语言学第二次作业
东师15秋《英语语言学》在线作业2
英语语言学15秋在线作业2一、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 60 分。
）V1. The language used to talk about language is called ______.A. metalanguageB. artificial languageC. natural languageD. language满分：3 分2. ______ is a term widely used to refer to varieties according to use in sociolinguistics.A. RegisterB. DialectC. TenorD. Variety满分：3 分3. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four满分：3 分4. Some young people have （brunch ）quite often. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. BlendingC. BackformationD. Acronym满分：3 分5. I like to have （brunch）quite often. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding满分：3 分6. 1. ______ is an official document that determines the content and principles of teaching and learning authoritatively.A. A syllabusB. A textbookC. An educational planD. A test满分：3 分7. impossible （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. ConversionC. BackformationD. Blending满分：3 分8. classroom （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding满分：3 分9. The pioneering investigation carried out by William Labov in New York City in 1966 was to test ______ among different groups of speakers.A. sociolectsB. registersC. regional dialectsD. accents满分：3 分10. ______ is/are used in a community most widely.A. SociolectsB. regional dialectsC. The standard varietyD. Registers满分：3 分11. _____ is concerned with subject-matter and the purpose of communications.A. TenorB. RegisterC. ModeD. Field满分：3 分12. ______ is a minimal pair.A. moon/noonB. foot/foodC. she/sheetD. sea/sea满分：3 分13. What kind of pre-sequence is A’s first utterance in the following discourse? A: Do you have a rubber? B: Yes. A: May I use it? B: Here you are.A. Pre-invitationB. Pre-requestC. Pre-announcementD. Pre-apology满分：3 分14. Watt （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. Sound ReduplicationB. CoinageC. EponymD. Clipping满分：3 分15. The smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form is called a ________.A. phonemeB. phoneC. morphemeD. morph满分：3 分16. The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is __________.A. synonymyB. antonymC. polysemyD. homonymy满分：3 分17. The word “multinationality” has ______ morphemes.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5满分：3 分18. The process that puts an existing word of one class into another class is ______.A. ConversionB. AbbreviationC. EponymsD. Blending满分：3 分19. refers to the process through which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.A. ApproachB. CategorizationC. PrototypeD. Cognition满分：3 分20. Smog is a ___________ word.A. derivedB. clippedC. blendedD. compound满分：3 分二、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。
《语言学概论》课程第2次作业
《语言学概论》课程第2次作业《语言学概论》课程第 2次作业I. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords2. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal3. ________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of asequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in thesame environments and theycan distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair6. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative7. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle8. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features9. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme10. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesII. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.4. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.5. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.6. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.7. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.8. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.9. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.10. Not all the back vowels are rounded vowels.11. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.12. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. _______ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.2. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all _______ sounds.3. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _______ rules.4. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called _________ transcription.5. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as _________.6. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the _______ cavity and the nasal cavity.7. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and _________ stress.8. are added to letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone can possibly do.9. ________ studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds aretransmitted through the air from one person to another.10. ________ is the smallest linguistic unit.IV. 请听《夏洛特烦恼》里的粤语歌曲《咱们屯里的人儿》，再听赵本山的同名歌曲。
语言学概论第二次作业 第三章 语 音
语言学概论第二次作业第三章语音一、名词解释（10分，每小题1分）1．语音由人的发音器官发出来的代表一定意义的声音。
2．音节音节是音位和音位组合起来构成的最小的语音结构单位。
3．音素从语音的自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位。
4．音标音标是记录音素的标写符号。
5．元音发音时，气流通过口腔不受任何阻碍而发出来的音素。
6．辅音发音时，气流通过口腔要受某个部位阻碍而发出来的音素。
7．发音部位发辅音时，气流在口腔受阻的部位就是发音部位。
8．发音方法发辅音时，形成和解除阻碍的方式就是发音方法。
9．音位音位是具体语言中具有区别词的语音形式作用的最小语音单位。
10．音位变体音位变体就是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。
11.自由变体一个音位包含多个变体,各个变体出现需要一定条件,这样的音位变体就是自由变体二、填空（9分，每空0.5分）1．语音的（发音）、（传递）、（感知）三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性。
2．语音同其它声音一样，也具有（音高）、（音重）、（音长）、（音质）四个要素。
3．人类的发音器官可分为（动力）、（发音体）、（共鸣腔）三大部分。
4．在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的，叫做（主动）发音器官，上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做（被动）发音器官。
5．根据发音特点，音素可以分为（元音）和（辅音）两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是由（辅音）充当的。
6．每个元音的音质是由（舌位前后）、（舌位高低）、（圆唇与否）三个方面的因素决定的。
三、判断正误（8分，每小题0.5分）1．语音的最小单位是音节。
（×）2．男子声音和女子声音的差别主要是发音是音重不同。
（×）3．儿童的声音和成人的声音差别是音长不同。
（×）4．发音时，声带是否振动，气流是否强，都能形成不同的音素。
（×）5．音素[x]的发音特点是舌面后清檫音。
第二次语言学作业058杨晓宇
第二次语言学作业
058杨晓宇
1.名词解释：
屈折语:屈折语为综合语之一种。
黏着语亦为有词形变化的综合语，但屈折语和黏着语之间的分别在于屈折语的词素趋向连在一起，较为难以分割，意即屈折语的一个词缀经常同时表达多种意思，而黏着语的一个词缀一般倾向于只表达单一种的意思。
语法范畴:把不同的形式所表示的同一语法意义进行归类所得出的类，就是语法范畴。
语法的递归性:语法的递归性指的是反复地使用构成句法关系的有限的几种句法规则，不断地进行同功能替换，以构成复杂的短语或句子。
2. 人类语言按照形态学分类法来划分，一般认为可以分出
孤立语、屈折语、黏着语和多式综合语。
汉语属于孤立语，
日语属于黏着语。
3. 分析下列短语的结构类型。
防止感冒：述宾
认真学习：偏正
科学技术：偏正
很好看：状中
来了客人：述宾
学累了：述补
many people：偏正
work hard：述补
fear everything：述宾
4. “学习外语”和“外语学习”的语法意义有什么不同？语法手段是什么？
答：
语法意义的不同语法手段
学习外语述宾关系用词序来表达语法意义
外语学习偏正结构中的定中关系。
语言学第二次作业
The second assignmentExercise 7 on Page 967. I n the following sentence, the phrase “in the car” could be used (i) to show where the biting took place or (ii) to specify that it was the man in the car that was bitten. How would the tree diagrams for (i) and (ii) differ?The dog bit the man in the car.Exercise 2 < (2) (3) (4)>2.E xplain the semantic ambiguity of the following sentences by providing two or more sentences that paraphrase the multiple meanings. Examples：she can’t bear children can mean either she can’t give birth to children or she can’t tolerate children.(2) I s he really that kind?(3) W e bought her dog biscuits.(4) He saw that gasoline can explode.Exercise 55.S ome of the sets of terms below form semantic field. For each set :(1) I dentify the words that do not belong to the same semantic field as the others in the set.(2)I dentify the supe r ordinate term of the remaining semantic field, if there is one (it may be a word in the set) (3) Determine whether some terms are less marked than others, and justify your claim.a. acquire , buy , collect , hoard , win , inherit , stealb. whisper , talk , narrate , tell ,report , harangue ,scribble ,instruct , briefc. road , path , barn , way , street , freeway . avenue, thoroughfare , interstate , methodd. stench , smell , reek , aroma , bouquet , odoriferous , perfume , fragrance , scent , olfactory.。
东师《英语语言学》18秋在线作业2(满分)
(单选题) 1: （Tick- tuck）is the sound by a clock（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A: Sound ReduplicationB: CoinageC: EponymD: Clipping正确答案:(单选题) 2: __________ is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.A: StressB: PitchC: ToneD: Intonation正确答案:(单选题) 3: What maxis of the cooperative principle does the following dialogue flout? A: How do you like the film? B: Well, the music is very nice.A: QualityB: QuantityC: RelationD: Manner正确答案:(单选题) 4: A minimal distinctive linguistic unit is a__________.A: morphemeB: wordC: phonemeD: allophones正确答案:(单选题) 5: Every syllable has a(n) ____, which is usually a vowel.A: nucleusB: onsetC: codeD: rhyme正确答案:(单选题) 6: My father has passed away is ________ in formality.A: frozenB: formalC: consultativeD: casual正确答案:(单选题) 7: Smog is a ___________ word.A: derivedB: clippedC: blendedD: compound正确答案:(单选题) 8: ____ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. A: MorphologyB: SyntaxC: LexiconD: Morpheme正确答案:(单选题) 9: “John explained the theory” is a ___________ process according to Halliday.D: behavioral正确答案:(单选题) 10: The followings are all features of language except __________.A: dualityB: productivityC: changeabilityD: displacement正确答案:(判断题) 1: The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is polysemy.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 2: According to Halliday, the ideational function is the function of language that people use as medium to get along in a community.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 3: The sentence “The woman can’t bear children” is structurally ambiguous.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 4: A word is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 5: Voiced refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 6: Duality is one of the features of language.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 7: The theory of prototypes, solves the logical problem by a notion of degree of membership.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 8: Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 9: A natural language is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 10: Words like male and female are gradable antonyms.A: 错误world around and inside them.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 12: Textual function does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 13: Mental processes are processes of sensing.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 14: Stress, tone, and intonation are all suprasegmental features.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 15: All the fricatives have the characteristic of.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 16: According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 17: The syllabic unit made up by the onset and nucleus is called a rhyme.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 18: The smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form is called a phoneme.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 19: The ideational function is realized by the transitivity system of language.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 20: Nativist theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 21: Sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 22: The most widely found suprasegmental features are stress, intonation, tone and正确答案:(判断题) 23: A test is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 24: Language testing is a complex activity which is guided by linguistic and psychological theories.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 25: The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 26: The word “multinationality” has 2 morphemes.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 27: The experiential function (sometimes also referred to as ideational function) is realized by the transitivity system of language.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 28: Bilingualism exists in the Quebec Province, Canada.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 29: Words stand not only in relation to the world but also to human mind.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 30: Interpersonal function does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(单选题) 1: （Tick- tuck）is the sound by a clock（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A: Sound ReduplicationB: CoinageC: EponymD: Clipping正确答案:(单选题) 2: __________ is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.A: StressB: PitchC: ToneD: Intonation正确答案:(单选题) 3: What maxis of the cooperative principle does the following dialogue flout? A: HowC: RelationD: Manner正确答案:(单选题) 4: A minimal distinctive linguistic unit is a__________.A: morphemeB: wordC: phonemeD: allophones正确答案:(单选题) 5: Every syllable has a(n) ____, which is usually a vowel.A: nucleusB: onsetC: codeD: rhyme正确答案:(单选题) 6: My father has passed away is ________ in formality.A: frozenB: formalC: consultativeD: casual正确答案:(单选题) 7: Smog is a ___________ word.A: derivedB: clippedC: blendedD: compound正确答案:(单选题) 8: ____ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. A: MorphologyB: SyntaxC: LexiconD: Morpheme正确答案:(单选题) 9: “John explained the theory” is a ___________ process according to Halliday.A: materialB: mentalC: verbalD: behavioral正确答案:(单选题) 10: The followings are all features of language except __________.A: dualityB: productivityC: changeabilityD: displacement正确答案:(判断题) 1: The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is polysemy.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 2: According to Halliday, the ideational function is the function of language that正确答案:(判断题) 3: The sentence “The woman can’t bear children” is structurally ambiguous.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 4: A word is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 5: Voiced refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 6: Duality is one of the features of language.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 7: The theory of prototypes, solves the logical problem by a notion of degree of membership.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 8: Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 9: A natural language is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 10: Words like male and female are gradable antonyms.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 11: Cognition refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 12: Textual function does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 13: Mental processes are processes of sensing.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:正确答案:(判断题) 15: All the fricatives have the characteristic of.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 16: According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:。
语言学概论第二次作业
第二次作业一、填空题1、语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语音的（）（）（）三个方面的属性。
2、语音同其它声音一样，也具有（）（）（）（）四个要素。
3、口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是（）4、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）。
5、根据发音特点，音素可以分为（）和（）两类。
6、每个元音的音质是由（）（）（）三个方面的因素决定的。
7、辅音的发音特点是主要由（）和（）两个方面决定的。
8、[t]—[t h]的区别性特征表现为（）对立。
9、语音中具有区别词的语音形式作用的最小单位是（）。
10、一个音位通常是归纳几个音素的结果，那么，属于同一音位的几个音素叫（）。
11、一般把具有辨义作用的音高、音强、音长形成的音位分别叫做（）（）（）。
12、（）是听觉上能够自然辨别出来的最小语音单位，它也是语音中最小的（）单位。
13、汉语的音节通常可以分为（）、（）和（）三部分，其中韵母又分（）、（）、（）三部分，声母和韵母是由（）音位构成的，声调由超音质音位的（）构成的。
14、常见的语流音变主要有（）（）（）（）四种。
15、我们在念“老虎”时，通常要把“老”念成类似阳平，这种变化叫做（）。
二、分析题1、根据发音特点描述，分别写出相对应的元音或辅音（国际音标）。
①舌面后半低圆唇元音②舌面前半高不圆唇元音③舌面前低不圆唇元音④舌面后高圆唇元音⑤舌面前高圆唇元音⑥舌面后半高不圆唇元音⑦双唇不送气清塞音⑧舌尖中浊鼻音⑨舌根清擦音⑩舌尖前送气清塞擦音2、分析下列各组音素的区别特征。
[p h]－[p] [f]－[v] [ɻ]－[ʂ] [n]－[l] [x]—[ɕ][y]－[i] [y]－[u] [o]－[ɤ] [ɿ]—[ʅ] [ŋ]—[n]3、画出元音舌位图，用国际音标标出八个基本元音并分析其发音条件。
三、名词解释1、音质2、音素3、音位4、音位变体5、条件变体6、自由变体7、超音质音位8、区别性特征9、语流音变10、非音质音位五、问答题1、与其他声音相比，语音的突出特点是什么？2、在没有看见人的情况下，为什么我们能分辨出是男子说话还是妇女说话？是大人说话还是小孩说话来呢？3、造成不同音质的原因有哪些？4、简述音位、音素的关系？5、划分和归并音位的基本原则是什么？6、举例说明语音的同化与异化、弱化与脱落。
语言学第二章作业
语⾔学第⼆章作业Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recentlythe most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics2. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.3 sound(p)in the word “spit” is an inspirited stop4. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.5 super segmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of unitslarger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence6. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another result in a change of meaning.7 The airstream provided by the lungs has undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.9 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and donot contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce different word, but merely a different pronunciation10. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.11. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence oftwo or more phonemic segments.12. [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.13. Not all English phonemes have allophones.Note: /N/ and /j/ occur in one single position and therefore do not have allophones.14. The same set of vowels is used in all languages.15. All syllables must contain at least one vowel.Note: Some syllables may contain no vowels. They may, instead, employ some syllabic consonant, as in people and muscle.16. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.17. English is a tone language.Note: Chinese is a tone language.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.2 A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech3 P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.4 speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.There movements have an effect on the a__________ coming from the lungs5 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.6 Consonant sounds can be either v ________ or v________, while all vowel sounds arev__________7 T_______ is pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.8 The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t _________and the lips9 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofStress: word stress and s_________ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:10p ____________ is the smallest linguisticIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A [z] B[w] C[b] D[v]2 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3 The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal4 which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A [if:] B[u] C [e] D[i:]5 __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a featureof a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7 Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to beA. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8 Pitch variation is known as ________when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A intonationB toneC pronunciationD voice9 The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodentals fricative10 which branch of phonetics concern the production of speech sounds?A caustic phoneticsB articulatory phoneticsC auditory phoneticsD neither of themIV. Define the terms below:1. Free variation2. Allophone3 International Phonetic Alphabet4 intonation5. sonority scale6 phonemic contrast7 minimal pair8 rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:1 what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?2 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?3. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.4. What does speech sounds for human being?5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?6. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/ is defined as composed of such distinctive features as[plosive]+[bi-labial]+[breathed] because each of them can distinguish /p/ from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [ph] does not distinguish meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case.ASK:(1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ (b) /k/ (c) /n/7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing words but are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign” or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k] park[tif] √[lkib] √ Initial [l] must precede a vowel.a. [?a:f]b. [ski:]c.[knait]d.[meij]e.[blaft]8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1F 2F 3T 4F 5T 6T 7T 8F 9T 10 T 11 T 12F 13 T 14 T 15.F 16. F 17.F 18. FII.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 intonation 2articulatory 3 Phonology4 airstream5 oral 6voiced; voiceless;voiced7 tone 8 tongue 9 sentence10 phonemesIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement1 B 2.C 3.A 4 B 5.B 6 D 7A 8A 9D 10 BIV. Define the terms below:1 free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units ofmeaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth e r morphemes.2 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3 International phonetic alphabet: t is a standardized and internationally accepted systemof phonetic transcription.4 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.5 sonority scale:the sonority scale works in the combination of consonant .the degreeof sonority of different classes of sound affects their possible positions in the syllable. vowels are the most sonorous ones and approximants, nasals and fricatives follow vowels. stops are the least sonorous ones6phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.7 minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 rounded vowel: one of the criteria used in the classification of vowels is the shapeof the lips. If a vowel is pronounced with the lips rounded, then the vowel in question is a rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:1what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable, for words of more than one syllable, one is more stressed than the other .the more stressed syllable is the primary wile the less stressed syllable is known as the secondary stress 2. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3 Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun anda phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the Englishcompounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is aparticular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronouncedWith greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spokenin different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is astraight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes aquestion of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.4. What does speech sounds for human being?Human being are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of there sounds have become units in the language sysem, there units are called speech sounds for human being5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme , or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substitutingone sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.6. (1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?[voiced](2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal](b) /k/ [velar]+[voiceless]+[plosive](c) /n/ [nasal]+[voiced] +[alveolar]7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing wordsbut are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign”or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k][tif][lkib]a. [?a:f] √ [N] must occur after a vowel.b. [ski:] skic.[knait] √d.[meij] √ [j] must occur initially before avowel.e.[blaft] √8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming. OmitCopyright (C) 2009 南京农业⼤学外国。
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一、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。
）
1.
普通话声母h，国际音标用符号[x]表示。
B. 正确
2. 普通话声母x，国际音标用符号[s]表示。
A. 错误
3. 普通话音素[i]的发音特点是舌面前、高、圆唇元音。
A. 错误
4. 音素[o]和[u]的区别是舌位高低不同，其它方面都一样。
B. 正确
5. 发辅音时，气流通过口腔不受任何阻碍。
A. 错误
6. 两个音素属于互补的关系，那么这两个音素就属于不同的音位。
A. 错误
7. 音位变体就是同一个音位的不同变异形式。
B. 正确
8. 普通话“洗”这个音节的声母，汉语拼音和国际音标使用同一个字母记录。
A.
错误
9. 普通话音节“可”的声母是辅音，国际音标用符号[k‟]来表示。
B. 正确
10. 普通话音节ian. uan. uai中的字母a，其发音特点相同，属于同一个音素。
A. 错误
11. 发音时，呼出的气流经过口腔要受到阻碍，这样的音素叫做元音。
A. 错误
12. 汉语各个方言都有声调，声调是由音高的变化形成的。
B. 正确
13. “豆腐”一词在实际发音中，语音形式变化成了[touf]，这种语流音变现象叫做异化。
A.错误
14. 拉丁字母b在国际音标和汉语拼音中都表示同一个音素。
A. 错误
15. 口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是舌。
B. 正确
16. 音素根据发音特点可以分为两类，普通话的声母就是由辅音充当的。
B. 正确
17. 普通话音位[p]和[t]的区别是发音方法不同。
A. 错误
18. 在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的，是主动发音器官。
B.
正确
19. 两个音素具有对立的关系，它们就属于同一个的音位。
A. 错误
20. 一个音素的发音特点是双唇、浊、鼻音，这个音素用音标[m]表示。
B. 正确
二、单项选择题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。
）
1. 用严式国际音标给汉字注音，只有（）组要用到音标符号[ ]。
A. 是否宏观
的
B. 产持吹吃抽
2. 用严式国际音标给汉字注音，只有（）组要用到音标[a]。
D. 盖反外丹抬
3. （）组字母表示的音素，汉语拼音与国际音标是一致的。
C. m n l
4. 普通话声母b，国际音标用符号（）表示。
B. p
5. 普通话音素i和u的区别从语音四要素看是（）不同。
D. 音质
6. 下列说法不正确的一项是（）。
B. 在同一语音系统中，一个音素可以
和几个音位相联系。
7. 在下面两幅元音舌位图中，代码①代表两个不同的音素，国际音标分别用字母符号（）
来记录。
D.
8. 一个元音的发音特点是“舌面前、次低、不圆唇”。
根据描述，下面舌位图（）中,
代码①表示的位置正确。
B.
9. 对元音[y]和[u]在发音上的某些特点的描述，（）是正确的。
C. 圆唇与否相同
10. 下列几组国际音标代表的音素，只有（）组是清浊对立的。
A. [s]-[z]
B. [k]-[t]
C. [p]-[t]
D.
11. 用严式国际音标给句子“我们的明天比蜜甜”注音，完全正确的是（）。
B.
C.
12. 下面对音素的发音特点的分析，（）是正确的。
C. [a]是舌面前、低、
不圆唇元音
13. 从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）。
C. 音素
14. 国际音标是以（）为基础制订的。
C. 拉丁字母
15. 汉语拼音中的ü、c、h，国际音标分别写作（）。
B. y ts (x)
16. 下列说法，（）是正确的。
A. 在汉语中，音高具有区别意义的作用。
17. 对发音器官功能的描述，（）是正确的。
B. 舌头的活动，起了调节共鸣器
形状的作用。
18. 关于元音和辅音的区别的描述，（）是正确的。
C. 发辅音气流受阻，发元
音气流不受阻。
19. 下列说法只有（）是正确的。
D. 音位具有区别词的语音形式的作用。
20. 下列各组元音区别的描述，（）是错误的。
A. i和y的区别是舌位前
后不同。