英译汉技巧之一—否定句式
关于英语否定句的理解和翻译

关于英语否定句的理解和翻译陈 莉从1996年起大学英语4级考试增加了英译汉的新题形,这是针对大学英语教学中存在的“精读不精,泛读不泛”的问题而采用的。
近年来,学生在阅读理解和速度上有了明显提高,但是在理解的准确性上却出现了突出问题,而英译汉又是一种检验学生对原文理解的准确性的一种有效的测试手段。
当这种新题形一出现,学生中就产生了一种错误的看法,不少学生认为这类题比完形填空(Cloze)及写作(writing)要容易得多。
然而,事实并非如此,通过日常教学的作业练习及94级3级期末考试,可以证明这一点。
请看下列句子。
例1:While this law is not without humor by today,s standards,it clearly shows an awareness of the problem in times gone by.这是94级期终考试英译汉其中的一个句子。
在笔者所任的两个班84人中,仅有18人的翻译是正确的,大多数学生把这句话译为:当然,这条法律从今天的角度看并不幽默,(或译为一点也不幽默),它却显示了过去年代的人们对这个问题的认识。
而正确的译文是:虽然用今天的标准来衡量这条法律不无幽默之处,但它清楚地显示了在过去的年代里,人们对这个问题的认识。
例2:Certainly I don,t teach because teaching is easy for me(Line5,Unit3,Bo ok3)学生译文:当然我不教书,因为教书对我来说很容易。
正确译文:当然,我教书并不是由于教书对我来说容易。
例3:“…”All of us couldn,t fit in there(Line35,Unit7,Book3)学生译文:我们大家都不可能住到里面。
正确译文:那里不可能容纳下我们所有的人。
例4:…I had had a marvelous steak,but knew better by now than to say so.(Line52~53,Unit1,Book4)学生译文:我吃了美味的牛排,但现在知道最好这样说。
英语否定句的理解与翻译

英语否定句的理解与翻译作者:李蓉来源:《科学与财富》2016年第13期摘要:英语否定句的表述方式不同于汉语。
首先要弄懂英语否定句中否定意义及情感意义的表达,然后正确翻译。
其翻译的具体类型有6种:全部否定的翻译、部分否定的翻译、转移否定的翻译、形式上肯定而内容上否定的翻译、形式上否定而内容上肯定的翻译、双重否定的翻译。
关键词:英语否定句;理解;翻译英语否定概念的表达形式与汉语差异很大。
其用法相当灵活,难以掌握。
如果对这些否定形式不熟悉,就会造成理篇上的错误,译成汉语以后与原文的意思大相径庭。
下面从几个方面谈谈英语否定句的理解与翻译。
(一)全部否定的翻译全部否定就是对全句的否定,而不是只对动词或其它句子成分的否定。
不管否定词not,no,never none neither,nor,nothing,nobody,no one,nowhere等在句中用作主语、宾语、定话抑或状语,也不管他们是和动词、非谓语动词或名词发生关系,只要使用上述否定词,都可造成具有全部否定意义的英语句子。
英译汉时,一定要搞清楚否定的对象及英汉相对应的全部否定的泽法。
例:(l)Blind men could see nothing .Blind men could not see any-thing.No blind men could see anything,盲人什么也看不见。
(2)None.,of us are afraid“difficulties.(英语中指三者或三者以上“都不”,要用“none“’)。
我们都不害怕困难。
(3)Neither of us wants to go.(英语中指两者“都不”、“都没有”时要用“neither“’)我们两人都不想去。
(二)部分否定的翻译部分否定在英语句子中是对some,all,both,every,many,much,always,often,entirely等词的否定。
不论否定词“not”放在这些词的前面,还是同句中谓语一起构成否定或谓语,都是属于部分否定。
英语否定句翻译技巧

英语中的否定形式非常灵活,是一个常见而又较复杂的问题,被认为是英语学习者的一大难点。
有的句子在在形式上是肯定而实质上却是否定,有的则形式上是否定而实质上是肯定,这给学生的理解和翻译造成了很大的困难。
翻译否定句,首先要弄清楚否定结构用法的特点,否则就容易出错。
英语中的否定可分为明否定(包括全部否定、部分否定和双重否定)和暗否定(即含蓄否定)。
这里就以上提到的几种否定结构谈谈翻译上的技巧:一、全部否定(Complete Negation)全部否定是指将句子否定对象加以全盘、彻底地否定。
常用的全部否定词与习惯用语有:not,no,none,never,nobody,nothing,neither…nor,nowhere,no one,etc. 只要使用上述否定词,都是具有全部否定意义的句子。
翻译成中文时,一般把全部否定词照翻即可。
例:He is not a translator.他不是翻译。
This problem is so difficult that none of us can solve it.这个问题太难,我们当中没人能解决。
※需要注意的是,根据句子的意思和中文习惯否定成分有时会发生转换,即否定转移现象。
由think,reckon,consider,feel,believe,hope,suppose,expect,fancy,fear,trust等构成的否定句,形式上否定主句的谓语,而意义上否定从句的谓语。
英译汉时,要把否定转移到从句上。
I don’t think that he can operate the new electronic computer.我认为他不会操作这台新型电子计算机。
I don’t imagine that taxes will be reduced this year.我认为今年不会降低税收。
二、部分否定(Partian Negation)部分否定在英语句子中是对some,all,both,every,many,much,always,often等词的否定,不论否定词“ not”放在这些词的前面,还是同句中谓语一起构成否定式谓语,都属于部分否定。
否定句的译法

否定句的译法————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:否定句的译法英语中否定含义的表达形式多种多样,其中有些表达方式与汉语的表达方式完全不同。
由于英汉两种语言在表达否定概念时使用的词汇手段、语法手段以及语言逻辑方面存在差异,在英译汉时往往需要做正反处理。
就词汇而言,英语中表示否定的词比汉语多,有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等;从意义上分类有全部否定、部分否定、含蓄否定、否定转移、特殊结构等。
其形式相当繁杂,归纳如下:7.1 全部否定(AbsoluteNegation)全部否定用“全部否定词+肯定式谓语”表示,其否定范围自否定词起一直延续到句末。
如:例1. Asweknow,electricity cannot be conducted bymeans of insulation.我们知道,电不能靠绝缘体来传导。
例2.Chinaof todayis not what it was thirty years ago.今天的中国已经不是30年前的中国了。
例3. The book wasnowheretobefound.这本书到哪里也找不着了。
例4. I found none of the thingsthatI was looking for.我要找的东西,一样都没有找到。
例5.Nothing intheworld is difficult for onewhosets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人。
7.2 部分否定(PartialNegation)英语中表示“全体”意义的代词(如:all, both, everybody,everyone,ev erything)和表示“全体”意义的副词(如:altogether,always,entirely,eve rywhere,wholly)与not连用时,均表示“不都……”、“并非都……”等部分否定意义,这种句型不同于汉语的思维方式,不要误会作全部否定。
翻译技巧(常用句型)

3. It is from radio that the subject of electronics was born, which brought such great changes to the technology of today. 电子这门学科正是从无线电产生的, 电子这门学科正是从无线电产生的, 它为现代技术带来了如此巨大的变化。 它为现代技术带来了如此巨大的变化。
a. 强调主语
1. It is shallow people who judge by appearances. 浅薄之人,以貌取人。 浅薄之人,以貌取人。 2. It is not helps but obstacles that makes a man. 使人成才的, 不是助力而是阻力。 使人成才的, 不是助力而是阻力。 造就一个人, 不是扶助他, (或)造就一个人, 不是扶助他,而 是磨难他。 是磨难他。
a. not every(=some “不是每个” ) 不是每个” 1. Every electric motor here is not new. 这儿的电动机并不是每台都是新的。 这儿的电动机并不是每台都是新的。 2. Every student can not do the experiment well. 并非每个学生都能做好实验。 并非每个学生都能做好实验。
2. This reaction did take place. 这种反应确实发生了。 确实发生了 这种反应确实发生了。 3. They do represent extreme cases. 它们确实代表特殊情况。 确实代表特殊情况 它们确实代表特殊情况。
(2)It (was)…that(which,who) (was)… 强调的句型
c. 强调状语
翻硕考研英语翻译宝典:否定句翻译

翻硕考研英语翻译宝典:否定句翻译考研英语中的否定有其特有的形式,在翻译硕士(MTI)研究生入学考试的英译汉翻译中要特别重视被表达的意思是全部否定、部分否定、还是双重否定以及有没有否定转移的现象。
(1)部分否定:具有全体意义的词如all, every, both, always 等用于否定结构时,不表示全体否定,只表示其中一部分被否定。
不能译做"一切都不…",而应当译成"并非一切…都是"All is not gold that glitters.闪光的东西并不一定是金子。
(谚语)I do not like both of the books.这两本书我并不都喜欢。
(2)否定转移:The object did not move because I pushed on it.The object moved not because I pushed on it.两句话的意思都是:该物体的移动不是因为我的推动所致。
(第一句里有否定转移)We did not build institutes of technology to educate our boys for export.译文:我们成立理工学院不是为了培养学生日后出国。
凯程教育:凯程考研成立于2005年,国内首家全日制集训机构考研,一直从事高端全日制辅导,由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成,为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
凯程考研的宗旨:让学习成为一种习惯;凯程考研的价值观口号:凯旋归来,前程万里;信念:让每个学员都有好最好的归宿;使命:完善全新的教育模式,做中国最专业的考研辅导机构;激情:永不言弃,乐观向上;敬业:以专业的态度做非凡的事业;服务:以学员的前途为已任,为学员提供高效、专业的服务,团队合作,为学员服务,为学员引路。
英语口译技巧-- 英语否定的口译

英语口译技巧 -- 否定的口译英语否定在语篇中形式多样,用法各异,既有特殊结构,又有单词短语,名、动、形、连、介、代等各类否定,使用频率极高。
这给中国人带来极大的困扰。
若译者不能明晰各类否定,往往容易错译。
一般说来,在翻译时,英语中的肯定句式需译成汉语的肯定句式,英语中的否定句式需译成汉语的否定句式。
而实际上,有许多英语否定句需译成肯定句,而许多英语肯定句又需译成否定句。
与汉语相比,英语否定表达形式多样、方式各异。
既有特殊结构,又有单词短语。
名、代、动、形、连、介、副等各类词及短语均可表示否定,真可谓琳琅满目、洋洋大观;然而,这对中国人来说,又可谓“陷阱”多多。
因此,对于全部否定、部分否定、双重否定、意义否定和转移否定需提请译者留心,对于否定的对象、否定之含义和否定含义之表达更须提请译者注意。
(一)全部否定全部否定,否定的对象是谓语,其含义是“绝无”或“不、无、非”等。
该类否定有not,never,none,nobody,nothing,nowhere,neither...nor...等。
在用汉语对应表达时,须把表示否定的“不、无、非”之类的词与动词连用以构成“谓语的否定”而达到全部否定。
例如:(1)I have answered every single question,but my opponent has answered none.我已回答了每一个问题,但我的对手却一个问题都没回答。
(2)As Simon's principle of bounded rationality makes clear,however,such an ideal rationality can never be attained because of the limits of time,information,and intellectual capacity.然而,正如西蒙的有限理性原则所明确阐明的,由于受时间、信息和智力的限制,这种理想的要求是永远达不到的。
英译汉中否定现象的处理

由此可见,牢固掌握英汉语言知识,拓宽知识面,在翻译过程中注意运用技巧,很有助于提高译文质量。
二、改换颜色词
由于英汉两民族生活结构、思维方式的差异,英语中有些颜色词在汉译时需根据汉语习惯做些变通,以便于汉语读者接受和理解。如:
1.black tea红茶(而不译为黑茶)
汉语中的"红茶"译成英语是"black tea",字面上意为"黑茶",这是因为汉语针对茶水的颜色而言,故称其为"红",而英语的着眼点则放在茶叶的颜色上,故称其为"黑"。
4.意义否定
英语中有些词或词组从字面上看不像否定词,但却表示否定意义或语气。翻译时,可用否定来表示。例如:
deny(否认),lack(不足),ignorance(无知),exclusion(除外),free from(没有,免于),little(没有什么),short of(缺少),in vain(无效,徒劳),too...to(太……而不能),unless(除非),without(没有),rather than(而不是)等。
2.用汉语表达时注意引申词义
进行汉语表达时应结合上下文解决疑难词的确切含义或引申词义。“引申”就是在翻译时将词义加以深化,产生“新义”,以确切表达原文含义。英汉两种语言习惯表达方式不同,有时差异很大。翻译时有的词组找不到意义相当的现成表达方式,如果原样照搬,孤立地逐字硬译,译文就晦涩难懂或含糊不清。根据上下文对词义加以必要的引申,选择恰当词义表达,从表面上看,好像超出词义范围,但实际上却能更确切地表达原文意思。
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I wonder if he is not an honest man. I promised that never a day should pass that I did not visit him. He spoke nothing to no purpose. Fight no battle unprepared. He is too wicked not to meet a bad end some day. This was too great an honor not to excite the envy of his rivals.
英译汉技巧之一—否定句 式、句式的翻译
翻译技巧论
She is not a dancer./She is no dancer. It is not an easy task./It is no easy task. It is not a joke. /It is no joke. 一、完全否定 There is no denying the facts. None of the answers are right. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed. He has nothing to do with the matter. This material is no more elastic than that one.
二、部分否定 All that glitters is not gold. Each side of the street is not clean. Both of the buildings are not big. Every word is not known. I do not want everything. He is not always at home on Sundays. I do not wholly agree with you. This kind of trees cannot be seen everywhere.
He is the last person for the job. Young people are the least conservative. I am willing to take work home with me when I have time. But when he asked me to work late at the office every night of last week, that really was the limit. 五、否定转移 I have not come to you for money. I told you I didn’t say that for amusement. He never traveled by air.
பைடு நூலகம்
One does not live to eat, but eats to live. We are not here to interfere, nor are we here to be anyone’s whipping boy. I have not come to China to forth on what divides us but to build on what binds us. I don’t think you have paid for it yet. We don’t believe he will agree with you. It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back. It isn’t likely that oil prices will fall this year.
None gave him more hints, in answering questions or asked him simple ones than the economics professor, a thin, kind-hearted man named Bassum. She did not marry you because you were a big shot. 六、双重否定 There is no student but wishes to learn English. 没有学生不想学好英语。 It never rains but it pours.
四、含蓄否定 1、too +adj. +infinite clause. 太—以至于 不— The patient is too weak to be operated on. He was too tired to go any further. 2、it is .. that/who …无论怎样,都 不免 It is foolish bird that fouls its own nest. 再 笨的鸟也不会弄脏自己的窝。 It is a good divine that follows his own instructions.能说者未必能行。
She knew nothing about his journey but that he was likely to be away for three weeks. More than….+含有can 的从句 That is more than I can do. The beauty of Hangzhou is more than I can describe. The last, the least, the limit最不可能的,最 不合适的 He is the last man to accept the a bribe. This is the last place where I expected to have met you.
He is not the manager and chief engineer. She couldn’t take off the time to see the doctor and to do the experiment. 不能/并非 既--又— His chief trouble was that he did not know any editors or writers. He did not care about time or money. 既不 也不 三、形式否定 Cannot…too无论怎样都不过分
We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much. We cannot be too careful in doing experiments. The importance of scientific researchers cannot be overvalued. 科研的重要性无论 怎样估计都不过分。 It is a(an)+adj. +N. +negative clause再—也 会 Is is a wise man that never makes mistakes. 再聪明的人也会犯错误。
I didn’t assume that he knew me. At no time can we give up learning. Scientists do not find out what things are so much as where they can be found. 与其说 科学家们想弄清事物的实质是什么,不 如说想弄清能找到这些事物的场所。 The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. He is not more fond of playing chess than you are.
As likely as not 大概,很可能none the less, 依旧 and what not诸如此类 He will forget all about it as likely as not.他 很可能忘得干干净净。 He is old, none the less he works like a young man. Too..to, not …other than…除了—就不 We do not like him other than he is now. 我们 就喜欢他现在的样子。 I cannot read the long letter other than curiosity.
It is a silly fish that is caught twice. But that = if ..not She could carry out her intention but that we adhered to principles. But that he was prevented, he would have accomplished his design. But that sometimes can be replaced by except for I ask nothing from you but that you should study hard.
The Road to Success –Andrew Carneige
It is well that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy the most subordinate positions. Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility thrust upon them at the very threshold of their career. They were introduced to the broom, and spent the first hours of their business lives sweeping out the office. I notice we have janitors and jamtresses now in offices, and our young men unfortunately