第一章 翻译历史和原则

Translation Studies in China
1.1. Buddhism’s influence Doctrine : People could go to the heaven with their tolerance of troubles and sufferings in this earthly life. 1.1.1. Translators: Xuzang‟s “New devices for translation” (Four great translators of the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures： 罗什、真谛、玄奘、不空)
exercises, answer the questions in class, discussion, presentation
Final term (60%) Practiceoriented


Brainstorm

Tragic Mistakes Mokusatsu a. keep silent sophisticatedly； b. ignore, despise
Hiroshima
Nagasaki

Moksatsu

Fujian: Cradle for translators in Chinese modern times

译界楷模严复， 一百多年前他 提出的"信达 雅"翻译标准 一直影响着中 国的译学研究

译界之王林纾， 他译介的西洋小 说之多至今无人 出其右

严复
雅（elegance): “言之无文，行之不远”， 因为雅与文字有密切的关系，因此他主张用 古汉语， “实则精理微言，用汉以前句法 则为达易，用近世俗利文字则求达难。” 文字古雅. 从语用层面上看“雅”的原则：译者处理语 言在特定语境中的语用含义，达到语用层面 上的“雅”，使译文语言对译文读者产生相 应的“语用效果”。
What is translation ?

Chapter One
Fundamental Concepts and Principles of Translation

II. Introduction to the Course

集作者、学者、 译者于一身的文 学、翻译同：“东学西渐”第一人； 许孟雄：首次把毛泽东的《论持久战》等多 篇著作译成英文； 凌青：前中国常驻联合国代表，外交翻译家； 陈羽纶：主编并翻译过福尔摩斯探案等西方 名著 。 许崇信：曾参加翻译并审定联合国及安理会 文件43份，计120多万字，并有大量译著。

4. Principles and standards of
translation.
Western theories
Chinese theories

严复
译事三难“信、达、雅” 信(faithfulness): 为读者准确传达原作的 内容，译文的意义不违背原文，译文必须 把原作的内容完整而准确地表示出来。同 时，还必须保持原作的风格：民族风格， 时代风格，语体风格，作者个人的语言风 格等。（书面体与口语体） 即：忠实准确

严复
达（expressiveness): 译者将全文融会于 心，则下笔抒词，自然互备，至原文词理 本深，难于共喻，则当前后引衬，以显其 意。凡此经营，皆以为达，为达既所以为 信也。 通顺流畅：译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合 规范，没有语言晦涩，诘屈聱牙，文理不 通，结构混乱，逻辑不清的现象。

"倡西学之始， 开新学之路"， 最早组织翻 译班子译 "夷 书"的林则徐

被西方人尊为 东方文化"圣哲" 的辜鸿铭

"两脚踏东西文 化，一心评宇 宙文章"，毕生 致力于传播中 华文化的文学、 翻译大师林语 堂
1.1.2. Views on translation his translation as
essentially a flexible way of making good use of both literal translation and free translation.
“new devices for translation,” which was
For example, Xuanzang advocated phonetic translation words as 薄伽，the original of which has six different senses (自生，炽盛，端严，名称，吉祥，尊重), for things which did not exist in China, e.g. 阎浮树 and for other terms which could not be rendered exactly.
What’s Translation? 1) Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语 再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。

傅雷
“神似” (spiritual similarity) The purpose of translation is to achieve the “spirit” of the original. “以效果而论，反以应该像临画一样，所求 的不在形似，而在神似。”

Noah

Noah’s Ark

Tower of Babel


2. Famous Translators in Fujian Province
6-7weeks

I. Teaching plan & requirement
Assessment
Total Scores (100%)
Course Study (40%)
Examination (60%)
Class attendance : (20%)
Class Performance: (20%)

钱钟书
化境 （conversion / perfection） 化境论： ‚翻译的最高理想可以说是 ‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变成另一 国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露 出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作 的风味，那就算得入于化境。‛

Overview of Translation
Role of Translation Positive translation “Translation means filling up the gaps between language” (P. Newmark) “Translation allows a communicative act to take place which because of existing linguistic and cultural barriers would not have been possible” Negative translation Careless translation will be very likely cause mistakes, minor mistakes or glaring mistakes, which possibly distort the original and have negative influence on literary world, or political thought, or business.
1. What’s Translation?
Original language
Different languag e
people
bridge
Different language
people
Translation
Exchanging ideas

II. Introduction to the Course
Arrangements of this Course

Chapter Fundamental 1 weeks One concepts and principles of translation Chapter Skills and 2-4 weeks Two methods of translation Chapter Culture and 5 weeks Three Translation Chapter Applied Translation Four
Translation: Theory and Practice
Lecture One: Introduction
I. Teaching plan and requirement II. Introduction to the course III. Detailed study (theory&technique) IV. Assignment
Translation in the west
E.A. Nida: “Words for science translation”: Attempts to move translation into a more scientific era by incorporating linguistics Makes a special point that the reader should be taken into consideration in the process of translation Proposes the notion of “formal and dynamic equivalence” (形式对等,动 态对等 ) and “functional equivalence” as well as the principle of “equivalent effect” from semantics and pragmatics. Functional equivalence: “The receptors of the translated text could respond to it with comprehension and appreciation in essentially the same manner and to the same degree as the original receptors of the message”; “Translation should arouse the same feeling in its receptors as the feeling of the readers of the original”---- Nida