选修8语法
外研版高中英语选修8单元语法
外研版高中英语选修8单元语法篇一：(人教版必修1-选修8)高中英语各单元知识点及占分比归纳必修二必修三选修八篇二：人教版高中英语必修一至选修八各单元的语法条目语法目录篇三：高中外研版英语教材选修8课文Module 1Antarctica:the last continent1______________________________Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. It’s also the driest. With annual rainfall close to zero, Antarctica is technically a desert. Covering about 14 million square kilometres around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world. A high mountain range, the Trans-Antarctic range, runs from east to west, cutting the continent in two. There are volcanoes too, but they are not very active. Antarctica holds 90% of the world’s ice, and most of its fresh water (70%) is in a frozen state, of course. 98% of the surface is covered permanently in the icecap. On average it is two kilometres thick, but in some places it reaches a depth of fivekilometres.Strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline, while other winds blow round the coast. It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.2______________________________Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife, which has adapted to its extreme conditions.There are different types of penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous darkness on earth), as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. Only two types of flowering plants are found, while there are no trees on the large continent. The rest of the plants are made up of mosses, algae and lichen. Some forms of algae have adapted to grow on ice.3______________________________Most of the ice has been there for thousands of years. As a result, it has bee a window on the past, and can give researchers lots of useful information. Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the worlds climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rocks are also very important for research. Most of them are meteorites from outer space. One rock, known us the “Alien” rock, may contain evidence of extra-terrestrial life.Since most Antarctic rocks arc dark in colour, they stand out against the while background and are easy to identify and collect.4______________________________Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered.But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balanced the land in the north. They called it Anti-Arktikos, or Antarctica: the opposite of Arctic. When Europeans discovered the continent of America in the 15th century, the great age of exploration began. However, progress to the South Pole was slow. Notuntil the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Then in 1895, a Norwegian called Carstens Borchgrevink became the first man to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. The race to the pole had begun. It was finally reached on 11th December, 1911 by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen.5______________________________Today scientists from many countries travel to Antarctica to study its resources. A spirit of international friendship has replaced the rivalry that existed between many of the earlier explorers. In 1961, a treaty signed by 12 countries, including Britain, France, and the USA, made Antarctica the world's biggest nature reserve. The aim of the treaty is to prevent the mercial and military use of the continent.In particular, it aims to keep Antarctica free from nuclear tests and radioactive waste; to promote international scientific projects; and to end arguments about who owns the land. Today countries representing 80% of the world’s population havesigned the treaty. Antarctica has bee perhaps the most successful symbol of man’s effort s to work togetherfor progress and peace.How Failure Became SuccessOn 8th August, 1914,27 men who had replied to an advertisement in The Times boarded a ship leaving for the Antarctic. The name of the ship was the Endurance and the captain was an Irishman called Ernest Shackleton.The aim of the journey was to cross the frozen continent via the South Pole－a journey of 1,800 miles. Shackleton thought the journey would last six months. But when land came into sight, the Endurance became trapped in the ice and began to break up. Shackleton and his men watched the Endurance sink into the icy sea. They then headed north, pulling three lifeboats behind them.After six days, bad weather forced them to give up and the men set up camp on a sheet of ice which began slowly moving across the Antarctic Circle.They survived on the ice for five months. Then, on16th April, 1915,Shackleton saw land. It was Elephant Island－a large rock with nothing growing on it, butmuch better than a floating piece of ice. When they reached the island, Shackleton came up with an idea－it was a risk but he would have to take it. He andfive men would take one of the lifeboats, and sail 800 miles to South Georgia, where there was a permanent camp. They could then return to rescue the rest of the men.It took Shackleton 17 days to reach South Georgia. Unfortunately he landed on the wrong side of the island, and had to walk 36 hours over mountains to reach the camp. The whale hunters at the campcouldn’t believe their eyes when they saw the si x men walking down from the mountains.Shackleton kept his promise. More than three months later, he returned to ElephantIsland to rescue the crew he had been forced to abandon. He had failed to reach the pole－but he had saved the lives of all his men.Wele to the South Poles!South Poles? How many are there?In fact, there are three South Poles: a ceremonial Pole ,which is on the moving glacier, a geographical or true Pole, and a magnetic Pole.which changes its position according to the movement of the Earth.Is it safe?Because the South Pole is a high altitude site, the glare of the sunlight here is very intense. It’s also reflected by the snow, so if you go outside, remember to wear sunglasses and use suncream.If you don’t, there’s a severe risk that you’ll damage your eyesight or get badly sunburnt.Is it cold?Yes! Be very careful out in the open air! The temperature is between minus 21℃ in the summer and minus 78℃ in the winter, and you can bee numb with cold without realising. There’s heavy frost e ven on the warmest summer days, and if it’s quiet you can hear your breath freeze. So if you leave the station, dress warmly and carry dry clothing and a portable radio.Is there anything good about the weather?The air is very pure, and it doesn’t snow ve ry much－only about four millimetres a year. There’s verylittle wind and the sky is usually clear. It’s possibly the calmest place on Earth.What’s it like to live here?Life is quite abnormal. Suise and sunset e once every six months, and in the winter the total absence of daylight can be tiresome, and for some, depressing. We’re totally isolated except for radio andelectronic munications, as no aircraft can fly herefor about eight months.Where do we live?The South Pole scientific station is situated on a platform of ice, 3,000－4,000 metres high, but under only a few millimetres of snow. We have a minimum of 28 peopleliving here in the winter and a maximum of 125 in the summer. The living quarters are modest with few luxuries,but cosy.There’s a forta ble dormitory for sleeping ,the canteen serves great food, and there's a well-stocked library of DVDs and videos. But showers and laundry are limited, because water is very valuable. We discourage you from smoking except in specific areas. Medical assistance is available in case of an emergency.Any other advice?Remember that conventional equipment doesn’t always work as it should do. If you use an electric drill, the power cord will snap. Photography is tricky too, as film is fragile and the camera batter y doesn’t work in the cold.Don’t leave any rubbish, and don’t forget that the ecology of Antarctica is very delicate, so don’t take any souvenirs home with you, and be careful to leave nothing but footprints.Finally, remember that we’re all visitors to t he South Pole. It’s a privilege, not a right to e tothis extraordinary place.TheTravels of MarcoPoloThe year is 1271 AD. Imagine a 17- year-old boy from Venice, Italy, well- educated and trained for life as a rich trader. He sets off with his father and uncle on a 25-year journey to mysterious, distant lands that most people in Europe have never heard of. While on their journey buying and selling spices, silks and jewels, they befriend one of the most powerful men on Earth, Kubla Khan.The boy’s name was Marco Polo and many years later a book about his travels was published which made him famous. Marco Polo told his fantastic stories to a writer named Rustichello who wrote them down for him. This man was well- known for his stories and romantic tales of the legendary English King Arthur, but so many people doubted the reliability of his book The Travels of Marco Polo. However, Chinese historians have found obscure names and facts in the book that could only have been known to someone intimate with the country.Many of Marco’s stories were about China and its people. He told stories about the towns, cities and populations in great detail. He described the amazing things he saw in China such as paper money and black stone that burned (coal). With very littlecontact between China and the West, it is not surprising that people in a rich powerful place like Venice could not believe his stories, nor in the ideaof huge, rich city states inhabited by millions of people. There could surely be no parison with Venice?A general myth has grown up around Marco Polo that he introduced such things as spaghetti and ice cream from China to the West. There is no truth to any of these claims and actually they are not mentioned in Marco Polo’s book.However, Marco Polo’s book is still a unique insight for its age. Most importantly it was a great influence for many future travellers.Christopher Columbus left behind a well- worn copy that he read as inspirationon his own voyages to America.Last Part of Journey for First Women to Cross Antarctica1___________________The first two women to cross the Antarctic continenton foot have begun the last part of their long journey. Liv Arnesen, who is 47 and es from Norway, and Ann Bancroft, who is a 45-year-old from the USA, have been skiing across the ice since 13th November. They have been using sails to help them pull their equipment, which weighs 110 kilos, behind them.2__________________On Sunday they reached the Ross Ice Shelf, 90 daysafter they first left home. The Ross Ice Shelf is aflat piece of floating ice which is bigger than France. There are 750 kilometres of dangerous ice left tocross before they reach McMurdo Station. They must arrive there by 22nd February in order to board the ship which will be waiting for them. If they are late, the ship risks being trapped in the ice.3_________________。
人教新课标必修1至选修8语法精讲专练目录索引
必修1至选修8语法精讲专练目录索引
高一年级上（必修1、2）
Ⅰ. 直接引语和间接引语
Ⅱ. 现在进行时
Ⅲ. 定语从句
Ⅳ. 关系副词when，why，where，“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句Ⅴ. 限制性定语动句和非限制性定语从句
Ⅵ. 一般将来时被动语态的用法小节
Ⅶ. 现在完成时的被动语态构成
Ⅸ. 介词 + 关系代词(which / whom) 引导的定语从句
Ⅷ. 现在进行时的被动语态构成
高一年级上（必修3、4）语法答案
Ⅰ. 情态动词
Ⅱ. 名词性从句
Ⅲ. 主谓一致
Ⅶ. 构词法
Ⅴ. 动词-ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语
Ⅵ. 动词-ing形式作状语
Ⅳ.动词-ing形式作主语和宾语
高二年级上（必修5、选修6）语法
Ⅰ. 过去分词作定语和表语
Ⅱ. 过去分词作宾补
Ⅹ. V-ing形式
Ⅳ. 倒装句
Ⅴ. 省略句
Ⅵ. 虚拟语气（1）
Ⅶ. 虚拟语气（2）
Ⅷ. it的用法（1）
Ⅸ. it的用法（2）—强调句型
Ⅲ. 过去分词作定语、状语、补语和表语
高二年级下（选修7、8）语法答案
Ⅰ. 动词不定式
Ⅱ. 动词不定式的被动式
Ⅲ. 动词-ing形式的被动形式
Ⅳ. 限制性定语从句
Ⅸ. 过去分词（2）
Ⅵ. 名词性从句
Ⅶ. 同位语与同位语从句
Ⅷ. 过去分词（1）
Ⅴ. 非限制性定语从句。
人教版高中英语选修8：语法填空(1)
1. “Thirty-five cents,” she saidr_u_d_e_l_y(rude).
（2014）
修饰动词
2.U__n_b_e_li_e_v_ab_l_y(unbelievable), she could remember 200 English words. 单独做状语
3. There must be somethings_e__r_i_o__u__s_ly(serious)
3.名词
1)Teachers must try their best to make most of their _st_u_d_e_n_ts_(student) interested in the subject.
2)Those tests included people of different a_g_e_s_ (age)from 12 to 83.
•2.This cycle _g_o_e_s (go) every day（2015全国卷）
•3.
Books
may
be
__k_e_p_t_
动词时态 (keep)for four weeks.
动词语态
Tips:如果缺谓语，就要根据上下文 语境和意思确定动词的_时______态______、__语___和态____ 数
2. Jane was walking around the department
store. She remembered how difficult __wit as to
choose a suitable Christmas present for her father. (2009)
3. They need each other __b_o_thphysically and
高二英语 人教版选修8 Unit 4 Pygmalion 重点短语句型和语法
Book 8 Unit 4 学习笔记（原创笔记，请同学们在笔记本上抄好笔记，开学检查）必背句型1：1. A man is hiding from the rain l istening to people’s language and watching their reactions. (listeningto…和watching…并列的现在分词作伴随状语。
现在分词在句中作状语时，往往表示一个与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生的主动行为)类似句型：While watching, he makes notes.他一边观察一边记录。
仿写：He ran out of the house in a hurry, leaving the door unlocked. 他匆忙间跑出房子，没锁门。
2.Now once taught by me, she’d become an upper class lady ...(once taught为省略句，when /while/ until/as/as if/if/once/even if/although/though等从属连词引导状语从句时，如果主从句的主语一致或从句的主语为无意义的it，并且从句谓语动词含有be动词，可以省略从句的主语和be动词。
)类似句型：But, sir, (proudly) once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an ambassador’s garden party.一旦有人教她说话得体，三个月后，她就可以冒充公爵夫人出席大使举办的花园聚会了。
仿写：Unless invited,I won’t go to her birthday party.除非邀请我，否则我不会去她的生日晚会。
3.But they betray themselves every time they open their mouths. (every time引导时间状语从句，类似的名词性引导词有each/(the) next time/the first time/the last time/the moment/ the instant/ the second/the minute…)仿写：Every time you say to yourself you will play with the cellphone just for 10 minutes, you will be certain to find you want to repeat it one more time. 每次你对自己说你只玩十分钟的手机时，你一定会发现你会还想再玩一次。
人教课标版高中英语选修8 Unit1_Grammar名师教学设计
2.T: From the analysis of the sentence patterns, can you tell me what types of noun clauses are there.
S:Noun clauses are classified as subject clause, object clause, predicative clause and appositive clause.
It happened that…碰巧…
It appears that…似乎…
4It is＋过去分词＋从句
It is reported that…据报道…
It has been proved that…已证实…
It is said that…据说…
it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
it作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:
DELC2获取新知识
Step2
Production
（学习
新知）(20mins)
1.Teacher guide Ss to learn the grammar rules of noun clauses.
名词性从句
【概念与分类】在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
It hasn’t been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.
高中英语 选修8 语言点讲解Unit 1 A land of diversity
no distinct major racial
在考试中的成绩不好。
or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 人们认为，要不了多久，
that
从句。
_I_t_'_s_b_e_li_e_v_e_d_t_h_a_t___ _te_e_n_a_g_e_r_s_w__it_h_o_u_t___ h_a_v_i_n_g__b_r_ea_k__fa_s_t_w__il_l _ _n_o_t_o_n_l_y_f_a_ll_a_s_l_ee_p__
mind. 3．A signal may be given by means of flags, lights, and guns. 4．If you team up with your classmates, you will surely get the
same work done far better. 5．These teenagers don't know much of the world yet; that's
显然地；显而易见地 14．conductor n．(公车)售票员；列车员；(乐队)指挥→_c_on__d_u_c_t v．
管理 15．slip vi.滑动；滑行；滑跤 n．滑动；滑倒 → slippery adj.滑的 16．punishment n．惩罚；处罚→ punish vt.惩罚；处罚
[语境活用]
多种国籍的混合将会非
_e_a_si_l_y_i_n_c_l_a_ss__, but
常之大，以至于不可能存
concentrate less on
在一种明显的、主要的种
选修八-Unit-2-语法：同位语从句(学生)
13. She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
14. I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
A. which B. whether C. that D. what
9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease.
A. that B. as C. of which D. which
(3)当when, why, where和how引导同位语从句时，它们为连接副词。虽然它们在从句中充当句子成分，但前面没有与其意义相当的先行词。引导定语从句的when, where, why是关系副词，在它们前面分别有表示时间、地点、原因意义的名词作先行词。
He can answer the question how oxygen is joined with other elements.
I will never forget the day when I worked there.
【真题剖析】
(江西名校信息卷)The moment ________ Leo will neverforget is ________ Mr. Green gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.
人教版高中英语选修8 语法解析：名词性从句讲解
语法解析：名词性从句讲解在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。
它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到，并且每年的命题各有变化。
分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题2. 考查引导词that与what的区别3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法4. 考查whether与if的区别5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题语法要点剖析一、名词性从句主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。
因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.连接副词：when, where, how, why1. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。
主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。
that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。
例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
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选修8Unite 1 语法：复习名词性从句名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功能同名词一样。
一．主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。
而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。
被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。
例如：It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is ＋名词＋从句It is a fact that …事实是…It is an honor that …非常荣幸It is common knowledge that …是常识(2) it is ＋形容词＋从句It is natural that…很自然…It is strange that…奇怪的是…(3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句It seems that…似乎…It happened that…碰巧…(4) it ＋过去分词＋从句It is reported that…据报道…It has been proved that…已证实…3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(it is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. )(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)(3) It happens…, It occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。
例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that 则不然。
例如：1) What you said yesterday is right.2) That she is still alive is a consolation.二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语(1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：I heard that he joined the army.但下列几种情况that 就不能省：He said (that) he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understandEveryone could see what was happening and that Tom was really shocked.We don’t doubt, in any case, that he keeps his word.He is a good student except that he is careless. (She was lucky in that she had friends to help her.)(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：1) She did not know what had happened.2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。
例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介词的宾语例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作形容词的宾语例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。
也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. It 可以作为形式宾语It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。
例如：We heard it that she would get married next month.5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。
这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。
例如：I admire their winning the match. (right)I admire that they won the match. (wrong)6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句”结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse,refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。
例如：He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)7. 否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。
例如：I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
）三．表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。
可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。
引导表语从句的that常可省略。
另外，常用的还有the reason is that…和It is because 等结构。
例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四．同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。
例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。
例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。