lung cancer
who肺部肿瘤组织学分类
who肺部肿瘤组织学分类
肺部肿瘤的组织学分类主要根据肿瘤细胞的类型、形态和特征来进行。
目前，根据世界卫生组织（World Health Organization，WHO）的分类，主要包括以下几类肺部肿瘤：
1. 非小细胞肺癌 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer，NSCLC）：
- 腺癌 Adenocarcinoma）：由肺部腺体细胞发展而来，占NSCLC的大部分比例。
- 鳞状细胞癌（Squamous Cell Carcinoma）：由肺部上皮细胞变异而来，约占NSCLC的20%。
- 大细胞癌（Large Cell Carcinoma）：发展自肺部非小细胞肺癌的其他细胞类型，属于一种少见的分类。
2. 小细胞肺癌 Small Cell Lung Cancer，SCLC）：
- 小细胞癌（Small Cell Carcinoma）：由小细胞肺癌细胞所组成，通常具有高度侵袭性和快速生长的特点。
3. 间变性肺肉瘤（Pleomorphic Carcinoma）：是一种罕见的肺癌亚型，表现出高度的组织异质性，包括不同形态和多样化的恶性细胞。
此外，还有其他一些罕见类型的肺部肿瘤，如肺黏液腺癌、肺类癌、肺神经内分泌肿瘤等。
这些分类在临床中具有重要的指导意义，有助于
确定患者的治疗方案和预后评估。
Lung cancer
Lung cancer: a global scourgeLancet.2013 Aug 24Worldwide, lung cancer killed about 1·5 million people in 2010. Lung cancer has an extremely poor prognosis, with an overall 5 year survival of 16% in the USA and less than 10% in the UK. To achieve a substantial reduction in lung cancer mortality, global action and progress in prevention, early detection, and treatment are crucial.Today's Lancet features a Clinical Series on lung cancer ahead of the 2013 European Respiratory Society congress in Barcelona, Spain, on Sept 7—11. The three reviews discuss in depth recent developments in the management of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, prospects for personalised treatment for lung cancer, and lung cancer screening, respectively. The debate on screening for lung cancer has recently been fuelled by the release on July 30 of the US Preventive Services Task Force's draft recommendations. The Task Force recommends CT screening of individuals aged 55—79 years with at least a 30 pack-year history of smoking and who have smoked within the past 15 years. As John Field rightly stresses in the third paper of the Series, “the health-care system in the USA is very different to that in Europe”. In this context, the results of European trials of CT screening—such as the Dutch trial NELSON, which notably includes routine care and not chest radiography for the control group—are much awaited. Questions around cost-effectiveness, assessment of nodules to reduce false positives, and selection of high-risk groups remain divisive, and will surely be discussed at the European Respiratory Society congress. Given the poor prognosis of advanced lung cancer, identification of patients at the earliest stage of the disease is crucial; whether this is by targeted screening, once the appropriate evidence is available, or by early detection and rapid referral of people most at risk, is a matter of strategy and health-system capability.。
lung cancer
Lung Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)Patient VersionLast Update: May 24, 2012.What is prevention?Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. By preventing cancer, the number of new cases of cancer in a group or population is lowered. Hopefully, this will lower the number of deaths caused by cancer.To prevent new cancers from starting, scientists look at risk factors and protective factors. Anything that increases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor; anything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer protective factor.Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot. For example, both smoking and inheriting certain genes are risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be avoided. Regular exercise and a healthy diet may be protective factors for some types of cancer. Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may lower your risk but it does not mean that you will not get cancer.Different ways to prevent cancer are being studied, including:General Information About Lung CancerKey Points for This SectionAnatomy of the respiratory system, showing the trachea and both lungs and their lobes and airways. Lymph nodes and the diaphragm are also shown. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and passes through the thin membranes of the alveoli and into the bloodstream (see inset).There are two types of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.See the following PDQ summaries for more information about lung cancer:Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women.More people die from lung cancer than from any other type of cancer. Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the United States, after skin cancer.The number of new cases and deaths from lung cancer is highest in black men.Lung Cancer PreventionKey Points for This SectionAvoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent lung cancer.Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, being overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.The following are risk factors for lung cancer:Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smokingTobacco smoking is the most important risk factor for lung cancer. Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking all increase the risk of lung cancer. Tobacco smoking causes about 9 out of 10 cases of lung cancer in men and about 8 out of 10 cases of lung cancer in women.Studies have shown that smoking low tar or low nicotine cigarettes does not lower the risk of lung cancer.Studies also show that the risk of lung cancer from smoking cigarettes increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years smoked. People who smoke have about 20 times the risk of lung cancer compared to those who do not smoke.Secondhand smokeBeing exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke is also a risk factor for lung cancer. Secondhand smoke is the smoke that comes from a burning cigarette or other tobacco product, or that is exhaled by smokers. People who inhale secondhand smoke are exposed to the same cancer-causing agents as smokers, although in smaller amounts. Inhaling secondhand smoke is called involuntary or passive smoking.Family historyHaving a family history of lung cancer is a risk factor for lung cancer. People with a relative who has had lung cancer may be twice as likely to have lung cancer as people who do not have a relative who has had lung cancer. Because cigarette smoking tends to run in families and family members are exposed to secondhandsmoke, it is hard to know whether the increased risk of lung cancer is from the family history of lung cancer or from being exposed to cigarette smoke.Environmental risk factors∙Radon exposure: Radon is a radioactive gas that comes from the breakdown of uranium in rocks and soil. It seeps up through the ground, and leaks into the air or water supply. Radon can enter homes through cracks in floors,walls, or the foundation, and levels of radon can build up in the home.Studies show that high levels of radon gas inside homes and other buildings increase the number of new cases of lung cancer and the number of deaths caused by lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer is higher in smokers exposed to radon than in nonsmokers exposed to radon. In people who have never smoked, about 30% of deaths caused by lung cancer have been linked to being exposed to radon.∙Air pollution: Some studies have shown a link between air pollution and an increased risk of lung cancer.∙Workplace exposure : Studies have shown a link between being exposed to the following substances and an increased risk of lung cancer:Asbestos.-Arsenic.-Chromium.-Nickel.-Radon gas.Tar and soot.These substances can cause lung cancer in people who are exposed to them in the workplace and have never smoked. The risk of lung cancer is higher in people who are exposed and also smoke.Beta carotene supplements in heavy smokersTaking beta carotene supplements (pills) increases the risk of lung cancer, especially in smokers who smoke one or more packs a day. The risk is higher in smokers who have at least one alcoholic drink every day.It is not clear if the following increases the risk of lung cancer:HIV infectionBeing infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is linked with a higher risk of lung cancer. People infected with HIV may have more than twice the risk of lung cancer than those who are not infected. Since smoking rates are higher in those infected with HIV than in those not infected, it is hard to know whether the increased risk of lung cancer is from the HIV infection or from being exposed to cigarette smoke.The following are protective factors for lung cancer:Not smokingThe best way to prevent lung cancer is to not smoke.Quitting smokingSmokers can decrease their risk of lung cancer by quitting. In smokers who have been treated for lung cancer, quitting smoking lowers the risk of new lung cancers. Counseling, the use of nicotine replacement products, and antidepressant therapy have helped smokers quit for good.In a person who has quit smoking, the chance of preventing lung cancer depends on how many years and how much the person smoked and the length of time since quitting. After a person has quit smoking for 10 years, the risk of lung cancer decreases 30% to 50%.See the following for more information on quitting smoking:Lower exposure to workplace risk factorsLaws that protect workers from being exposed to cancer-causing substances, such as asbestos, arsenic, nickel, and chromium, may help lower their risk of developing lung cancer. Laws that prevent smoking in the workplace help lower the risk of lung cancer caused by secondhand smoke.Lower exposure to radonLowering radon levels may lower the risk of lung cancer, especially among cigarette smokers. High levels of radon in homes may be reduced by taking steps to prevent radon leakage, such as sealing basements.It is not clear if the following decrease the risk of lung cancer:DietSome studies show that people who eat high amounts of fruits or vegetables have a lower risk of lung cancer than those who eat low amounts. However, since smokers tend to have less healthy diets than nonsmokers, it is hard to know whether the decreased risk is from having a healthy diet or from not smoking.Physical activitySome studies show that people who are physically active have a lower risk of lung cancer than people who are not. However, since smokers tend to have different levels of physical activity than nonsmokers, it is hard to know if physical activity affects the risk of lung cancer.The following do not decrease the risk of lung cancer:Beta carotene supplements in nonsmokersStudies of nonsmokers show that taking beta carotene supplements does not lower their risk of lung cancer.Vitamin E supplementsStudies show that taking vitamin E supplements does not affect the risk of lung cancer.Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer.Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Some cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer. Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer. Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer.The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting smoking, or taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements.New ways to prevent lung cancer are being studied in clinical trials.Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials can be found in the Clinical Trials section of the NCI Web site. Check NCI's list of cancer clinical trials for prevention trials for non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer that are now accepting patients. These include trials for quitting smoking.Lung Cancer Screening (PDQ®)Patient VersionLast Update: November 2, 2012.What is screening?Screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. This can help find cancer at an early stage. When abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat. By the time symptoms appear, cancer may have begun to spread.Scientists are trying to better understand which people are more likely to get certain types of cancer. They also study the things we do and the things around us to see if they cause cancer. This information helps doctors recommend who should be screened for cancer, which screening tests should be used, and how often the tests should be done.It is important to remember that your doctor does not necessarily think you have cancer if he or she suggests a screening test. Screening tests are given when you have no cancer symptoms.If a screening test result is abnormal, you may need to have more tests done to find out if you have cancer. These are called diagnostic tests.General Information About Lung CancerKey Points for This SectionAnatomy of the respiratory system, showing the trachea and both lungs and their lobes and airways. Lymph nodes and the diaphragm are also shown. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and passes through the thin membranes of the alveoli and into the bloodstream (see inset).Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States.Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. It is the most common cancer in men and women combined, after skin cancer.Tobacco smoking is the most important risk factor for lung cancer.Anything that increases a person's chance of developing a disease is called a risk factor. The main cause of lung cancer is tobacco use, including smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, now or in the past.There are other risk factors for lung cancer, but even when taken together, their effect on lung cancer is very small compared to the effect of tobacco smoking. These include the following:Lung Cancer ScreeningKey Points for This SectionTests are used to screen for different types of cancer.Some screening tests are used because they have been shown to be helpful both in finding cancers early and decreasing the chance of dying from these cancers. Other tests are used because they have been shown to find cancer in some people; however, it has not been proven in clinical trials that use of these tests will decrease the risk of dying from cancer.Scientists study screening tests to find those with the fewest risks and most benefits. Cancer screening trials also are meant to show whether early detection (finding cancer before it causes symptoms) decreases a person's chance of dying from the disease. For some types of cancer, finding and treating the disease at an early stage may result in a better chance of recovery.Clinical trials that study cancer screening methods are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.Three screening tests have been studied to see if they decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer.The following screening tests have been studied to see if they decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer:It uses an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path. The pictures are made by a computer linked to the x-ray machine. This procedure is alsocalled a low-dose helical CT scan.Screening with low-dose spiral CT scans has been shown to decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer in heavy smokers.A lung cancer screening trial studied people aged 55 years to 74 years who had smoked at least 1 pack of cigarettes per day for 30 years or more. Heavy smokers who had quit smoking within the past 15 years were also studied. The trial used chest x-rays or low-dose spiral CT scans (LDCT) scans to check for signs of lung cancer.LDCT scans were better than chest x-rays at finding early-stage lung cancer. Screening with LDCT also decreased the risk of dying from lung cancer in current and former heavy smokers.A Guide is available for patients and doctors to learn more about the benefits and harms of low-dose helical CT screening for lung cancer.Screening with chest x-rays or sputum cytology does not decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer.Chest x-ray and sputum cytology are two screening tests that have been used to check for signs of lung cancer. Screening with chest x-ray, sputum cytology, or both of these tests does not decrease the risk of dying from lung cancer.Risks of Lung Cancer ScreeningKey Points for This SectionScreening tests have risks.Decisions about screening tests can be difficult. Not all screening tests are helpful and most have risks. Before having any screening test, you may want to discuss the test with your doctor. It is important to know the risks of the test and whether it has been proven to reduce the risk of dying from cancer.The risks of lung cancer screening tests include the following:Finding lung cancer may not improve health or help you live longer.Screening may not improve your health or help you live longer if you have lung cancer that has already spread to other places in your body.Some cancers never cause symptoms or become life-threatening, but if found by a screening test, the cancer may be treated. It is not known if treatment of these cancers would help you live longer than if no treatment were given, and treatments for cancer may have serious side effects. Harms of treatment may happen more often in people who have medical problems caused by heavy or long-term smoking.False-negative test results can occur.Screening test results may appear to be normal even though lung cancer is present.A person who receives a false-negative test result (one that shows there is no cancer when there really is) may delay seeking medical care even if there are symptoms.False-positive test results can occur.Screening test results may appear to be abnormal even though no cancer is present.A false-positive test result (one that shows there is cancer when there really isn't) can cause anxiety and is usually followed by more tests (such as biopsy), which also have risks. A biopsy to diagnose lung cancer can cause part of the lung to collapse. Sometimes surgery is needed to reinflate the lung. Harms of diagnostic tests may happen more often in patients who have medical problems caused by heavy or long-term smoking.Chest x-rays expose the chest to radiation.Radiation exposure from chest x-rays may increase the risk of certain cancers, such as breast cancer.Talk to your doctor about your risk for lung cancer and your need for screening tests.Changes to This Summary (11/02/2012)Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)Patient VersionLast Update: March 20, 2013.General Information About Non-Small Cell Lung CancerKey Points for This Sectionlung cancer. Tiny air sacs called alveoli and small tubes called bronchioles make up the inside of the lungs.Anatomy of the respiratory system, showing the trachea and both lungs and their lobes and airways. Lymph nodes and the diaphragm are also shown. Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and passes through the thin membranes of the alveoli and into the bloodstream (see inset).There are several types of non-small cell lung cancer.Each type of non-small cell lung cancer has different kinds of cancer cells. The cancer cells of each type grow and spread in different ways. The types of non-small cell lung cancer are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope:Other less common types of non-small cell lung cancer are: pleomorphic, carcinoid tumor, salivary gland carcinoma, and unclassified carcinoma.Smoking can increase the risk of non-small cell lung cancer.Smoking cigarettes, pipes, or cigars is the most common cause of lung cancer. The earlier in life a person starts smoking, the more often a person smokes, and the more years a person smokes, the greater the risk of lung cancer. If a person has stopped smoking, the risk becomes lower as the years pass.Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors for lung cancer include the following:When smoking is combined with other risk factors, the risk of lung cancer is increased.Possible signs of non-small cell lung cancer include a cough that doesn't go away and shortness of breath.Sometimes lung cancer does not cause any symptoms and is found during a chest x-ray done for another condition. Symptoms may be caused by lung cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following problems:∙Chest discomfort or pain.∙ A cough that doesn’t go away or gets worse over time.∙Trouble breathing.∙Wheezing.∙Blood in sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs).∙Hoarseness.∙Loss of appetite.∙Weight loss for no known reason.∙Feeling very tired.∙Trouble swallowing.∙Swelling in the face and/or veins in the neck.Tests that examine the lungs are used to detect (find), diagnose, and stagenon-small cell lung cancer.Tests and procedures to detect, diagnose, and stage non-small cell lung cancer are often done at the same time. Some of the following tests and procedures may be used:X-ray of the chest. X-rays are used to take pictures of organs and bones of the chest. X-rays pass through the patient onto film.Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Lung. The patient lies on a table that slides through the computed tomography (CT) machine, which takes x-ray pictures of the inside of the body. The x-ray pictures help the doctor see where the abnormal tissue is in the lung. A biopsy needle is inserted through the chest wall and into the area of abnormal lung tissue.A small piece of tissue is removed through the needle and checked under the microscope for signs of cancer.Bronchoscopy: A procedure to look inside the trachea and large airways in the lung for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope is inserted through the nose or mouthinto the trachea and lungs. A bronchoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with alight and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples,which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.Bronchoscopy. A bronchoscope is inserted through the mouth, trachea, and major bronchi into the lung, to look for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a cutting tool. Tissue samples may be taken to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.∙The stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether it is in the lung only or has spread to other places in the body).∙The type of lung cancer.∙Whether there are symptoms such as coughing or trouble breathing.∙The patient’s general health.For most patients with non-small cell lung cancer, current treatments do not cure the cancer.If lung cancer is found, taking part in one of the many clinical trials being done to improve treatment should be considered. Clinical trials are taking place in most parts of the country for patients with all stages of non-small cell lung cancer. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.Stages of Non-Small Cell Lung CancerKey Points for This SectionPET (positron emission tomography) scan. The patient lies on a table that slides through the PET machine. The head rest and white strap help the patient lie still. A small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into the patient's vein, and a scanner makes a picture of where the glucose is being used in the body. Cancer cells show up brighter in the picture because they take up more glucose than normal cells do.Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. An endoscope that has an ultrasound probe and a biopsy needle is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus. The probe bounces sound waves off body tissues to make echoes that form a sonogram (computer picture) of the lymph nodes near the esophagus. The sonogram helps the doctor see where to place the biopsy needle to remove tissue from the lymph nodes. This tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.Mediastinoscopy. A mediastinoscope is inserted into the chest through an incision above the breastbone to look for abnormal areas between the lungs. A mediastinoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a cutting tool.Tissue samples may be taken from lymph nodes on the right side of the chest and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. In an anterior mediastinotomy (Chamberlain procedure), the incision is made beside the breastbone to remove tissue samples from the lymph nodes on the left side of the chest.∙Anterior mediastinotomy: A surgical procedure to look at the organs and tissues between the lungs and between the breastbone and heart for abnormal areas. An incision (cut) is made next to the breastbone and a mediastinoscope is inserted into the chest. A mediastinoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue or lymph node samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. This is also called theChamberlain procedure.∙Lymph node biopsy: The removal of all or part of a lymph node. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells.∙Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: The removal of bone marrow, blood, and a small piece of bone by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone or breastbone. A pathologist views the bone marrow, blood, and bone under a microscope to look for signs of cancer.There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.The three ways that cancer spreads in the body are:Stage IIA non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer has spread to certain lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the primary tumor; the cancer is (a) 5 cm or smaller, (b) has spread to the main bronchus, and/or (c) has spread to the innermost layer of the lung lining. OR, cancer has not spread to lymph nodes; the cancer is (d) larger than 5 cm but not larger than 7 cm, (e) has spread to the main bronchus, and/or (f) has spread to the innermost layer of the lung lining. Part of the lung may have collapsed or become inflamed (not shown).(1) Cancer has spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. The lymph nodes with cancer are within the lung or near the bronchus. Also, one or more of the following is true:The tumor is not larger than 5 centimeters.Cancer has spread to the main bronchus and is at least 2 centimeters below where the trachea joins the bronchus.Cancer has spread to the innermost layer of the membrane that covers the lung.Part of the lung has collapsed or developed pneumonitis (inflammation of the lung) in the area where the trachea joins the bronchus.or(2) Cancer has not spread to lymph nodes and one or more of the following is true:The tumor is larger than 5 centimeters but not larger than 7 centimeters.Cancer has spread to the main bronchus and is at least 2 centimeters below where the trachea joins the bronchus.Cancer has spread to the innermost layer of the membrane that covers the lung.Part of the lung has collapsed or developed pneumonitis (inflammation of the lung) in the area where the trachea joins the bronchus.Stage IIB non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer has spread to certain lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the primary tumor; the cancer is (a) larger than 5 cm but not larger than 7 cm, (b) has spread to the main bronchus, and/or (c) has spread to the innermost layer of the lung lining. Part of the lung may have collapsed or become inflamed (not shown). OR, (d) the cancer is larger than 7 cm; (e) has spread to the main bronchus, (f) the diaphragm, (g) the chest wall or the lining of the chest wall; and/or (h) has spread to the membrane around the heart. There may be one or more separate tumors in the same lobe of the lung; cancer may have spread to the nerve that controls the diaphragm; the whole lung may have collapsed or become inflamed (not shown).(1) Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. The lymph nodes with cancer are within the lung or near the bronchus. Also, one or more of the following is true:The tumor is larger than 5 centimeters but not larger than 7 centimeters.Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (1). Cancer has spread to certain lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the primary tumor. The cancer may have spread to (a) the main bronchus; (b) lung lining, chest wall lining, or chest wall; (c) diaphragm; and/or (d) membrane around the heart; and/or (e) there may be one or more separate tumors in the same lobe of the lung. Cancer may have spread to the nerve that controls the diaphragm,and part or all of the lung may have collapsed or become inflamed (not shown).Main bronchus, but not the area where the trachea joins the bronchus. Chest wall.Diaphragm and the nerve that controls it.Membrane around the lung or lining the chest wall.Membrane around the heart.orStage IIIA lung cancer (2). Cancer has spread to certain lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the primary tumor. The cancer may have spread to (a) the main bronchus; (b) the lung lining, chest wall lining, or chest wall; (c) diaphragm; (d) heart and/or membrane around the it; (e) major blood vessels that lead to or from the heart; (f) trachea; (g) esophagus; (h) sternum; and/or (i) carina; and/or (j) there may be one or more separate tumors in any lobe of the same lung. Cancer may have spread to the nerves that control the diaphragm and larynx, and the whole lung may have collapsed or become inflamed (not shown).(2) Cancer has spread to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest as the tumor. The lymph nodes with cancer are within the lung or near the bronchus. Also:∙The tumor may be any size.∙The whole lung may have collapsed or developed pneumonitis (inflammation of the lung).∙There may be one or more separate tumors in any of the lobes of the lung with cancer.∙Cancer may have spread to any of the following:Main bronchus, but not the area where the trachea joins the bronchus.Chest wall.Diaphragm and the nerve that controls it.Membrane around the lung or lining the chest wall.Heart or the membrane around it.Major blood vessels that lead to or from the heart.Trachea.Esophagus.Nerve that controls the larynx (voice box).-。
肺癌的教学查房范文
肺癌的教学查房范文英文回答：Teaching rounds on lung cancer.Today, I would like to discuss a case of lung cancer during our teaching rounds. Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly types of cancer worldwide. It isessential for medical students to understand the key aspects of this disease.Firstly, let's talk about the risk factors associated with lung cancer. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of cases. Other risk factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, occupational exposure to carcinogens such as asbestos and radon gas, and a family history of lung cancer.Now, let's move on to the clinical presentation of lung cancer. Patients with lung cancer may present with symptomssuch as persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, weight loss, and fatigue. However, it is important to note that some patients may be asymptomatic, and the cancer may be incidentally detected on imaging studies.Next, let's discuss the diagnostic workup for lung cancer. The gold standard for diagnosis is a tissue biopsy, which can be obtained through various methods such as bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical resection. Imaging studies such as chest X-ray, CT scan, and PET scan are also essential to determine the extent of the disease and to stage the cancer.Now, let's move on to the treatment options for lung cancer. The choice of treatment depends on several factors including the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. It is crucial to discuss the risks and benefits of each treatment option with the patient and involve them in the decision-making process.In conclusion, lung cancer is a significant health issue, and understanding its risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment options is essential for medical students. By learning about lung cancer, we can better educate our patients and provide optimal care.中文回答：肺癌的教学查房范文。
肺癌英文(课堂PPT)
Pathology And Classification
1. According to the position of tumor arising from ,it can be divided into two types .
Central type:Tumor arises from main bronchus, lobar and segmental bronchus . Peripheral type : Tumor arises beyond segmental breatures
(4).Horner’s syndrome.It is caused by invading the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the involved side the pupil is small ptosis of the up eyelids,retraction of the eyeball and no sweat of the face.
9
Clinical features
1.Respiratory symptoms.
(1).Cough: (2).Hemoptysis: (3).Dyspnea.: (4).Wheeze or stridor: (5).Chest pain : (6).Fever:
10
Clinical features
cell carcinoma).
7
Pathology And Classification
According to the different principles of management,it is divided into two types.
SCLC:small cell lung carcinoma. NSCLC:non small cell lung carcinoma.
医学英语阅读：小细胞肺癌
Lung cancer - small 0 lung cancer - small cell alternative names cancer - lung - small cell; small cell lung cancer definition lung cancer is a malignant tumor of the lungs. there are many types of lung cancer, but most can be categorized into two basic types, "small cell" and "non-small cell." small cell lung cancer is generally faster growing than non-small cell, but more likely to respond to chemotherapy. small cell cancer is divided into "limited stage" (generally cancer confined to the chest) and "extensive stage" (cancer that has spread outside the chest). the traditional staging system, which divides cancer into stages i through iv, is not generally applicable to small cell lung cancer. causes, incidence, and risk factors most lung cancers are caused by cigarette smoking. the more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater the risk of lung cancer. second-hand smoke increases the risk. government surveys show that as many as 3,000 people each year develop lung cancer from second-hand smoke. high levels of pollution, radiation, and asbestos exposure may also increase risk. lung cancer begins in cells that line the airways and often invade adjacent tissues or spread elsewhere in the body before symptoms are noticed. about 20% of all lung cancer cases are small cell lung cancer, meaning about 30,000 patients each year are diagnosed with this disease. symptoms · cough · bloody sputum· shortness of breath · wheezing · chest pain · loss of appetite · weight loss additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease: · weakness · swallowing difficulty · nail abnormalities · hoarseness or changing voice · fever · facial swelling signs and tests the doctor can sometimes detect fluid that has collected around the lungs from a cancer by listening to your chest with a stethoscope. tests that may be performed include: · chest x-ray · cat scan of the chest · positron emission tomography (pet) scan · bronchoscopy with washings and biopsy for cytology · cat scan guided needle biopsy · open lung biopsy this disease may also alter the results of the following tests: · pth · ldh · serum sodium · cea treatment the treatment depends upon the stage of the cancer.。
原发性支气管肺癌中英文对照
– At 15 years, 80-90% risk reduction
– Never gets to “never smoker” risk
5
20 Year Lag
6
If what happened on your inside happened on your outside, would you still smoke?
原发性支气管肺癌 Primary bronchogenic
carcinoma
呼吸内科
Respiratory Department
熊维宁
Xiong, Weining
1
定义 Definition
• 原发性支气管肺癌简称肺癌，是起源于 支气管粘膜或腺体的肿瘤。
• Primary bronchogenic carcinoma is abbreviated to lung cancer, it derives from bronchi mucosa or gland.
tumor local expanding
• 1 胸痛
• 1 Chest pain
• 2 呼吸困难
• 2 Dyspnea
• 3 吞咽困难
• 3 Dysphagia: esophageal compression
• 4 声音嘶哑
• 4 Hoarse voice: laryngeal nerve paralysis
• 5 上腔静脉阻塞综合征
• 5 Superior vena cava obstruction syndrome
• 6 Horner综合征，肺上沟瘤
• 6 Horner’s syndrome, Pancoast’s tumor: Cervical/thoracic nerve invasion
肺癌英文
2020/4/2
肺癌英文
2
Bronchogenic carcinoma has increased remarkable in incidence and mortality during half of the century and has become the most frequent visceral malignant diseases of men.The mortality of lung cancer hold the first place among all kinds carcinomas.
Passive smoking is also a carcinogen factor.
2020/4/2
肺癌英文
4
2.Atmospheric pollution.It was found that carcinogenic factor is benzpyrene .
3.Occupational factors.
(1).Dysphagia. (2).Hoarseness. (3).Pleural effusion due to invasion of the
pleura.
2020/4/2
肺癌英文
11
(4).Horner’s syndrome.It is caused by invading the cervical sympathetic ganglia on the involved side the pupil is small ptosis of the up eyelids,retraction of the eyeball and no sweat of the face.
2020/4/2