” from French found their way into English. As the three terms were synonymous, “animal” retained the originalmeaning, the meaning of “deer” was narrowed and “beast” changed in colour.2. The word “nice” formerly meant “ignorant” and “foolish”, but its modern meanings are “delightful” or “pleasant”. What kind of change in meaning has the word undergone? Explain the reasons and then list all the types of word-meaning changes.1) The word “nice” has undergone elevation or amelioration.2) The meaning of the word “nice” has been elevated because the word has risen from a humble beginning to the present position of importance.3) The main types of word-meaning changes are: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer.1. It is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in _D________.A. a speechB. a lectureC. situationD. context2. In a narrow sense, context refers to _B____ context.A. non-linguisticB. linguisticC. grammaticalD. syntactic3. Linguistic context may cover the following except __A______.A. the physical situationB. the entire bookC. a whole chapterD. a paragraph4. Lexical context refers to the __C___ affecting and defining the meaning of the word in question.A. structureB. grammarC. neighbouring wordsD. syntax5. Extra-linguistic context excludes __A____.A. clausesB. peopleC. timeD. place6. The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is known as _C____ context.A. non-linguisticB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. situational7. When a word with __B_____ meanings is used in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity.A. singleB. multipleC. pluralD. complicated8. Ambiguity arises due to the following except _D____.A. polysemyB. grammatical structureC. homonymyD. synonymy9. The ambiguity of the sentence, “He is a hard businessman,” is caused by __D___.A.hyponymyB. synonymyC. homonymyD. polysemy10. In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation, which is called _A____ context.A.extra-linguisticB. situationalC. structuralD. grammatical1. Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and ________________ context. grammatical2. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire ________ background. cultural3. When we talk about context, we usually think of _____ context. linguistic4. It is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in ___ , context5. When a word with _________ meanings is used in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity. multiple6. Grammatical __________ can also lead to ambiguity. structure7. Homonymy is another cause of ___ as two separate words share the same form. ambiguity8. Context may prove extremely valuable in guessing the __ of new words. meanings9. The morphemic structure of words, especially compounds and ____words, offers clues for inferring the meanings of unknown words. derived10. Superordinates and __________ often define and explain each other, thus forming an important context clue. subordinates1. Synonyms or synonymous expressions are seldom employed by authors to explain new words2. Antonyms are not used by authors to explain unknown words.3. Hyponymy is thought to be an important context clue. T4. Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing. T5. The meaning of the sentence, “The fish is ready to eat.”, is not clear because of polysemy.6. Grammatical structure is the most important cause leading to ambiguity.7. Clauses are the most important linguistic context8. Participants are not regarded as linguistic context. T9. A speaker can be thought to be non-linguistic context. T10. Extra-linguistic context can often exercise greater influence on the meanings of words than we realize. T1. How is context classified?Context is used in different senses. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the whole book. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.2. What are the main types of linguistic context?Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. Lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. This meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words. Grammatical context refers to the structure in which a word occurs. The meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure. Though less common, it is by no means rare3. What are the causes of ambiguity?Ambiguity often arises due to the following three main causes: polysemy, homonymy and grammatical structure. When a word with multiple meanings is used in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity. Homonymy is another cause of ambiguity as two separate words share the same form. Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity.V. Analize and comment on the following.1. Peter and Betty are married.Study the above sentence. If you find anything inappropriate, explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.1) The sentence is ambiguous, which is caused by grammatical structure.2) The sentence can be understood as “Both Peter and Betty are married,” or “Betty is married to Peter.”3) The sentence can be improved as: “Both Peter and Betty are married,” or “Betty is married to Peter.”2. She is a hard student.Study the above sentence. If you find anything inadequate, explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.1) The sentence is ambiguous, which is caused by polysemy.2) The word “hard” in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking” or “difficult”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. But there would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is extended as “She is a hard student and she is often praised by her teachers,” or “She is a hard student to deal with.”3. The ball was attractive.Study the above sentence. If you find anything improper, please explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.1) The sentence is ambiguous, which is caused by homonymy.2) The word “ball” in the sentence may mean “a round object to play in a game” or “a dancing party”.3) The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a little as “The ball was attractive with nice music and a lot of people,” or “The ball was attractive with the bright colours.”IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the characteristics of idioms?English idioms have two major characteristics: semantic unity and structural stability. Semantically, each idiom is a semantic unity although it consists of more than one word. Though the various words forming the idiom have their respective literal meanings, in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Quite often an idiom functions as one word. Structurally, each idiom is usually fixed and does not allow changes in most cases.2. What is the difference between metonymy and synecdoche in English idioms?Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ from each other. Metonymy, a kind of figures of speech used in English idioms, is a case of using the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it, but synecdoche is a case of substituting part for the whole or vice versa3. What are the rhetorical features of idioms?The rhetorical features of idioms include phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech.Phonetic manipulation includes alliteration and rhyme.Lexical manipulation includes reiteration, repetition and juxtaposition.。
英语词汇学练习参考答案
词汇学练习参考答案I. Some of the following statements are true, and others are false. Mark your answer by writing T or F in the bracket at the end of each sentences.1. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. F7. T8. T9. F 10. F 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. F15. T 16. T 17. T 18. T 19. F 20. F 21. F 22. F 23. T 24. F 25. F 26. T27. T 28. F 29. F 30. F 31. T 32. F 33. F 34. T 35.T 36. F 37. F 38. F 39. F40. T 41. F 42. T 43. F 44. T 45. F 46. F 47. T 48. T 49. F 50. T 51. T 52. F53. F 54. T 55. F 56. T 57. T 58. F 59. F 60. T 61. T 62. T 63. F 64. T 65. T66. F 67. T 68. F 69. T 70. T 71. F 72. F 73. T 74. T 75. F 76. T 77. T 78. F79. T 80. F 81. T 82. T 83. T 84. F 85. T 86. T 87. T 88. F 89. T 90. F 91. T92. F 93. F 94. T 95. F 96. T 97. T 98. T 99. F 100. F 101. T 102. T 103. T104. T 105. F 106. T 107. T 108. T 109. F 110. F 111. F 112. T 113. T 114. T115. F 116. F 117. T 118. T 119. F 120. F 121. T 122. F 123. F 124. F 125. T126. F 127. FII. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by circling A, B, C, or D which best completes the sentence.1. C2. B3. A4. B5. D6. B7. D8. B9. B 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. A 14. A15. B 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. D 21. A 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. B 26. A27. A 28. B 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. C 36. B 37. A 38. B39. B 40. B 41. B 42. C 43. B 44. C 45. C 46. B 47. C 48. C 49. B 50. D51. D 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. B 57. B 58. C 59. A 60. D 61. D 62. A63. D 64. C 65. B 66. A 67. A 68. D 69. C 70. D 71. D 72. D 73. A 74. D75. D 76. A 77. C 78. A 79. D 80. D 81. B 82. D 83. D 84. D 85. B 86. A87. B 88. C 89. C 90. A 91. B 92. C 93. B 94. A 95. C 96. D 97. D 98. B199. B 110. C 101. A 102. A 103. B 104. B 105. C 106. C 107. DIII. 连线题Section A1. J2. A3. B4. H5. E6. D7. F8. I9. G 10. CSection B1. G2. E3. H4. F5. I6. C7. B8. J9. A 10. DSection C1. D2. B3. E4. G5. A6. C7. F8. I9. J 10. HIV. 填空题Section A1. aliens2. intrinsic3. Denizens4. common5. stable6. Conversion7. polysemy8. compounding9. pejorative 10. Reference 11. arbitrary12. imperfect 13. reversative 14. French 15. lexical 16. extension/generalization 17. 1500Section B18. mositure 19. rigid 20. deserted 21. innocent 22. old-fshioned 23. loosen 24. completely 25. similarity 26. indifferent 27. fruitful 28. special 29. essential 30. depressed/sadV. Complete the following sentences by choosing phrases from the list and using them intheir proper forms.Section A31. stood out against 32. approve of 33. get over with 34. looking into35. come up with 36. comply with 37. cashed in on 38. go without39. will profit by/from 40. put down toSection B41. close 42. cold 43. narrow 44. cardinal 45. burning 46. capital47. circumstantial 48. cool 49. double-minded 50. fair 51. green-eyed52. happy 53. hollow 54. open-ended 55. random 56. roundVI.1. b2. i3. c4. f5. a6. h7. e8. d9. g 10. j 11. r 12. p 13.s 14. k 15. o 16. m 17. l 18. n 19. qIX分析题（问题）1. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule. Consider the following conversation that takes place between a waitress and a customer in a restaurant: “You are not eating the fish,”the waitress said to him, “Anything wrong with it?”“Long time no sea,”the man replied.：Long time no see is usually said as a form of greeting between two friends when they meet 答案after a long time of separation. Here the customer cleverly employed the structure of the idiom to2his advantage to criticize in a humorous way the bad quality of the food served at the restaurant.Long time no sea implies that the “sea food kept for a long time is not fit for eating.”（问题）2. Collocation can affect the meaning of words答案：Collocation refers to the words before or after the word in discussion, and collocative meaning consists of the associations the word acquires in its collocation. Words with the same conceptual meaning may have different meanings due to the range of words they may collocate with. In other words, collocation can affect the meanings of words. For example, “pretty”and “handsome”share the conceptual meaning of “good looking”, but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty girl (boy/woman/flower) and handsome man (car/airline, etc.).（问题）3. The “pen”is mightier than the “sword”.Explain what “pen”and “sword”mean respectively using the theory of motivation.答案：(1). Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. (2). Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. (3). In this sentence, “pen”reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; “sword”reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.（问题）4. Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example.答案：(1).Connotative meaning, known as connotation, refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. (2). Connotative meanings are not given in the dictionary,but associated with the word in actual context to particular readers or speakers. Thus they are unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period and the experience of the individual. (3). For example, the word “home”may remind one child of warmth, safety or love, while to another child who is often scolded or beaten at home, it may mean indifference, hatred, or even hell.（问题）5. Grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, connotative meaning, collocative meaning, conceptual meaning, associative meaning, denotative meaning, formal, neutral, informal, appreciative, pejorative答案：Meaning—grammatical meaning—lexical meaning—conceptual meaning(denotative meaning)—associative meaning—connotative meaning—collocative meaning—stylistic meaning(formal, neutral, informal)—affective meaning(appreciative, pejorative)（问题）6. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.recollection, nationalist, unearthly3答案：(1). Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection (re+collection), nationalist (nation+al+ist), unearthly (un+earth+ly).(2). Of the nine morphemes, only “collect”, “nation”and “earth”are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.(3) All the rest re-, -ion, -al, -ist, un- and-ly are bound as none of them can stand alone aswords.（问题）7. Analyze and comment on the following.He has been sick since this fall.Tell what “sick”and “fall”mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.答案：(1). ”sick”means “ill”and “fall”means “autumn”in present American English;(2). These words no longer have such meanings in presnet British English;(3). American English has revived the old meaning of “sick”and that of “fall”. This is the revival of archaic or obsolete words.（问题）8. Find blends from the following sentence and give the explanation of which types of blendings they belong to respectively.“There is a set of hi-fi in the motel. ”答案：(1). Blends: hi+fi=high+fidelity, motel=motor+hotel;(2). hi+fi: head+head, motel: head+tail.（问题）9. Explain the rhetoric use of homonyms in B's speech. Give the two possible Chinese translations.A. “What color would you paint the sun and the wind?”B. “The sun rose and the wind blue.”答案：(1). Rose can be defined in two ways: color of rose and the past form of the verb rise.(2). Blue in two ways too: the color blue and the past form of the verb blow (in pronunciation).a). 粉红的太阳，蓝色的风。
词汇学考试历年习题及答案(选集)
A B（）1．Ultr- A. backformation（）2．burgle B. initialism（）3．pop C. transfer of sensation（）4．clear-sounding D. before（）5．VOA E. brim (water’s edge—the top edge of a cup) （）6．fore- F. mistress（）7．degradation G. succeed（）8．kick the bucket H. clipping（）9．extension I. die（）10．make it J. extreme1~5:JAHCB 6~10:DFIEGA B11.Scandinavian（） A. mill（place where things are made）12.Germanic（） B. grammatical13.extension（） C. double meaning14.narrowing（） D. Swedish15.linguistic（） E. comprehend/understand16.ambiguity（） F. Dutch17.participants（） G. determined18.difference in denotation（） H.pigheaded19.appreciative（） I.non-linguistic20.pejorative（） J.iron（a device for smoothing clothes）11~15:DFAJB 16~20:CIEGHStudy the following words or expressions and identify 1) historical stage of English vocabulary; 2) origins of homonyms; 3) types of meanings; 4) sources of synonyms;5) causes of ambiguity and 6) types of motivations.1．ball, ball (Old English, old French(origins of homonyms)）2．a hard businessman （Polysemy）3．friend or foe （Old English）4．miniskirt （Morphologically motivated）5．an attractive ball （Homonymy）6．lie –distort the fact（Figurative and euphemistic use of words (source of synonyms)）7．occupation-walk of life（Figurative and euphemistic use of words (source of synonyms)）8．coffee （Modern English）9．mother (love, care) （Connotation）10．enrich (Middle English）Study the following words or expressions and identify 1）types of boundmorphemes underlined, and 2）types of word formation or prefixes.1.predict（bound root ）2.motel（ (head+tail)blinding）3.potatoes（ inflectional affix/morpheme）4.blueprint（ adjective+noun）5.preliminaries（ full conversion）6.Southward（ suffix）7.demilitarize（ reversative prefix）8.hypersensityve（prefix of degree ）9.retell（prefix ）10.multi-purposes（number prefix ）Define the following terms1.loan words2.specialized dictionary3.conversion4.lexical context5. amelioration6. semantic change (referring to modes of vocabulary development)7. compounding8. synonyms9. grammatical context10. phrasal verbs1.Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan or simply borrowing.2.It is a dictionary that covers a relatively restricted set of phenomena.It concentrates exclusively on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language, and special subjects like architecture, engineering, gardening and literature.3.It is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.4.It refers to the lexical items that co-occur with the word in question.The meaning of the word is often sffected and defined by the neighboring words.5.It refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.6.It means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.7.It is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases.8.One of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.9.In some cases, the meanings of a polysemant may be influenced by the syntactic structure in which it occurs.10.A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and an adverb or preposition, for example ’shut up’ or ’look after’, which together have a particular meaning 1．What are bound morphemes? Illustrate your point.2．Why is context very important for the understanding of word-meaning?3. What is the difference between associative meaning and conceptual meaning?4. Give the definition of a stem and point out the stem(s) in the word “internationalist”.5. Explain the difference between initialisms and acronyms with the examplewords VOA, AIDS, N-bomb, UFO, CORE, ID.6. Arrange each of the following groups of synonyms according to their degree ofintensity, from the weakest to the strongest.1) astonish, amaze, surprise2) pardon, forgive, excuse3) genius, ability, talent4) sadness, grief, sorrow5) pleasure, rapture, delight7. What are the three major functions of context?1.Bound morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morpheme or morphemes to from words.Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix.2.Because most words have more than one meaning, it is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in a given context.3.Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.It is usually constant and relatively stable.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.It is open-ended and indeterminate.4.A stem is a part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.Stems: nation, national, international.5.Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter, hence the name. For example VOA,UFO,ID.Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word, for example AIDS, CORE,N-bomb.6. 1) surprise-amaze-astonish 2)pardon-excuse-forgive 3) ability-talent-genius 4) sadness-sorrow-grief 5)pleasure-delight-rapture7.Elimination of ambiguity; indication of referents; provision of clues for inference of word meaning.Analyze and comment on the following.1. Some people hold that Shakespeare is more difficult to read than contemporary writings. Do you agree or disagree to this comment? State your reason(s) with at least three examples.2．Use examples to illustrate the similarity and difference between absolute synonyms and relative synonyms.3. Comment on the following two sentences to illustrate the two sub-categories of affective meaning.A) Knowledge of inequality has stimulated envy, ambition and greed.B) One who is filled with ambition usually works hard.4. What characteristic of antonyms does the following pairs of sentences demonstrate?A) How tall is his brother?B) How short is his brother?1.I agree with this comment. Shakespeare is more difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different senses from what they have now been used in daily life.For example jump means ’just’ ,vulgar means ’common’, and rival means ’partner’ in Hamlet.2.Absolute synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects,i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning including conceptual and associative meanings. Synonyms of this type are interchangeable in every way. Absolute synonyms are rare in natural languages and restricted to highly specialized vocabulary, such as word-building-word formation in lexicology. Relative synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. Take change-alter-vary for example. To change a thing is to put another thing in its place; to alter a thing is to make it different from what it was before; to vary a thing is to alter it in different manner and at different times.3.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative. The appreciative or pejorative meanings of the words are usually brought out in context.In sentence A, ambition conveys a pejorative meaning, along with the other two word s ’envy’ and ’greed’; while in sentence B, the word ambition is used in good sense, showing approval, along with the words ’works hard’.4.Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Some pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively, on the grounds that one member is more specific than the other and the meaning of the marked term is found in that of the unmarked.So far as the meaning is concerned, sentence A is inclusive.The use of tall does not exclude the possibility of his brother being very short. But sentence B is much more restricted in meaning and is considered abnormal unless the speaker is particularly interested in the shortness of his brother or curious enough to find how short his brother is.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. Newly-created words or expressions in English vocabulary, such as AIDS and E-mail are called neologisms.2. In modern times, borrowings brings less than ten percent of modern English vocabulary from other languages.3. In the words prewar, bloody, impossible, pre-, -y, im- are called derivational affixes.4. Compounds differ from phrases in three aspects: phonetic, semantic, and grammatical features.5. The sense of an expression is not a thing, so it is difficult to say what sort of identity it is. For example, and, if, yes don’t refer to anything in the world, but all have meaning.6. The problem of interrelation of the various meaning of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach.7. Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.8. The extra-linguistic context may be extended to embrace the entire culture background, which may also affect the meaning of words.9. The main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words.10. All sentence idioms are complete sentences. They are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases.11．The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is the morpheme.12．Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and transfer.13．In the word “post-war”, “post-” is a prefix of time.14．Functional words such as preparations, conjunctions, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong grammatical meaning.15．Relative synonyms also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different degrees of a given quality.16.Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and transfer.17.The language used in England between 450 and 1150 is called old English.ELD is a monolingual dictionary.19.In the phrase "the mouth of the river", the word "mouth" is semantically motivated.20.Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is extralinguistic context.。
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Chapter 6: TestⅠAccording to the given meaning, Choose the proper form of the English idiom from the four alternative answers.1.foreverA. till cows come homeB. till the cows come homeC. till bulls come homeD. till the bulls come home2.deep in thoughtA. in a brown studyB. in a red studyC. in a green studyD. in a dark study3.Support only in words, not in factA. mouth serviceB. lip serviceC. brain trustD. mind trust4.quite certainlyA. sure as egg is eggB. sure as a egg is a eggC. sure as eggs are eggsD. sure as eggs is eggs5.nakedA. in the airB. in the openC. in the rawD. in the straw6.something useless and unwanted but big and costlyA. white elephantB. dark elephantC. white horseD. dark horse7.most important and essential partA. might and mainB. bag and baggageC. sum and substanceD. part and parcel8.damage from continuous useA. fair and spareB. toil and moilC. wear and tearD. kith and kin9.the member thought to be a disgrace in the familyA. black sheepB. a dark horseC. gray mareD. white elephant10.through all difficulties and troublesA. through high and lowB. through thick and thinC .from head to foot D. from start to finishⅡEach of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the best one.1.Among the following idioms, which one is nominal in nature as far as syntactic function is concerned.A.flesh and bloodB.heart and soulC.tooth and nailD.high and low2.Strictly speaking,idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their of individual elements.A.grammatical meaningB.literal meaningC.deep meaningD.structural meaning3.The structure of an idiom is to a large extent .A.flexibleB.changeableC.unchangeableD.none of the above4.Duplication of synonyms is called .A.repetitionB.reiterationC.juxtapositionD.metaphor5. refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it.A.EuphemismB.PersonificationC.Synecdoche D Metonymy6.The meaning of the idiom black bottle is .A.poisonB.alcoholic drinkC.bottle that is black in colorD.bottle bought in an illegal way7.What figure of speech is applied in the following idioms "the salt of the earth"; "snake in the grass".A.personificationB.euphemismC.metonymyD.metaphor8.Failure is the mother of success, in the idiom, is used.A.simileB.synecdocheC.personificationD.euphemism9.Which of the following idioms means things of little value?A.ways and meansB.odds and endsC.bed of dustD.flat tire10.Addition,deletion,replacement,dismembering,etc. are _____ .A.lexical manipulationB.rhetorical featuresC.figures of speechD.variation of idioms11.New brooms sweep clean,wash one dirty linen in public is first used by ____ .A.fishermenB.seamenC.farmersD.housewivesⅢSay whether the following statements are true or false.1.Idioms each consist of more than one word,but quite of ten each functions as one word.2.The meaning of idioms always have logical relationship with the literal meaning of individual words.3.The constituents of an idiom cannot be changed ,not even one article.4.The structural stability is absolute in actual use.5.Stylistically speaking,most idioms are either formal or informal.6.Since each idiom is a semantic whole,each can be replaced by a single word.7.All the idioms that function as adjectives consist of adjectives.8.A large proportion of idioms were first created by working people.AS a result,most of them are now still confined to limited group of people engaged in the same trade or activity.rge numbers of idioms are used in their metaphorical meaning.10.Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names,yet they differ from each another.11.The position of certain constituents in some idioms can be shifted without any change in meaning.12.In some cases,idioms can be broken un into pieces to achieve special effect.13.Though idioms are peculiar to the native culture and language, many images created by them are expressive, effective and impressive even to foreign learnersⅣComplete the following statements with proper words.1.Idioms are characterized by s unity and s stability.2.According to the criterion of g functions, idioms can be classified in nominal idioms, adjective idioms and others.3.Verb idioms can be subdivided into p verbs which are composed of a verb pus a prep and /or a particle and other verb phrase.4.The i of idioms is gradable and may best be thought in terms of a scale.5.In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech. This kind of variation is called r .6.When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience g changes such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on.7.In the following idioms, chop and change ,wear and tear, p manipulation is apparently used.8.Idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are c and s ,thereforeinappropriate for formal style.ⅤDefine the following terms.1.metonymy2.synecdoche3.replacement4.dismembering5.phrasal verbs ⅥAnswer the following questions.1.What is the advantage of classifying idioms according to their grammatical functions?2.What are the sentence idioms? What are their peculiar features?ⅦTranslate the following English proverb into Chinese.1.Actions speak louder than words.2.Times tries all things.3.The leopard can not change its spots.4.A small leak will sink a great ship.5.A straw shows which way the wind blows.6.The proof of the pudding is in the eating.7.Let sleeping dogs lie.8.Many hands make light work.9.Clothes make the man.10.Little thieves are hanged , but great ones escaped.11.Money makes the mare go.12.Nothing venture,nothing gain。